Tesis sobre el tema "Réplication de l'ADN mitochondrial"
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Raffour-Millet, Armêl. "Identification du mécanisme impliqué dans la formation de délétions de l'ADN mitochondrial : cas de la "Common Deletion"". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0017/document.
Texto completoMitochondria is an essential organelle with its own circular DNA. This DNA may exhibit mutations and/or deletions, as a result of exposure to different types of damage or due to mutated proteins. These mutations or deletions are involved in many pathologies, including cancers, and aging. They may occur during replication or repair. For now, mitochondrial replication and repair have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of this project is therefore to better understand the mechanisms and the emergence of anomalies by focusing on a deletion called "Common Deletion". This work was based on the assumption that this deletion could result from poor repair of double-strand break(s) and/or error during mitochondrial DNA replication. Analysis of these results reveals that the formation of the "Common Deletion" requires only a single double-strand break close to the repeated sequences surrounding the latter and involves the proteins of mitochondrial DNA replication. Thus, this work makes it possible to better understand the mechanisms of replication and repair ensuring the stability of mitochondrial DNA. A second project was to propose an in vitro model for topoisomerases using DNA minicircles allowing visualization of the covalent complex, a key step in the relaxation reaction of these enzymes
El, Achouri-Ait Lamine Ghizlane. "Rôle des isoformes de la dynamine mitochondriale OPA1 : identification d'une nouvelle fonction dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome mitochondrial". Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T031.
Texto completoMitochondria is an intracellular organelle from bacterial origin with its own genome, which plays key roles in energy metabolism and apoptosis. The mitochondrial dynamics resu1ting from fusion and fission of the membranes, leading to a change in the morphology of mitochondrial network. The mitochondrial dynamin OP Al plays a key role in structuring the inner membrane required for fusion of the mitochondrial network, energy metabolism, and control of apoptosis. OP A1 is also responsible for the Dominant Optic Atrophy, and it exist's in the fonn of 8 isofonns generated by alternative splicing of 3 exons: 4, 4b and Sb. The objective of my thesis was to study the functions associated with different isofonns of OP A1. I have shown that variants containing exon 4 are involved in mitochondrial fusion, whereas variants containing exon Sb, are invojved in apoptosis, by structuring the cristae junctions responsible for mitochondnal cytochrome c trapping in the intra-cristae volume Furthemore, I demonstrated for the first tune m mammals a link between OPA1-4b and the maintenance of mitochondrial genome Indeed, I show that the peptide resulting from cleavage of OP AI-4b, allows anchoring the nucleoid to the inner membrane, a process essential for the initiation of replication and distribution of nucleoids. These observations corroborate the work produced in yeast with MGMI/Mspl, the orthologs of OPA1, and help define a new concept correlating the dynamics of inner mitochondrie membrane to maintain the integrity of the mitochondrial genome
Velours, Christophe. "Réplication de l'ADN mitochondrial : identification d’une seconde activité ADN polymérase dans la mitochondrie de S.cerevisiae et Contribution à l’étude du réplisome mitochondrial". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21689/document.
Texto completoDuring yeast growth, cells must duplicate their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The replication process involved is less studied in mitochondria. Nevertheless, if multiple DNA polymerases are implicated in the nuclear replication and repair mechanisms, until now it is believed that only one DNA polymerase is involved in these processes in mitochondria. Recent results pointed out that the situation is more complicated than preliminary believed. To elucidate the replication process in yeast mitochondria I focused my interest in attempts to purify and characterize the replication complexes. This work was important to develop in accord with the discovery in the laboratory of a second DNA polymerase in addition to the polymerase gamma in yeast mitochondria. One first part of my thesis was to hardly purify enough of this enzyme to be allowed to identify it by mass spectrometry as the DNA polymerase alpha, encoded by the unique POL1 gene. By ultracentrifugation and biochemical techniques, I succeeded to purify the complex. Exclusion chromatographies were managed to elucidate the native mass of this complex. In addition ionic and hydrophobic chromatographic columns were carried out to determine its composition. Another way to study the complex was the reconstitution in vitro of the interactions happening with some usual suspect proteins with the help of chromatographic affinity columns. I reconstituted partly an interactions model network, including the two mitochondrial DNA polymerases and 5 others proteins implicated in replication. I determined the mass of different stable forms of the isolated complexes, around 500 kDa and over 1 MDa
Lin, Peipei. "Comprendre le rôle des relations entre les télomères et les mitochondries au cours du vieillissement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ6020.
Texto completoThe aging process has been defined as a time-dependent functional decline in tissue functions. Cellular senescence, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction are generally considered to contribute to the aging process. Cellular senescence is a permanent state of cell cycle arrest, and it is characterized by changes in chromatin structure and the activation of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Telomeres are the structures located at the ends of chromosomes and are protected by a protein complex composed of six proteins (TRF1, TRF2, RAP1, TPP1, TIN2 and POT1) called shelterin. There is increasing evidence of multiple links between mitochondrial function and telomeres. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause telomere shortening, and this shortening can induce mitochondrial dysfunction through p53 activation. Recent studies have suggested that telomerase and some shelterin subunits regulate mitochondrial function independently of their telomeric role, perhaps through their direct localization to the mitochondria. For instance, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) localizes to mitochondria and protects mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in neurons by reducing ROS levels. The shelterin protein TIN2 is found at mitochondria where it regulates oxidative phosphorylation. TRF2 regulates the expression of the mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT3 in skeletal muscle cells. Altogether, these findings suggest a positive feedback loop between telomere and mitochondrial dysfunction and raise the question of how the telomere-mitochondria connection contributes to senescence.To address this question, we investigated the functions of all shelterin subunits in mitochondria using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs). We investigated their role in mitochondrial metabolism and their implication in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication by using the in-situ analysis of mitochondrial DNA replication (MIRA) assay. We showed that TIN2, TPP1 and TRF2 affect mitochondrial metabolism, but only TRF2 depletion has a detrimental effect on mtDNA replication. Importantly, we found that TRF2 was located at mitochondria by using a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy. We went deeper into the characterization of the different domains of TRF2 and found that the N-terminal domain of TRF2 (B domain) was required and sufficient for its mitochondrial location and for its role in mtDNA replication. This domain has previously been implicated in the recognition of replication intermediates, where it protects them from nuclease degradation in a sequence-independent manner. We also found that TRF2 levels decreased as the MEFs entered senescence and that ectopic expression of TRF2 was sufficient to maintain mtDNA replication levels as those of young MEFs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the shelterin protein TRF2 regulates mitochondrial replication during senescence
Berthon, Jonathan. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez les Archaea". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344124.
Texto completoPremièrement, j'ai essayé de purifier la protéine initiatrice de la réplication Cdc6/Orc1, sous une forme native, dans l'espoir de mettre au point le premier système de réplication de l'ADN in vitro chez les Archaea. Malheureusement, cette approche a été infructueuse en raison de l'instabilité et des propriétés d'agrégation de la protéine.
Deuxièmement, j'ai réalisé une analyse comparative du contexte génomique des gènes de réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea. Cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier une association très conservée entre des gènes de la réplication et des gènes liés au ribosome. Cette organisation suggère l'existence d'un mécanisme de couplage entre la réplication de l'ADN et la traduction. De manière remarquable, des données expérimentales obtenues chez des modèles bactériens et eucaryotes appuient cette idée. J'ai ensuite mis au point des outils expérimentaux qui permettront d'éprouver la pertinence biologique de certaines des prédictions effectuées.
Finalement, j'ai examiné la distribution taxonomique des gènes de la réplication dans les génomes d'Archaea afin de prédire la composition probable de la machinerie de réplication de l'ADN chez le dernier ancêtre commun des Archaea. Dans leur ensemble, les profils phylétiques des gènes de la réplication suggèrent que la machinerie ancestrale était plus complexe que celle des organismes archéens contemporains.
Bourdon, Alice. "Ribonucléotide réductase et synthèse de l'ADN mitochondrial". Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T006.
Texto completoMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletions are characterized by a decreased number of mtDNA molecules and constitute a major cause of respiratory chain deficiency. This work allowed us to identify a new nuclear gene of mtDNA depletion associated with a severe encephalomyopathy leading to death in the first months of age. This gene encodes a small ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) subunit p53R2 which is a target of the transcription factor p53. RNR catalyses the reduction of the nucleotides into their corresponding desoxyribonucleotides, which is the rate limiting step for DNA synthesis. The second part of this work focuses on the role of p53R2 in mtDNA replication studying its subcellular localization and the expression of the subunits of RNR in several mouse tissues during development
Biju, Duval Christophe. "Diversité de l'ADN mitochondrial chez les lagomorphes". Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066046.
Texto completoToueille, Magali. "Etude du complexe de réplication de l'ADN nucléaire de blé". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28888.
Texto completoDNA replication requires a large set of proteins. The role played by the various factors of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication machinery has been well established using a cell-free system with bacteriophage øx174 for prokaryotes and virus SV40 for eukaryotes. Plant DNA replication studies are scarce and their partial data reveal somme differences between mammalian and plant factors associated to DNA replication. This thesis concerns the analysis of the factors involved in the wheat "replicative complex" for a complete reconstitution in vitro. First, we isolated a wheat protein fraction acting as a DNA replication complex using a template as primed single-stranded phagemid (pWori) containing the geminivirus WDV (wheat dwarf virus) replication origins and the coding sequence of the geminiviral initiation protein (Rep). From the functionnal replicative complex, some factors were identified (DNA binding proteins, topoisomerase) and purified (DNA polymerases A and B and PCNA). Then by a "two hybrid" technique in yeast, we tried to determine the partners interacting with a key DNA replication factor : the RF-C. The last strategy concerns the reversible chemical bindings of physically interacting proteins present in the replicative complex. We detected two PCNA : a short and a long one. The analysis of their partial nucleotidic sequences showed the presence of two different RNA messengers. Their full length sequences are in progress
DEGOUL, FRANCOISE. "Mutations de l'adn mitochondrial dans differentes myopathies humaines". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF21276.
Texto completoNorais, Cédric. "Etude de la réplication de l'ADN chez l'archaea halophile Haloferax volcanii". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112104.
Texto completoDuring my doctoral work, I have studied DNA replication in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. The first aim of this study was to establish the use of available genetic tools for H. Volcanii, including the pop-in/pop-out gene deletion system, for routine work at the laboratory. A partial annotation of the genes implicated in DNA replication and repair allowed the identification of 16 putative Initiator Cdc6/Orc1. The use of genetics combined with nucleotide skews analyses allowed the identification of five replication origins. The main chromosome carries at least two replication origins whereas another origin is used to replicate both pHV1 and pHV4. The in vivo activity of these origins could be confirmed by replication initiation point mapping and DNA two-dimensional gels. The study of PCNA interacting peptides revealed that archaeal RNAseH interacts with PCNA to form an inactive complex. Genetic analyses with H. Volcanii revealed the implication in DNA repair of Fen1 and surprisingly RnaseHI and RnaseHII. These studies also showed that Fen1 is required for DNA replication. I confirmed that H. Volcanii Okazaki fragments are less than 200 bases long and carry an RNA primer synthesized by the essential PriS/L eukaryotic-like primase. On the other hand, the putative bacterial-like primase DnaG can be deleted and its role remains to be characterized. My studies have demonstrated that with its multi-replicon structure and efficient genetic tools for gene characterization, H. Volcanii is a novel and pertinent model for the study of archaeal DNA replication
Gonzalez, Laure. "Implication de Ruvbl2/Reptin dans l'initiation de la réplication de l'ADN". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T028.
Texto completoLafont, Laurent. "Rôle de la sumoylation de la cycline E lors de la réplication de l'ADN". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20079.
Texto completoThe cyclin E, which controls the entry to phase S, is crucial for the assembly of the pre-initiation complex of replication when the cell re-enter in the cycle after a phase of quiescence. This cyclin is eliminated during the phase S during the cellular cycle, but nothing is known on what activates its degradation in this stage. Its elimination is certainly essential, if we refer to the very strong chromosome instability provoked by its overexpression in the primary cells and its abnormal accumulation in most of the human cancers. Our team discovered that the cyclin E is modified on the chromatin at the time of the initiation of the replication by multiple post-translation modifications (phosphorylation, ubiquitination) of which sumoylation. The sumoylation, process of post-translation modification, consists of the conjugation of an isoforme of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin like Modifier) on a protein of interest. The objective of this thesis was to establish the role of the sumoylation in the regulation of the cyclin E at the same time as the role played by this modification in the regulation of the replication
Rocher, Christophe. "Anomalies de l'ADN mitochondrial et métabolisme mitochondrial : Mécanismes des déplétions et des délétions". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28910.
Texto completoOne of the fundamental problems of the study of mitochondrial metabolism integration in cellular metabolism is to understand how mitochondrial metabolism is controlled (regulated) ? The subject of this thesis concerns this topic and tries to answer the two following questions : 1- What are the repercussions of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) amount variation at the level of the energy metabolism ? We used two models which are : (i) a lymphoblastoid cell line coming from a patient for whom a 99 % decrease of the muscle mtDNA amount was observed (depletion), but also (ii) a series of stable mtDNA depleted cell lines obtained by treatment of a control one with nucleotides analogues (AZT and ddC). The results clearly indicate that cellular mtDNA amount is one important parameter in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylations. Indeed, despite the high copy number of mtDNA, a small decrease in its content has severe implications on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Consequently, the quantity of mtDNA in the cell is a parameter to take into account for the study of mitochondrial pathologies as well as the nature or the heteroplasmlic level of a mtDNA mutation. 2- What are the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of human mitochondrial DNA rearrangements, such as large-scale deletions ? Some mitochondrial pathologies areare due to such reorganizations of mtDNA and different mechanisms have been proposed to explain these rearrangements. The mechanism of slipped mispairing has been proposed but no molecular bases are described. The results we obtained show that the formation of a triple helix could be involved in the generation of mtDNA deletions as well as partial duplications or triplications
Moindrot, Benoît. "Organisation de la chromatine et son lien avec la réplication de l'ADN". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733254.
Texto completoLegros, Frédéric. "Étude de la dynamique du compartiment mitochondrial et des mutations hétéroplasmiques de l'ADN mitochondrial". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077109.
Texto completoGarnery, Lionel. "Variabilité de l'ADN mitochondrial de l'abeille domestique : Implications phylogénétiques". Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066487.
Texto completoSarzi, Emmanuelle. "Caractérisation génétique et phénotypique des déplétions de l'ADN mitochondrial". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T048.
Texto completoMitochondrial diseases are a common group of metabolism pathologies. Nowadays, they represent more than 17% of our clinical consultations. Multiple respiratory chain deficiency account for an important number of mitochondrial disease and are characterised by a multi-systemic organ involvement leading to early death. Since these last 15 years, we have recruited a large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency. In 2001, it has been shown that a mtDNA quantitative anomaly was at the origin of this defect also named mtDNA depletions. The large number of patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and the weak yield of molecular diagnosis prompt us to consider mtDNA depletion as a cause of multiple respiratory chain deficiency. The aim of this work was firstly to estimate the incidence of mtDNA depletion in our series of multiple respiratory chain cases. Then, we characterised the genetic and phenotypic features of mtDNA depletions. Finaly, the study of one family among our consanguineous and/or multiplex patients allowed us to identify a new gene responsible for mtDNA depletions associated with a hepatocerebral failure. This gene also named PEO1 encodes for the mitochondrial Twinkle helicase which has been ever known to cause adult onset PEO in a dominant transmission. Finally, we have studied another consanguineous family with multiple respiratory chain deficiency and hepatic failure. This work allowed us to improve the genetic counselling in our laboratory especially for all patients with multiple respiratory chain deficiency associated with a mtDNA depletion
Al, Amir Dache Zahra. "Étude de la structure de l'ADN circulant d'origine mitochondriale". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT059.
Texto completoPlasma transports blood cells with a mixture of compounds, including nutrients, waste, antibodies, and chemical messengers...throughout the body. Non-soluble factors such as circulating DNA and extracellular vesicles have recently been added to the list of these components and have been the subject of extensive research due to their role in intercellular communication. Circulating DNA (cirDNA) is composed of cell-free and particle-associated DNA fragments, which can be released by all cell types. cirDNA is derived not only from genomic DNA but also from extrachromosomal mitochondrial DNA. Numerous studies carried out lately indicate that the quantitative and qualitative analysis of cirDNA represents a breakthrough in clinical applications as a non-invasive biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic follow-up. However, despite the promising future of cirDNA in clinical applications, particularly in oncology, knowledge regarding its origins, composition and functions, that could considerably optimize its diagnostic value, is still lacking.The main goal of my thesis was to identify and characterize the structural properties of extracellular DNA of mitochondrial origin. By examining the integrity of this DNA, as well as the size and density of associated structures, this work revealed the presence of dense particles larger than 0.2 µm containing whole mitochondrial genomes. We characterized these structures by electron microscopy and flow cytometry and identified intact mitochondria in the extracellular medium in vitro and ex vivo (in plasma samples from healthy individuals). Oxygen consumption by these mitochondria was detected by the Seahorse technology, suggesting that at least some of these intact extracellular mitochondria may be functional.In addition, I contributed to other studies carried out in the team, such as studies aiming at evaluating (1) the influence of pre-analytical and demographic parameters on the quantification of nuclear and mitochondrial cirDNA on a cohort of 104 healthy individuals and 118 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, (2) the influence of hypoxia on the release of cirDNA in vitro and in vivo, and (3) the potential of cirDNA analysis in the early detection and screening of cancer.This manuscript present a recent review on cirDNA and its different mechanisms of release, which go hand in hand with the structural characterization of this DNA, its functional aspects and its clinical applications. In addition, this thesis provides new knowledge on the structure of extracellular mitochondrial DNA and opens up new avenues for reflection, particularly on the potential impact that could have those circulating mitochondria on cell-cell communication, inflammation and clinical applications
Guilbaud, Guillaume. "Etude du programme de réplication du génome humain par peignage moléculaire de l'ADN et séquençage massif". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077104.
Texto completoReplication of the human genome starts at some 30. 000 origins whose position and timing of replication are not well known. Bioinformatic analyses have shown a nucleotide compositional asymmetry between the lagging and the leading replicating strands. The profile of this skew revealed that an important fraction of the genome is organized in 1Mb domains that show an N-shape (called N-domains). The skew profile of N-domain borders showed a sharp upward jump that was interpreted as the signature of highly efficient replication origins. The progressive inversion of the skew between two upward jumps suggested a progressive inversion of the average replication fork orientation. We determined the timing of replication for the whole human genome and then focused on N-domains. The timing profile was obtained by massive sequencing and interpreted using single DNA molecule replication patterns obtained by molecular combing of DNA. We show that replication begins at early replicating initiation zones containing efficient origins. Replication then propagates by progressive activation of neighbouring origins with an initiation rate that increases during S phase. The average N-domain timing profile shows a U shape, which indicates that their borders constitute early and efficient initiation zones from which replication progresses towards their centre by progressive activation of inner origins. Molecular DNA combing shows that replication forks moving toward the centre or the borders do not travel the same distance, due to this sequential activation. This process quantitatively explains the timing profile and the fork polarity profile within N-domains
Andraos, Nathalie. "Etudes Structurales et Biochimiques de l'ADN Polymérase du Bactériophage T5". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066352.
Texto completoRaynaud, Cécile. "Relations entre cycle cellulaire et division des plastes : caractérisation des gènes AtSulA, AtCDT1a/b et ATXR5/6". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112087.
Texto completoPlastids are indispensable to plant cell survival because a large number of metabolic pathways take place in them. These organelles originated from an endosymbiosis between a host cell and a cyanobacteria. Therefore, plants do not synthetise plastids de novo : they proliferate by binary fission. The mechanism of plastid division is closely related to that of bacterial cell division but its regulation is poorly understood. Mitosis results in a two-fold decrease in plastid number. Moreover, plastid number in mesophyll cells correlates with cell size and cell ploidy. Plastid division and cell cycle are thus likely to be coordinated. To investigate this, and to analyse the underlying molecular mechanism, we caracterised the function of three Arabidopsis genes. The first was chosen on the basis of its sequence similarity with a bacterial cell division inhibitor. The others were analysed because they are known to play a role in cell cycle regulation, and harbour plastid targeting sequences. The first approach allowed us to identify a new plastid division protein. The second led us to the conclusion that cell cycle and plastid division are indeed coordinated, and that the link between the two processes could occur at the G1/S transition. This hypothesis accounts both for the maintain of plastid number in proliferating cells, and for the increase in plastid number in endoreduplicating cells
Lengronne, Armelle. "Dynamique de la réplication et instabilité du génome chez la levure S. Cerevisiae en l'abscence de l'inhibiteur de CDKs, Sic1p". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112087.
Texto completoSic1p belongs to the CKI family (Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase Inhibitor), like p21 or p27 in mammalian cells, and is expressed from the end of mitosis to the end of G1 phase of the cell cycle in the budding yeast S. Cerevisiae. One of the main goals of my thesis was to gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of the genomic instability observed in cells lacking the SIC1 gene. These strains show a decrease in viability, an increase of chromosome loss and are delayed in mitosis. Previous work in the laboratory had suggested, based on genetic evidences, that sic1 mutants suffer from a reduction in the number of competent replication origins. In the first part of my thesis, to better characterize potential replication defects of sic1 strains, I have developed a set of molecular, electrophoretic and microscopic techniques that allow precise monitoring of S phase progression in yeast cells using BrdU incorporation. In the second part of my thesis, using these techniques, I showed that cells lacking Sic1 initiate DNA replication from fewer origins, have an extended S phase and inefficiently separate sister chromatids during anaphase. To our surprise, sic1d cells were not retarted at metaphase as expected if the S/M checkpoint were triggered to allow completion of replication before mitosis. Sic1d mutants show a 600-fold increase in the frequency of gross chromosomal rearrangements, probably as a consequence of inappropriate entry into anaphase. We propose that precocious CDK activation causes genomic instability by altering the dynamics of S phase which then hinders normal chromosome segregation
Ravel-Chapuis, Patrick. "Réplication et plasticité de l'ADN chloroplastique et organisation des ADNr nucléaires de l'euglène". Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10026.
Texto completoMeister, Peter. "Usines de réplication et de réparation de l'ADN chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112124.
Texto completoWhen double-strand breaks are detected on DNA, signaling and repair processes are activated. Activation can be visualized in vivo following the formation of sub-nuclear structures composed of DNA ends, repair and signaling factors. In the model organism Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we revealed these structures in vivo, using fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent fusion proteins. In a first study, we show that signaling factors colocalise with repair factors after induction of DSBs by gamma irradiation. Moreover, these "foci" or "factories" colocalise partially with PCNA, a ubiquitous DNA repair and replication factor. Taking advantage of fission yeast easy genetic analysis, we also studied the genetic determinant of factories formation. In a second study, we were interested by the relationship between replication and recombination after-replication forks blockage by depletion of the desoxyribonucleotides pool. The study is based on strains allowing simultaneous visualization of a replication and a recombination factor. We show that in the presence of replication fork blocks, lack of intra-S phase checkpoint induces appearance of recombination foci. Moreover, in wild-type cells, the intra-S checkpoint delays recombination till replication is almost complete following replication forks blockage. Finally, recombination induced by the absence of intra-S checkpoint in the absence of nucleotides seems to be at least partially responsible for replication fork collapse. In the third study presented here, we describe the spatial and temporal organization of DNA replication in S. Pombe. During S-phase, PCNA forms sub-nuclear foci. We show for the first time in vivo in a unicellular organism that these foci are replication factories (clusters of replication forks). These replication factories display reproducible temporal and spatial organization. Finally, we analyze the dynamics of these factories, as well as the effects of deleting components of the intra-S checkpoint on the organization of DNA replication
Becherel, Olivier J. "Trafic d'ADN polymérases lors de la réplication de l'ADN endommagé chez Escherichia coli". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13143.
Texto completoBigot, Sarah. "Trafic de l'ADN dans la bactérie : rôles de l'ADN translocase FtsK d'Escherichia coli". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30105.
Texto completoIn Escherichia coli, the ATP-dependent DNA translocase FtsK transports DNA across the site of cell division and activates recombination by the XerCD recombinases at a specific site on the E. Coli chromosome, dif, to ensure the equal distribution of the genetic material and the topological integrity of daughter chromosomes during the last stages of chromosome segregation. We showed that DNA mobilization and Xer recombination activation, two functions required to resolve dimers, are genetically separable. We have also shown that DNA transport by FtsK is oriented by 8 bp asymmetric sequences (“KOPS”) displaying a biased orientation and distribution on the E. Coli chromosome and that KOPS promote FtsK loading on DNA and that translocation is oriented at this step
NELSON, ISABELLE. "Etude de l'organisation de l'adn mitochondrial dans les pathologies neuromusculaires". Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10073.
Texto completoBarome, Pierre-Olivier. "Phylogeographie du genre acomys (rodentia, muridae) fondee sur l'adn mitochondrial". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA112350.
Texto completoReynier, Pascal. "Etude des délétions de l'ADN mitochondrial dans diverses maladies musculaires". Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22061.
Texto completoDucoux, Manuelle. "Caractérisation de p66, sous-unité C de l'ADN polymérase delta de mammifère". Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05S003.
Texto completoIn eukaryotes, DNA polymerase delta (pol delta) is a major enzyme implicated in DNA replication during S phase and whose activity is strongly stimulated by PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen). In "Schizosaccharomyces pombe", pol delta is composed of four subunits (A, B, C and D), whereas only three subunits are found in "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" (A, B and C). In both organisms, the C-subunit is the link between pol delta and PCNA and is responsible for the PCNA-stimulation of the polymerase activity. Prior to our work, only the A and B-subunits of pol delta complex had been isolated from several mammalian species. .
Rouillon, Christophe. "La réplication de l'ADN chez l'euryarchaea pyrococcus abyssi : mise en place et dynamique du complexe". Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S066.
Texto completoHuvet, Maxime. "Rôle de la réplication dans l'évolution et l'organisation du génome humain". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077032.
Texto completoAlthough genes are generally considered as randomly positioned in the genome, clusters of co-expressed genes have been identified in many organisms, from yeast to human. However, in human, the importance of these clusters is controversial. Our goal is to study human gene organisation according to replication origins. For this purpose, we based our study on previous results showing the existence of a nucleotide compositional asymmetry associated with replication. We developed a multi-scale methodology using the wavelet transform to analyse the profile of compositional asymmetries in the human genome. In one third of the genome, the skew profile is composed of structures, named N-domains, characterised by a pair of upward jumps framing a linearly decreasing segment. These jumps are associated with putative replication origins. These structures seem to have been conserved, during evolution, in mammals and birds. Analysis of replication timing data shows that in most cases, the N-domain borders are associated with replication initiation sites active in the early S phase. Around these origins, genes are abundant, broadly expressed, and co-orientated with the replication fork orientation. These properties decrease progressively with the distance to the closest putative origin. In the centre of N-domains, genes are rare and expressed in few tissues. This organisation likely results from constraints to reduce head-on collisions between the DNA and RNA polymerases. Our findings provide a new model of gene organisation in the human genome, which integrates transcription, replication, and chromatin structure as coordinated determinants of genome architecture
Humbert, Catherine. "Exploration in situ de la réplication de l'ADN dans le noyau de cellule eucaryote". Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10011.
Texto completoFilée, Jonathan. "Phylogénie moléculaire des gènes viraux impliqués dans le métabolisme et la réplication de l'ADN". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112324.
Texto completoMenezes, Braganca Nikita. "Cartographie pangénomique à haut débit et en molécule unique de la réplication de l'ADN". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE040.
Texto completoDNA replication is a vital process ensuring accurate conveyance of the genetic information to the daughter cells. In eukaryotic organisms, genome replication is carried out by using multiple start sites, also known as replication origins. In metazoans, the mapping of replication remains challenging. Genome wide mapping of human replication origins performed using sequencing techniques only modestly agree. These existing genome wide approaches use large cell populations that smooth out variability between chromosomal copies that could explain this inconsistency. Thus, to get a better understanding of DNA replication and to uncover the cell-to-cell variability, the development of single molecule techniques is fundamental. DNA combing, a widespread technique used to map DNA replication at a single molecule level, is refractory to automation, forestalling genome-wide analysis. To overcome these impediments, we repurposed an optical DNA mapping device based on microfluidics, the Bionano Genomics Irys system, for High-throughput Optical MApping of Replicating DNA (HOMARD). We typically collect, for a single run, over 34 000 images and more than 63 000 Mbp of DNA. Our new open source tools, that required the adaptation of the provided proprietary software, empower us to simultaneously visualize the intensity profiles of all mapped DNA molecules, check the optical mapping performed and, in particular, see where the replication tracks are located genome-wide at a single molecule level. We demonstrate the robustness of our approach by providing an ultra-high coverage (23,311 x) replication map of bacteriophage DNA in Xenopus egg extracts and the potential of the Irys system for DNA replication and other functional genomic studies apart from its standard use
Kieffer, Kyong-Rim. "Stimulation de la réparation de l'ADN par des activateurs de la transcription". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13085.
Texto completoEukaryotic genes are contained within a higher order complex of DNA and histones called chromatin. Although packaging of DNA into chromatin provides the means for compaction of the entire genome to fit in the nucleus, it restricts the access of the many regulatory proteins required for essential biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and recombination. The chromatin, however, is not a static structure, but rather a dynamic assembly that condenses and decondenses (remodeling) in response to specific signals during cell life. Chromatin remodeling requires a specific set of enzymes that modify the nucleosome, the building block of chromatin. These enzymes fall into two classes: the first includes ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activities that use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosomal structure and/or arrangement, whereas the second class includes enzymes that add acetyl groups to the histone N termini. This thesis has described that DNA repair is also hindered by chromatin structure and requires a subset of chromatin remodeling enzymes from each class to optimally occur. In the promoter region, chromatin remodeling enzymes are dictated by sequence-specific activators, resulting in facilitated damage removal in the proximity of transcription initiation site. The mechanism of this preferential repair is independent of transcription machinery and transcription per se, although two events pass on the same template. Furthermore, transcriptionally inactive activator accomplishes the stimulation of repair by binding to its cognate sequences. It is likely that the function of activators is dual : (i) they help to derepress chromatin, a step common to DNA processes, (ii) in parallel or subsequently, and possibly in a cooperative manner according to activities demanded by the surrounding DNA, they recruit specific factors involved in transcription, DNA repair or replication
Platel, Marie. "Régulation du programme spatio-temporel de la réplication de l'ADN lors du développement précoce du Xénope". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS043.
Texto completoDNA replication in higher eukaryotes initiates at thousands of origins according to a spatio-temporal regulation program which is not well characterized. The S phase checkpoint is activated when replication forks are blocked which inhibits the firing of late origins. The aim of my thesis consisted to study two essentials factors in spatio-temporal replication program in Xenopus system: the checkpoint protein Chk1, inhibitor of origin activation, and the deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), DNA synthesis precursors. In Xenopus, the mid-blastula transition (MBT) occurs after twelve embryonic divisions. An increase of the nucleo-cytosolic ratio induces a titration of replication factors, that activates the checkpoint and slows down the S phase. It is possible to mimic in vitro the rapid S phases of early Xenopus development stages by increasing the nuclei concentration. By DNA combing combined with Chk1 inhibition, depletion and overexpression experiments, we show that Chk1 controls origins activation in perturbed but also unperturbed S phase. My results show that Chk1 levels needs to be tightly regulated in order to properly control the replication program during normal S phase in higher eukaryotes. In order to determine whether the concentration of dNTPs could be another limiting replication factor, we compared the effect of dNTPs addition on replication by mimicking in vitro several early stages of pre-MBT development. Addition of dNTPs affects DNA replication, by increasing origin activation and, dependent on nuclei concentration, also the fork speed. This effect is independent of the S phase checkpoint and further studies are needed in order to understand the molecular mechanisms behind
Barthélémy, Cyrille. "Variations spontanées et induites du nombre de copies de l'ADN mitochondrial". Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077125.
Texto completoGoullet, de Rugy Théo. "Etude de l'effondrement rapide des fourches de réplication lors d'un stress réplicatif". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30238.
Texto completoReplicative stress is characterized by an accumulation of stalled replication forks and is known to be a major source of genetic instability in human cells. Replicative stress and genetic instability are early markers of tumorigenesis. It is known that stalled replication forks can degenerate into double strand breaks (DSB), a process called replication fork collapse. Indeed, after an extended replicative stress (24h) induced by hydroxyurea (HU), the endonuclease MUS81-EME1 can promote the collapse of replication forks. This endonuclease prevents accumulation of under replicated regions in G2 and mitotic segregation defects. Here, by monitoring DSB with sensitive neutral comet assay and QIBC (Quantitative Image-Based Cytometry) approaches, we found that replication forks can also collapse rapidly after replicative stress (as early as 2 hours after HU). We characterised this rapid replication fork collapse as a MUS81-independent mechanism. Moreover, by performing siRNA based knock down, we identified two nucleases, Artemis and XPF, involved in rapid replication fork collapse mechanism. Our results point toward a role of this rapid collapse mechanism in preventing mitotic intermediates and lesion transmission to daughter cells. Also, we identified the role of an alternative DNA polymerase Pol theta as a molecular factor involved in preventing this mechanism to induce cell death. Data mining of expression data from tumour samples allowed us to identify Pol theta verexpression as correlated with HR genes, underpinning a potential adaptation mechanism to prevent collapsed fork accumulation in cancer cells. Collectively, these data reveal that human cells have evolved a quick cleavage response to stalled forks that might be important for genome stability notably in cells undergoing replicative stress
Buchsbaum, Samuel. "Régulation du facteur de réplication de l'ADN MCM7 par poly-ubiquitinylation : rôles d'Int6 et BRCA1". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120941.
Texto completoRenty, Christelle de. "Analyse de la dynamique de réplication préméiotique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae par peignage moléculaire de l'ADN". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20168.
Texto completoThe duplication of chromosomes in eukaryotes initiates from numerous origins that are activated during S phase according to specific spatio-temporal replication programs. These replication programs are connected to downstream cell cycle events and contribute to accurate transmission of the genetic material to progeny, yet they are flexible and can adapt to varying physiological conditions. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, meiosis can be considered as a differentiation program whereby a diploid cell gives rise to four genetically different haploid cells. Interestingly, premeiotic DNA replication is usually two to three times longer than during vegetative cell division (mitosis), in multiple organisms, yet no one really knows why. The aim of my thesis work was to uncover the reasons for this S phase extension in meiosis, using a state-of-the-art imaging technique called DNA combing. With this technique that I contributed to improve, the firing of origins as well as replication fork progression rates can be monitored on the level of single DNA molecules. My data indicate that the same number of origins is used in mitosis and meiosis. However, by focusing on a single chromosome (Chr. VI) we discovered that, although the same set of origins is used, it is activated following a different program. A first subset of origins fires with high efficiency, then replication forks seem to pause for a long while before a second subset of origins fires. I tried using various mutants to determine the nature of these replication pausing sites and their potential link with the induction of meiotic recombination, which is essential for correct chromosome segregation in meiosis. This process begins with the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) that require the concerted action of a number of meiotic-specific proteins, among which Mer2, Rec114 and Spo11. In order to see if these DSB proteins are responsible the lengthening of S in meiosis, I analyzed replication dynamics in strains lacking these proteins. Besides this work, I also demonstrated the utility of DNA combing for defining when DNA replication is completed in mitotic cells, a measure that was not available from current techniques. This way I was able to show that yeast cdc14-1 cells, defective for a conserved protein phosphatase needed for ribosomal DNA (rDNA) segregation and mitotic exit, finish rDNA replication much later than control cells. It is likely that the failure of cdc14-1 cells to finish rDNA replication in time is responsible for its non-segregation in anaphase
Herrick, John. "Aspects positifs et négatifs de la régulation de la réplication de l'ADN chez "Echerichia coli"". Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA11T031.
Texto completoLévy, Nicolas. "XRCC1, un élément clef de la réparation des dommages de l'ADN couplée à la réplication". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/LEVY_Nicolas_2007.pdf.
Texto completoNassar, Joelle. "Caractérisation de la fonction de OBI1, une E3 ubiquitine ligase, dans la réplication de l'ADN". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT039.
Texto completoCell division is one of the most complex processes a cell undergoes. For this to happen properly, the genetic material stored in a cell must be faithfully copied or replicated. During this process, DNA replication is initiated at pre-defined sites in the genome, called "origins of replication". The activation of these origins is highly regulated, as a dysfunction in origin activity is linked to several human pathologies. Several proteins have been found at replication origins, but none of them explain how to be activated origins are recognized and selected. Our research group aims to understand how DNA replication origins are regulated in metazoan cells, to this aim, a proteomic approach was performed to define the interactome of human replication origins. Our goal was to identify new factors that could be involved in replication origin regulation. Using this methodology, a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, named OBI1 (for ORC-ubiquitin-ligase-1), was identified prior to my arrival in the laboratory. OBI1 binds the origin recognition complex (ORC complex) and my project aimed at further characterizing the role of this new protein in DNA replication. Our experimental strategy used two different model systems: an in-vivo model based on human cells in culture, and an in-vitro DNA replication system derived from Xenopus eggs.Our analyses in human cells revealed that OBI1 was a crucial gene involved in cellular proliferation, this observation was later attributed to OBI1’s role in DNA replication and more specifically, to replication origin activation. Indeed, OBI1 knockdown resulted in a deficient origin firing and a decrease in the chromatin recruitment of factors involved in origin firing. A further functional analysis showed that OBI1 multiubiquitylates two subunits of the ORC complex, ORC3 and ORC5. This ubiquitylation was directly linked to OBI1’s role in origin firing, after the over-expression of non-ubiquitylable ORC3/5 mutants yielded similar results to OBI1’s knock down. Altogether, our results demonstrated that OBI1 encoded for a protein essential for origin activation, and allowed us to propose its main role: by multiubiquitylating a subset of the ORC complex, OBI1 could select the replication origins to be activated amongst all the potential replication origins set in G1 phase of the cell cycle. After this set of experiments, now published, we wanted to address the mechanistic impact of the multiubiquitylation of ORC on origin activation. Our preliminary experiments suggest a role of the histone acetyl-transferase (HAT) GCN5/KAT2A in the “OBI1 pathway”In the second part of my project, we used the in vitro DNA replication system, based on Xenopus laevis egg extracts, to study the role of OBI1 and ubiquitylation in origin activation. Our in-vitro analyses confirmed the conservation of OBI1 in Xenopus Laevis and its recruitment to the chromatin during DNA replication. We showed that de novo ubiquitylation takes place on chromatin during origin activation. Moreover, using E1 inhibitors, we found that active ubiquitylation is important for efficient origin firing. Interestingly, our loss of function experiments suggested that OBI1’s impact on origin activation could defer in early development when compared to somatic-like conditions.Taken together, the discovery of this new replication initiation factor provided key information on the role of ubiquitylation in general and OBI1 in particular on origin activation and selection. Such selection could participate as well in the regulation of the timing of DNA replication
Daboussi, Fayza. "Relations épistatiques entre RAD51 et ses paralogues chez les mammifères : étude de la sensibilité aux stress génotoxiques, la recombinaison homologue, la duplication des centrosomes et la réplication". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077199.
Texto completoHomologous recombination (HR) is a fundamental biological process, conserved in all organisms. In mammals, Rad51 protein and its paralogues are involved in this process. Here, we address the question whether RAD51 and its paralogs act in the same pathway. To answer this question, we examined the consequences of the overexpression of a dominant negative form of RAD51 in the irs 1 cell line, mutated in the XRCC2 paralogue gene. This work demonstrated that Rad51 and Xrcc2 proteins act in the same. . Pathway with respect to résistance to genotoxic stresses, homologous recombination and centrosome duplication. In cell lines defective for HR, we also observed a slowing down in the progression of replication forks and the activation of S/G2 checkpoint dependent on ATM/ATR
Pillaire, Marie-Jeanne. "Influence de la lésion majoritaire de l'agent antitumoral "cisplatine" sur la réplication de l'ADN in vivo et in vitro ; conséquences mutagènes de cette réplication". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30254.
Texto completoLuque, Alejandro E. "La réplication de l'ADN nucléaire dans la cellule de blé : étude des facteurs réplicatifs et mise en place d'un système viral de réplication végétale". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28637.
Texto completoPiot, Barbara. "Rôle de la topoisomérase II dans la mise en place du programme d'activation des origines de réplication de l'ADN". Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066266.
Texto completoDNA replication is a complex process that follows an established origin activation program. We demonstrate here that topoisomerase II (topo II) is involved in the establishment of this origin activation program. In interphase xenopus egg extracts, inhibition of topo II by ICRF-193, a drug that traps topo II as closed clamps on DNA, slows down fork progression and delayes origin clusters activation. This was not due to S phase checkpoint activation and only seen if the drug was added during the pre-replicative phase. If added later, during S phase, ICRF-193 does not have effects on DNA replication anymore. Opposite effects of topo II immunodepletion and topo II inhibition indicate that the slower replication with ICRF-193 is not due to topo II catalytic inhibition but to the topo II clamps on DNA that creates obstacles against fork progression. Topo II immunodepletion accelerates S phase by accelerating the activation of origin clusters without altering inter-origin distances. Add-back of recombinant topo II negates these effects. Topo II depletion increases the loading of MCM proteins during origin licensing. Addition of ICRF-193 in G1 does not affect MCM loading. We conclude that i) topo II activity is not required for S phase progression; ii) topo II acts non-catalytically in G1 to cluster origins that undergo reduced MCM loading and thus fire late in S phase; iii) ICRF-193 addition in G1 creates obstacles to origin cluster activation and fork progression, not because of topo II catalytic inhibition, but due to formation of topo II clamps. Topoisomerase II dynamic in G1 phase is important for the determinism of replication origin efficiency
PEREIRA, DE SOUZA ANETTE. "Structure et expression du gene nad5 dans l'adn mitochondrial des plantes superieures". Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112070.
Texto completoCubells, Matthieu. "Identification de séquences Cis-Régulatrices impliquées dans l'activité de l'origine de réplication de l'ADN de la Lamine B2". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20010.
Texto completoThe cis-acting elements necessary for the activity of DNA replication origins in metazoan are poorly understood. We studied the role of this elements on the activation of the human origin of replication associated to the Lamin B2 gene. We generated HeLa clones of stable integration of a 1. 2 kb DNA segment, comprising the start site of DNA replication and the CpG island. We assessed the initiation of DNA replication by PCR on nascent DNA isolated from asynchronously cells. In the majority of clones the activity of this ectopic origin was comparable to the endogenous origin. In some cases this segment shows a reduced replication activity. For reducing the variability due to the chromatin environment of the insertion site, we developed a toll of site-specific integration mediated by the Cre recombinase of cassettes containing the ectopic LaminB2-Ori. This method shows homogeneity of activity of the ectopic LaminB2-Ori, and by consequence the possibility to quantify the mutants Ori activity. A dissection of the cis-elements in the closed proximity of the ectopic Lamin B2 origin was carried out. The results indicate that core sequence of the origin which is bound by the ORC complex is required for the initiation of the replication and that the CpG island, binding sites for transcription factors and the presence of actively transcribed genes positively influence the replication initiation. Altogether these results suggest that the LaminB2-Ori shows a modular organization of cis-acting sequences. This structure may impose a specific chromatin configuration or favorite some epigenetic modifications that prompt the initiation of replication and that LamB2-Ori activation is dominant over the surrounding sequences