Tesis sobre el tema "Relation génotype"
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Frère, Corinne. "Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor : étude de la relation génotype-phénotype". Aix Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20695.
Texto completoThe Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) is a fibrinolysis inhibitor. A great interindividual variability in TAFI Ag levels has been described. In this work, we have demonstrated that TAFI gene polymorphisms explain 25% of TAFI level variability. This effect seems to be the consequence of the action of 2 polymorphisms. A trans-ethnic study enabled us to identify the T+1583A and -2345 2G/1G polymorphisms as potently QTNs. We have further studied the association between TAFI polymorphisms and coronary heart disease and demonstrated that the Thr147 allele is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Finally, we have studied TAFI levels during myocardial infarction and thrombolysis
Girerd, Barbara. "Nouvelles approches génétiques dans l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire humaine : relation phénotique - génotype". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T061.
Texto completoOdorico, Andréas. "Modéliser l'évolution de la relation génotype-phénotypes dans des réseaux de régulation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS537/document.
Texto completoThe identification of genetic information as the as a physical basis for heredity put genes in the spotlight for the study of evolution and of the mechanisms shaping characters. However, the processes allowing genetic variation to translate into phenotypic variation are complex and their identification is crucial for the study of evolution.Genotype-phenotype relationship designates the function connecting the genotype and the phenotype spaces. Studying its properties will shed the light on mechanisms able to alter evolutionary trajectories and improve our understanding of the evolutionary process. I defend the importance of a mechanistic study of the processes translating genetic variation into a phenotypic one and use a model of transcriptional regulation networks to do so.This study tackles the topic of the effects of an environmental information on the genotype-phenotype relationship and its properties (especially canalization, the robustness of a phenotype to genetic or environmental disturbances). To do so, I studied the evolution of simulated regulatory networks in presence of a gene acting as an environmental sensor as well as in presence of non genetic inheritance.This document begins with a general discussion on the purpose of modelling approaches and the insights they bring on the study of complex phenomena. The results are discussed in the light of the debates on the necessity of an « evolutionary extended synthesis » to describe the evolutionary processes in a way hardly available with the gene-centered approach
Peter, Jackson. "Dissection de la relation génotype-phénotype par des études d'association chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ064/document.
Texto completoElucidating the genetic origin of phenotypic diversity among individuals within the same species is essential to understand evolution. Using whole genome sequences of 1,011 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates, my work sought to describe intraspecific genetic variation and investigate of its phenotypic consequences. Doing so, I obtained a precise view of the evolutionary history of S. cerevisiae. Phenotypic characterization provided the opportunity to perform genotype-phenotype genome-wide association studies with unprecedented power. I then focused on the evaluation of the parameters influencing genome-wide association studies, the appreciation of the limits of such an approach, and ways to circumvent them
David, Patrice. "Structures génétiques et relation génotype-phénotype en milieu marin : Le cas du bivalve "Spisula ovalis"". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20143.
Texto completoDebut, Martine. "Etude génétique de la qualité de la viande de poulet en relation avec le stress avant abattage". Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4047.
Texto completoThis thesis aimed at estimating the genetic variability of stress response and muscle characteristics of chickens in relation with the technological quality of their meat. This work showed that a sib-selection for the final pH could efficiently improve the colour, water-holding capacity and texture of the breast meat. Besides, importance of stressless pre-slaughter conditions is highlighted in order to increase the animal-welfare and improve the quality of the meat quality
Becdelievre, Alix de. "Contribution à l'amélioration des connaissances sur la relation génotype-phénotype dans la mucoviscidose et caractérisation phénotypique de l'inflammation pulmonaire". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733488.
Texto completoBecdelièvre, Alix de. "Contribution à l’amélioration des connaissances sur la relation génotype-phénotype dans la mucoviscidose et caractérisation phénotypique de l’inflammation pulmonaire". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0084/document.
Texto completoCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common severe autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population. Apart from classical CF, there is a broad range of phenotypes associated with a huge genotypic variability concerning the mutations in the CFTR gene. In order to develop a mutation specific therapeutic approach, a better understanding of the phenotype]genotype correlation and its underlying mechanism is primordial. In the first part of our work, we focused on genotype‐phenotype correlation. With a retrospective study on 694 cases of prenatal diagnosis of CF for fetal bowel anomalies, we report on the most evocative digestive abnormal patterns and propose to revise current strategies for the CFTR gene analysis. The second part concerns the CFTR promoter functional analysis. Mutations which conserve a residual CFTR channel function, such as mutations affecting the gene regulation, can be involved in atypical phenotypes. However, knowledge about the CFTR promoter reminds poor and the clinical significance of new variants identified in this region is difficult to evaluate. Our implementation of functional analysis tools will improve the appreciation of such new variants in the CFTR promoter and open new insights for the gene regulation study. In the third part, we contributed to study the inappropriate pulmonary inflammation which characterizes CF, the respiratory affection being the major factor of morbidity and mortality in the disease. COMMD1 is a pleiotropic protein involved in CFTR trafficking, ionic exchanges in the airways surface liquid and inflammation inhibition. In our study, we show the anti]inflammatory role of COMMD1 in the context of cystic fibrosis. Modulation of the exaggerated inflammation belongs to currently therapeutic challenges, and we show the ability of COMMD1, a protein partner of CFTR, to buffer the NF-kB pathway activation
Duarte, Kévin. "Du génotype au phénotype : Analyse comparée de mutations du gène de déficience intellectuelle PAK3". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS511.
Texto completoIntellectual Disability (ID) is often associated with other morphological and psychiatric clinical signs, but this comorbidity is poorly characterized for ID associated with a given gene. Thus mutations of the p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3) gene are responsible for a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from mild ID to severe ID, sometimes associated with brain malformations. We hypothesize that different mutations of the same gene may affect various biochemical parameters and differentially affect the signaling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity and brain development. To validate our hypothesis, we characterized a new mutation responsible for a severe intellectual disability associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum and microcephaly. This mutation suppresses kinase activity, does not affect protein stability and increases the interaction with a GEF of the PIX family. These latest results identify a new signaling pathway impacted by certain PAK3 mutations. The expression of this variant modifies the cellular morphology and the dynamics of the focal adhesions, as well as cell migratory properties, which could link the biochemical defects to those of certain cell functions. Interestingly, these features are also found for another variant responsible for a very similar severe clinical spectrum. We have also characterized other mutations associated with less severe phenotypes. The synthesis of our results allows us to propose an explanatory model of the genotype-phenotype relationship integrating neurodevelopmental and synaptic plasticity defects for intellectual disability and other clinical traits associated to the PAK3 gene mutations
Chartrin, Pascal. "Évolution des dépôts adipeux intramusculaires au cours de la croissance et du gavage du canard : relation avec la qualité de la viande". Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S123.
Texto completoRozet, Jean-Michel. "Le gene abcr : HOMOGENEITE GENETIQUE VERSUS HETEROGENEITE CLINIQUE, UN PARADOXE AU SEIN DES DYSTROPHIES RETINIENNES HEREDITAIRES : UN MODELE DE CORRELATIONS génotype-phénotype". Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05N114.
Texto completoGaudy-Graffin, Catherine. "Variabilité génétique de l'enveloppe du virus de l'hépatite C de génotype 1b en relation avec la réponse au traitement antiviral : étude du polymorphisme des régions HVR1 et PePHD". Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR3302.
Texto completoThe heterogeneite of hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), located in the E2 envelope, may be involved in resistance to IFN treatment. We investigated whether peculiar HVR1 domain profiles before treatment were associated with sensitivity or resistance to treatment. Fifteen patients infected with HCV-1b and treated with IFN +/- ribavirin were selected : ten responders (R1/R2) and five non-responders (NR). HVR1 sequences of 150 naturally occuring variants present in the sera previos therapy, were compared in correlation to treatment outcome. Antigenic prediction for HVR1 domains showed that NR variants had a constant no antigenic segment that was not found in variants from the R groups. Variability of PePHD domain, was explored in 25 HCV-1b-infected patients. The PePHD was conserved in resistant and susceptible genotype 1b strains. PePHD sequence cannot be used to predict reliably the outcome of treatment in HCV-1b-infected patients
Cassan, Laurent. "Etude de l'interaction génotype x azote chez l'endive (Cichorium intybus L. Var foliosum) : caractérisation physiologique et génétique (QTLs) de la NUE en relation avec la qualité du chicon". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066016.
Texto completoBuduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Texto completoDobrigna, Manon. "Étude multi-échelle de modèles murins de déficience intellectuelle associée à PAK3". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL106.
Texto completoP21-Activated Kinases (PAKs) are serine/threonine kinases essential for brain development, acting downstream of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics through cofilin phosphorylation. This regulation is crucial for key neuronal processes, including migration, neurite outgrowth, axon guidance, synapse formation, and plasticity.In this thesis, I reviewed current knowledge on Group I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) and their roles in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in Group I PAK genes have distinct effects, partly due to differences in their specific functions, regulatory mechanisms, spatio-temporal expression patterns, and chromosomal locations. PAK1 mutations are associated with intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), epilepsy, and macrocephaly, while PAK2 mutations are primarily linked to ASD and Knobloch syndrome type 2. PAK3 pathogenic mutations cause ID, often accompanied by ASD, epilepsy, variations in brain size (microcephaly or macrocephaly), and other psychiatric traits. The broad spectrum of symptoms linked to PAK3 mutations, ranging from mild ID to severe neurological disorders, suggests that multiple pathogenic mechanisms may be involved in these clinical conditions. The wide clinical spectrum and lack of mutation hotspots complicate the full characterization of PAK3-related disorders (Dobrigna et al., 2023). Among Group I PAKs, the PAK3 gene is the only one located on the X chromosome, meaning that its mutations predominantly affect males. Some PAK3 mutations lead to complete protein loss, while missense mutations may alter kinase activity or protein interactions. Notably, nonsense PAK3 mutations are associated with less severe ID compared to mutations resulting in a stable PAK3 protein devoid of kinase activity.To better understand the pathogenicity of PAK3 missense mutations, we focused on two variants: PAK3-R67C, which alters Rac1 and Cdc42 interactions and leads to moderate-to-severe ID, and PAK3-G424R, which causes a loss of kinase activity and is associated with more severe cognitive impairments, ASD, epilepsy, and microcephaly.Our multi-scale analysis of mouse models carrying these mutations revealed significant differences. Pak3-R67C mice showed minor neuroanatomical changes, moderate microcephaly, reduced synaptic transmission, and mild cognitive impairments, closely aligning with clinical observations. In vitro studies suggest defects in PAK3/PIX signaling and indicate Paxillin dysregulation. These changes may contribute to the observed microcephaly in vivo. In contrast, Pak3-G424R mice displayed more profound neurodevelopmental defects, including severe cognitive and behavioral deficits. Interestingly, the results in the Pak3-G424R model did not mirror those found in Pak3-KO mice, which only exhibited aversive memory deficits and late long-term potentiation deficits. Instead, the Pak3-G424R model more closely resembled the Pak1/Pak3-KO. Therefore, we propose that the presence of a kinase-dead PAK3 variant is more detrimental than the complete absence of PAK3, as the PAK3-G424R protein may interfere with signaling, particularly affecting PAK1 activity. These findings underscore the need for further research to clarify genotype-phenotype relationships in PAK3-related ID and to develop targeted therapeutic interventions
Castéra, Laurent. "Etude des relations génotype/phénotype dans le rétinoblastome". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794201.
Texto completoFareau-Saposnik, Béatrice. "Etude fonctionnelle du domaine homologue à la Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) de la protéine S et relation génotype-phénotype du récepteur des cellules endothéliales de la protéine C (EPCR), deux cofacteurs du système de la protéine C". Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05P625.
Texto completoThree cofactors participate to protein C (PC) anticoagulant pathway, the thrombomodulin (TM), the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) and the protein S (PS). TM and EPCR are involved in the first step of the pathway by accelerating the PC activation step, whereas PS increases factors Va and VIIIa inactivation by activated PC (aPC), thereby inhibits further thrombin generation. If TM plays an unequivocal role by increasing by 20000 fold the PC activation into aPC, the role of PS and EPCR are more elusive since enzymatic reactions they favorize are increased by 20 or 5 fold, respectively. Nevertheless, the severe thrombotic disease observed in patients with homozygous protein S deficiency highlights the key role of PS in maintaining blood fluidity. Then, the mechanism by which PS inhibits coagulation in vitro remained to be elucidated, and this motivated the first part of our study. We focussed our work on the PS C-terminal domain, which is a sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)-like domain which replaces the serine protease domain found in other vitamin K dependent plasma proteins, the functions of which are unclear. We expressed the PS SHBG-like domain alone or together with its adjacent domain EGF4. These both recombinant modules were purified and their biochemical features revealed that they adopted the conformation of native PS, indicating that PS SHBG-like region is an independent folding unit. We also obtained the first evidence that the SHBG-like domain alone is sufficient to support the interaction with C4b-binding protein, and contains one Calcium binding site. However, neither recombinant module exhibited aPC cofactor activity in a clotting assay, suggesting that the PS SHBG-like domain must be part of the intact molecule for it to contribute to aPC activity, possibly by constraining the different domains in a conformation that permits optimal interaction with aPC. .
Loegler, Victor. "The genotype-phenotype relationship through the pangenome perspective". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ071.
Texto completoGenomic variation within a species provides the basis for the heritable phenotypic variation upon which natural selection acts. However, exploring the role of structural variants (SVs, more than 50 base pairs) on trait variation remains a challenge due to the difficulty of detecting them. This thesis research aims to address the phenotypic impact of such variants by leveraging a natural population of over a thousand isolates of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pangenome construction using near telomere-to-telomere assemblies enabled the creation of a comprehensive catalog of genomic variants. Association studies with more than 8,000 molecular and organismal traits revealed the relatively higher impact of SVs on traits variation, and discrepancies in the genomic basis of different types of traits. Together, this work highlights the strong phenotypic effect of large genomic variants at the species level
Lupoglazoff, Jean-Marc. "Relations phénotype-génotype dans le syndrome du QT long congénital". Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD02.
Texto completoNevers, Yannis Alain. "Exploitation de marqueurs évolutifs pour l'étude des relations génotype-phénotype : application aux ciliopathies". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ090/document.
Texto completoIn the omics era, the study of genotype-phenotype relations requires the integration of a wide variety of data to describe diverse aspects of biological systems. Comparative genomics provides an original perspective, that of evolution, allowing the exploitation of the wide phenotypic diversity of living species. My thesis focused on the design of evolutionary markers to describe genes according to their evolutionary history. First, I built an exhaustive orthology resource, called OrthoInspector 3.0, to extract synthetic evolutionary information from genomic data. I then developed methods to explore the markers in relation to functional or phenotypic data. These methods have been incorporated in the OrthoInspector resource, as well as in the MyGeneFriends social network and applied to the study of ciliopathies, leading to the identification of 87 new ciliary genes
Abbes, Zouhaier. "Estimation de la sensibilité et de la tolérance de différents génotypes de féverole (Vicia faba L. ) à la plante parasite Orobanche foetida Poiret : Impact du génotype hôte sur les particularités physiologiques et métaboliques du parasite". Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2076.
Texto completoThis work aim to evaluate some sensitivity and tolerance degrees of various faba bean genotypes to O. Foetida, to characterize mechanisms involved in resistance and finally to estimate the impact of the host genotype on the parasite sink strength which controls parasite development following attachment to the host roots. Cultures were performed under field, pot and in vitro conditions. The genotype Bachaar was used as the control of high sensitivity. Among the five tested genotypes, XBJ90. 03-16-1-1-1 was the less sensitive and the most productive under infestation in both field and pot assays. The root exudates of this genotype displayed low stimulatory activity for orobanche seed germination. Consequently, few tubercles developed on roots. The infection process of all these genotypes was followed in vitro. In comparison to Bachaar, the genotypes known as moderately resistant genotypes under field conditions limited growth of orobanche tubercles under in vitro conditions, especially the genotype XBJ90. 03-16-1-1-1. Growth of the parasite should be mediated by soluble invertase activities and restricted following attachment to XBJ90. 03-16-1-1-1 roots by the low osmotic potential of the infected roots in addition to the organic nitrogen deficiency of the host phloem sap. On the other hand, the faba bean genotype did not influence the osmoregulation process of O. Foetida. Potassium was by far the major osmotically active compound in orobanche. Among the organic solutes, hexoses were accumulated highly in the growing stems. In contrast, tubercles displayed higher contents in starch and free amino acids, mainly in asparagine and aspartate. In parallel, asparagine/aspartate, glutamine/glutamate, alanine, serine and gamma amino butyric acid were identified as the main nitrogen compounds in the host phloem exudates. The key role of the enzymes asparagine synthetase and aspartate oxaloglutarate aminotransferase in the utilization of these host-derived amino acids is proposed in O. Foetida parasitizing faba bean
Sigwalt, Anastasie. "Origines génétiques de la variation de tolérance au stress au sein de populations naturelles de levures". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ024/document.
Texto completoA central issue of modern genetics is to better understand how genetic variations between individuals within a species influence the phenotypic diversity and the evolution. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism offers a unique opportunity to address this issue through the dissection of the genetic architecture of stress tolerance across a population. My study reveals an additional level of complexity of the genotype-phenotype relationship. Indeed, simple Mendelian traits (monogenic determinism) may become more complex (multigenic determinism) depending on genetic background due to the action of modifier genes, epistatic interactions and / or suppressors. However, evolutionary processes can be very different depending on the species. That is why a non-conventional yeast species namely Lachancea kluyveri (formerly S. kluyveri) was also studied. This species distantly related to S. cerevisiae has a higher genetic diversity and remains a relatively unexplored resource. The exploration of the phenotypic diversity and the determination of the genetic origins initiated in this study lay foundations for the analysis of the genetic architecture of traits and the evolution of the genotype-phenotype relationship within diverse yeast species
Niel, Clément. "Développement de stratégies avancées pour l'identification de relations épistatiques dans les études d'associations génotype-phénotype". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4117.
Texto completoAbsent
Rouguieg-Malki, Koukeb. "Etudes des relations génotype-phénotype des enzymes du métabolisme et des transporteurs d'efflux des xénobiotiques". Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/1c8b244e-e3b4-4e4e-a896-2784dba945cb/blobholder:0/2010LIMO310E.pdf.
Texto completoIn the body, the detoxification of xenobiotics (drugs, carcinogens. . . ) involves phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, as well as efflux transporters. We investigated several aspects of the genotype-phenotype relationships of these enzymes and transporters. We showed that the functional polymorphism of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A5 (Phase I enzyme), CYP3A5*3 has no influence on the metabolism of the immunosuppressive drug everolimus, in vitro and among 30 kidney transplant patients. We found that the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT; phase II enzymes) isoforms involved in the metabolism of buprenorphine (opioid replacement therapy) are the UGT 1A1, 1A3 and 2B7. Moreover, we showed in vitro that among UGT1A1*1/*1 genotype carriers, the presence of at least one UGT2B7 G-842A mutated allele was associated with an increased buprenorphine glucuronidation activity. We developed an in vitro « cocktail » method to evaluate the hepatic activity of five UGTs (1A1, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7). This approach consists in the simultaneous estimation of several enzyme activities after incubation of a mixture of selective substrates with human liver microsomes. We used this method to evaluate the inhibitory effect of buprenorphine on these five UGT activities. Finally, we retrospectively investigated the association between common polymorphisms in the genes coding UGT 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 2B7 and efflux transporters (MDR1 and MRP2) and colorectal cancer (CRC) by comparing cases (colorectal cancer patients) to two control groups (patients suffering from kidney cancer or healthy volunteers). Three polymorphisms of the MDR1/ABCB1 gene (C1236T, G2677T and C3435T) as well as its triple mutant haplotype were significantly related to a very low incidence of CRC. We also found for the first time an association between this cancer and MRP2/ABCC2 gene haplotypes. These investigations provide knowledge about polymorphisms impact on drug metabolism and potential involvement in CRC
Redonnet, Vernhet Isabelle. "Approche de la physiopathologie des maladies lysosomales etude des relations genotype-phenotype au travers de trois lipidoses". Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU3A207.
Texto completoGuillet, Benoît. "Analyse des relations génotype-phénotype du facteur VIII : interactions avec le facteur IX, le facteur Willebrand et la LRP1". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10319.
Texto completoThe factor VIII (FVIII) is a glucoprotein of the coagulation, being the cofactor of the activated factor IX (FIXa). Its metabolism depends on various limiting factors or enhancing its survey or function. The objective of this research’s work was to analyse different parameters that could influence the plasma FVIII level and its pro-coagulant function. It included 4 parts : 1) We showed that the known intra-cellular retention of FVIII was mainly due to its aggregation and degradation following both proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. 2) We analysed FVIII gene mutations responsible for hemophilia A in a large patients cohort. The bio-informatic analysis demonstrated its deleterious consequence. The influence of these mutations on the anti-FVIII antibodies occurrence was stratified, in association with ethnicity and familial antecedent of inhibitor. 3) The research of factors influencing FVIII levels in hemophilia A carriers showed : i) major determinants such as the presence of an additional genetic disease characterised by a FVIII deficiency, the factor Willebrad’s level and the non-random inactivation of the X chromosome; and ii) minor determinants : age, severity of hemophilia, the polymorphism D1241E of FVIII gene, and 5 new polymorphisms of LRP1 located in its binding site for FVIII.4) We analysed 8 recombinant FVIII with in vitro created mutations in its 1808-1818 region. Previous studies that analysed only the FVIII light chain, have shown that this region constituted the more affine binding site of FVIII for FIXa. We demonstrated here that the 1808-1818 region is not as essential as it was reported because within the entire molecule, its affinity decreases and mutations affecting it do alter mildly the FVIII activity
Luu, Tien Dao. "Développement d'une infrastructure d'analyse multi-niveaux pour la découverte des relations entre génotype et phénotype dans les maladies génétiques humaines". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866371.
Texto completoValente, Jordan. "Impact du génotype de blé dans les interactions avec les rhizobactéries : quelle influence de la sélection variétale sur les relations entre plantes et bactéries phytostimulatrices ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1335/document.
Texto completoSince 1960, the great majority of wheat modern varieties are dwarf varieties (because of Rht genes), showing multiple differences compared to ancient varieties. Thus, they are more able to use synthetic fertilizers used in huge quantities since the mid-20th and show higher yield. However, few studies have been made regarding the impact of modern breeding on root systems and on interactions of crops with soil bacteria. Yet, these evolutions in agricultural practises could have reduced the beneficial effects brought by PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria), and the genetic traits involved in these interactions between plant and PGPR may have not been selected in modern genotypes. Our work hypothesis in this thesis is that PGPR are more able to interact with ancient genotypes than modern ones. To test this hypothesis, we had 199 bread wheat accessions representative of the wheat varieties selected since the mid-19th. Using an in vitro screening approach, we assessed the abilities of two PGPR model strains, Pseudomonas kilonensis F113 and Azospirillum brasilense Sp245, to colonize the roots of these genotypes and to express genes involved in plant-beneficial functions. Then, we assessed whether the results obtained in vitro had a biological significance by measuring the amelioration of growth performance of wheat genotypes using a soil pot inoculation experiment under greenhouse. Finally, an in-field study was performed to analyse the impact of wheat genotypes on the indigenous bacterial communities. This work showed (1) a better ability of F113 and Sp245 to interact with ancient wheat genotypes than modern ones, (2) better growth performance improvements in wheat genotypes that showed good results during screening experiments and (3) an impact of wheat genotypes on indigenous bacterial communities, notably between ancient and modern genotypes
Pontais, Isabelle. "Réponses moléculaires à Erwinia amylovora de deux génotypes de pommier sensible et résistant au feu bactérien". Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0002.
Texto completoErwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a disease that affects Maloideae including apple trees. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to disease susceptibility or resistance. In a first part the phenylpropanoid pathway was investigated. It has been indeed previously shown that some genes of this pathway are repressed by the bacteria, particularly in a susceptible genotype. In the present work, an in vitro analysis showed that two phenolics of apple (catechin and phloretin) have bactericidal effect against E. Amylovora and are able at lower concentrations to repress the expression of hrp genes, which are essential for the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The quantification by HPLC of phenolic compounds in a susceptible and a resistant apple genotypes during the interaction with E. Amylovora was performed. Results show that dihydrochalcones (DHC including phloretin) are the major phenolics in the organs studied (leaves). Every main DHC product of the susceptible genotype is repressed during the interaction with E. Amylovora, which is not the case in the resistant one. These compounds could then play a role in the resistance of apple to E. Amylovora. In a second part of this work, a global approach was undertaken by microarrays with a chip enriched in defense genes (768 genes on the whole). Results show that the salicylic acid pathway is early induced by the bacteria in the resistant genotype, whereas the jasmonic pathway is repressed in the susceptible one. Expressions of some genes were validated through quantitative PCR. Analysis of the involvement of Hrp effectors in the observed inductions or repressions demonstrates that DspA/E and HrpN have a leading role and often work in combination
Rheault, Karelle. "Influence du génotype du peuplier sur les communautés microbiennes de sa rhizosphère dans un contexte de restauration des sites miniers". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/39751.
Texto completoTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 9 juillet 2020)
Documents en annexe en format Excel : Supp08_Pairwise_comparison_taxa_Greenhouse.xlsx; Supp03_Correlation_chimie_vs_taxa_Field.xlsx; Supp10_Correlation_taxa_vs_growth_Greenhouse.xlsx; Supp07_Pairwise_comparison_functions_Greenhouse.xlsx; Supp11_Pairwise_comparison_origin_Greenhouse.xlsx; Supp02_Pairwise_comparison_taxa_functions_Field.xlsx; Supp09_Correlation_chimie_vs_taxa_Greenhouse.xlsx
L’industrie minière au Canada contribue significativement à la prospérité et à la qualité de vie du pays. Toutefois, la législation d’autrefois n’étant pas suffisamment sévère, le Canada s’est retrouvé avec des centaines de sites miniers orphelins non restaurés. Ces sites miniers abandonnés représentent un risque environnemental majeur à cause des grandes quantités de déchets miniers exposés pouvant contaminer l’environnement par la lixiviation et l’érosion éolienne et hydrique. Plusieurs facteurs limitent la revégétalisation naturelle de ces sites, notamment des conditions abiotiques extrêmes, une faible disponibilité en éléments nutritifs et les activités anthropiques. Cette étude visait, dans un premier temps, à déterminer l’impact de la présence de peupliers baumiers sur les déchets miniers de deux sites miniers contrastés de la région de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue. La végétation a amélioré les propriétés physicochimiques des déchets miniers et provoqué un changement important dans la composition des communautés bactériennes et fongiques, passant des communautés lithotrophes dominantes dans les environnements de déchets miniers sans végétation à des communautés hétérotrophes impliquées dans le cycle des éléments nutritifs avec végétation. Dans un deuxième temps, lors d’une expérience en serre, dix génotypes de Populus balsamiferarécoltés sur ces sites miniers et en périphérie ont été cultivés dans ces déchets miniers pendant deux saisons de croissance. Le but de cette seconde étude était de déterminer l’effet des interactions génotype-par-environnement sur les propriétés physicochimiques des substrats et des communautés microbiennes à l’aide dumétabarcodage. Bien que le type de substrat ait été identifié comme le facteur principal de la diversité et de la structure du microbiome de la rhizosphère, un effet significatif du génotype de l’arbre a également été détecté. Nos résultats mettent en évidence l’influence du génotype du peuplier baumier sur son environnement et l’importance potentielle de la sélection du génotype des arbres dans le contexte de la restauration de sites miniers
Reich, Marlis. "Application des techniques de génotypage à haut débit pour l'étude des communautés fongiques des sols". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10034/document.
Texto completoIn forest ecosystems, fungal communities are highly diverse since several environmental factors influence their richness and structure. Host plant composition is one of the major factors, as the main input of carbohydrates into soil is plant-derived. Ecological research of fungal communities was hindered by the lack of high-throughput diagnostic tools. To ease the large-scale identification of fungi, we have constructed and validated two generations of ribosomal DNA phylochips. The last generation of developed phylochips carried species-specific probes for about 10,000 fungal species spread over the whole fungal kingdom. We applied the developed phylochips to describe the impact of host trees on ectomycorrhizal communities over the time scale of one year. Furthermore, we monitored the diversity of fungal communities under six different host trees by generating over 180,000 sequences using 454 pyrosequencing approach. Results of both techniques revealed a high influence of the different tree species on soil fungal community composition, richnesse and abundance. Furthermore, host preference was observed for most of the ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. However, host preference appeared mainly on species level, but not on family level showing also the ubiquistic character of some of the microorganisms
Dubuffet, Aurore. "Variation intra spécifique de résistance et de virulence dans un système hôte-parasitoïde : Approche intégrative de la spécificité des interactions". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00101898.
Texto completoLe travail de thèse présenté ici porte sur les variations de virulence du parasitoïde et les variations de résistance de l'hôte à l'origine de variations dans l'issue du parasitisme dans le modèle Leptopilina boulardi - Drosophila yakuba. Deux lignées du parasitoïde L. boulardi, présentant des capacités de virulence contrastées vis à vis de l'hôte D. yakuba, ont été étudiées et comparées pour leur comportement de sélection d'hôte et leur stratégie de virulence. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent une relation entre capacités de virulence et comportement de choix d'hôte chez L. boulardi et démontrent l'existence chez une même espèce de parasitoïde de stratégies parasitaires différentes utilisées contre deux espèces hôtes. Les effets physiologiques du parasitisme sur l'immunité de l'hôte sont décrits et l'étude de la nature des facteurs de virulence est abordée. Les bases génétiques et physiologiques de la variation de résistance à L. boulardi chez l'hôte D. yakuba ont été par ailleurs étudiées à l'aide de deux lignées hôtes respectivement sensible et résistante.
L'ensemble des données obtenues au cours de cette thèse ont été comparées avec les données disponibles dans le modèle L. boulardi - D. melanogaster dans une approche permettant d'aborder les problèmes de spécificité d'hôte au niveau physiologique et moléculaire.
Tian, Liang. "Metabolic characterization of an adaptively evolved cell factory for continuous production of 1.3-propanediol and development of a new catalyst for 1.3 propanediol and acetone co-productions". Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2132.
Texto completoMicroorganisms have the ability to adapt rapidly to different environmental or metabolic constraints, but the detailed mechanism and the principles of this adaptive response in microorganism is poorly understood at the genetic, biochemical, and metabolic levels. Here, the glycerol pathway from S. cerevisiae and the B12-independent C. butyricum 1,3-PD pathways were introduced into E. coli and its central metabolic network was restructured to couple the production of 1.3-propanediol to the growth of the microorganism. This strain was grown in conditions favouring adaptive evolution for around 1000 hours. An evolved population was selected under optimal conditions in mineral medium. Comparing with the original strain, it can convert glucose to 1.3-PD at high molar yield (94 %) and its productivity was also significantly increased. Comparative whole genome sequencing technology was used to identify the genetic mutations and five mutating genes lpd, glpR, dhaK, nagD and GPP2 were discovered. All the mutations were further analysed and characterized to disclose their changes after the evolution and to elucidate their influence in the whole metabolic engineering network. To optimize the production of 1.3-PD further, we plan to convert the co-production of acetate to acetone. Indeed, the 1.3 propanediol production was hampered by the acetate inhibition on growth, and acetone is a valuable product which is less toxic thyan acetate. Both the acetate-dependent and independent pathways were tested to produce acetone and some modifications to adapt the global metabolic network were performed. Several strategies were applied to ameliorate the performance of acetone production. Finally, the bottleneck of the acetate-dependent acetone pathway under anaerobic condition was indentify and the acetate-independent acetone pathway still need to be improve with the selection of an evolved or mutant enzyme with high short-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase activity
Gilleron, Mylène. "Complexité des maladies mitochondriales : à partir de deux exemples". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066136/document.
Texto completoMitochondrial diseases represent a very diverse set of pathologies. With this work, I approached their complexity in two different situations: phenotypic analysis of fibroblasts derived from patients with defects of the respiratory complex III and phenotypic analysis of a cohort of patients, the POLG gene of whom had been sequenced. The complex III plays a central role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contrary to its complete biochemical characterization, its physiological role has been relatively poorly established. We selected 15 patients with complex III defect in liver and/or muscle and with fibroblasts expressing a respiratory defect. The genetic origin was initially known for four of these defects (UQCRB, BCS1L x2, MT- CYB) and during this project, we were able to identify three additional cases (CYC1, MT- CYB, LYRM7). We sought to assess the existence of a link between the disease phenotype and the defect characteristics: gene involved, tissue expression and cellular responses. Our population of fibroblasts, genetically heterogeneous, turned also to be diverse with respect to the biochemical and cellular consequences of the defect. A "typical" profile of complex III defect therefore does not seem to exist. Pathologies related to POLG mutations are often considered the most common mitochondrial diseases in adults. Their clinical presentation is very diverse. We have investigated the specificity and sensitivity of different clinical and biological signs considered as suggestive for POLG mutations and therefore leading to POLG sequencing. To that purpose, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical phenotype and mitochondrial investigations in 154 patients for which POLG had been sequenced revealing mutations affecting two alleles of the gene in 34 patients, one allele for 10 patients and a normal sequence for 110 patients. This study has shown that POLG mutations were responsible of recurrent clinical and paraclinical signs, whose sensitivity and specificity when considered in association allowed to propose a diagnostic flowchart for POLG sequencing. This study has also permitted to establish the natural story of diseases associated with deleterious POLG mutations in adults. In conclusion, classification of mitochondrial diseases by a common biochemical abnormality, a complex III defect in the present case, leads to group very different diseases that differ from their clinical, biochemical and cellular patterns. On the contrary, even in diseases considered highly diverse as those due to POLG mutations, classification by the affected gene allows to identify recurrent presentations in a population of adult patients with neurological presentation
Bresso, Emmanuel. "Organisation et exploitation des connaissances sur les réseaux d'intéractions biomoléculaires pour l'étude de l'étiologie des maladies génétiques et la caractérisation des effets secondaires de principes actifs". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0122/document.
Texto completoThe understanding of human diseases and drug mechanisms requires today to take into account molecular interaction networks. Recent studies on biological systems are producing increasing amounts of data. However, complexity and heterogeneity of these datasets make it difficult to exploit them for understanding atypical phenotypes or drug side-effects. This thesis presents two knowledge-based integrative approaches that combine data management, graph visualization and data mining techniques in order to improve our understanding of phenotypes associated with genetic diseases or drug side-effects. Data management relies on a generic data warehouse, NetworkDB, that integrates data on proteins and their properties. Customization of the NetworkDB model and regular updates are semi-automatic. Graph visualization techniques have been coupled with NetworkDB. This approach has facilitated access to biological network data in order to study genetic disease etiology, including X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). Meaningful sub-networks of genes have thus been identified and characterized. Drug side-effect profiles have been extracted from NetworkDB and subsequently characterized by a relational learning procedure coupled with NetworkDB. The resulting rules indicate which properties of drugs and their targets (including networks) preferentially associate with a particular side-effect profile
Bresso, Emmanuel. "Organisation et exploitation des connaissances sur les réseaux d'interactions biomoléculaires pour l'étude de l'étiologie des maladies génétiques et la caractérisation des effets secondaires de principes actifs". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917934.
Texto completoZancarini, Anouk. "Etude de l'interaction plante-communautés microbiennes de la rhizosphère chez l'espèce modèle Medicago truncatula par une approche multidisciplinaire : contribution à la réflexion sur le pilotage des interactions par la plante". Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS026.
Texto completoThe soil microbial communities can improve plant growth by increasing soil nutrient availability, thereby promoting their uptake by the plant. In an overall context of input reduction, the plant nutrition should be increasingly based on plant- rhizosphere microbial communities’ interactions. Yet, very few studies have examined the entire rhizosphere microbial communities in relationship with both plant genotype and phenotype. The aim of this thesis was to study the plant genotype effect on the rhizosphere microbial communities in relationship with the plant nutritional strategies.To do so, the plant-rhizosphere microbial communities’ interaction was assessed by a multidisciplinary approach combining ecophysiology and microbial ecology. The plant genotype effect on the genetic structure of the associated rhizosphere microbial communities was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. The different plant nutritional strategies were analyzed by a structural/functional approach taking into account both structure establishment e.g. leaves and functions e.g. photosynthesis.In a first experiment carried out on seven genotypes of Medicago truncatula, we showed that the Medicago truncatula genotype affected the genetic structure of the rhizosphere bacterial communities very early relatively to the plant development stages. However, at this early stage, few growth differences could be observed among the different genotypes. Yet, those genotypes presented contrasted nutritional strategies. Therefore, the functional descriptors were more efficient than the structural ones to discriminate plant genotypes at an early developmental stage. In addition, we showed that a link existed between the plant nutritional strategies and the rhizosphere bacterial communities selection. Finally, this study enabled to develop a multidisciplinary framework applied to the study of the plant- rhizosphere microbial communities’ interactions.In addition to the plant genotype effect, we showed that there is an environmental effect e.g. soil mineral nitrogen availability on the rhizosphere bacterial communities. Indeed, the soil mineral nitrogen availability affected the genetic structure of the rhizosphere bacterial communities via an indirect effect of the plant depending on its genotype. The effects of the different Medicago truncatula genotypes and their response strategies to environmental constraints (soil mineral nitrogen availability), proved to be a major component of the selection of the rhizosphere microbial communities.In order to identify the genetic determinisms of the interaction between the plant and the rhizosphere microbial communities, a second experiment was conducted on a core collection of 184 genotypes of Medicago truncatula. Initial results enabled to identify and characterize four groups of genotypes with contrasted phenotypes for their growth and their specific nitrogen uptake. Thanks to high-throughput sequencing, we will analyze the rhizosphere microbial communities’ diversity associated with the different Medicago truncatula genotypes. These results should determine if the plant genotype influences the selection of beneficial rhizosphere microbial communities. Moreover, when the whole genome sequencing data would be available for the 184 genotypes of the Medicago truncatula core collection, a genome-wide association study will be proceed. The creation of plant ideotypes, which will promote beneficial interactions with rhizosphere microbial communities, will be possible. Plant growth and yield will be improved without the concomitant increase of agricultural inputs
Pichaud, Nicolas. "Relation entre phénotype et génotype mitochondrial : mesure du métabolisme mitochondrial en fonction de la température chez deux haplotypes de Drosophila simulans". Thèse, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4204/1/D2230.pdf.
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