Bibliografías temáticas / Relativity (Physics)

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

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Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 3 de marzo de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

1

Hammond, John L. "Relativity and relativism". American Journal of Physics 53, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1985): 873–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14354.

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Galison, P. "PHYSICS: Astronomers' Relativity". Science 315, n.º 5814 (16 de febrero de 2007): 942–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1134451.

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Girelli, Florian y Etera R. Livine. "Physics of deformed special relativity: relativity principle revisited". Brazilian Journal of Physics 35, n.º 2b (junio de 2005): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-97332005000300011.

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Baylis, W. E. "Relativity in introductory physics". Canadian Journal of Physics 82, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2004): 853–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p04-058.

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A century after its formulation by Einstein, it is time to incorporate special relativity early in the physics curriculum. The approach advocated here employs a simple algebraic extension of vector formalism that generates Minkowski spacetime, displays covariant symmetries, and enables calculations of boosts and spatial rotations without matrices or tensors. The approach is part of a comprehensive geometric algebra with applications in many areas of physics, but only an intuitive subset is needed at the introductory level. The approach and some of its extensions are given here and illustrated with insights into the geometry of spacetime. PACS Nos.: 03.30.+p, 01.40.Gm, 03.50.De, 02.10.Hh
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OZIEWICZ, ZBIGNIEW. "RELATIVITY GROUPOID INSTEAD OF RELATIVITY GROUP". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 04, n.º 05 (agosto de 2007): 739–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887807002260.

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In 1908, Minkowski [13] used space-like binary velocity-field of a medium, relative to an observer. In 1974, Hestenes introduced, within a Clifford algebra, an axiomatic binary relative velocity as a Minkowski bivector [7, 8]. We propose to consider binary relative velocity as a traceless nilpotent endomorphism in an operator algebra. Any concept of a binary axiomatic relative velocity made possible the replacement of the Lorentz relativity group by the relativity groupoid. The relativity groupoid is a category of massive bodies in mutual relative motions, where a binary relative velocity is interpreted as a categorical morphism with the associative addition. This associative addition is to be contrasted with non-associative addition of (ternary) relative velocities in isometric special relativity (loop structure). We consider an algebra of many time-plus-space splits, as an operator algebra generated by idempotents. The kinematics of relativity groupoid is ruled by associative Frobenius operator algebra, whereas the dynamics of categorical relativity needs the non-associative Frölicher–Richardson operator algebra. The Lorentz covariance is the cornerstone of physical theory. Observer-dependence within relativity groupoid, and the Lorentz-covariance within the Lorentz relativity group, are different concepts. Laws of Physics could be observer-free, rather than Lorentz-invariant.
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Barbour, Julian, Brendan Z. Foster y Niall $Oacute$ Murchadha. "Relativity without relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity 19, n.º 12 (31 de mayo de 2002): 3217–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/19/12/308.

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Taylor, Emory. "Falsification of Einstein’s relativity". Physics Essays 34, n.º 4 (24 de diciembre de 2021): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.578.

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In 1915, Einstein published general relativity. In 1916, he published a German language book about relativity, which contained his marble table thought experiment for explaining a continuum. Without realizing it, Einstein introduced a quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry and inadvertently falsified the marble table thought experiment continuum, which falsified relativity. The foundations of physics do not now (and never did) include a fundamentally sound relativistic theory to account for macroscopic phenomena. It is well known the success of relativity and its singularity problem indicate general relativity is a first approximation of a more fundamental theory. Combine that indication with the falsification of relativity and it is apparent, without speculation, that relativity is now and always was a first approximation of a more fundamental theory. A possible way forward to the more fundamental theory is developing a discontinuum physics based on the quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry or an algebraic version of it. Such discontinuum physics is not presented, because it is beyond the scope of this paper.
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ROSENBLUM, ARNOLD. "New Ideas in Relativity Physics." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 571, n.º 1 Texas Symposi (diciembre de 1989): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb50515.x.

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Mayants, Lazar. "Einstein's relativity and quantum physics". International Journal of Theoretical Physics 34, n.º 8 (agosto de 1995): 1575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00676269.

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Griffin, David Ray. "Hartshorne, God, and Relativity Physics". Process Studies 21, n.º 2 (1992): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/process199221230.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

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Starr, I. M. "Multidimensional relativity". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235269.

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Drake, S. P. "Axisymmetric spacetimes in relativity /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd763.pdf.

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Farr, Will M. (Will Meierjurgen). "Numerical relativity from a gauge theory perspective". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62871.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2010.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-123).
I present a new method for numerical simulations of general relativistic systems that eliminates constraint violating modes without the need for constraint damping or the introduction of extra dynamical fields. The method is a type of variational integrator. It is based on a discretization of an action for gravity (the Plebański action) on an unstructured mesh that preserves the local Lorentz transformation and diffeomorphism symmetries of the continuous action. Applying Hamilton's principle of stationary action gives discrete field equations on the mesh. For each gauge degree of freedom there is a corresponding discrete constraint; the remaining discrete evolution equations exactly preserve these constraints under time-evolution. I validate the method using simulations of several analytically solvable spacetimes: a weak gravitational wave spacetime, the Schwarzschild spacetime, and the Kerr spacetime.
by Will M. Farr.
Ph.D.
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4

Sjödin, Robert. "Cosmic strings in general relativity". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/50619/.

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In this thesis we examine the properties of Cosmic Strings in the theory of General Relativity. We begin by considering static Cosmic Strings in flat space-time. We derive the field equations for the Cosmic String and show that the solution depends upon a single scaling parameter a which is constructed from the physical constants. Using this result we construct 1-parameter families of solutions which depend on an auxiliary parameter e and which describe the thin-string limit of a Cosmic String. By interpreting these solutions as elements of the simplified Colombeau algebra we may interpret the relativistic energy density Too of the thin string as an element of the Colombeau algebra with delta-function mass-per-unit-length. Furthermore, for a critically coupled Cosmic String the energymomentum tensor in the thin-string limit may be given a distributional interpretation. We also solve the string equations numerically for various values of a. This is done by compactifying the space-time to include infinity as part of the numerical grid and then using a relaxation method to suppress exponentially growing un-physical solutions. In curved space-time we derive the equations for the scalar and vector fields which are now coupled to the geometric variables through Einstein's equations. We again examine the thin-string limit in the Colombeau algebra by considering a 1-parameter family of solutions. W'e derive an expression for the deficit angle in terms of the distributional energy-momentum tensor of the thin string. We use this result to investigate the gravitational lensing properties of the string and relate this to the deficit angle. In the special case of a cone we find the scattering angle is equal to the deficit angle. We also solve the coupled equations numerically using techniques similar to those used in flat space-time. The second part of the thesis involves the dynamics of Cosmic Strings. Einstein's equations then lead to wave equations for both the matter and metric variables. However, the space-time is not asymptotically flat and this leads to problems in applying the appropriate boundary conditions. By using a Geroch transformation it is possible to reformulate the equations in terms of geometrical variables defined on an asymptotically flat (2+l)-dimensional space-time. Three exact vacuum solutions describing gravitational radiation due to Weber-Wheeler, Xanthopoulos and Piran et al. are used to excite the string which is found to oscillate with frequencies which are proportional to the masses of the scalar and vector fields of the string. This is in agreement with the exact results obtained using the linearised equations of the thin dynamic string. The behaviour of the dynamic string is studied by solving the equations numerically using an implicit fully characteristic scheme. The use of the Geroch transformation allows us to compactify the space-time and include null infinity as part of the numerical grid. This enables us to use the correct boundary conditions at infinity and hence suppress un-physical divergent solutions. The code is tested by comparing the results with exact solutions, by checking that it agrees with the static code and by undertaking a time dependent convergence test. The code is found to be accurate, stable and exhibit clear second order convergence.
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O'Donnell, N. "Electromagnetic radiation reaction in general relativity". Thesis, Bucks New University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384632.

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Kotze, Jacques. "An introduction to general relativity and entropy bounds". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17375.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Entropy bounds arise from Black hole thermodynamics and are a significant departure from the conventional understanding of the information in a given region. This shift in paradigm is a consequence of the the fact that there is an unexpected relationship between the area and the entropy of a given region of spacetime. Entropy bounds are simplified formulations which are ultimately attempting to be developed into the complete and broad conjecture of the Holographic Principle. This hasn’t been achieved successfully as yet. In this thesis the aim is to introduce how the notion of an entropy bound was first suggested and it’s subsequent development into more robust formulations. The shortcomings of these conjectures are highlighted along with their strengths. A foundational introduction of the mathematical requirements for General Relativity is addressed along with an overview of Einstein’s theory of gravity. This is illustrated by showing the curvature of relative geodesics as being a consequence of gravity. This is contrasted with Newtonian theory where gravity is also shown to manifests as the curvature of relative geodesics. The working background is concluded with a discussion of Einstein’s field equations along with simple and common solutions often used and required.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Swartgat Termodinamika impliseer grense op die entropie, en dus inligting, in ’n gegewe ruimtetyd volume, wat ’n drastiese afwyking van die tradisionele denkwyse oor inligting impliseer. Hierdie paradigma skuif het sy oorsprong in ’n onverwagte verband tussen die oppervlakte van, en entropie bevat, in ’n gegewe ruimte tyd volume. Entropie grense is eenvoudige formulerings van hierdie verwantskap wat uiteindelik beslag moet kry in die vollediger en wyer holografiese beginsel. Hierdie doelwit is nog nie bereik nie. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die oorsprong en verdere formalisering van entropie grense te verduidelik. Beide die sterk en swak punte van die formulerings word bespreek. Algemene relatiwiteits teorie as ’n teorie van gravitasie, sowel as die wiskundige onderbou daarvan, word oorsigtelik bespreek. Die geometries onderbou van gravitasie word geillustreer aan die hand van die buiging van relatiewe geodete. Dit word met Newton se gravitasie teorie vergelyk wat ook in die buiging van relatiewe geodete gemanifesteer word. Hierdie oorsigtelike agtergrond word afgesluit met ’n oorsig van Einstein se vergelykings, asook eenvoudige en algemene oplossings wat dikwels nodig is en gebruik word.
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7

Sixaba, Vuyile. "Geometry of deformed special relativity". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59478.

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We undertake a study of the classical regime in which Planck's constant and Newton's gravitational constant are negligible, but not their ratio, the Planck mass, in hopes that this could possibly lead to testable quantum gravity (QG) effects in a classical regime. In this quest for QG phenomenology we consider modifications of the standard dispersion relation of a free particle known as deformed special relativity (DSR). We try to geometrize DSR to find the geometric origin of the spacetime and momentum space. In particular, we adopt the framework of Hamilton geometry which is set up on phase space, as the cotangent bundle of configuration space in order to derive a purely phase space formulation of DSR. This is necessary when one wants to understand potential links of DSR with modifications of quantum mechanics such as Generalised Uncertainty Principles. It is subsequently observed that space-time and momentum space emerge naturally as curved and intertwined spaces. In conclusion we mention examples and applications of this framework as well as potential future developments.
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Roy, Ian M. "Projective and Ricci collineations in general relativity". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU099861.

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The thesis considers various problems in general relativity concerning projective and Ricci collineations. A result due to Yano in the maximum dimension of the projective algebra on a non-flat space-time is improved using a pointwise classification scheme. The converse of a result, relating Weyl projective vector fields and curvature collineations under certain well defined circumstances, is given. A result is presented showing that, under specified conditions a space-time admitting a proper special projective vector field admits a proper special conformal vector field and vice versa. The work done on Ricci/Matter collineations gives a general mathematical treatment of these vector fields where particular emphasis is placed on decomposable space-times. Problems of differentiability, extendibility, etc are described.
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9

Walter, Scott. "Henri Poincaré, theoretical Physics, and Relativity Theory in Paris". Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Harri Deutsch, 2011. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16256.

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Sylvester, Alex J. "Testing General Relativity with Spherical Resonant Mass Detectors". Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10002423.

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Gravitational waves in f(R) gravity excite monopole and m = 0±2 quadrupole resonance modes of a spherical detector. This document reviews the basic ideas of general relativity and gravitational waves, and then applies those concepts to an f( R) gravitational wave. The acoustic response of a GW incident with a spherical detector is reviewed in detail, and the absorption cross section for an f(R) GW impinging on the spherical detector is calculated. Minimum detectable scalar wave amplitudes are explored for the Mario Schenberg detector. The mass of the scalar mode affects its detectability.

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Libros sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

1

Jaina relativism and relativity physics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, 2014.

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2

Einstein, Albert. The meaning of relativity. 5a ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.

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Einstein, Albert. The meaning of relativity. 2a ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

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Relativity. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2006.

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Mook, Delo E. Inside relativity. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1987.

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Einstein, Albert. Relativity. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books, 1995.

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Hoffmann, Banesh. Relativity and its roots. Mineola, N.Y: Dover Publications, 1999.

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Russell, Bertrand. ABC of relativity. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.

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Russell, Bertrand. ABC of relativity. 5a ed. London: Routledge, 1997.

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Russell, Bertrand. ABC of relativity. 4a ed. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1985.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

1

Wellner, Marcel. "Relativity". En Elements of Physics, 577–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3860-8_25.

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Tsamparlis, Michael. "Newtonian Physics". En Special Relativity, 67–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03837-2_3.

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Tsamparlis, Michael. "Newtonian Physics". En Special Relativity, 71–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27347-7_3.

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Finkelstein, David Ritz. "Non-Objective Physics". En Quantum Relativity, 153–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60936-7_5.

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Keeton, Charles. "Relativity". En Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 177–219. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9236-8_10.

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Barrett, Ross, Pier Paolo Delsanto y Angelo Tartaglia. "Relativity". En Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, 77–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31691-8_7.

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Russell, Bertrand. "Pre-Relativity Physics". En The Analysis of Matter, 13–22. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003308898-3.

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Cini, Michele. "Special Relativity". En UNITEXT for Physics, 97–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71330-4_6.

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Bambi, Cosimo y Alexandre D. Dolgov. "General Relativity". En UNITEXT for Physics, 17–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48078-6_2.

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Lüst, Dieter y Ward Vleeshouwers. "Special Relativity". En SpringerBriefs in Physics, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10919-6_1.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

1

Allen, Roland E. "Relativity, Particle Physics and Cosmology". En Richard Arnowitt Fest. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814527620.

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Bassan, M., V. Ferrari, M. Francaviglia, F. Fucito y I. Modena. "General Relativity and Gravitational Physics". En 12th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814529693.

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Carfora, M., M. Cavaglià, M. Francaviglia, P. Fré, G. Pizzella, C. Reina y A. Treves. "General Relativity and Gravitational Physics". En Proceedings of the 11th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814530613.

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Cerdonio, M., R. D'Auria, M. Francaviglia y G. Magnano. "General Relativity & Gravitational Physics". En 10th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814534475.

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Cerdonio, M., R. Cianci, M. Francaviglia y M. Toller. "GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS". En 8th Italian Conference on General Relativity and Gravitational Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814541404.

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Cianci, R., R. de Ritis, M. Francaviglia, G. Marmo, C. Rubano y P. Scudellaro. "GENERAL RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS". En 9th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814538473.

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Abdullin, Albert. "ON SPECIAL RELATIVITY TEACHING". En Modern problems of physics education. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/mppe-2021-11-10.8.

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Jafari, Nosratollah. "Doubly Special Relativity: A New Relativity or Not". En A CENTURY OF RELATIVITY PHYSICS: ERE 2005; XXVIII Spanish Relativity Meeting. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2218214.

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Moreno Gonzalez, Claudia. "Gravitational Perturbations in General Relativity". En ADVANCED SUMMER SCHOOL IN PHYSICS 2006: Frontiers in Contemporary Physics: EAV06. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2563175.

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Aldrovandi, R., J. P. Beltrán Almeida, C. S. O. Mayor, J. G. Pereira, Guillaume Adenier, Andrei Yu Khrennikov, Pekka Lahti, Vladimir I. Man'ko y Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen. "de Sitter Relativity and Quantum Physics". En Quantum Theory. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2827302.

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Informes sobre el tema "Relativity (Physics)"

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Saptsin, V., Володимир Миколайович Соловйов y I. Stratychuk. Quantum econophysics – problems and new conceptions. КНУТД, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1185.

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This article is dedicated to the econophysical analysis of conceptual fundamentals and mathematical apparatus of classical physics, relativity theory, non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics. The historical and methodological aspects as well as the modern state of the problem of the socio-economic modeling are considered.
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Saptsin, Vladimir y Володимир Миколайович Соловйов. Relativistic quantum econophysics – new paradigms in complex systems modelling. [б.в.], julio de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1134.

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This work deals with the new, relativistic direction in quantum econophysics, within the bounds of which a change of the classical paradigms in mathematical modelling of socio-economic system is offered. Classical physics proceeds from the hypothesis that immediate values of all the physical quantities, characterizing system’s state, exist and can be accurately measured in principle. Non-relativistic quantum mechanics does not reject the existence of the immediate values of the classical physical quantities, nevertheless not each of them can be simultaneously measured (the uncertainty principle). Relativistic quantum mechanics rejects the existence of the immediate values of any physical quantity in principle, and consequently the notion of the system state, including the notion of the wave function, which becomes rigorously nondefinable. The task of this work consists in econophysical analysis of the conceptual fundamentals and mathematical apparatus of the classical physics, relativity theory, non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics, subject to the historical, psychological and philosophical aspects and modern state of the socio-economic modeling problem. We have shown that actually and, virtually, a long time ago, new paradigms of modeling were accepted in the quantum theory, within the bounds of which the notion of the physical quantity operator becomes the primary fundamental conception(operator is a mathematical image of the procedure, the action), description of the system dynamics becomes discrete and approximate in its essence, prediction of the future, even in the rough, is actually impossible when setting aside the aftereffect i.e. the memory. In consideration of the analysis conducted in the work we suggest new paradigms of the economical-mathematical modeling.
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Clausen, Jay, Christopher Felt, Michael Musty, Vuong Truong, Susan Frankenstein, Anna Wagner, Rosa Affleck, Steven Peckham y Christopher Williams. Modernizing environmental signature physics for target detection—Phase 3. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), marzo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43442.

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The present effort (Phase 3) builds on our previously published prior efforts (Phases 1 and 2), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried object detection. Environmental phenomenological effects are often represented in weather forecasts in a relatively coarse, hourly resolution, which introduces concerns such as exclusion or misrepresentation of ephemera or lags in timing when using this data as an input for the Army’s Tactical Assault Kit software system. Additionally, the direct application of observed temperature data with weather model data may not be the best approach because metadata associated with the observations are not included. As a result, there is a need to explore mathematical methods such as Bayesian statistics to incorporate observations into models. To better address this concern, the initial analysis in Phase 2 data is expanded in this report to include (1) multivariate analyses for detecting objects in soil, (2) a moving box analysis of object visibility with alternative methods for converting FLIR radiance values to thermal temperature values, (3) a calibrated thermal model of soil temperature using thermal IR imagery, and (4) a simple classifier method for automating buried object detection.
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4

Waganet, R. J., John Duxbury, Uri Mingelgrin, John Hutson y Zev Gerstl. Consequences of Nonequilibrium Pesticide Fate Processes on Probability of Leaching from Agricultural Lands. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568769.bard.

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Pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils is relatively unstudied and is the focus of this project. A wide variety of heterogeneous soils exist, characterized by processes that result from the presence of structural cracks, worm holes, and other preferred pathways within which the majority of transport can occur (called physical non-equilibrium processes), along with the presence of sorption processes that are both equilibrium and kinetic (chemical non-equilibrium processes). Previous studies of pesticide leaching have focused primarily on relatively homogeneous soils, which are less widely distributed in nature, but more studied due to the relative ease with which quantitative theory can be applied to interpret experimental results. The objectives of the proposed project were: first, to gain greater insight into the basic physical and chemical processes that characterize non-equilibrium systems, second, to improve our ability to predict pesticide leaching in heterogeneous field soils, and third, to estimate the consequences of non-equilibrium processes at the field scale by conducting an analysis of the probability of pesticide leaching when non-equilibrium processes prevail. The laboratory, theoretical and modelling aspects of the project were successful; the field aspects less so. We gained greater insight into basic processes in heterogeneous field soils, and we improved and tested tools (simulation models) and the methodology of using such tools for assessing the probability of pesticide leaching as a contribution to broader risk analysis efforts.
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5

Smit, Timo, Sofia Sacks Ferrari y Jaïr van der Lijn. Trends in Multilateral Peace Operations, 2019. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, mayo de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ixjs4170.

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Despite evidence of their positive impacts, United Nations peacekeeping operations continue to face budget cuts, cynicism in the political arena and concern over personnel physical safety. This context underpins the global and regional trends in multilateral peace operations in 2019. This SIPRI Fact Sheet gives a snapshot of multilateral peace operations in 2019, with statistics on personnel, country contributions and fatalities for operations conducted by the UN, regional organizations or alliances, and ad hoc coalitions of states. Global and regional trends in 2019 follow developments from recent years, including the downward trends associated with the reductions and closures of many UN peace operations since 2015. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to host the majority of operations and personnel, although these numbers have decreased, while the Middle East and North Africa is drawing attention for increasing numbers of operations and personnel. Hostile death rates for 2019 are largely attributed to the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, the deadliest operation since its establishment in 2013, with all other operations demonstrating relatively low numbers of fatalities.
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6

Iffat, Idris. Use of Online Space in Pakistan Targeting Women, Religious Minorities, Activists and Voices of Dissent. Institute of Development Studies, marzo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.071.

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There is ample evidence that online hate speech in Pakistan is directed against women, religious minorities, journalists, voices of dissent and activists. The targeting of many of these groups is an expansion online of the traditional hostility and abuse they face offline. However, the internet has made such abuse easier and online hate speech is growing as internet use rises in the country. Those responsible vary somewhat: women and religious minorities are typically targeted by religio-political parties and their followers, while journalists and activists are often targeted by government/the military. In all cases, online hate speech can have a serious offline impact, including physical violence, and restrictions on people’s freedom/ability to work/post online. This review, looking at online hate speech in Pakistan in relation to particular groups, draws largely on reports by think-tanks/NGOs as well as media articles and blogs. Relatively little academic literature was found on the subject, but grey literature was quite extensive, especially on certain religious minorities (Ahmadis) and women.
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7

Dodd, Hope, David Peitz, Gareth Rowell, Janice Hinsey, David Bowles, Lloyd Morrison, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor y Jefrey Williams. Protocol for Monitoring Fish Communities in Small Streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network. National Park Service, abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284726.

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Fish communities are an important component of aquatic systems and are good bioindicators of ecosystem health. Land use changes in the Midwest have caused sedimentation, erosion, and nutrient loading that degrades and fragments habitat and impairs water quality. Because most small wadeable streams in the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) have a relatively small area of their watersheds located within park boundaries, these streams are at risk of degradation due to adjacent land use practices and other anthropogenic disturbances. Shifts in the physical and chemical properties of aquatic systems have a dramatic effect on the biotic community. The federally endangered Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka) and other native fishes have declined in population size due to habitat degradation and fragmentation in Midwest streams. By protecting portions of streams on publicly owned lands, national parks may offer refuges for threatened or endangered species and species of conservation concern, as well as other native species. This protocol describes the background, history, justification, methodology, data analysis and data management for long-term fish community monitoring of wadeable streams within nine HTLN parks: Effigy Mounds National Monument (EFMO), George Washington Carver National Monument (GWCA), Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (HEHO), Homestead National Monument of America (HOME), Hot Springs National Park (HOSP), Pea Ridge National Military Park (PERI), Pipestone National Monument (PIPE), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TAPR), and Wilson's Creek national Battlefield (WICR). The objectives of this protocol are to determine the status and long-term trends in fish richness, diversity, abundance, and community composition in small wadeable streams within these nine parks and correlate the long-term community data to overall water quality and habitat condition (DeBacker et al. 2005).
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8

Sela, Shlomo y Michael McClelland. Desiccation Tolerance in Salmonella and its Implications. United States Department of Agriculture, mayo de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594389.bard.

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Salmonella enterica is a worldwide food-borne pathogen, which regularly causes large outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent outbreaks linked to consumption of contaminated foods with low water-activity, have raised interest in understanding the factors that control fitness of this pathogen to dry environment. Consequently, the general objective of this study was to extend our knowledge on desiccation tolerance and long-term persistence of Salmonella. We discovered that dehydrated STm entered into a viable-but-nonculturable state, and that addition of chloramphenicol reduced bacterial survival. This finding implied that adaptation to desiccation stress requires de-novo protein synthesis. We also discovered that dried STm cells develop cross-tolerance to multiple stresses that the pathogen might encounter in the agriculture/food environment, such as high or low temperatures, salt, and various disinfectants. These findings have important implications for food safety because they demonstrate the limitations of chemical and physical treatments currently utilized by the food industry to completely inactivate Salmonella. In order to identify genes involved in desiccation stress tolerance, we employed transcriptomic analysis of dehydrated and wet cells and direct screening of knock-out mutant and transposon libraries. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that dehydration induced expression of ninety genes and down-regulated seven. Ribosomal structural genes represented the most abundant functional group with a relatively higher transcription during dehydration. Other large classes of induced functional groups included genes involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production, ion transport, transcription, and stress response. Initial genetic analysis of a number of up-regulated genes was carried out). It was found that mutations in rpoS, yahO, aceA, nifU, rpoE, ddg,fnr and kdpE significantly compromised desiccation tolerance, supporting their role in desiccation stress response.
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9

Beckett-Brown, C. E., A. M. McDonald y M. B. McClenaghan. Discovering a porphyry deposit using tourmaline: a case study from Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331349.

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As the exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits has become increasingly challenging, the development of more effective techniques directed at detecting buried deposits has become critical. One methodology is to focus on key minerals, one of which is tourmaline, a robust, ubiquitous mineral in most mineralized porphyry systems. Overall, a combination of physical and chemical characteristics including 1) macro-color, 2) morphology, 3) inclusion populations, and 4) trace-element compositions are useful in discriminating between porphyry- versus non-porphyry-derived (or related) tourmaline in surficial sediments (Beckett-Brown 2022). These features are applied to tourmaline obtained from stream sediment samples (n = 22) from 16 streams derived from the unglaciated terrain proximal to the Casino calc-alkaline porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit (Yukon Territory, Canada). The obtained tourmaline occurs as two distinct morphologies: 1) individual blocky to prismatic sub- to euhedral grains (Type 1), 2) aggregates of radiating prismatic to acicular sub- to euhedral grains (Type 2). Type 1 grains display trace-element contents that reflect mixed origins including a mineralized porphyry origin as well metamorphic and pegmatitic (background) environments. Type 2 grains almost exclusively exhibit porphyry-derived trace-element chemistries (i.e., high Sr/Pb ~150 avg. and relatively low Zn/Cu ~2.5 avg. values). In Canadian Creek, that directly drains from the Casino deposit, samples closest to the deposit contain >70% porphyry-derived tourmaline, while other streams in the region from unprospective drainage basins contain no porphyry-derived tourmaline. At the most distal sample site in Canadian Creek, ~20 km downstream from Casino, nearly 30% of the recovered tourmaline in the stream sediments is porphyry-related. This method has potential to be a strong indicator of prospectivity and applicable for exploration for porphyry Cu-Au-Mo systems in both unglaciated and glaciated terrains.
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10

Apiyo, Eric, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn y Kari L. Clase. Improving Pharmacovigilliance Quality Management System in the Pharmacy and Poisions Board of Kenya. Purdue University, diciembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317444.

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The purpose of this study was to explore ways of improving the pharmacovigilance quality system employed by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya. The Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya employs a hybrid system of pharmacovigilance that utilizes an online system of reporting pharmacovigilance incidences and a physical system, where a yellow book is physically filled by the healthcare worker and sent to the Pharmacy and Poisons Board for onward processing. This system, even though it has been relatively effective compared to other systems employed in Africa, has one major flaw. It is a slow and delayed system that captures the data much later after the fact and the agency will always be behind the curve in controlling the adverse incidents and events. This means that the incidences might continue to arise or go out of control. This project attempts to develop a system that would be more proactive in the collection of pharmacovigilance data and more predictive of pharmacovigilance incidences. The pharmacovigilance system should have the capacity to detect and analyze subtle changes in reporting frequencies and in patterns of clinical symptoms and signs that are reported as suspected adverse drug reactions. The method involved carrying out a thorough literature review of the latest trends in pharmacovigilance employed by different regulatory agencies across the world, especially the more stringent regulatory authorities. A review of the system employed by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board of Kenya was also done. Pharmacovigilance data, both primary and secondary, were collected and reviewed. Media reports on adverse drug reactions and poor-quality medicines over the period were also collected and reviewed. An appropriate predictive pharmacovigilance tool was also researched and identified. It was found that the Pharmacy and Poisons Board had a robust system of collecting historical pharmacovigilance data both from the healthcare workers and the general public. However, a more responsive data collection and evaluation system is proposed that will help the agency achieve its pharmacovigilance objectives. On analysis of the data it was found that just above half of all the product complaints, about 55%, involved poor quality medicines; 15% poor performance, 13% presentation, 8% adverse drug reactions, 7% market authorization, 2% expired drugs and 1% adulteration complaints. A regulatory pharmacovigilance prioritization tool was identified, employing a risk impact analysis was proposed for regulatory action.
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