Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Relationships to space"

Fourier series is a well-established subject and widely applied in various fields. However, there is much less work on double Fourier coefficients in relation to spaces of general double sequences. We understand the space of double Fourier coefficients as an abstract space of sequences and examine relationships to spaces of general double sequences: p-power summable sequences for p = 1, 2, and the Hilbert space of double sequences. Using uniform convergence in the sense of a Cesàro mean, we verify the inclusion relationships between the four spaces of double sequences; they are nested as proper subsets. The completions of two spaces of them are found to be identical and equal to the largest one. We prove that the two-parameter Wiener space is isomorphic to the space of Cesàro means associated with double Fourier coefficients. Furthermore, we establish that the Hilbert space of double sequence is an abstract Wiener space. We think that the relationships of sequence spaces verified at an intermediate stage in this paper will provide a basis for the structures of those spaces and expect to be developed further as in the spaces of single-indexed sequences.

We know from the classical sequence spaces theory that there is a useful relationship between continuous and -duals of a scalar-valued FK-space originated by the AK-property. Our main interest in this work is to expose relationships between the operator space and and the generalized -duals of some -valued AK-space where and are Banach spaces and . Further, by these results, we obtain the generalized -duals of some vector-valued Orlicz sequence spaces.

AbstractMachine and statistical learning is about constructing models from data. Data is usually understood as a set of records, a database. Nevertheless, databases are not static but change over time. We can understand this as follows: there is a space of possible databases and a database during its lifetime transits this space. Therefore, we may consider transitions between databases, and the database space. NoSQL databases also fit with this representation. In addition, when we learn models from databases, we can also consider the space of models. Naturally, there are relationships between the space of data and the space of models. Any transition in the space of data may correspond to a transition in the space of models. We argue that a better understanding of the space of data and the space of models, as well as the relationships between these two spaces is basic for machine and statistical learning. The relationship between these two spaces can be exploited in several contexts as, e.g., in model selection and data privacy. We consider that this relationship between spaces is also fundamental to understand generalization and overfitting. In this paper, we develop these ideas. Then, we consider a distance on the space of models based on a distance on the space of data. More particularly, we consider distance distribution functions and probabilistic metric spaces on the space of data and the space of models. Our modelization of changes in databases is based on Markov chains and transition matrices. This modelization is used in the definition of distances. We provide examples of our definitions.

✓ Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, the authors studied the human pia mater and its relationship to the entry of blood vessels into the normal cerebral cortex. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the long-established concept that the subarachnoid space communicates directly with the perivascular spaces of the cerebral cortex. Brains obtained post mortem from subjects with recent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and purulent leptomeningitis were studied by light microscopy to determine the permeability of the pia mater to red blood cells and inflammatory cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the normal pia mater is a flat sheet of cells that is reflected from the surface of the brain to form the outer coating of the meningeal vessels in the subarachnoid space. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the cells of the pia mater are joined by junctional complexes and form a continuous sheet that separates the subarachnoid space on one side from the subpial and perivascular spaces on the other. Thus, neither the pia mater nor the subarachnoid space extends into the brain beside blood vessels as they enter the cerebral cortex. The perivascular spaces were, in fact, found to be confluent with the subpial space and not with the subarachnoid space. In cases of recent SAH, red blood cells did not enter the perivascular spaces from the subarachnoid space; neither did India ink injected post mortem into the subarachnoid space pass into the perivascular spaces. The results of these crude tracer studies suggest that the pia mater is an effective barrier to the passage of particulate matter. Histological examination of brains of patients who had died with purulent leptomeningitis showed that inflammatory cells were present in the cortical perivascular spaces and in the contiguous subpial spaces. The presence of a large number of inflammatory cells in the subarachnoid space suggests that inflammatory cells readily penetrate the pia mater that separates the perivascular spaces from the subarachnoid space. The permeability of the pia mater to small molecular weight substances is briefly discussed.

Background Educational research shows differences in experience, access, and outcomes across racial groups with some groups advantaged and others disadvantaged. One of the concepts used to explain racial differences, racialization, is a taken-for-granted term that is yet to be fully defined in the context of the school. We differentiate the term from racism and show how the organizational space of a school is racialized. Taking a cue from feminist research on gendered organizational space (Acker, 1989; Pierce, 1995) and research on white space (Feagin, 1996; Lipsitz, 1998), we define space as physical space and the implicit and explicit dialogue, processes, and practices that define relationships between structures and agents. Thus, space includes not only physical space but also the meanings and ideologies that mediate the relationship between social structures and agents. Purpose of Study We suggest that school spaces are racialized; that is, taken-for-granted notions of race mediate the relationship between the school and the actors that comprise it. Furthermore, we consider how racialization determines power in these relationships, and ultimately, how that power determines how policy is practiced in a school space. Research Design Our data comes from a qualitative case study focused on evaluating what factors influenced Latino college students’ success. Data was collected over a two year period through a mentor program at a large U.S. research university and includes both fieldwork and interview data. Findings We found that racialization occurred in school organizational spaces that invested in whiteness as a purportedly neutral category. In actuality, relationships and practices often delineated along racialized lines, distinguishing what it means to be white in such a space, and what it means not to be white in that space. Conclusions Conceptualizing school organizational spaces as a racialized white space allows us to examine and understand differences in the school along racial lines outside the limitations of individual prejudice or color-blind approaches—recognizing race is not the problem. The problem is being willing to recognize what we are doing, and then creating relationships that support a socially just educational organization.

In the light of the ongoing outbreak of epidemics, the Iraqi government ordered the temporary closure of university buildings and explicit compliance with social distancing, fearing increased infection rates among the large numbers of students. This closure, and the fear of infection, acted as an obstacle for users of educational spaces. To overcome this challenge, the study aimed to investigate the impact of educational space design on the effectiveness of social distancing to reduce the spread of epidemics. The shape, area, and furniture arrangement pattern were determined in the study of educational spaces design as a spatial configuration through the level of wayfinding and permeability. To better understand the relationship between the design of the current educational spaces and the effectiveness of social distancing, this study used a visual survey, field visits, and a quantitative method using a space syntax analysis. And the analysis was carried out on various models of educational spaces design in three elected samples of the buildings of the Technological University Baghdad, Iraq. The analysis values were represented in quantitative tables to illustrate the values of the space syntax attributes and charts showing measures of permeability and wayfinding in all the analysed models. The study results show an impact and a close relationship between the elements of educational space design as a spatial composition and the effectiveness of social distancing. This relationship is formed by the effect of the shape, space, and furniture arrangement pattern in changing the values of spatial space relationships. Furthermore, permeability and wayfinding as spatial characteristics depend on those relationships and control users’ circulation within the educational space, which is essential in determining the effectiveness of social distancing.

According to the theory of the niche, media must differentiate themselves along resource dimensions that allow for their survival to compete and coexist within a resource space. Within this study, contacts with personal relationships are framed as a key resource domain over which channels of interpersonal communication (interpersonal media) compete to occupy niches within the resource spaces of social networks. One hundred and forty-two college undergraduates completed a time/space diary for a randomly assigned weekday in which they recorded their contacts or ‘bundles’ with members of their personal social network. Analysis of the data shows that interpersonal media coexist because they are differentiated from each other in the contacts they allow with different relationships at different times and locations. Although evidence is found regarding heavy competition among the media under analysis, each is used in different time/space/network relationship contexts.

This paper explores the relationships between students’ activities, space choice patterns and satisfaction with campus space provision with the aim of establishing rational space utilization strategies. Many universities attempt to achieve their sustainability goals and address the constraints of space restrictions by implementing no-net growth policies and rational space utilization strategies. However, architects or facility managers often experience difficulties in keeping their commitment to such initiatives because they lack empirical data that explain the relationships in action between students and campus space. This paper demonstrates these relationships by analysing empirical data obtained from a university campus. University students completed 330 student-day time-use surveys and relevant post-occupancy evaluations for regular days at university. Three major space-choice-rejection patterns were found: (1) spaces for 56% of activities were chosen by students themselves; (2) students often struggled to find an appropriate space for their group activities; (3) students’ space choice behaviour was both common and influential on campus. A campus sustainability model of space choice-rejection was theorized based on the students’ post-occupancy evaluations, comprising anticipated space choice and intended space rejection. Three categories of relationships were established: space-oriented relationships with space environmental performance and spatial form; user-oriented relationships with user capacity and locational accessibility and equipment-oriented relationships with equipment adequacy and equipment condition.

Abstract City is a multi-layered structure of social, cultural, and economic aspects and their relationship through the physical space. Recognition of some patterns in those relationships is the essence for defining fragmentations in urban fabric and suggesting solutions on how those fragmentations could be solved. The article analyses how different space syntax methods can be used to find patterns in the chosen urban environment. Space syntax allows to find urban relationships between physical environment and human behavior. Space syntax suggests a few different approaches on how these relationships could be simulated: Segment Analysis perceives environment as a network of paths or streets, visibility graph analysis concentrates on inter-visual relationships, while agent-based analysis uses simple artificial intelligence for modeling movement in open space. Consequentially, the aim of this research is to find out what human behaviour aspects each of these space syntax methods are able to simulate.

LetXbe an abstract set andℒa lattice of subsets ofX. Some general properties of Lindelöf, regular as well as normal lattices are investigated for their measure implications and their relationship to separation properties. Moreover, we show that the generalized Wallman replete space and the generalized Wallman prime complete space are Lindelöf spaces if and only if certain measure relationships hold onℒ.

One of the many innovations with which performance art can be credited is its revolutionary approach to space-making and inhabitation. Its reanimation of objects, events and bodies takes up space as a material presence, which incidentally engenders a conceptual problem. Philosophical aesthetics has had a lot to say about our relationship with the built form, but this work has not been brought to bear on performance art and the ways this artform complicates such relationships. This paper addresses this void by exploring two dimensions of what architect Daniel Libeskind has called ‘the space of encounter’—the physical and the ethical.

The function evaluation and coordination analysis of production–living–ecological space is of great significance for guiding the high-quality development of territorial space. Considering the complexity of territorial space, this study constructed the evaluation index system of production–living–ecological spatial functions based on the perspective of “type–intensity–connection” and used multisource data to conduct empirical analysis in Suzhou, China, as an example. The results show that there were significant regional and urban-rural differences in the production–living–ecological comprehensive functional level of Suzhou, and it presents a composite spatial structure characterized by core-agglomeration, multipoint-dispersion, and centre-periphery. Among them, the functions of production and living spaces were concentrated with high values and have similar spatial structure, while the function of ecological space has low values and is distributed in contiguous areas around the production and living spaces. Overall, the coordination relationships of living–production space, ecological–living space and ecological–production space show significant positive, negative and negative correlations, respectively. However, in local space, the coordination relationship was composed of two types of leading relationships. This mainly reflects the great coordination between production space and living space, while the coordination between ecological space and other space is poor and needs to be improved. Therefore, it’s necessary to continuously improve the adequacy and balance of the functional quality of production–living–ecological space and increase organic connectivity and benign integration.

The aim of this work is to investigate and study soft Tychonoff space and some new soft spaces such as soft , soft , soft , soft , soft , soft , soft and soft in this work the relationships between these new soft spaces such as soft public regular, soft public normal, soft strongly completely regular, soft semi completely normal and with well known axioms soft , soft and soft are obtained, Further, the relationships between these new soft spaces with each other are studied. We prove that each soft space is soft Tychonoff space, also in this paper we show that each soft space is soft , each soft space is soft and each soft space is soft . Finally, depending on the above soft spaces and properties of the soft fuzzy spaces, the new types of soft fuzzy spaces can be introduced like Soft fuzzy public regular, Soft fuzzy strongly completely regular, and others.

Interfirm relationships are crucial to our understanding of firms’ collective and interactive behavior. Many information systems-related phenomena, including the diffusion of innovations, standard alliances, technology collaboration, and outsourcing, involve a multitude of relationships between firms. This study proposes a latent space approach to model temporal change in a dual-view interfirm network. We assume that interfirm relationships depend on an underlying latent space; firms that are close to each other in the latent space are more likely to develop a relationship. We construct the latent space by embedding two dynamic networks of firms in an integrated manner, resulting in a more comprehensive view of an interfirm relationship. We validate our approach by introducing three business measures derived from the latent space model to study alliance formation and stock comovement. We illustrate how the trajectories of firms provide insights into alliance activities. We also show that our proposed measures have strong predictive power on stock comovement. We believe the proposed approach enriches the methodology toolbox of IS researchers in studying interfirm relationships.

Full TextThe first law enacted in Canada to protect existing Aboriginal rights was section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982.2 The first law in Canada to recognize the rights of non-human animals as anything other than property has yet to be enacted. The first Supreme Court of Canada (hereafter referred to as the Court) case to interpret section 35 was R. v. Sparrow.3 The 1990 case confirmed an Aboriginal right of the Musqueam peoples of British Columbia to fish for food, social and ceremonial purposes. Since this precedent-setting case, many similar claims have been brought before the courts by way of the fluctuating legal space created by s.35. Many of these cases have been about establishing rights to fish4, hunt5, and trap non-human animals (hereafter referred to as animals). The Court has developed, and continues to develop tests to determine the existence and scope of Aboriginal rights. These tests primarily embody cultural, political and, to a surprisingly lesser degree, legal forces. One of the principal problems with these tests is that they privilege, through the western philosophical lens, the interests of humans. Animals are, at best, the resources over which ownership is being contested. The Euro-centric legal conceptualization of animals as 'resources' over which ownership can be exerted is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the relegation of animals solely to a utilitarian role is antithetical to Indigenous-animal relationships and therefore demonstrates one of the fundamental ways the Canadian legal system is ill equipped to give adequate consideration to Indigenous law. Second, failure to consider animals' inherent value and agency in this context reproduces the human-animal and culture-nature binaries that are at the root of many of western Euro-centric society's inequities. This paper argues that Aboriginal peoples' relationships with animals are a necessary, integral and distinctive part of their cultures6 and, therefore, these relationships and the actors within them are entitled to the aegis of s.35. Through the legal protection of these relationships, animals will gain significant protection as a corollary benefit. If the Court were to protect the cultural relationships between animals and Aboriginal groups, a precondition would be acceptance of Indigenous legal systems. Thus, this paper gives a brief answer to the question, what are Indigenous legal systems and why are animals integral to them? The Anishinabe (also known Ojibwe or Chippewa) are Indigenous peoples who have historically lived in the Great Lakes region. The Bruce Peninsula on Lake Huron is home to the Cape Croker Indian Reserve, where the Chippewas of Nawash First Nation live. The people of this First Nation identify as Anishinabe. The Anishinabek case of Nanabush v. Deer is a law among these people and is used throughout the paper as an example of Indigenous-animal relationships. Making the significant assumption that s.35 has the capacity to recognize Indigenous law, the subsequent section of the paper asks why we should protect these relationships and how that protection should be achieved. Finally, the paper concludes that both the ability of s.35 to recognize Indigenous-animal relationships, and the judicial and political will to grant such recognition, are unlikely. Indigenous-animal relationships are integral to the distinctive culture of the Anishinabek, however the courts would be hesitant to allow such an uncertain and potentially far-reaching right. This is not surprising given that such a claim by both Indigenous and animal groups would challenge the foundations upon which the Canadian legal system is based. There are many sensitive issues inherent in this topic. It should be noted the author is not of Indigenous ancestry, but is making every effort to learn about and respect the Indigenous legal systems discussed. While this paper focuses on a number of Anishinabek laws; it is neither a complete analysis of these practices, nor one that can be transferred, without adaptation, to other peoples. Finally, Indigenous peoples and animal rights and Indigenous law scholars, such as Tom Regan and Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, respectively, may insist on an abolitionist approach to animal 'use' or reject the legitimacy of s.35 itself.7 These perspectives are worthy and necessary. This paper positions itself amongst these and other sources in order to reflect upon the timely and important issue of the legal status of Indigenous-animal relationships. I:WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? The Law Commission of Canada defines a legal tradition as “a set of deeply rooted, historically conditioned attitudes about the nature of law, the role of law in the society and the polity, the proper organization and operation of a legal system, and the way law is or should be made, applied, studied, perfected and taught.”8 Indigenous legal traditions fit this description. They are living systems of beliefs and practices, and have been recognized as such by the courts.9 Indigenous practices developed into systems of law that have guided communities in their governance, and in their relationships amongst their own and other cultures and with the Earth.10 These laws have developed through stories, historical events that may be viewed as ‘cases,’ and other lived experiences. Indigenous laws are generally non-prescriptive, non-adversarial and non-punitive and aim to promote respect and consensus, as well as close connection with the land, the Creator, and the community. Indigenous laws are a means through which vital knowledge of social order within the community is transmitted, revived and retained. After European ‘settlement’ the influence of Indigenous laws waned. This was due in part to the state’s policies of assimilation, relocation and enfranchisement. 11 Despite these assaults, Indigenous legal systems have persevered; they continue to provide guidance to many communities, and are being revived and re-learned in others. For example, the Nisga’a’s legal code, Ayuuk, guides their communities and strongly informs legislation enacted under the Nisga’a Final Agreement, the first modern treaty in British Columbia.12 The land and jurisdiction claims of the Wet’suwet’en and Gitxsan Nations ultimately resulted in the Court’s decision in Delgamuukw,13 a landmark case that established the existence of Aboriginal title. The (overturned) BC Supreme Court’s statement in Delgamuukw14 reveals two of the many challenges in demonstrating the validity of Indigenous laws: “what the Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en witnesses[es] describe as law is really a most uncertain and highly flexible set of customs which are frequently not followed by the Indians [sic] themselves.” The first challenge is that many laws are not in full practice, and therefore not as visible as they could be and once were. What the courts fail to acknowledge, however, is that the ongoing colonial project has served to stifle, extinguish and alter these laws. The second challenge is that the kind of law held and practiced by Indigenous peoples is quite foreign to most non-Indigenous people. Many Indigenous laws have animals as central figures. In Anishinabek traditional law, often the animals are the lawmakers15: they develop the legal principles and have agency as law givers. For instance, the Anishinabek case Nanabush v. Deer, Wolf , as outlined by Burrows, is imbued with legal principles, lessons on conduct and community governance, as well as ‘offenses’ and penalties. It is not a case that was adjudicated by an appointed judge in a courtroom, but rather one that has developed over time as a result of peoples’ relationships with the Earth and its inhabitants. An abbreviated summary of the case hints at these legal lessons: Nanabush plays a trick on a deer and deliberately puts the deer in a vulnerable position. In that moment of vulnerability, Nanabush kills the deer and then roasts its body for dinner. While he is sleeping and waiting for the deer to be cooked, the Wolf people come by and take the deer. Nanabush wakes up hungry, and out of desperation transforms into a snake and eats the brains out of the deer head. Once full, he is stuck inside the head and transforms back into his original shape, but with the deer head still stuck on. He is then chased and nearly killed by hunters who mistake him for a real deer. This case is set within the legal context of the Anishinabek’s treaty with deer. In signing the treaty, the people were reminded to respect beings in life and death and that gifts come when beings respect each other in interrelationships.16 Nanabush violated the rights of the deer and his peoples’ treaty with the deer. He violated the laws by taking things through trickery, and by causing harm to those he owed respect. Because his actions were not in accordance with Anishinabek legal principles, he was punished: Nanabush lost the thing he was so desperately searching for, and he ended up nearly being killed. This case establishes two lessons. The first is that, like statutory and common law, with which Canadians are familiar, Indigenous law does not exist in isolation. Principles are devised based on multiple teachings, pre- vious rules and the application of these rules to facts. That there are myriad sources of Indigenous law suggests that the learning of Indigenous law would require substantial effort on the part of Canadian law-makers.17 The second is that animals hold an important place in Indigenous law, and those relationships with animals – and the whole ‘natural’ world – strongly inform the way they relate to the Earth. II: CAN CANADIAN LAW ACCEPT INDIGENOUS LEGAL SYSTEMS? If there were a right recognized under s.35 concerning the Indigenous-animal relationship, what would it look like? Courts develop legal tests to which the facts of each case are applied, theoretically creating a degree of predictability as to how a matter will be judged. Introduced in Sparrow, and more fully developed in Van der Peet, a ‘test’ for how to assess a valid Aboriginal right has been set out by the Court. Summarized, the test is: “in order to be an Aboriginal right an activity must be an element of a practice, custom or tradition integral to the distinctive culture of the Aboriginal group claiming the right.”18 There are ten, differently weighted factors that a court will consider in making this assessment. The right being ‘tested’ in this discussion is the one exemplified in Nanabush v. Deer: the ability of Indigenous peoples to recognize and practice their laws, which govern relationships, including death, with deer and other animals. The courts have agreed that a generous, large and liberal construction should be given to Indigenous rights in order to give full effect to the constitutional recognition of the distinctiveness of Aboriginal culture. Still, it is the courts that hold the power to define rights as they conceive them best aligning with Canadian society19; this is one way that the Canadian state reproduces its systems of power over Indigenous peoples.20 The application of the Aboriginal right exemplified in Nanbush v. Deer to the Sparrow and Van der Peet tests would likely conclude that the Anishinabek do have an integral and distinctive relationship with animals. However, due to the significant discretion of the Court on a number of very subjective and politically sensitive factors, it is uncertain that the Nanabush v. Deer case would ‘pass’ Van der Peet’s required ten factors.21 This is indicative of the structural restraints that s.35 imposes. 22 The questions it asks impair its ability to capture and respect the interrelationships inherent in Indigenous peoples’ interactions with animals. For example, the Court will characterize hunting or fishing as solely subsistence, perhaps with a cultural element. Shin Imai contends these activities mean much more: “To many…subsistence is a means of reaffirming Aboriginal identity by passing on traditional knowledge to future generations. Subsistence in this sense moves beyond mere economics, encompassing the cultural, social and spiritual aspects for the communities.”23 Scholar Kent McNeil concludes that: “regardless of the strengths of legal arguments in favour of Indigenous peoples, there are limits to how far the courts […] are willing to go to correct the injustices caused by colonialism and dispossession.”24 It is often not the legal principles that determine outcomes, but rather the extent to which Indigenous rights can be reconciled with the history of settlement without disturbing the current economic and political structure of the dominant culture. III:WHY PROTECT THE ANIMAL-INDIGENOUS RELATIONSHIP? Legally protecting animal-Indigenous relationships offers symbiotic, mutually respectful benefits for animals and for the scope of Aboriginal rights that can be practiced. For instance, a protected relationship would have indirect benefits for animals’ habitat and right to life: it would necessitate protecting the means necessary, such as governance of the land, for realization of the right. This could include greater conservation measures, more contiguous habitat, enforcement of endangered species laws, and, ideally, a greater awareness and appreciation by humans of animals and their needs. Critical studies scholars have developed the argument that minority groups should not be subject to culturally biased laws of the mainstream polity.24 Law professor Maneesha Deckha points out that animals, despite the central role they play in a lot of ‘cultural defences,’ have been excluded from our ethical consideration. Certainly, the role of animals has been absent in judicial consideration of Aboriginal rights.26 Including animals, Deckha argues, allows for a complete analysis of these cultural issues and avoids many of the anthropocentric attitudes inherent in Euro-centric legal traditions. In Jack and Charlie27 two Coast Salish men were charged with hunting deer out of season. They argued that they needed to kill a deer in order to have raw meat for an Aboriginal religious ceremony. The Court found that killing the deer was not part of the ceremony and that there was insufficient evidence to establish that raw meat was required. This is a case where a more nuanced consideration of the laws and relationships with animals would have resulted in a more just application of the (Canadian) law and prevented the reproduction of imperialist attitudes. A criticism that could be lodged against practicing these relationships is that they conflict with the liberty and life interests of animals.28 Theoretically, if Indigenous laws are given the legal and political room to fully operate, a balance between the liberty of animals and the cultural and legal rights of Indigenous peoples can be struck.29 Indeed, Indigenous peoples’ cultural and legal concern for Earth is at its most rudimentary a concern for the land, which is at the heart of the challenge to the Canadian colonial system. If a negotiated treaty was reached, or anti-cruelty and conservation laws were assured in the Indigenous peoples’ self government system, then Canadian anti-cruelty30 and conservation laws,31 the effectiveness of which are already questionable, could be displaced in recognition of Indigenous governance.32 Indigenous peoples in Canada were – and are, subject to imposed limitations – close to the environment in ways that can seem foreign to non-Indigenous people.33 For example, some origin stories and oral histories explain how boundaries between humans and animals are at times absent: Animal-human beings like raven, coyote and rabbit created them [humans] and other beings. People …acted with respect toward many animals in expectation of reciprocity; or expressed kinship or alliance with them in narratives, songs, poems, parables, performances, rituals, and material objects. 34 Furthering or reviving these relationships can advance the understanding of both Indigenous legal systems and animal rights theory. Some animal rights theorists struggle with how to explain the cultural construction of species difference: Indigenous relationships with animals are long standing, lived examples of a different cultural conception of how to relate to animals and also of an arguably healthy, minimally problematic way to approach the debate concerning the species divide.35 A key tenet of animal-Indigenous relationships is respect. Shepard Krech posits that Indigenous peoples are motivated to obtain the necessary resources and goals in ‘proper’ ways: many believe that animals return to the Earth to be killed, provided that hunters demonstrate proper respect.36 This demonstrates a spiritual connection, but there is also a concrete connection between Indigenous peoples and animals. In providing themselves with food and security, they ‘manage’ what Canadian law calls ‘resources.’37 Because of the physical nature of these activities, and their practical similarity with modern ‘resource management,’ offering this as ‘proof’ of physical connection with animals and their habitat may be more successful than ‘proving’ a spiritual relationship. Finally, there are health reasons that make the Indigenous-animal relationship is important. Many cultures have come to depend on the nutrients they derive from particular hunted or fished animals. For example, nutrition and physical activity transitions related to hunting cycles have had negative impacts on individual and community health.38 This shows the multidimensionality of hunting, the significance of health, and, by extension, the need for animal ‘resources’ to be protected. IV: HOW SHOULD WE PROTECT THESE ABORIGINAL RIGHTS? If the Anishinabek and the deer ‘win’ the constitutional legal test (‘against’ the state) and establish a right to protect their relationships with animals, what, other than common law remedies,39 would follow? Below are ideas for legal measures that could be taken from the human or the animal perspective, or both, where benefits accrue to both parties. If animals had greater agency and legal status, their needs as species and as individuals could have a meaningful place in Canadian common and statutory law. In Nanabush v. Deer, this would mean that the deer would be given representation and that legal tests would need to be developed to determine the animals’ rights and interests. Currently the courts support the view that animals can be treated under the law as any other inanimate item of property. Such a legal stance is inconsistent with a rational, common-sense view of animals,40 and certainly with Anishinabek legal principles discussed herein.41 There are ongoing theoretical debates that inform the practical questions of how animal equality would be achieved: none of these in isolation offers a complete solution, but combined they contribute to the long term goal. Barsh and James Sákéj Youngblood Henderson advocate an adoption of the reasoning in the Australian case Mabo v. Queensland,42 where whole Aboriginal legal systems were imported intact into the common law. Some principles that Canada should be following can also be drawn from international treaties that Canada has or should have signed on to.43 Another way to seek protection from the human perspective is through the freedom of religion and conscience section of the Charter. Professor John Borrows constructs a full argument for this, and cites its challenges, in Living Law on a Living Earth: Aboriginal Religion, Law and the Constitution.44 The strongest, but perhaps most legally improbable, way to protect the animal- Indigenous relationship is for Canada to recognize a third, Indigenous order of government (in addition to provincial and federal), where all three orders are equal and inform one another’s laws. This way, Indigenous laws would have the legal space to fully function and be revived. Endowing Indigenous peoples with the right to govern their relationships would require a great acquiescence of power by governments and a commitment to the establishment and maintenance of healthy self-government in Indigenous communities. Louise Mandell offers some reasons why Canada should treat Aboriginal people in new ways, at least one of which is salient to the third order of government argument: To mend the [E]arth, which must be done, governments must reassess the information which the dominant culture has dismissed. Some of that valuable information is located in the oral histories of Aboriginal Peoples. This knowledge will become incorporated into decisions affecting the [E]arth’s landscape when Aboriginal Peoples are equal partners in decisions affecting their territories.45 V: CONCLUSION A legal system that does not have to justify its existence or defend its worth is less vulnerable to challenges.46 While it can be concluded that s.35 has offered some legal space for Indigenous laws and practices, it is too deeply couched in Euro-centric legal traditions and the anthropocentric cultural assumptions that they carry. The most effective strategy for advancing Indigenous laws and culture, that would also endow many animals with greater agency, and relax the culture-nature, human-animal binaries, is the formal recognition of a third order of government. Lisa Chartrand explains that recognition of legal pluralism would be a mere affirmation of legal systems that exist, but which are stifled: “…this country is a multijuridical state, where the distinct laws and rules of three systems come together within the geographic boundaries of one political territory.” 47 Revitalizing Indigenous legal systems is and will be a challenging undertaking. Indigenous communities must reclaim, define and understand their own traditions: “The loss of culture and traditions caused by the historic treatment of Aboriginal communities makes this a formidable challenge for some communities. Equally significant is the challenge for the Canadian state to create political and legal space to accommodate revitalized Indigenous legal traditions and Aboriginal law-making.”48 The project of revitalizing Indigenous legal traditions requires the commitment of resources sufficient for the task, and transformative change to procedural and substantive law. The operation of these laws within, or in addition to, Canadian law would of course cause widespread, but worthwhile controversy. In Animal Bodies, Cultural Justice49 Deckha argues that an ethical relationship with the animal Other must be established in order realize cultural and animal rights. This paper explores and demonstrates the value in finding legal space where cultural pluralism and respect for animals can give rise to the practice of Indigenous laws and the revitalization of animal-Indigenous relationships. As Borrows writes: “Anishinabek law provides guidance about how to theorize, practice and order our association with the [E]arth, and could do so in a way that produces answers that are very different from those found in other sources.”50 (see PDF for references)

In this article, we first establish a few relationships among neutrosophic interior, neutrosophic closure, neutrosophic pre-open sets, and neutrosophic pre-closed sets in single-valued neutrosophic topological spaces. Thereafter, we defined neutrosophic pre- space, neutrosophic pre- space, and neutrosophic pre- space based on single-valued neutrosophic topological spaces and studied a few properties and relationships among them. We try to establish some relationships between existing neutrosophic separation axioms and newly defined neutrosophic pre-separation axioms. Finally, we study some hereditary properties of pre-separation axioms. Apart from these, we also explore some results implementing neutrosophic pre-open function, neutrosophic pre-continuous function, neutrosophic pre-irresolute function and neutrosophic pre -function based on our defined definitions.

The construction of high-rise flats to minimize urban slum areas in Indonesia still create space use behavior problems for its residents due to the changes of space configuration between high-rise landed housing. Conventional high-rise flats cannot well accommodate the needs of social interactions happened in landed housing because of its spatial limitation that leads to uncertainty of space use behavior settings. This study aims to understand the relationship between spatial configuration on high-rise flats and social interaction levels of its residents. The object of study is Jatinegara Barat high-rise flats built to relocate slums community from the landed housing in Kampong Pulo. This study applies mix method research using space syntax method to analyze spatial configuration by looking at connectivity and space integration values, and then comparing it with social interaction data from place centered observation to find out the level of interaction and spaces tendency used interaction place. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the relationship of spatial configuration to social interaction level in Jatinegara Barat flats can be positive or negative. (2) Positive relationships are found on the1st and 2ndfloor areas. High configuration values with high interaction levels are found in shared spaces on the 1st and 2nd floors with characteristics such as open space, large space, and availability of interaction supporting elements, while low configuration values with low interaction levels are found in more confined spaces such as private spaces and narrow corridors. (3) Negative relationships are found in the corridor and shared space in front of the elevator on each typical floors. Shared space in front of the elevator that has high spatial configuration value with large area show a low level of social interaction. While corridor with lower configuration value with the narrow area but have supporting elements such as chairs, mats, and shops have a higher level of social interaction. (4) This study shows that in the case of the relationship between spatial configuration and social interaction, availability of interaction supporting elements has greater influence rather than any other spatial factors.

Some spaces have been defined depending on the concept of dense set in a given topological space $(X , \tau)$ such as: resolvable space, irresolvable space, hcreditarily irresolvable space, and submaximal space. We study many of their properties and explore several relationships between these spaces and SMPC function which has been defined recently as a dual of the concept of precontmuity.

The main aim of the present paper is to define new soft separation axioms which lead us, first, to generalize existing comparable properties via general topology, second, to eliminate restrictions on the shape of soft open sets on soft regular spaces which given in [22], and third, to obtain a relationship between soft Hausdorff and new soft regular spaces similar to those exists via general topology. To this end, we define partial belong and total non belong relations, and investigate many properties related to these two relations. We then introduce new soft separation axioms, namely p-soft Ti-spaces (i = 0,1,2,3,4), depending on a total non belong relation, and study their features in detail. With the help of examples, we illustrate the relationships among these soft separation axioms and point out that p-soft Ti-spaces are stronger than soft Ti-spaces, for i = 0,1,4. Also, we define a p-soft regular space, which is weaker than a soft regular space and verify that a p-soft regular condition is sufficient for the equivalent among p-soft Ti-spaces, for i = 0,1,2. Furthermore, we prove the equivalent among finite p-soft Ti-spaces, for i = 1,2,3 and derive that a finite product of p-soft Ti-spaces is p-soft Ti, for i = 0,1,2,3,4. In the last section, we show the relationships which associate some p-soft Ti-spaces with soft compactness, and in particular, we conclude under what conditions a soft subset of a p-soft T2-space is soft compact and prove that every soft compact p-soft T2-space is soft T3-space. Finally, we illuminate that some findings obtained in general topology are not true concerning soft topological spaces which among of them a finite soft topological space need not be soft compact.

Public spaces serve as the sensory system of urban life, and are crucial for interconnecting individuals, ideas, and cultures within the fabric of cities. This study provides a fresh interpretation of public spaces by examining people’s activities from a new perspective. By applying play theory to public space analysis, the study uncovers spontaneous and unplanned activities and the novel relationships which exist between users and their environments. In so doing it paves the way for a new approach to public space design. With a focus on Aachen as a place of play, this study seeks to develop urban design tools that take into account users’ leisure time activities. By recognizing the unique relationships that play can create between individuals and their surroundings in terms of perceptions, intentions, actions, and uses of space, the research encourages a fresh perspective on urban design tools. Ultimately, the findings of this study offer a new design approach for creating public spaces that are more participating, inclusive, and user-centred.

It is proved that a point $f$ of the complexification $E^C$ of a real Köthe space $E$ is a complex extreme point if and only if $|f|$ is a point of upper monotonicity in $E$. As a corollary it follows that $E$ is strictly monotone if and only if $E^C$ is complex rotund. It is also shown that $E$ is uniformly monotone if and only if $E^C$ is uniformly complex rotund. Next, the fact that $|x|\in S(E^+)$ is a ULUM-point of $E$ whenever $x$ is a $C$-LUR-point of $S(E^C)$ is proved, whence the relation that $E$ is a ULUM-space whenever $E^C$ is $C$-LUR is concluded. In the second part of this paper these general results are applied to characterize complex rotundity of properties Calderón-Lozanovskiĭ spaces, generalized Calderón-Lozanovskiĭ spaces and Orlicz-Lorentz spaces.

AbstractThis paper focuses on how advanced learners of English at a woman’s college in Saudi Arabia use Snapchat to communicate with their classmates. It examines not just the way the English language becomes a meaning making resource in these exchanges, but also how English is strategically mixed with photos, drawings, emoji’s, and other languages to create meanings, identities, and relationships. The theoretical framework used to understand these strategies is adopted from ‘geosemiotics’, an approach to discourse that focuses on how meanings (as well as identities and relationships) are created through the ways semiotic resources are arranged in physical space. The analysis highlights how Snapchat creates opportunities for female learners of English in Saudi Arabia to open up new ‘cultural spaces’, and how these spaces can facilitate their language learning. At the same time, it is argued, these new ‘cultural spaces’ are contingent on the various creative ways these learners make use of physical space. Implications for understanding the relationship between creativity and translanguaging are discussed.

Residents’ activity space reflects multiple aspects of human life related to space, time, and type of activity. How to measure the activity space at multiple geographic scales remains a problem to be solved. Recently, the emergence of big data such as mobile phone data and point of interest data has brought access to massive geo-tagged datasets to identify human activity at multiple geographic scales and to explore the relationship with built environment. In this research, we propose a new method to measure three types of urban residents’ activity spaces—i.e., maintenance activity space, commuting activity space, and recreational activity space—using mobile phone data. The proposed method identifies the range of three types of residents’ activity space at multiple geographic scales and analyzing the relationship between the built environment and activity space. The research takes Zhuhai City as its case study and discovers the spatial patterns for three activity space types. The proposed method enables us to achieve a better understanding of the human activities of different kinds, as well as their relationships with the built environment.

This study investigates the effect of art on promoting the meaning of the urban space. After considering the semantic dimension of the urban space and the mechanism of transferring the meanings of art through the views of experts, a model is presented for examining the art’s cooperation in promoting urban space meaning. In the first stage, the categories of space meanings influenced by art were extracted using the qualitative method of interpretative phenomenological analysis, and by examining 61 in-depth interviews in 6 urban spaces eligible for urban art in Tehran. In the second stage, these categories were surveyed in these spaces through 600 questionnaires after converting to the questionnaire items. Based on the results, “experience and perception capability”, “social participation”, and “relationship with context” were the main themes of the semantic relationships between art and urban space. Further, the lower scores related to the theme of “social participation” in the quantitative investigations indicate that this theme was weaker than the other themes in promoting the meaning of the urban space through the art in the selected urban spaces.

Purpose This paper aims to understand the dialectical relationship between place-making and identity formation of factory women in a free trade zone (FTZ) in the Global South. Design/methodology/approach Inspired by Judith Butler’s notions of performative acts and performativity, the paper uses poststructuralist discourse analysis to analyze data – oral and written texts – generated through a fieldwork study conducted in an FTZ in Sri Lanka. Findings Performative acts and the performativity of the occupants in the FTZ demarcate the boundary of the zone and articulate the identities of its occupants. Furthermore, the study shows that, in this process, such performativity and performative acts function as a form of “glue” to amalgamate the places of the zone space as kalape, a complex socio-geographical landscape in flux. Research limitations/implications This study provides a new insight into the relationships between discursive-performative acts, place-making and identity formation of (factory) women in the neoliberalized (zone) space(s) of the Global South. Originality/value By articulating the FTZ as a (neoliberalized) space in a perpetual present, the study provides new insight into the relationships between performative acts, place-making and identity formation (of factory women) in the zone space.

In this study, we have employed the concepts of ideal and grill collections with a new definition of compactness. We call it ideal grill compact space, where we have gotten the important characteristics and relationships of those spaces.

Today, artificial intelligence is actively mastering natural languages, becoming an interlocutor and partner of human in various aspects of activity. However, the symbolic approach, which implies the transfer of rules and logic, has failed, the number of rules and exceptions of the language does not allow its formalization, so modern «deep learning» of artificial neural networks involves an independent search for patterns in extensive databases. During training, artificial intelligence puts a word into a sentence so that the syntagmatic relationships are as close as possible to those of the target word in the base, taking into account both the semantic relationships of words and the relationships between words in the sequence of presentation. The «language» of information technologies is digital. During natural language processing, words are represented in vector form as a sequence of numbers. The idea of representing words mathematically is familiar to people and is usually associated with logical consistency. Visualization of the position of words in a multidimensional space created by artificial intelligence demonstrates a number of patterns, obvious semantic and syntactic relationships, but the essence of other relationships between words is not obvious. The mathematical representation of words, created by artificial intelligence, can allow you to look at the language from a new non-human point of view.

Sketch maps are an abstract and conceptual expression of humans’ cognition of geographic space. Humans perceive geographical space at different spatial scales. However, few researchers have considered the spatial relationships of geographic elements in sketch maps at multiple spatial scales. Considering the meso and micro spatial scales, this study analyses the accuracy of the spatial relationships depicted in 52 sketch maps of urban areas, including qualitative orientation, order, qualitative distance, and topological relationships. We utilized OpenStreetMap (OSM) to assess the accuracy of the four spatial relationship representations in the sketch maps. This study evaluates the reliability of spatial relationships in capturing the invariant spatial information of geographic elements in sketch maps. It helps to understand the differences in human cognition of multi-scale space.

To survive and be sustainable, urban villages certainly face big challenges due to the dynamics of development and changes occurring in a form of need in planned open space settlements due to the need for meeting places and joint activities in the open air. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in open public spaces. As a form of need in open space settlements that are planned because of the need for meeting places and joint activities in open spaces. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in these open public spaces. Spatial circulation occurs due to activities and series of activities that form pathways and connect existing activities. The circulation geometry with which it accommodates and the combination of several paths will form a configuration of the t activities that are traversed. Open space is a public place where people carry out routine and functional activities that bind a community, both in the normal routine of daily life and in periodic celebrations. Public space is generally defined as a physical and visible place in the city or wherever we gather. As the third room, a special place outside the home or office where people can gather. Open space which is always located outside the mass of the building that can be utilized and used by everyone and provides opportunities to carry out various activities. As a form of need in open space settlements that are planned because of the need for meeting places and joint activities in open spaces. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in these open public spaces. Spatial circulation occurs due to activities and series of activities that form pathways and connect existing activities. The development of urban areas as centers of economic and governmental activity has triggered an increase in the need for space. Until the 1960s Kampung Keling was still dominated by the Tamil community, after that they gradually sold their land to the Chinese community. In the 1970s this residential area developed into the most elite commercial area in Medan City.

New words have found their way into the public sphere: we now commonly talk about “confinement”, “barrier-gesture” or “distancing”. The very idea of public space has been transformed: with restrictions on movement and interaction in public; with the reintegration of lives (certain lives) into the home (if there is one) and private space; with the publicization of private space through internet relationships; with the cities’ space occupied, during confinement, by so-called “essential” workers; with the restriction of gatherings and political demonstrations in public space. With these and other recent changes, it is imperative to revisit the concept of public space, which continues to be used as if it were self-evident, despite its profound transformation over the past few decades, in a process of realization and “literalization”. No longer just a comfortable metaphor for reasonable debates, public space has become a concrete reality in the 21th century. This transformation in the various phenomena, such as the occupation of squares and public spaces; the demand for spaces of conversation and expression for those without a voice; the transition of private matters into the public realm through verbal expression; and the expression and circulation of public issues within popular cultures. As a result, the question of public space is increasingly intertwined with that of private spaces, such as the home or individual subjectivities, forming an internal, logical relationship.

Abstract The main purpose of this essay is the analysis of the discourses expressed between Jaider Esbell’s Brazilian artistic sculptures and the monuments of the urban space. Based on J. Lotman’s notion of semiotic boundary space of culture, the analysis focuses on the controversial discursive relationships, such as intelligibility and unintelligibility; translation and untranslatability, and so on, observed from the historical tensioning of cultural languages. This analytical path leads us to intercultural relationships in which artistic languages in semiotic boundary spaces manifest the Aesthesis condition that has given the theoretical foundations for the Decolonial studies and the arising of a new episteme in the understanding of intercultural relationships. Thus, the semiotic concept of boundary space allows us to analyse various discursive relationships in historical-political contexts in the contemporary debate.

We use a bioinformatic description of amino acid dynamic properties, based on residue-specific average B factors, to construct a dynamics-based, large-scale description of a space of protein sequences. We examine the relationship between that space and an independently constructed, structure-based space comprising the same sequences. It is demonstrated that structure and dynamics are only moderately correlated. It is further shown that helical proteins fall into two classes with very different structure–dynamics relationships. We suggest that dynamics in the two helical classes are dominated by distinctly different modes––pseudo–one-dimensional, localized helical modes in one case, and pseudo–three-dimensional (3D) global modes in the other. Sheet/barrel and mixed-α/β proteins exhibit more conventional structure–dynamics relationships. It is found that the strongest correlation between structure and dynamic properties arises when the latter are represented by the sequence average of the dynamic index, which corresponds physically to the overall mobility of the protein. None of these results are accessible to bioinformatic methods hitherto available.

The aim of this article is to reflect on and share the findings of the Networking Event ‘Give us Space: Augmented public space geographies in the changing public/private relationships.’ The Event addressed emerging spatial issues in the production of the public realm of contemporary cities. This topic has been at the centre of the discourse on urbanism in both humanities and social sciences for decades, reflecting the increasing interest in spatial problems that have contributed to the crisis of public life in the socioeconomic, cultural and political spheres. The recent pervasion of spatial privatisation and public sphere mediatisation processes require a refoundation of this discourse. The discussions addressed some of the key areas of concern raised by the New Urban Agenda (NUA) related to open space, focusing on socio-spatial problems in the pervading production of semi-public spaces in contexts of rapid urbanization. Using a comparative urbanism perspective that highlighted the expanding role of digital geography, it elaborated upon specific Sustainable Development Goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These are the goals concerned with good health and well-being (3), reduced inequalities (10), sustainable cities and communities (11), and partnerships for the goals (17). The event created a platform for knowledge exchange and networking amongst stakeholders. This aimed to 1) build capacity in both research and practice; 2) identify problems, limitations, and opportunities with respect to the various actors and stakeholders of urban public space; 3) highlight issues concerning less advantaged groups in society: children, youth and elderly, ‘differently-able,’ indigenous people, marginalized genders, migrants and socioeconomically deprived people.

This paper contributes to the field of supra-soft topology. We introduce and investigate supra pp-soft Tj and supra pt-soft Tj-spaces (j=0,1,2,3,4). These are defined in terms of different ordinary points; they rely on partial belong and partial non-belong relations in the first type, and partial belong and total non-belong relations in the second type. With the assistance of examples, we reveal the relationships among them as well as their relationships with classes of supra-soft topological spaces such as supra tp-soft Tj and supra tt-soft Tj-spaces (j=0,1,2,3,4). This work also investigates both the connections among these spaces and their relationships with the supra topological spaces that they induce. Some connections are shown with the aid of examples. In this regard, we prove that for i=0,1, possessing the Ti property by a parametric supra-topological space implies possessing the pp-soft Ti property by its supra-soft topological space. This relationship is invalid for the other types of soft spaces introduced in previous literature. We derive some results of pp-soft Ti-spaces from the cardinality numbers of the universal set and a set of parameters. We also demonstrate how these spaces behave as compared to their counterparts studied in soft topology and its generalizations (such as infra-soft topologies and weak soft topologies). Moreover, we investigated whether subspaces, finite product spaces, and soft S🟉-continuous mappings preserve these axioms.

The landscape spaces of Qijiang ancient town take on special combined characteristics of contrary space sequence. The space configurations are unique and diversiform, particular about the whole harmony between inner and outer environments, human and space. The space-time configurations reflect ordered, blending and continuous in inner and outer landscape spaces. The contrary space configurations experienced more than 2000-year historic evolutions. The landscape spaces have extended continuously and reasonably complying with the combined characteristics of contrary space sequences. But in the late of last century, a lot of the landscape spaces were destroyed. Analysis on the contrary space configurations and evolutions will help us to look for the relationships and rules of the original spaces, and supply references to recovering multidimensional and sustainable ancient environments spaces.

Understanding older adults’ relationships with their environments and the way this relationship evolves over time have been increasingly acknowledged in gerontological research. This relationship is often measured in terms of life-space, defined as the spatial area through which a person moves within a specific period of time. Life-space is traditionally reported using questionnaires or travel diaries and is, thus, subject to inaccuracies. More recently, studies are using a global positioning system to accurately measure life-space. Although life-space provides useful insights into older adults’ relationships with their environment, it does not capture the inherent complexities of environmental exposures. In the fields of travel behaviour and health geography, a substantial amount of research has looked at people’s spatial behaviour using the notion of “Activity Space,” allowing for increasing sophistication in understanding older adults’ experience of their environment. This manuscript discusses developments and directions for extending the life-space framework in environmental gerontology by drawing on the advancements in the activity space framework.

Climate strongly shapes plant diversity over large spatial scales, with relatively warm and wet (benign, productive) regions supporting greater numbers of species. Unresolved aspects of this relationship include what causes it, whether it permeates to community diversity at smaller spatial scales, whether it is accompanied by patterns in functional and phylogenetic diversity as some hypotheses predict, and whether it is paralleled by climate-driven changes in diversity over time. Here, studies of Californian plants are reviewed and new analyses are conducted to synthesize climate–diversity relationships in space and time. Across spatial scales and organizational levels, plant diversity is maximized in more productive (wetter) climates, and these consistent spatial relationships are mirrored in losses of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity over time during a recent climatic drying trend. These results support the tolerance and climatic niche conservatism hypotheses for climate–diversity relationships, and suggest there is some predictability to future changes in diversity in water-limited climates.

Relationships between fuzzy relations and fuzzy topologies are deeply researched. The concept of fuzzy approximating spaces is introduced and decision conditions that a fuzzy topological space is a fuzzy approximating space are obtained.

The radio signals transmitted by wireless technologies create a form of space that is pervasive but intangible to human senses. The multiplicity of radio waves is most commonly represented through the trope of ‘radio spectrum’, but this paper argues that this construct is too limited to communicate the extensive presence of radio waves in the environment, their relationship with human subjectivity, and the technical, economic, political and cultural dimensions of wireless transmission and reception. The space of wirelessness is conceptualised in this paper as a ‘spectrumscape’, a dynamic presence in the environment that is also a dimension of global flows, imbued with relationships of power and financial interests.

The radio signals transmitted by wireless technologies create a form of space that is pervasive but intangible to human senses. The multiplicity of radio waves is most commonly represented through the trope of ‘radio spectrum’, but this paper argues thai this construct is too limited to communicate the extensive presence of radio waves in the environment, their relationship with human subjectivity, and the technical, economic, political and cultural dimensions of wireless transmission and reception. The space of wirelessness is conceptualised in this paper as a ‘spectrumscape’, a dynamic presence in the environment that is also a dimension of global flows, imbued with relationships of power and financial interests.