Artículos de revistas: "Repeating units"

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Cormack, Peter. "The science behind repeating units". Materials Today 10, n.º 6 (junio de 2007): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70140-2.

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Yuldasheva, Zukhra. "On some characteristics of repeating units". Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research 10, n.º 10 (2021): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2021.00933.2.

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3

Takeo, Ken'ichi y Saimei Tei. "Synthesis of the repeating units of Schizophyllan". Carbohydrate Research 145, n.º 2 (enero de 1986): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90436-1.

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4

Bemis, Rhyannon H. "Repeating Something Familiar". Teaching of Psychology 45, n.º 2 (23 de marzo de 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628318762927.

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Segments are a structured presentation style that is commonly used on late-night talk and variety television shows. Research has shown that shows that contain segments with both entertaining and informative content (e.g., The Daily Show) have increased students’ political knowledge. This study investigated how the structure of segments could be adapted to present material in classroom lectures to promote recall of both learning events and course content. For the first two units in a three-unit child development course, students experienced segments along with traditional lecture activities. Although performance varied across measures, results indicated that segments are a useful teaching tool to promote retention of material and recall of learning events. The use of segments in other types of courses is discussed.

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5

Wang, Chao. "Synthesis of a Glycodendrimer with Five Repeating Mannoside Units". Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (julio de 2011): 1819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1819.

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The synthesis of a glycodendrimer by incorporating repetitive mannoside units onto a glucoside core was completed in order to prepare a multivalent probe to study fundamental carbohydrate-protein interactions.

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6

Hoque, M. A. y Y. Kawakami. "Synthesis of Polysilsesquioxanes with Double-Decker Silsesquioxane Repeating Units". Journal of Scientific Research 8, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2016): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v8i2.26791.

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Polysilsesquioxanes were synthesized with end functional double-decker silsesquioxanes (DDSQ) and the polymers were characterized with 1H NMR, 29Si NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Polysilsesquioxane containing iso-butyl end capped DDSQ showed better solubility compared to that of methyl end capped DDSQ. Thermal properties investigated with TGA showed that the polymers exhibited exceptionally high stabilities in the range of 470-530°C even in both nitrogen and air atmosphere. The average residual weights of the polymers at 760°C were around 80% in the nitrogen atmosphere.

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7

Kallus, Yoav, Veit Elser y Simon Gravel. "Dense Periodic Packings of Tetrahedra with Small Repeating Units". Discrete & Computational Geometry 44, n.º 2 (3 de marzo de 2010): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00454-010-9254-3.

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8

Abeles, M., H. Bergman, E. Margalit y E. Vaadia. "Spatiotemporal firing patterns in the frontal cortex of behaving monkeys". Journal of Neurophysiology 70, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1993): 1629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.4.1629.

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1. Activity of up to 10 single units was recorded in parallel from frontal areas of behaving monkeys. 2. Spatiotemporal firing patterns were revealed by a method that detects all excessively repeating patterns regardless of their complexity or single-unit composition. 3. Excess of repeating patterns was found in 30-60% of the cases examined when timing jitter of 1-3 ms was allowed. 4. An independent test refuted the hypothesis that these patterns represented chance events. 5. In a given behavioral condition there were usually many different patterns, each repeating several times, and not one (or a few) pattern repeating many times. 6. In 13 out of 20 cases, when a single unit elevated its firing rate in association with an external event beyond 40/s, most of the spikes within that period were associated with excessively repeating spatiotemporal patterns. 7. Of 157 types of patterns whose excess was most marked, 107 were composed of spikes from one single unit, 45 of the patterns contained spikes from two single units, and only one was composed of spikes from three different single units. 8. These properties suggest that the patterns were generated by reverberations in a synfire mode within self-exciting cell assemblies.

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9

Bhanja, Sunil Kumar y Dilip Rout. "Structural Analysis of Two Bioactive Components of an Edible Mushroom, Termitomyces microcarpus". Natural Product Communications 12, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2017): 1934578X1701201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201226.

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Two glucans, one α-glucan (TM-I) and one β-glucan (TM-II) were isolated from an edible mushroom, Termitomyces microcarpus by extraction with 5% NaOH/0.05% NaBH4, followed by a precipitation with 1 M acetic acid. The repeating units of two polysaccharides have been identified by means of NMR studies (1H, 13C, DEPT-135 and HSQC) and chemical investigations. The structures of repeating units of two polymers were established as

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10

Fraser, R. D. B. y T. P. MacRae. "Intermediate filament structure". Bioscience Reports 5, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1985): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01117070.

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In a previous communication (Biosci. Rep. 3, 517–525, 1993) we described quantitative X-ray diffraction studies of α-keratin which were shown to be consistent with the presence of finite arrays of repeating units, successive arrays being set down at axial intervals of 470 Å. In addition the axial interval between repeating units in an array was shown to be 197.9 Å. It was suggested that this could most readily be explained by supposing that a surfacelattice was present which contained a dislocation along a helical path with unit height h = 470 Å and unit twist |t| = 49.1°. The number of repeating units was shown to be in the range 7–9. With 7 repeats the mismatch of the lattice along the dislocation is small and this choice was used to develop a detailed model for the filament. Subsequent studies of molecular interactions have shown however that the coiled-coil rope segments in the rod domain of the molecule are most probably oriented parallel to the dislocation, and so minimization of lattice mismatch may be less important than originally supposed. In the present communication it is shown that the choice of 8, rather than 7, for the number of repeating units yields a model which is more compatible with estimates of the linear density and also provides the basis for a general model for polymorphism in intermediate filament lattices.

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11

Buglakov, Aleksandr I. y Valentina V. Vasilevskaya. "Fibril Assembly and Gelation of Macromolecules with Amphiphilic Repeating Units". Langmuir 37, n.º 42 (12 de octubre de 2021): 12377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01953.

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Buglakov, Aleksandr I. y Valentina V. Vasilevskaya. "Fibril Assembly and Gelation of Macromolecules with Amphiphilic Repeating Units". Langmuir 37, n.º 42 (12 de octubre de 2021): 12377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01953.

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13

Oyaizu, Kenichi, Takefumi Mikami y Eishun Tsuchida. "New π-Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Composed of Alkylphenoxathiinium-Type Repeating Units". Macromolecules 37, n.º 6 (marzo de 2004): 2325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma049849g.

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14

Rubtsova, Natalia I., Clara M. Nyby, Hong Zhang, Boyu Zhang, Xiao Zhou, Janarthanan Jayawickramarajah, Alexander L. Burin y Igor V. Rubtsov. "Room-temperature ballistic energy transport in molecules with repeating units". Journal of Chemical Physics 142, n.º 21 (7 de junio de 2015): 212412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916326.

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15

Cretenoud, Julien, Bilal Özen, Thomas Schmaltz, Daniel Görl, Alberto Fabrizio, Clémence Corminboeuf, Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani, Rosario Scopelliti y Holger Frauenrath. "Synthesis and characterization of semiaromatic polyamides comprising benzofurobenzofuran repeating units". Polymer Chemistry 8, n.º 14 (2017): 2197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py00129k.

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16

Kreyenschmidt, Martin, Frank Uckert y Klaus Muellen. "A New Soluble Poly(p-phenylene) with Tetrahydropyrene Repeating Units". Macromolecules 28, n.º 13 (junio de 1995): 4577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00117a030.

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17

Bronk, Krys y S. Thayumanavan. "Design and Synthesis of Nonconjugated Monodendrons with Triarylamine Repeating Units". Organic Letters 3, n.º 13 (junio de 2001): 2057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol0160203.

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18

Burgess, Kevin, Hunwoo Shin y D. Scott Linthicum. "Solid-Phase Syntheses of Unnatural Biopolymers Containing Repeating Urea Units". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34, n.º 8 (2 de mayo de 1995): 907–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199509071.

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19

Papatriantafyllopoulou, Constantina, Sotiris Zartilas, Manolis J. Manos, Céline Pichon, Rodolphe Clérac y Anastasios J. Tasiopoulos. "A single-chain magnet based on linear [MnIII2MnII] units". Chem. Commun. 50, n.º 94 (2014): 14873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc05687f.

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The synthesis, structure and single-chain magnet properties of a unique one-dimensional coordination polymer based on a linear mixed valent [Mn^III₂Mn^II] repeating unit are described.

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20

Sachse, K., J. H. Helbig, I. Lysnyansky, C. Grajetzki, W. Müller, E. Jacobs y D. Yogev. "Epitope Mapping of Immunogenic and Adhesive Structures in Repetitive Domains of Mycoplasma bovis Variable Surface Lipoproteins". Infection and Immunity 68, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2000): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.2.680-687.2000.

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ABSTRACT The family of variable surface lipoproteins (Vsps) of the bovine pathogen Mycoplasma bovis includes some of the most immunogenic antigens of this microorganism. Vsps were shown to undergo high-frequency phase and size variations and to possess extensive reiterated coding sequences extending from the N-terminal end to the C-terminal end of the Vsp molecule. In the present study, mapping experiments were conducted to detect regions with immunogenicity and/or adhesion sites in repetitive domains of four Vsp antigens of M. bovis, VspA, VspB, VspE, and VspF. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments, sera obtained from naturally infected cattle showed antibodies to different repeating peptide units of the Vsps, particularly to units RA1, RA2, RA4.1, RB2.1, RE1, and RF1, all of which were found to contain immunodominant epitopes of three to seven amino acids. Competitive adherence trials revealed that a number of oligopeptides derived from various repeating units of VspA, VspB, VspE, and VspF partially inhibited cytoadhesion ofM. bovis PG45 to embryonic bovine lung cells. Consequently, putative adherence sites were identified in the same repeating units (RA1, RA2, RA4.1, RB2.1, RE1, and RF1) and in RF2. The positions and lengths of the antigenic determinants were mostly identical to those of adhesion-mediating sites in all short repeating units, whereas in the considerably longer RF1 unit (84 amino acid residues), there was only one case of identity among four immunogenic epitopes and six adherence sites. The identification of epitopes and adhesive structures in repetitive domains of Vsp molecules is consistent with the highly immunogenic nature observed for several members of the Vsp family and suggests a possible function for these Vsp molecules as complex adherence-mediating regions in pathogenesis.

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21

Kurosaki, Ryo, Mitsuharu Suzuki, Hironobu Hayashi, Michiya Fujiki, Naoki Aratani y Hiroko Yamada. "Torsional chirality generation based on cyclic oligomers constructed from an odd number of pyrenes". Chemical Communications 55, n.º 65 (2019): 9618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03123e.

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22

Chang, Shu-Wei, Jeff Kettle, Huw Waters y Masaki Horie. "Cyclopentadithiophene–benzothiadiazole copolymers with permutations of repeating unit length and ratios; synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties and photovoltaic characteristics". RSC Advances 5, n.º 130 (2015): 107276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22946d.

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23

Loka, Ravi S., Fei Yu, Eric T. Sletten y Hien M. Nguyen. "Design, synthesis, and evaluation of heparan sulfate mimicking glycopolymers for inhibiting heparanase activity". Chemical Communications 53, n.º 65 (2017): 9163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc04156j.

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24

Minion, F. Chris, Cary Adams y Tsungda Hsu. "R1 Region of P97 Mediates Adherence ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniae to Swine Cilia". Infection and Immunity 68, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2000): 3056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.5.3056-3060.2000.

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ABSTRACT Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to the swine respiratory tract is mediated by the membrane protein P97. This protein is located on the outer membrane surface, and its role in adherence has been firmly established. The general region of P97 that mediates adherence to swine cilia is thought to be the R1 region near the carboxy terminus of the protein, but it was not clear if this region could mediate adherence to swine cilia independently of other P97 sequences. To examine this in more detail, a series of R1 repeat sequences containing different numbers of repeating units cloned in frame with lacZ was used to produce R1–β-galactosidase fusion proteins. These proteins were then tested for adherence to swine cilia and for reactivity to the adherence-blocking monoclonal antibody F2G5 and convalescent-phase swine sera. In this way it was possible to accurately define the cilium binding epitope of P97 and the minimal epitope recognized by antibody. Our results indicate that eight R1 repeating units are required for cilium binding and that three repeating units are needed for antibody recognition. These results could lead to more effective therapeutic measures against this important swine pathogen.

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25

Kapiti, G., H. Keul y M. Möller. "Functional PEG building blocks via copolymerization of ethylene carbonate and tert-butyl glycidyl ether". Polymer Chemistry 7, n.º 31 (2016): 5050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00768f.

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26

Wu, H. P., Q. Yang, Q. H. Meng, A. Ahmad, M. Zhang, L. Y. Zhu, Y. G. Liu y Z. X. Wei. "A polyimide derivative containing different carbonyl groups for flexible lithium ion batteries". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, n.º 6 (2016): 2115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta07246h.

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27

Morton, Daniel J. y Terrence L. Stull. "Distribution of a family ofHaemophilus influenzaegenes containing CCAA nucleotide repeating units". FEMS Microbiology Letters 174, n.º 2 (mayo de 1999): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13583.x.

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28

Kim, Y. B., R. W. Lenz y R. C. Fuller. "Poly-3-Hydroxyalkanoates containing unsaturated repeating units produced by pseudomonas oleovorans". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33, n.º 8 (junio de 1995): 1367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080330819.

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Barbucci, Rolando, Vincenzo Barone, Paolo Ferruti y Leone Oliva. "Thermodynamics of protonation of polymeric bases whose repeating units behave independently". Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 69, n.º 1 (8 de marzo de 2007): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070690110.

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30

Marsden, Brian J., David R. Bundle y Malcolm B. Perry. "Serological and structural relationships between Escherichia coli O: 98 and Yersinia enterocolitica O: 11,23 and O: 11,24 lipopolysaccharide O-antigens". Biochemistry and Cell Biology 72, n.º 5-6 (1 de mayo de 1994): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o94-024.

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The serologically related lipopolysaccharide O-antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes 11,23 and 11,24 and of Escherichia coli O: 98 were analysed by composition analysis, methylation, and the use of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic reasonance methods. They were found to be composed of the same basic linear unbranched polysaccharide of repeating tetrasaccharide units containing 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (D-GlcNAc), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid (D-GalNAcA), and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-L-glucose (L-quinovosamine, L-QuiNAc), having the structure[Formula: see text]The lipopolysaccharide O-antigens of E. coli O: 98 and Y. enterocolitica O: 11,24 were polymers of the above repeating unit, whereas that of Y. enterocolitica O: 11,23 was a linear polymer of the same repeating units in which the α-D-GalpNAcA residues were stoichiometrically substituted by acetyl groups at O-3.Key words: lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide, Escherichia coli, antigen, nuclear magnetic resonance.

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31

Rothermich, Mary M., Ricardo Guerrero, Robert W. Lenz y Steve Goodwin. "Characterization, Seasonal Occurrence, and Diel Fluctuation of Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in Photosynthetic Microbial Mats". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2000): 4279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.10.4279-4291.2000.

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ABSTRACT In situ poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) levels and repeating-unit compositions were examined in stratified photosynthetic microbial mats from Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh, Mass., and Ebro Delta, Spain. Unlike what has been observed in pure cultures of phototrophic bacteria, the prevalence of hydroxyvalerate (HV) repeating units relative to hydroxybutyrate (HB) repeating units was striking. In the cyanobacteria-dominated green material of Sippewissett mats, the mole percent ratio of repeating units was generally 1HB:1HV. In the purple sulfur bacteria-dominated pink material the relationship was typically 1HB:2HV. In Sippewissett mats, PHA contributed about 0.5 to 1% of the organic carbon in the green layer and up to 6% in the pink layer. In Ebro Delta mats, PHA of approximately 1HB:2HV-repeating-unit distribution contributed about 2% of the organic carbon of the composite photosynthetic layers (the green and pink layers were not separated). Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh mats were utilized for more extensive investigation of seasonal, diel, and exogenous carbon effects. When the total PHA content was normalized to organic carbon, there was little seasonal variation in PHA levels. However, routine daily variation was evident at all sites and seasons. In every case, PHA levels increased during the night and decreased during the day. This phenomenon was conspicuous in the pink layer, where PHA levels doubled overnight. The daytime declines could be inhibited by artificial shading. Addition of exogenous acetate, lactate, and propionate induced two- to fivefold increases in the total PHA levels when applied in the daylight but had no effect when applied at night. The distinct diel pattern of in situ PHA accumulation at night appears to be related, in some phototrophs, to routine dark energy metabolism and is not influenced by the availability of organic nutrients.

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32

Ikai, Tomoyuki, Yuya Wada, Yugaku Takagi y Ken-ichi Shinohara. "Impact of a minority enantiomer on the polymerization of alanine-based isocyanides with an oligothiophene pendant". Polymer Chemistry 7, n.º 46 (2016): 7057–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01351a.

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33

Rangarajan, Minnie, Joseph Aduse-Opoku, Nikolay Paramonov, Ahmed Hashim, Nagihan Bostanci, Owen P. Fraser, Edward Tarelli y Michael A. Curtis. "Identification of a Second Lipopolysaccharide in Porphyromonas gingivalis W50". Journal of Bacteriology 190, n.º 8 (8 de febrero de 2008): 2920–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01868-07.

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ABSTRACT We previously described a cell surface anionic polysaccharide (APS) in Porphyromonas gingivalis that is required for cell integrity and serum resistance. APS is a phosphorylated branched mannan that shares a common epitope with posttranslational additions to some of the Arg-gingipains. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of anchoring of APS to the surface of P. gingivalis. APS was purified on concanavalin A affinity columns to minimize the loss of the anchoring system that occurred during chemical extraction. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the lectin-purified APS confirmed the previous structure but also revealed additional signals that suggested the presence of a lipid A. This was confirmed by fatty acid analysis of the APS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of the lipid A released by treatment with sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5). Hence, P. gingivalis synthesizes two distinct lipopolysaccharide (LPS) macromolecules containing different glycan repeating units: O-LPS (with O-antigen tetrasaccharide repeating units) and A-LPS (with APS repeating units). Nonphosphorylated penta-acylated and nonphosphorylated tetra-acylated species were detected in lipid A from P. gingivalis total LPS and in lipid A from A-LPS. These lipid A species were unique to lipid A derived from A-LPS. Biological assays demonstrated a reduced proinflammatory activity of A-LPS compared to that of total LPS. Inactivation of a putative O-antigen ligase (waaL) at PG1051, which is required for the final step of LPS biosynthesis, abolished the linkage of both the O antigen and APS to the lipid A core of O-LPS and A-LPS, respectively, suggesting that WaaL in P. gingivalis has dual specificity for both O-antigen and APS repeating units.

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Chen, Yan-Cong, Jan Prokleška, Wei-Jian Xu, Jun-Liang Liu, Jiang Liu, Wei-Xiong Zhang, Jian-Hua Jia, Vladimír Sechovský y Ming-Liang Tong. "A brilliant cryogenic magnetic coolant: magnetic and magnetocaloric study of ferromagnetically coupled GdF3". Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, n.º 47 (2015): 12206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02352a.

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Cao, Kai, Jonathan Ward, Ryan C. Amos, Moon Gon Jeong, Kyoung Taek Kim, Mario Gauthier, Daniel Foucher y Xiaosong Wang. "Organometallic macromolecules with piano stool coordination repeating units: chain configuration and stimulated solution behaviour". Chem. Commun. 50, n.º 70 (2014): 10062–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc03064h.

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PFpP with piano stool coordination repeating units (Fe-acyl complex) adopts linear chain configuration with a P–Fe–C backbone surrounded by aromatic groups, exhibiting stimulated solution behaviour in DMSO.

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Bu, Donglei, Changgeng Huang, Pengzhan Sha, Shangxian Chen, Duocheng Bu y Shaoming Huang. "Tuning the current rectification behavior of Rh₂-based molecular junctions by varying their supramolecular structures". Nanoscale 13, n.º 45 (2021): 19200–19209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr05487b.

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37

Clodt, Juliana Isabel. "Block Copolymer Membranes—Progress and Challenges". Membranes 12, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040354.

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38

Park, Yun Hwan, Ho Jin Jang y Jun Yeob Lee. "High efficiency above 20% in polymeric thermally activated delayed fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes by a host embedded backbone structure". Polymer Chemistry 10, n.º 35 (2019): 4872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00701f.

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A highly efficient polymeric thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) organic light-emitting diode was developed by synthesizing a copolymer with 9-vinylcarbazole (VCz) and TADF repeating units.

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Dong, Zhiyue, Chongrui Zhang, Huawen Peng, Jiang Gong, Hong Wang, Qiang Zhao y Jiayin Yuan. "A cationitrile sequence encodes mild poly(ionic liquid) crosslinking for advanced composite membranes". Materials Horizons 7, n.º 10 (2020): 2683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh00795a.

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A new cation–methylene–nitrile functionality sequence of repeating poly(ionic liquid) units encodes unprecedented polymer crosslinking and nanostructured membranes displaying exceptional stability and solar-thermal desalination performance.

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40

McFadden, Diane C., Bettina C. Fries, Fang Wang y Arturo Casadevall. "Capsule Structural Heterogeneity and Antigenic Variation in Cryptococcus neoformans". Eukaryotic Cell 6, n.º 8 (agosto de 2007): 1464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00162-07.

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ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is a human pathogenic fungus with a capsule composed primarily of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) that is important for virulence. Current views of GXM structure postulate a polymer composed of repeating mannose trisaccharide motifs bearing a single β(1,2) glucuronic acid with variable xylose and O-acetyl substitutions to form six triads. GXM from different strains is notoriously variable in triad composition, but it is not known if the polymer consists of one or more motif-repeating units. We investigated the polymeric organization of GXM by using mass spectrometry to determine if its compositional motif arrangement was similar to that of bacterial capsular polysaccharides, namely, a polymer of a single repeating unit. The results were consistent with, and confirmatory for, the current view that the basic unit of GXM is a repeating mannose trisaccharide motif, but we also found evidence for the copolymerization of different GXM repeating units in one polysaccharide molecule. Analysis of GXM from isogenic phenotypic switch variants suggested structural differences caused by glucuronic acid positional effects, which implied flexibility in the synthetic pathway. Our results suggest that cryptococcal capsule synthesis is fundamentally different from that observed in prokaryotes and employs a unique eukaryotic approach, which theoretically could synthesize an infinite number of structural combinations. The biological significance of this capsule construction scheme is that it is likely to confer a powerful avoidance strategy for interactions with the immune system and phagocytic environmental predators. Consistent with this premise, the antigenic variation of a capsular epitope recognized by a nonprotective antibody was observed under different growth conditions.

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Hirai, K., K. Irifune, R. Tanaka y H. Morikawa. "Molecular and cytological characterization of a highly repeated DNA sequence in Raphanus sativus". Genome 38, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1995): 1237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-162.

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A highly repeated DNA sequence with a repeat unit of ca. 180 bp was found in genomic DNA HindIII-digests of Raphanus sativus. The repeating units of six isolated, independent clones were sequenced. These units have 177 or 178 bp, are 36% G+C in their DNA base composition, and show 90% sequence homology. The copy number of this 180-bp repeat unit is about 0.5 × 106 per diploid genome. In situ hybridization analysis with the repeating unit as the probe and C-banding analysis indicated that the repeated DNA sequence of R. sativus is closely associated with the major C-heterochromatins in the proximal regions of all 18 chromosomes at mitotic metaphase.Key words: Raphanus sativus, repeated DNA sequence, nucleotide sequence, in situ hybridization, C-banding.

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42

Kulakowska, Malgorzata, Jean-Robert Brisson, Douglas W. Griffith, N. Martin Young y Harold J. Jennings. "High-resolution NMR spectroscopic analysis of the C-polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1993): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-086.

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The complete structure of the complex cell-wall C-polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae R36A was elucidated using a combination of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The C-polysaccharide is composed of the following repeating unit β-D-Glcp1 → 3-α-D-AATp1 → 4-α-D-GalpNAc1 → 3-β-D-GalpNAc1 → 1-ribitol-5-phosphate where AAT is 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxygalactopyranoside. The C-polysaccharide contains two phosphorylcholine substituents per repeating unit, which are situated on O-6 of each of the two 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-galactopyranose residues. The repeating units are linked through a diphosphate ester from ribitol to O-6 of the β-D-glucopyranosyl residue.

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43

Greschner, Andrea A., Katherine E. Bujold y Hanadi F. Sleiman. "Controlled Growth of DNA Structures From Repeating Units Using the Vernier Mechanism". Biomacromolecules 15, n.º 8 (15 de julio de 2014): 3002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm500613s.

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44

Calvert, R., E. Kahana y W. B. Gratzer. "Stability of the dystrophin rod domain fold: evidence for nested repeating units". Biophysical Journal 71, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1996): 1605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79363-3.

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45

Kim, Young B., R. W. Lenz y R. Clinton Fuller. "Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate) copolymers containing brominated repeating units produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans". Macromolecules 25, n.º 7 (marzo de 1992): 1852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00033a002.

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46

Keglević, Dina, Biserka Kojić-Prodić y Zrinka Banić Tomišić. "Synthesis and conformational analysis of the repeating units of bacterial spore peptidoglycan". Carbohydrate Research 338, n.º 12 (junio de 2003): 1299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00067-3.

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47

Spence, Heather J., Joyce Moore, Andrew Brass y Malcolm W. Kennedy. "A cDNA encoding repeating units of the ABA-1 allergen of Ascaris". Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 57, n.º 2 (febrero de 1993): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(93)90210-o.

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48

Oliver, Melissa B., Mark P. G. van der Linden, Sharon A. Küntzel, Jamil S. Saad y Moon H. Nahm. "Discovery ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeserotype 6 variants with glycosyltransferases synthesizing two differing repeating units." Journal of Biological Chemistry 290, n.º 44 (30 de octubre de 2015): 26474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.a113.480152.

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49

Oliver, Melissa B., Mark P. G. van der Linden, Sharon A. Küntzel, Jamil S. Saad y Moon H. Nahm. "Discovery ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeSerotype 6 Variants with Glycosyltransferases Synthesizing Two Differing Repeating Units". Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, n.º 36 (29 de julio de 2013): 25976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.480152.

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50

Hammer, Neal D., Bryan A. McGuffie, Yizhou Zhou, Matthew P. Badtke, Ashley A. Reinke, Kristoffer Brännström, Jason E. Gestwicki, Anders Olofsson, Fredrik Almqvist y Matthew R. Chapman. "The C-Terminal Repeating Units of CsgB Direct Bacterial Functional Amyloid Nucleation". Journal of Molecular Biology 422, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2012): 376–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.043.

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