Libros: "Repeat uses"

1

Chin, Alan Kie Loong. A user-friendly repeat prescribing system. [s.l: The Author], 1988.

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2

1958-, Corak Miles R. y Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., eds. Repeat users of the unemployment insurance program. Ottawa, Ont: Statistics Canada, 1992.

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3

Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch. Repeat users of the unemployment insurance program. Ottawa, Ont: Statistics Canada, 1992.

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4

Tattrie, Doug. A financial incentive to encourage employment among repeat users of employment insurance: The earnings supplement project. [Ottawa]: Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, 1999.

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5

Doug, Tattrie. A financial incentive to encourage employment among repeat users of employment insurance: The Earnings Supplement Project. Ottawa, Ont: Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, 1999.

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6

Gonzalez, Eugenio J. y Julie A. Miles. TIMSS 1999 user guide for the benchmarking database. Chestnut Hill, MA: International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College, 2001.

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7

The social uses of writing: Politics and pedagogy. Norwood, N.J: Ablex, 1990.

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8

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Repeal of recreational boat user fee: Report (to accompany H.R. 534) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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9

Means, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and. Recreational Boat User Fee Relief Act: Report (to accompany H.R. 534) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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10

Conversations of the mind: The uses of journal writing for second-language learners. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998.

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11

Bannister, Linda. Writing apprehension and anti-writing: A naturalistic study of composing strategies used by college freshmen. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.

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12

Writing from life: Telling your soul's story. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.

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13

Bodansky, Daniel. The framework convention/protocol approach. [Geneva]: World Health Organization, 1999.

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14

Barriga, Alvaro Q. How I think about drugs and alcohol (HIT-D&A) questionnaire manual. Champaign, Ill: Research Press, 2008.

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15

Delgado, Melvin. Alcohol and other drug use among Hispanic youth. Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Ln., Rockville, 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1990.

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16

Ward, L. Monique, Rita Seabrook, Soraya Giaccardi y Angie Zuo. Television Uses and Effects in Emerging Adulthood. Editado por Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.26.

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Even though media platforms have multiplied in recent years, television viewing remains a prominent feature of the daily lives of emerging adults. The genres preferred and motivations for viewing are diverse, and many emerging adults report watching TV for relaxation, entertainment, and voyeurism. Despite their reasons for doing so, regular viewing of mainstream television content has many implications for emerging adults’ development. In this chapter, the authors review more than 150 studies that have examined television uses and effects among emerging adults. Overall, data gathered across both survey and experimental paradigms indicate significant effects in multiple domains, linking television exposure to higher levels of aggression, body dissatisfaction, alcohol consumption, sexualization of women, and the endorsement of racial, sexual, and gender stereotypes. The authors also review some positive effects on health beliefs and behaviors and discuss characteristics of the viewer and content that moderate these associations.

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17

Mohamed, Mahmood Nazar, Hassan Ali, Faisal Ibrahim y Ahamad Jusoh. Estimation of drug users and injecting drug users in Malaysia. UUM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9833282415.

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Malaysia treats the problem of drug addiction as a security issue. Since it was identified in the early 70s, the number of drug addicts is constantly on the rise. At present, the government provides all statistics pertaining to the number of drug users, abusers and addicts in the country.The monograph contains the full report that was submitted to the Ministry of Health and WHO-WPR. It reports the national data for drug addiction for the year 2002, and a detailed description of the methodology used to arrive at the estimates.

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18

Lee, Christoph I. Repeat Bone Mineral Density Screening and Osteoporotic Fracture Prediction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0035.

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This chapter, found in the bone, joint, and extremity pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the need for repeat bone densitometry screening and prediction of fractures from osteoporosis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study showed that a repeat bone mineral density test within 4 years adds little additional value beyond the baseline test when assessing hip fracture risk. Moreover, a repeat test within 4 years may not improve fracture risk stratification used for clinical management of osteoporosis. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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19

Mirza-Babaei, Pejman. Reporting user research findings to the development team. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794844.003.0018.

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As part of conducting research, reporting must occur. In addition to communicating the research result accurately, a report must motivate the team to act on the result, which often means modifying their build to increase the quality of their product. Approaches used to report user research findings back to the development team are just as important as the findings themselves. If the findings are not communicated to the development team effectively, the developers may not take action and miss potentially critical changes that could have made a difference in the development cycle and overall success of the project. If user researchers conduct the best possible study, identify the most critical issues, but fail to communicate or explain the findings in a way that motivates the development team, then changes may not occur. Many chapters in this book discuss methodologies for conducting user research; this chapter focuses on approaches to communicate the findings to the development team.

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20

Gershman, Samuel J. Reinforcement Learning and Causal Models. Editado por Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.20.

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This chapter reviews the diverse roles that causal knowledge plays in reinforcement learning. The first half of the chapter contrasts a “model-free” system that learns to repeat actions that lead to reward with a “model-based” system that learns a probabilistic causal model of the environment, which it then uses to plan action sequences. Evidence suggests that these two systems coexist in the brain, both competing and cooperating with each other. The interplay of two systems allows the brain to negotiate a balance between cognitively cheap but inaccurate model-free algorithms and accurate but expensive model-based algorithms. The second half of the chapter reviews research on hidden state inference in reinforcement learning. The problem of inferring hidden states can be construed in terms of inferring the latent causes that give rise to sensory data and rewards. Because hidden state inference affects both model-based and model-free reinforcement learning, causal knowledge impinges upon both systems.

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21

Bronner, Simon J. The Practice of Folklore. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822628.001.0001.

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This book proposes to answer the pressing philosophical as well as psychological question of why people repeat themselves. It redefines folklore as traditional knowledge that serves this need in human lives and develops a "practice theory" around this idea. Practice, more than other suggested keywords of performance or enactment in social theory, connects localized culture with the vernacular idea that "this is the way we do things around here." The term invites study of what people do repeatedly to understand what they have in "mind." Demonstrating the application of this theory in folkloristic studies, Bronner offers four provocative case studies of psychocultural meanings that arise from traditional "frames of action" and address issues of the day: labeling of boogiemen to express fear of sexual molestation, connecting "wild child" beliefs to school shootings, identifying the crisis of masculinity in adolescent expression. Turning his analysis to the analysts of tradition, Bronner uses practice theory to evaluate the agenda of folklorists in shaping perceptions of tradition-centered "folk societies" such as the Amish, unpacking the culturally based rationale of public folklore programming, interpreting the evolving idea of folk museums in a digital world, and assessing how the terms folklorists use and the things they do affect how people think about tradition. This is a book intended to think about what people do in the name of tradition, and why.

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22

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. y United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation., eds. Committee on Ways and Means mark-up of H.R. 534 (repeal of recreational boat user fee). [Washington, D.C: Joint Committee on Taxation, 1991.

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23

Guidelines For Reporting Health Research A Users Manual. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2014.

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24

Kurtz, Suzanne M. y Lara J. Cooke. Learner-centred communication training. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0011.

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This chapter provides an overview of core principles and key strategies for teaching communication skills using a learner-centred approach. Goals of communication teaching are summarized. Attitudes are important to be developed as a foundation to the masterful use of skills crossing several different communication issues. Communication should focus on mutual understanding. Effective strategies for teaching communication include experiential, learner-centred small-group work that uses observation, feedback, and repeated practice. The Calgary–Cambridge Model is used as an example of a skills-based approach to teaching communication. Following on, agenda-led outcome-based analysis (ALOBA) is presented as a model to for giving feedback and facilitating experiential, learner-centred, problem-based sessions. The authors close with commentary on modelling and the informal curriculum.

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25

Berger, Arthur Asa. The Academic Writers Toolkit: A Users Manual. Left Coast Press, 2008.

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26

Berger, Arthur Asa. The Academic Writers Toolkit: A Users Manual. Left Coast Press, 2008.

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27

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne y Gareth Morris-Stiff. Principles of chemotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0005.

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Principles of radiation oncology outlines the physical and biological effects of ionising radiation, and its use in clinical oncology. Radiobiology, examining the response of tissue to ionising radiation, is described with regards to normal and malignant tissues. The effect of fractionation, the delivery of radiotherapy in a series of repeated exposures, is examined. The damaging effects on normal tissues are considered, particularly nonreversible late effects including carcinogenesis. Therapeutic exposure to ionising radiation is contrasted between radical and palliative radiotherapy. The physical properties of ionising radiation beams are described for superficial x-rays, megavoltage x-rays, and electrons. The process of treatment planning is summarised through beam dosimetry, target and critical organ outlining, dose planning, treatment verification, prescription and delivery. Computerised tomography is used for outlining and for verification, using cone beam CT. 0ther methods for image guided radiotherapy include fiducial markers. Increasingly intensity modulated radiotherapy is proving beneficial in reducing normal tissue damage during radical treatment. Stereotactic radiotherapy is used in the radical treatment of small unresectable malignancies. The clinical use of electron therapy, brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy is described. Nuclear medicine uses unsealed radionuclides in imaging primary malignancies and their metastases, and in targeted radiotherapy. Examples include PET scanning, bone scanning, and radio iodine therapy. Whole body irradiation is used to improve outcomes after high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell or bone marrow transplantation.

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28

Shaikh, Mohd Faraz. Machine Learning in Detecting Auditory Sequences in Magnetoencephalography Data : Research Project in Computational Modelling and Simulation. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.411.

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Does your brain replay your recent life experiences while you are resting? An open question in neuroscience is which events does our brain replay and is there any correlation between the replay and duration of the event? In this study I tried to investigate this question by using Magnetoencephalography data from an active listening experiment. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to study the brain activity and understand brain dynamics in perception and cognitive tasks particularly in the fields of speech and hearing. It records the magnetic field generated in our brains to detect the brain activity. I build a machine learning pipeline which uses part of the experiment data to learn the sound patterns and then predicts the presence of sound in the later part of the recordings in which the participants were made to sit idle and no sound was fed. The aim of the study of test replay of learned sound sequences in the post listening period. I have used classification scheme to identify patterns if MEG responses to different sound sequences in the post task period. The study concluded that the sound sequences can be identified and distinguished above theoretical chance level and hence proved the validity of our classifier. Further, the classifier could predict the sound sequences in the post-listening period with very high probability but in order to validate the model results on post listening period, more evidence is needed.

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29

Regional Status Report on Alcohol and Health in the Americas 2020. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/978927512220.

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This report is designed to complement the WHO’s 2018 Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health by providing greater detail on the current status on alcohol consumption, harms, barriers, and breakthroughs in the Region of the Americas in relation to alcohol’s impact on health and the associated burden of disease. This is the third regional report dedicated to alcohol and health in the Americas. The information provided is based on country responses to the WHO Global Survey on Alcohol and Health, undertaken in 2016, which informed the WHO Global Report of 2018. Data were reviewed and accepted by each country before the publication of the global report and the information used for the regional report largely relies on the global information system on alcohol and health (GISAH) of the WHO. The report provides an update on alcohol consumption in the region and each Member State, trends in consumption over time, alcohol-related harms, and current alcohol policies being implemented in each Member State and to what extent they are in line with the WHO global alcohol strategy and regional plan of action. It provides examples of studies done in the Region that were not reported in the WHO Global Status Report. The report discusses gaps and challenges in reducing the harmful use of alcohol and how countries can reverse current trends in a cost-effective and expedited way, particularly if the WHO SAFER technical package is implemented at the national level.

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30

Stephens, Gin. Fast. Feast. Repeat: The Comprehensive Guide to Delay, Don't Deny® Intermittent Fasting--Including the 28-Day FAST Start. St. Martin's Press, 2020.

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31

Stephens, Gin. Fast. Feast. Repeat.: The Comprehensive Guide to Delay, Don't Deny® Intermittent Fasting--Including the 28-Day FAST Start. St. Martin's Griffin, 2020.

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32

Gibaldi, Joseph y Carol J. Amato. The World's Easiest Guide to Using the MLA : A User-Friendly Manual for Formatting Research Papers According to the Modern Language Association Style Guide. Stargazer Publishing Company, 1999.

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33

Marchal, Joseph A. Appalling Bodies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060312.001.0001.

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The letters of Paul are among the most commonly cited biblical texts in ongoing cultural and religious disputes about gender, sexuality, and embodiment. This book reframes these uses of the letters by reaching past Paul toward other, far more fascinating figures that appear before, after, and within the letters: androgynous females, castrated males, enslaved people, and barbaric foreigners. Each of these ancient figures deployed in these letters is situated within a specifically Roman imperial setting, an ambiance that cast them as complicated, debased, and dangerous. While the letters repeat and reinscribe the prevailing perspectives on this constellation of embodied figures, this project repositions them by implementing key insights from queer studies. In juxtaposing them against more recent figures of gender and sexual variation, also subject to vilification and marginalization, this project provides a series of alternative angles on these figures and the assemblies who spark and receive these letters, then or now. In staging a series of “touches across time,” Appalling Bodies defamiliarizes and reorients what can be known about both the historical figures active in these ancient communities and those rhetorical figures that continue to be activated in contemporary settings. The aim is not to claim, anachronistically, that these figures are somehow identical to each other; rather, it is through anachronistic juxtaposition that the book highlights contingent connections—partial, particular, but shared practices of gender, sexuality, and embodiment that depart from prevailing perspectives and demonstrate a range of unexpected impacts for the interpretation of politically and religiously loaded literature.

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34

Harris, Emma Jane, Victoria Bisset y Paul Weller. Violent Extremism. Dialogue Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/sups8994.

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The report broaches the difficulties in naming ‘violent extremism’, offering examples of problematic language use and drawing on relevant work in the field of cognitive linguistics. This work reflects the Dialogue Society’s ongoing commitment to encouraging sensitive, reflective and reflexive dialogue. Violent extremism undertaken in the name of religion threatens the basic premises of dialogue. In understanding the causes of this phenomenon, with a view ultimately to tackling them, we must first consider the ways that we communicate about and around the subject. This report aims to show how certain language frames can cause and reinforce major misunderstandings. It explains how terms such as ‘Islamism’ and ‘Islamist’ should not be used without first considering their etymological roots, and that the use of such terms can convey and conflate concepts distinct from their intended meaning. Alternatives are provided to currently used linguistic frameworks that are often used in discussing violent extremism, and commends some alternative narratives and approaches that can contribute to bringing about positive change in relation to this phenomenon. The issue of demands for Muslims to denounce acts of terror is then addressed and shown to be connected to the misuse of linguistic frames and terms. The publication was co-authored by Emma Jane Harris and Victoria Bisset, Research Fellows at the Dialogue Society and Paul Weller, Professor of Inter-Religious Relations at the University of Derby.

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35

Peacock, Janet L., Sally M. Kerry y Raymond R. Balise. Analysing relationships between variables. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779100.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 discusses how to analyse relationships between variables, including how to use, interpret, and report Pearson’s correlation, rank correlation, and regression. It discusses the use of transformation in regression and how to report results. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.

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36

Cavanna, Andrea E. Vigabatrin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791577.003.0015.

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Vigabatrin is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a few antiepileptic indications, with a very good interaction profile in polytherapy. Clinically relevant adverse effects (especially visual field defects) have reduced its use as antiepileptic drug in routine clinical practice considerably. Vigabatrin has an acceptable behavioural tolerability profile, although patients with epilepsy treated with this medication can report depression, psychosis, and irritability. Risk factors for developing psychiatric adverse effects include high starting and maintenance doses, past psychiatric history, and epilepsy severity. Vigabatrin has no approved indications or clinical uses in psychiatry, despite weak evidence for its usefulness in the treatment of anxiety disorders and addictions.

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37

NOMAD, Digital. Eat Sleep Pharmacy Repeat: Journal for Pharmacy Tech It Can Be Used for Taking Notes, Memo, and Wishes - Include 120 Pages 6x9 Inch . funny Journal for Pharmacist Lover. Independently Published, 2019.

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38

Johnson, Paul Christopher. Syncretism and Hybridization. Editado por Michael Stausberg y Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.50.

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There exists a wide range of terms of religious mixture, featuring syncretism and hybridization most prominently, but also creolization, transculturation, and métissage. These competing terms of mixture possess different genealogies and impinge on ‘religion’ differently, such that they should not be simply interchanged or arbitrarily applied. Second, terms of religious mixture have been unevenly used. Brazil and Japan, for example, have often been studied as examples of syncretism while other sites have been elevated as examples of purity. In this sense theories of mixture are entwined with, and help to constitute, certain religious geographies, or ‘worlds.’ Despite repeated calls for the removal of ‘syncretism’ and other terms of mixture from the scholarly lexicon, they remain as widely used as ever, even enjoying a renaissance in fields like science and technology studies. The revivals of terms of mixture in adjacent fields offer potential new uses for the study of religion.

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39

Madrigal Barquero, Diana y Sergio Pérez Monforte. SFD Promotion Initative: Canton of Alajuela, Costa Rica. Editado por Lars Schöbitz. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003217.

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The Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) graphic is an advocacy tool that aims to assist technical and non-technical stakeholders to implement plans and programs related to urban sanitation. The SFD methodology is increasingly being used to analyze the extent of safely managed sanitation in urban areas, providing users and stakeholders with a valuable picture of the prevailing sanitation condition, from containment to disposal. As such, it is a widely recognized advocacy and decision support tool that aims to understand, communicate, and visualize how wastewater and fecal sludge move within a city or town. As stated on the SuSanA website, the SFD methodology offers “a new and innovative way to engage sanitation experts, political leaders, and civil society in coordinated discussions about excreta management in their city.” The production and publication of an SFD report for Alajuela (Costa Rica) would help to visualize the current sanitation situation in the city, resulting in a potential to shift current activities and efforts towards more efficient investments in the places of the sanitation chain that need more attention, thereby improving the urban sanitation situation and the surrounding environment of the city. The structure of this SFD report consists of an executive summary and the SFD report. The latter includes: i) general city information describing its main characteristics; ii) sanitation service outcomes, with a thorough explanation of the SFD graphic outcome and the assumptions made; iii) the service delivery context analysis, which contains information on the regulatory framework of water and sanitation at country and city levels, also describing the city plans, budget and future projects to improve the sanitation situation; and iv) a detailed description of the surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted, as well as the key stakeholders involved, field visits carried out and references used to develop this SFD report.

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40

Soulsby, Lord. Antimicrobial resistance: animal use of antibiotics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0005.

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The evolution of resistance to microbes is one of the most significant problems in modern medicine, posing serious threats to human and animal health. The early work on the use of antibiotics to bacterial infections gave much hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. However, as their use, indeed over use, progressed, resistance (both mono-resistance and multi-resistance), which was often transferable between different strains and species of bacteria, emerged. In addition, the situation is increasingly complex, as various mechanisms of resistance, including a wide range of β -lactamases, are now complicating the issue. The use of antibiotics in animals, especially those used for growth promotion, has come in for serious criticism, especially those where their use should be reserved for difficult human infections. To lend control, certain antibiotic growth promoters have been banned from use in the EU and the UK.It is now a decade since the UK House of Lords Science and Technology Committee (1998) highlighted concerns about antimicrobial resistance and the dangers to human health of resistant organisms derived from animals fed antibiotics for growth promotion or the treatment of infectious diseases. The concern expressed in the House of Lords report was similar to that in other major reports on the subject, for example from the World Health Organization, the Wellcome Foundation, the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food and the Swann Report (1969) in which it was recommended that antibiotics used in human medicine should not be used as growth promoters in animals. At the press conference to launch the Lord’s Report it was emphasized that unless serious attention was given to dealing with resistance ‘we may find ourselves returning to a pre-antibiotic era’. The evolution of resistance is one of the significant problems in modern medicine, a much changed situation when the early work on antibiotics gave hope that infectious diseases were no longer a problem, especially in the human field. Optimism was so strong that the Surgeon General of the USA, William H Stewart, in 1969 advised the US Congress that ‘it is time to close the book on infectious diseases and to declare that work against the pestilence is over’. This comment was not only mistaken but it was also damaging to human health undertakings and also reduced funding for research on infectious diseases.Despite the widespread support for and dependence on antibiotics, resistance was increasingly reported worldwide and to recognize the global problem a group of medical workers established in 1981, at Tufts University, the Alliance for the Prudent use of Antibiotics (APUA). This now has affiliated chapters on over 60 countries, many in the developing world. APUA claims to be the ‘world’s leading organization conducting antimicrobial resistance research, education, capacity building and advocacy at the global and grass roots levels’.

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41

Tjakie, Naudé. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation V: Arts 2.1.19–2.1.22—Standard terms, Art.2.1.19. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0036.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.19 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning contracting under standard terms. Art 2.1.19 stipulates that where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20–2.1.22. It spells out three cumulative criteria for provisions to qualify as ‘standard terms’: the terms must be drafted in advance; they must be for general and repeated use by one party; and they must actually be used without negotiation with the other party. This commentary discusses express vs implied incorporation of standard terms as well as special requirements for incorporation of arbitration and jurisdiction clauses.

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42

Roberts, Julian V. y Richard S. Frase. Paying for the Past. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190254001.001.0001.

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Virtually all modern sentencing systems consider the offender’s prior record to be an important determinant of the form and severity of punishment, often carrying more weight than the crime being sentenced. Repeat offenders “pay for their past,” even though they have already been punished for their prior crimes. And the majority of sentenced offenders have at least one prior conviction. This topic thus lies at the heart of the sentencing process; every well-designed sentencing scheme needs to have a carefully conceived approach to the use of prior convictions. But the vast literature on sentencing policy, law, and practice has generally overlooked this issue. Moreover, the apparent justifications for prior record enhancement—the repeat offender’s assumed greater culpability and risk of re-offending—are uncertain, and have rarely been subjected to critical appraisal. Nor has sufficient attention been paid to the substantial negative consequences of such enhancements, which: increase the size and expense of prison populations; impose penalties disproportionate to offense severity; fill prisons with nonviolent and aging, lower-risk offenders; increase racial disproportionality in prison populations; and undermine offenders’ efforts to reintegrate into society. This book focuses on prior record enhancements under sentencing guidelines systems in the United States because sentencing rules operate more transparently in those systems. But the policy implications are much broader. Similar enhancements are informally applied, with substantial impacts, when judges sentence without guidelines. And most jurisdictions have statutes (three-strikes and career-offender laws; higher penalties for second and subsequent violations) that impose much more severe penalties on repeat offenders.

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43

Rez, Peter. Ground Transportation: Road and Rail. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0010.

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Everything that rolls along the ground uses energy to overcome both rolling resistance and air resistance. Air resistance is more significant at higher speeds. Repeated accelerations dominate energy use in stop–start city driving. Not surprisingly, heavy, large SUVs use more energy to go a given distance than lighter, more streamlined cars. Due to the mismatch between the torque required and the rotation rate of the drive wheels, internal combustion engines in cars or trucks do not operate at their peak efficiency. Trains are the most efficient form of ground transportation due to both the lower rolling resistance of steel wheels on railroad tracks and the lower air resistance of its long and thin structure. A further advantage is that rail with fixed tracks can take advantage of the efficient generation of electrical energy. This is also obviously the main disadvantage; trains can only go where tracks have been laid.

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44

Press, Shadyweed. Lift Get High Eat Repeat : A Weed & Weighlifting Log Book : Cardio and Strength Training Log, Food Tracker & Cannabis Review Included: Great Gifts for Healthy Active Gym Junkies & Recreational Weed Users. Independently Published, 2019.

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45

Franz, Carleen, Lee Ascherman y Julia Shaftel. Interpretation of Assessment Results. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195383997.003.0011.

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Tests used in a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation produce a myriad of scores, which can be confusing for the clinician and easily misinterpreted, even by experienced examiners. Standardized scores, raw scores, percentile ranks, age and grade equivalents, and other score types are explained and contrasted. Recommended scores are described so that the clinician will know what to look for and how to evaluate a report. In addition to test scores, verbal range descriptors such as “below average” or “superior” convey student performance in an accessible and user-friendly manner. Qualitative information can enrich the understanding of the student’s performance and provide crucial information for intervention planning.

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Matusiewicz, Alexis K., Brady Reynolds y Carl W. Lejuez. Assessment Instruments for Impulsivity and Impulse Control Disorders. Editado por Jon E. Grant y Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0141.

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This chapter provides a review of measures used to assess the impulse control disorders (ICDs) included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV) and those proposed for DSM-V, as well as measures used to assess the related psychological construct of impulsivity implicated in the development and maintenance of ICDs. We first present instruments used to assess ICDs including diagnostic interviews, as well as self-report and clinician-rated measures of symptom severity. Second, we present self-report and behavioral measures of impulsivity. The review includes theoretical rationales, procedural details, and empirical evidence, including detailed psychometric data for each measure to provide a comprehensive guide to the assessment of ICDs and the construct of impulsivity.

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47

McFarr, Lynn, Julie Snyder, Lisa Benson y Rachel Higier. Psychosocial Treatment Approaches for Substance Use. Editado por Shahla J. Modir y George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0013.

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Multiple psychosocial treatments for substance-use disorders have been studied for efficacy. A recent meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions are effective across multiple types of substances used. In the case of opiates, psychosocial interventions combined with medication appear to be the most effective. Many studies further agree that psychosocial interventions are an integral and necessary part of treating substance-use disorders. Although theoretical orientations may differ across psychosocial treatments, they have several principles and practices in common. All involve talk therapy or talk in communities as a way to clarify triggers, build commitment, and improve accountability. Many also target addiction behaviors and work to develop alternative contingencies to reduce or eliminate use. Finally, targeting repeated performance (or building “chains of committed behavior”) decreases the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discusses the most frequently studied and employed psychosocial treatments for substance use including CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management, mindfulness, and community-based programs.

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48

Aloysius P, Llamzon. Part III Towards a Jurisprudence Constante in Investment Arbitration Decision-Making on Corruption, 10 State Responsibility for Corruption: The Attribution Asymmetry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714262.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the law on State responsibility for corruption. It argues that the application of the international law on responsibility to transnational corruption issues in investment arbitration should involve bringing States to account for the fulfilment of their national and international anti-corruption obligations, before the issue is allowed to be used for mostly exculpatory reasons. Transnational corruption cannot be combated effectively by focusing and punishing only the foreign investor, which is only one side of the equation. Corruption-plagued states are doomed to repeat the failures of governance that have persisted in their public spheres so long as they are not asked to do more.

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49

Graff-Radford, Jonathan y Keith A. Josephs. Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0018.

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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an uncommon but important form of degenerative disease characterized by clinical syndromes that result from degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. FTD is divided based on clinical presentation into behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia, and progressive nonfluent/agrammatic aphasia. Several recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the genetics of FTD, with the three most common FTD genes being microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and progranulin (GRN), and a noncoding repeat expansion in C9ORF72. Tau and TDP-43 are the most common pathologies associated with FTD. No pharmacological therapies are currently approved for use in FTD.

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50

Martino-Andrade, Anderson J. y Shanna H. Swan. Interaction of Pharmaceuticals with Environmental Chemicals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0007.

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This chapter describes research on several commonly used analgesics that have been described as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, leading to concerns about possible interactions between therapeutic drugs and chemicals in the environment. Mild analgesics such as acetaminophen are widely used by pregnant women worldwide. In vitro, in vivo, and epidemiologic studies report that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and other mild analgesics can cause hormonal disturbances resulting in gonadal development and male genital abnormalities, particularly cryptorchidism. These results suggest the potential for interaction between mild analgesics and environmental chemicals such as phthalates because they appear to disrupt similar hormonal signaling systems and cause common reproductive changes. Given the increased prevalence of prenatal exposure to phthalates and analgesics, these potential adverse effects should be taken into account when considering the risks and benefits of mild analgesic use during pregnancy.

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