Tesis sobre el tema "Règles d'assemblage des communautés"
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Cilleros, Kévin. "Diversité et règles d'assemblage des communautés de poissons d'eau douce de Guyane". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30287/document.
Texto completoTropical ecosystems, especially Amazonian ecosystems, host a great diversity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. However, the causes and the processes behind this high diversity for freshwater fish assemblages are little known, but their identification will be an asset in the assessment of anthropogenic impacts that are increasing in these regions. We studied the processes that shape the diversity and the structure of freshwater fish assemblages of non-impacted streams and rivers located in French Guiana. Within-assemblage diversity increased along an upstream/downstream gradient and was higher in sites where the habitat was diversified. Species identity changed along this gradient, which created zones along the stream. Spatial relationships between assemblages and their isolation also greatly impacted species assemblages. Using information about species traits (functional diversity) and their phylogenetic relationships (phylogenetic diversity), we showed that within-assemblage diversity was not influenced by the environment or by species interactions. We also confirmed that dispersal limitation, linked with the past history of drainage basins, had a strong effect on assemblage structure in both streams and in rivers. Future investigations on the processes structuring fish assemblages will need to acquire more exhaustive biological data, and therefore to develop an efficient, and non-destructive sampling method. To this aim, we evaluated the efficiency of environmental metabarcoding applied to aquatic assemblages (the molecular identification of species present from a water sample) and compared it to traditional sampling methods. Currently, metabarcoding gives complementary information to traditional sampling. It thus needs developments and further tests to increase its efficiency and allow its use for assembly processes studies. Pursuing the formalization of a conceptual framework to investigate assembly rules together with the development of an efficient fish sampling protocol are now needed to better understand the structure of tropical fish assemblages. Those theoretical and practical developments will contribute to better evaluate anthropogenic disturbances on aquatic ecosystems
Richard, Benoit. "Règles d'assemblage des communautés d'Oligochètes terrestres et relations avec les microorganismes du sol". Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES051.
Texto completoEarthworms are an essential component of the soil fauna in many terrestrial ecosystems. As ecosystem engineers, they are involved in many ecological processes taking place at the soil / vegetation interface, they interacted notoriously with soil microbial communities at different spatio-temporal scales. Paradoxically, the rules that govern assembly of their community assembly structure, as well as the functional implications remain poorly known and poorly understood. The aims of the present thesis were to study (i) the factors governing the spatial structure and assemblage compositions of earthworm and soil microbial communities in Haute-Normandie (France) and (ii) to characterize some specific relationships that occur between earthworms and soil microorganisms. For this purpose, we conducted together in situ studies in two temperate pastures and experimental studies. In the first part of this work corresponding to in situ approaches, spatial analysis revealed that earthworm assemblage were structured in areas of high and low densities (patches and gaps, respectively), with a different degree of spatial organization according to the pasture considered. Results also suggested a weak importance of abiotic factors in the spatial distribution of earthworms, and a strong influence of biotic interaction (i. E. Interspecific competition) in the local scale (plot scale). Null models analysis also suggested presence of indirect competition by engineering activities for the anecic guild. At the pasture scale, spatial distribution appeared to be link with some spatial characteristics of earthworm communities. In the second part of this work corresponding to experimental approaches, results showed that the effects of earthworm on soil microbial communities were soil type dependent, species-specific dependent and microscale dependent (soil or cast). In a second experiment, influence of soil microorganisms were tested in the attraction and the foraging behaviour of earthworm species. Some species seemed to be attracted by microbial communities from forest soil. In addition, our results revealed a complex relationship in the determinism of their movements, with a trade-off between mechanisms of niche construction and intraspecific competition. In a general point of view, this study enhances our understanding of the complex relationships existing between two essential communities of soil system, and the factors governing their assemblies
Rondeau, Nathan. "Règles d'assemblage et dynamiques des communautés végétales prairiales : apports de l'étude des distributions de traits". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0175.
Texto completoUnderstanding and predicting the dynamics of biodiversity under global change is a major scientific challenge. However, biodiversity responses to global change are inherently complex. Drivers of change not only affect species diversity and abundance but also alter biotic interactions between species, which may impact community assembly and dynamics. In this context, studying the diversity of functional traits within communities could lead to significant advances, as traits reflect how species respond to and influence their environment. To make the trait-based approach operational for the study of complex ecological systems, we developed an innovative analytical framework based on the study of the shapes of trait distributions. The shapes of trait distributions can be characterised by an inequality between the skewness and the kurtosis, the Skewness-Kurtosis Relationship (SKR). Using this inequality, we developed two key indicators (Chapter 1): the TADeve, which characterises the evenness of trait distributions, and the TADstab, which characterises the stability of trait distributions.Using permanent grasslands as a study model, we highlighted the relevance of studying the evenness (TADeve) and stability (TADstab) of trait distributions in order to disentangle the influence of deterministic processes (e.g. habitat filtering, niche differentiation), while accounting for the inherent stochasticity of ecological systems (Chapter 1). Using a long-term dataset of managed permanent grasslands (17-years), we demonstrated that the temporal variability of trait distributions was not random, but depended on management practices (Chapter 2). Intensively managed grasslands (high levels of fertilisation) are associated with unstable and uneven trait distributions. These results are consistent with predictions of the “habitat filtering” theory and the occurrence of intense competition between plant species that limit local diversity. Conversely, extensively managed grasslands (no fertilisation) were linked to remarkably even and stable trait distributions over time. Furthermore, we also showed that the cessation of fertilisation in extensively-managed grasslands led to a rapid convergence towards even and stable trait distributions, which promoted the long-term recruitment and persistence of a rich and diverse grassland flora. These findings are consistent with a theoretical scenario of niche differentiation, which predicts a stable coexistence among functionally contrasting species. Finally, we found that the high evenness and stability of trait distributions, in extensively managed grasslands, are explained by a functional complementarity between dominant and subordinate species, facilitating the long-term stabilisation of the functional assemblage and of the entire plant community (Chapter 3). Using observational data from various ecological context, we showed that semi-natural and natural plant communities shared a similar functional organisation. The observation of common functional patterns over space and time suggests the existence of general rules governing the assembly, diversity, and dynamics of plant communities.In conclusion, the SKR approach appears to be a suitable tool to study complex dynamic systems, such as ecological systems in the context of global change. In the Anthropocene era, identifying general assembly rules based on functional traits could enable the design of management methods adapted to the conservation and restoration of biodiversity, as well as the maintenance of ecosystem multifunctionality
Jung, Vincent. "Etude de la structuration des communautés végétales des prairies alluviales le long d'un gradient d'inondation". Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ010S.
Texto completoIt is well recognize that the species composition of plant communities is not random and depends on environmental conditions. However, mechanisms controlling species spatial distribution as well as species coexistence within communities remain unknown. This study investigates the structure of meadow plant communities distributed along a flooding gradient. We first quantified the relative importance of abiotic (hydrolory) and biotic (competition) filters at the species level. We demonstrated that species ecological responses along the flooding gradient are shaped by interactive effects between hydrological conditions and competition. Moreover, we demonstrated that competition is more important in constraining upper distribution limits of species (dry end of the gradient) than lower limits. A traitbased approach at the community scale revealed the existence of two niche-based processes (habitat filtering and limiting similarity) that control community assembly. However, the detection of these processes was strongly improved when intraspecific trait variation was included in the analysis. These results demonstrate that intraspecific trait variation should improve our mechanistic understanding of community assembly. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate whether intraspecific variability is involved in the short-term response of meadow species to an important change in hydrological conditions. This study demonstrated that intraspecific variations of leaf traits allow some species to acclimate to a change in hydrolory. Finally, we conducted a proteomics analysis of two Rumex species among different gradient locations. We found strong similarities between intra- and interspecific differentiations of proteomes. Our results underline the link between ecological and evolutionary processes
Almoussawi, Ali. "Importance relative des processus de dispersion et de recrutement dans la dynamique d'assemblage des communautés végétales en paysage agricole". Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0043.
Texto completoThe absence of a species from a focal community may be due to either dispersal limitation or recruitment limitation. The present work aims to assess species behavior in different types of landscapes. I first investigated the relationship between alpha and gamma diversity at different scales and for different fragmentation levels in forest fragments embedded in an agricultural landscape matrix. Results highlight the importance of considering species identity when studying the effect of fragmentation on the plant community structure. I then assessed the germination success and persistence of vascular plant species (weeds and herbaceous plants), using semi-controlled experiments. In the first experiment, I studied the germination and persistence success of sown weed species, and their subsequent effect on crop yield, under contrasted agricultural practices. We evidenced a sorting effect of agricultural practices on local plant species composition. In the second experiment, I assessed the potential of hedgerows to serve as habitats for forest plant species. We sought seeds and transplanted seedlings in both hedgerows and forest to monitor germination and persistence, respectively, each time with and without resident vegetation removal to further assess the role of competition. Our preliminary results show that few species germinate and survive in hedgerows, suggesting that both dispersal and recruitment limitations are at play. Results from this work emphasize the importance of community assembly processes in ecosystem conservation and maintaining its delivered services
Kuczynski, Lucie. "Réponses des communautés piscicoles aux changements globaux : patrons et processus". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30206/document.
Texto completoThe description of spatial patterns as well as temporal dynamics of diversity has been a major cornerstone in modern ecology, especially in the contemporary context of global changes for which a growing concern is notable during last decades. Ecological communities are now acknowledged as the result of species that are sorted by selection from the regional pool. This selection of species is determined by several processes, namely the assembly rules. The two main assembly rules are the habitat filtering, selecting species that are able to inhabit in a given set of abiotic conditions, and the limiting similarity, selecting species for which ecological features are dissimilar in order to avoid a too strong competition and to coexist. The goals of my thesis were to (i) understand spatial patterns of freshwater fish community diversity at large scale, (ii) understand temporal dynamic of this diversity and (iii) describe temporal dynamics of the processes underlying the structuration of communities. In order to do this, data of freshwater fish communities has been analyzed first at continental scale (i.e. European) and then at national scale (i.e. France) for which temporal dimension of the data was also available (time series from 1966 to 2012). Based on the European freshwater diversity, we highlighted that phylogenetic, morphological and ecological facets were complementary. Moreover, climatic conditions, and especially their seasonality, seem to be a major driver of the spatial distribution of diversity. At finer scale and by taking into account the temporality of communities, we found that French freshwater communities experienced taxonomic reorganization due to population declines that ultimately leads to taxonomic homogenization of freshwater diversity in France. Although functional homogenization has been observed due to demographic fluctuations of warm water-dweller and low trophic level species, consequences at large scale remained to be explored. Moreover, since the 90s, habitat filtering increased as structuring force for freshwater fish communities. Finally, this thesis allowed us to validate hypothesis usually associated to spatial patterns of diversity, as mechanisms related to temporal variations of diversity. The stress dominance hypothesis (through temporal trends in temperature seasonality) and preadaption hypothesis (related to non-native species) have been used to understand temporal dynamics of diversity as well as of the assembly rules underlying structuration of communities
Coiffait-Gombault, Clémentine. "Règles d'assemblages et restauration écologique des communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : le cas de la Plaine de La Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)". Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943535.
Texto completoDeleglise, Claire. "Hétérogénéité spatiale des composantes spécifiques et fonctionnelles des communautés prairiales subalpines dans un contexte de déprise pastorale". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609989.
Texto completoCantera, Isabel. "Effet de l'anthropisation sur les communautés des poissons dans les cours d'eau guyanais : Approche par ADN environnemental". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30302.
Texto completoNatural ecosystems are facing increasing anthropogenic impacts that alter the diversity of biological communities. Amazonian rivers and streams shelter a unique and vast biodiversity. Yet, they are facing unprecedented deforestation levels due to human activities, such as mining, logging and agriculture. It is therefore urgent to deeply understand how human impacts affect biological communities in these ecosystems. The majority of studies addressing this issue were conducted in small streams and documented changes on species composition, but not responses on local species richness. This work proposes a community ecology approach, in which the connected nature of freshwater ecosystems is considered, to define how deforestation affects diversity patterns, but also the ecological processes shaping fish communities. Environmental DNA (eDNA), a non-invasive sampling method was used to equally sampling fish communities in streams and rivers across French Guiana. Deforested surfaces from spatial data were extracted to create a global deforestation variable that integrates the effects of urbanization, agriculture, gold-mining and logging. This work has optimized and validated the use of eDNA to assess the effects of human activities on species-rich ecosystems, such as tropical streams and rivers. The method showed high replicability, as well as the ability to distinguish local fish communities, habitats and disturbed sites from pristine sites. Moreover, we show that deforestation affected fish biodiversity beyond local effects and reveal an extended effect of distant upstream deforestation on downstream fish biodiversity. Distant and low-intensity deforestation caused a decline of over 30% in taxonomic and functional richness of riverine fish communities. Nonetheless, this perturbation was not determinant on the ecological processes shaping fish communities in rivers nor on the trait composition, which were more influenced by the upstream-downstream gradient than by the deforestation gradient. In stream communities, deforestation leads to changes in species composition, without a significant decrease in species or functional richness. These alterations were mediated by environmental filtering which was reinforced in highly deforested sites. As a result, species were less evenly distributed within the functional space, leaving the traits related to the benthic and phytophagous guild underrepresented while overrepresented by pelagic detritivorous. Our findings strongly support the complexity of deforestation impacts on Amazonian biodiversity. Besides, context-dependent responses, the diversity of freshwater fish communities responded to deforestation in a multifaceted way. This work underlined the vulnerability of tropical fauna to slight environmental changes, even in relatively well-preserved region, such as French Guiana
Garrouj, Myriam. "Restauration écologique des prairies alluviales par transfert de matériel biologique : importance des premières étapes sur les trajectoires des communautés végétales". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0345.
Texto completoFloodplains house an original and diversified fauna and flora thanks to their spatio-temporal heterogeneity and provide many services to human beings (ecosystem services).However, these ecosystems are subject to various types of threats, such as urbanization or intensification of agricultural activities. These ecosystems are also subject to changes in the processes of species dispersal and proliferation of invasive species influencing their plant communities. In a context of global and national wetland regression, their conservation and restoration is a challenge.The ecological restoration is a discipline based on theories and concepts of fundamental ecology. The ecological restoration is in return a way of testing the concepts of fundamental ecology. Among the processes taking place in the assembly of the community, ecological filters play a key role. Their understanding is necessary to achieve the goals of restoration.On the basis of the approaches of assemblages of plant communities, we identified the processes involved in the first phases of ecological restoration of alluvial floodplains. We learned more about the preparation of initial conditions through tillage, the effects of different types of biological inputs, more and more complete, and the role of the management on trajectories of plant communities during the first years of ecological restoration.First, our results underlined the positive effects of the preparation of the initial soil conditions. It favored the installation of the target plant species. However, this preparation does not need a heavy intervention, such as deep tillage. Interventions, such as mowing and harrowing, aresufficient to enable the recruitment and installation of target species. Our results showed that the transfer of biological material, from seed sowing to soil transfer, enabled to limit the dispersal and availability of wet grassland species, as described in the literature. Finally, our observations highlighted the management effects on plant community trajectories during the first restoration phases. Thus, the maintenance of the mechanical disturbance enables to reinforce the dynamics of the communities towards those of the reference.The different actors of the society (policy manager, stakeholders) are more and more involved in the implementation of restoration programs and this thesis brings concrete elements for the restoration of alluvial floodplains
Sagouis, Alban. "Processus d'assemblage des communautés de poissons lacustres : influences biotiques et abiotiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0191/document.
Texto completoLakes are major ecosystems thanks to their connections to lotic systems and the matter fluxes they have with their surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. They constitute a valuable resource for human populations by providing water, food and energy. Lake environmental conditions structure their communities but anthropic activities such as agriculture disturb them and play a role in structuring communities. Situations where several pressures – eutrophication and non-native species notably – act simultaneously are particularly studied here as they can have complex and unexpected consequences. Numerous methods exist to understand the effects of these different factors structuring ecosystems. In this thesis, taxonomic indices and indices based on qualitative or morphological functional traits have been used. Functional indices had a better sensibility to eutrophication and non-native species effects. Effects of eutrophication on fish trophic networks were also shown. For a finer understanding of the structuring of lacustrine fish communities, assembly processes and the effects of environment and scale on these assembly processes were analysed. Independently of the scale of study, environmental filtering has a stronger role than limiting similarity on different morphological traits linked to movement and food acquisition. Finally, an index of vulnerability of communities was developed based on the communities’ functional redundancy
Colmant, Erik. "Les sanctions des règles de concurrence du droit des communautés européennes". Paris 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA020131.
Texto completoA study of the different sanctions that european and national authorities, the latter being chiefly the member states' courts, may impose on private persons or firms who break the competition rules of the treaties
Alexandridis, Nikolaos. "Modélisations des mécanismes généraux d'assemblage des communautés pour simuler la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la biodiversité benthique". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0031/document.
Texto completoBenthic macroinvertebrates are part of a complex network of interactions. The spatial and temporal scales of the processes that form the basis for these interactions have traditionally restricted their empirical investigation. The first chapter of the manuscript attempts a review of the modelling tools that have been employed for the study of the marine benthos.The implementation of a mechanistic modelling framework seems fitting, but it requires the derivation of a few model entities with a clear functional role. The second chapter of the manuscript employs the emergent group hypothesis to do that in a way that is objective and testable. The resulting grouping is tested against theoretical expectations and the results support its ability to represent functional diversity in the Rance estuary.The lack of knowledge for the attribution of relationships among functional components is still important. The third chapter of the manuscript addresses this issue based on ecological theories that predict the existence of functional trade-offs operating at both large and small spatial scales. In a first inception of the system, these elements are incorporated in the form of general rules of interaction into qualitative models of the functional groups.In spite of the interest in developing and analysing qualitative models, the goal of studying the dynamic and spatially explicit behaviour of benthic biodiversity can only be reached by a model with the same characteristics. The fourth chapter of the manuscript presents the architecture of an individual-based model, primarily transferring the rules of interaction from the qualitative models to a dynamic and spatially explicit framework
Coiffait-Gombault, Clémentine. "Règles d’assemblages et restauration écologique des communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : le cas de la Plaine de La Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)". Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0322/document.
Texto completoMediterranean herbaceous ecosystems which are characterized by a high biodiversity have been submitted to a lot of changes in use. Their conservation is not sufficient enough and ecological restoration seems to be an adapted solution to improve conservation efforts as it can mitigate damages induced by human activities. To develop restoration methods adapted to these ecosystems, preliminary researches on the different communities composing an ecosystem and the filters which are responsible for community assemblage before and after disturbance are necessary. Representative of numerous Mediterranean steppe ecosystems, the “Coussouls de Crau” and their ex-arable-fields (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) are the biological models used to identify and study the principal filters potentially responsible for organizing the plant communities. Sheep grazing, trophic changes, competition and reproduction and /or species dispersal, were identified in a first study on steppe regeneration; these filters were then the core of the following three research experiments. We carried out two in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer and sowing foundation species) and one ex-situ experiment testing interactions between a selection of steppe species. The main results show that reproduction, seed dispersal, soil trophic level, competition, extensive sheep grazing are filters which have a determinant role in structuring the communities, in determining plant composition and partly in explaining the slow dynamics towards the reference steppe. Also, we show that filters interact between them. For applied restoration, the tested methods promote steppe vegetation come back, but in the short term (two or three years after restoration), the composition of restored areas remains different to the reference ecosystem. Even if we understand better the different factors which explain community organization, these results demonstrate that it is difficult to restore it integrally because it is not easy to manipulate and find an equilibrium between the different filters actions. Now it is necessary to continue these fundamental and applied researches, in particular on the maturation and structure of the old herbaceous plant communities
Gonzales, Baptiste. "Etudes des facteurs cellulaires et lipidiques déterminant la localisation du site d'assemblage et de bourgeonnement du VIH-1". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR3811.
Texto completoThe production pocesses of HIV-1 particle of HIV-1 particles results from the assembly of Gag Precursors at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) of infected cells. Gag proteins are specifically targeted to PM through interactions between MA domain and PI(4,5)P2. This study describes the role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 (PIP5K1alpha, beta et sigma) in the late stages of HIV-1 in the context of HeLa cells. We determined that PIP5K1alpha is the principal producer of cellular PI(4,5)P2. By using a confocal microscopy approach, we followed the Gag proteins trafficking and showed that only alpha and y isoforms are required for the correct targeting of Gag to PM. Their respective inhibition leads to the accumulation of viral precursors at distinct intracellular comprtements, and decreases the release of Gag pseudoparticles in both cases. Altogether, our results highlight for the first time the crucial role PIP5K1alpha and sigma in the HIV-1 assembly and budding and provide new insights for a better understanding of the late stages of the virus replication cycle
Barbe, Lou. "Conséquences de l'assemblage des communautés végétales sur la décomposition de leur litière". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B040/document.
Texto completoDuring its assembly, a plant community will be strongly modified: immigration of new plant species with new traits, disappearance of particular species with other traits, immigration of new plant-associated organisms (insects, fungi…), trait changes in existing species… All these changes are likely to drive the decomposition of litter produced by the plant community. Litter decomposition is indeed controlled by plant traits, activity of decomposer community, and adaptation of decomposer organisms to plant traits. However, the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition remain entirely unknown. This thesis aims at determining the consequences of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition, at distinct scales. First of all, we studied, locally, the consequences of neighboring plants on litter decomposition of plant individuals (i.e. intraspecific scale). We distinguished the case where litter of plant individuals was alone from the case where litter of plant individuals was mixed with litter from other species. Then we studied, more globally, the consequences of plant-community assembly on decomposition at the scale of the entire plant community (i.e. interspecific scale). Finally, we investigated whether plant litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. We used two experimental approaches, the first one using a long-term mesocosm experiment for manipulating the local plant neighborhood of plant individuals, and the second one using of Long Term Ecological Research network involving grasslands with different time for assembly. At the local scale, our results indicate that plant individuals grown in functionally dissimilar neighborhood produce a more decomposable litter, and can also harbor more efficient decomposers. When the litter of these individuals is mixed with litter from other species, the decomposition of the litter mixture is accelerated by synergistic effects when neighboring plants are phylogenetically diverse, and functionnally dissimilar to the litter mixture. At the scale of whole plant community, our results show that numerous trait changes occur during assembly (leaf C:N ratio, leaf dry matter content…), as well as changes in the composition of the decomposer community (soil microbial C:N ratio). These changes strongly affect litter decomposition but offset each other, maintaining litter decomposition constant. Finally, our result show that the faster the decomposition of mixed-litter from two species is, the more both species coexist. This thesis demonstrates the major influence of plant-community assembly on plant litter decomposition in grassland ecosystems, from the scale of plant individuals to the scale of entire plant community. Plant-community assembly hence affects after-life ecosystem processes like litter decomposition. This influence occurs through plant traits and decomposer activity. In turn, litter decomposition feedbacks on plant-community assembly. Consequently, litter decomposition does not seem to be a collateral consequence of plant traits, but rather an important part of their ecological strategies and biotic interactions, participating to a feedback loop involving community assembly processes
Alfonsi, Elsa. "Processus d’assemblage des communautés végétales dans les zones humides de Gironde : du diagnostic aux services écosystémiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0092/document.
Texto completoWetlands are dynamic ecosystems, constantly changing in time and space, and remaining among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. This thesis contribute to wetland knowledge and conservation. We studied the vegetation of different communities belonging to a network of wetlands in Gironde and ranging from wet heathlands to alluvial meadows. Wetlands were selected from the department council historical interest and management issues. We used several descriptive and experimental approaches. The first part aims to study the organization of the communities of the two major systems, heathlands and alluvial grasslands, along environmental gradients. Then, in a second time, an approach combining old and recent data allowed us to characterize long-term vegetation changes according to different strategies of vegetation study. The third part was conducted on a plant community with a strong conservation issue: Molinia caerulea wet meadow (Code 6410 of the Natura 2000 Directive) with an experimental approach. We highlight here the importance of stochastic filters (seed dispersion) and deterministic filters (competition) in a community controlled by environmental constraints (flooding). Finally, within a prospective analysis, we considered biodiversity issues and supply in ecosystems services at the departmental level. This analysis investigate tools to develop for a multi-taxon and multi-service approach in any Gironde wetlands. This work allowed us to create a monitoring device for plant biodiversity in the department. These results lead to consider nowadays the management of these plant communities in an integrated way and offer tools of decision support for the management of these communities
Allié, Élodie. "Assemblage des communautés d’arbres à une échelle locale en forêt tropicale : Apport d’une approche intégrative". Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0003/document.
Texto completoTropical forests are a biodiversity hotspot, with the coexistence of numerous species until a fine spatial scale. Particularly, 16.000 tree species coexist in Amazonia, 1.800 in Frenche Guiana and between 120 and more than 200 tree species per hectare. However, there are some uncertainties in maintaining diversity in regard to global changes. Hence before predicting the diversity evolution face of global changes, fundamental studies are needed to understand which assembly processes are involved in the maintenance of diversity. These fundamental studies still relevant given the lack of consensus on the relative importance of assembly processes. This thesis is a continuation of these fundamental studies, using innovative integrative approach, at multi-scale, to address three types of diversity: taxonomic diversity, functional and phylogenetic. Our results challenge the importance of environmental filtering for hydrological and chemical properties of soils, versus the importance of biotic interactions on community assembly. Furthermore, our results suggest that species distributions could be affected by forest dynamics related to falling trees and therefore by light availability. Finally, we have highlighted the importance of dispersal limitation on community assembly
Blanchard, Grégoire. "Assemblage des communautés d'arbres des forêts de basse altitude de Nouvelle-Calédonie face à un environnement hétérogène dans l’espace et dans le temps". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG065.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to study how spatio-temporal variations of the environment affect the composition of New Caledonia's fragmented lowland forests, using a multi-scale approach - regional, landscape, local scales - and by integrating deterministic and stochastic aspects of ecological dynamics. Using a functional approach, we first analyze how regional and local water availability gradients influence community assembly processes from the regional species pool. In a second step, we combine empirical data and mechanistic modelling to assess the temporal effect of fragmentation and habitat loss on neutral extinction-immigration dynamics and environmental filters. At the local scale, we analyze the successional trajectories guiding the spatio-temporal dynamics of forest recolonization on degraded environments under the influence of edge effects. At the regional level, we show that variations in annual rainfall patterns generate environmental filters that determine the composition of species subpools at the landscape level. Topography then plays a major role in assembling communities at the landscape level, filtering species according to their drought resistance or resource use strategies based on the precipitation context. The balance between immigration and extinction in communities depends on landscape structure, but these stochastic processes are slow, and we show that their influence is delayed in case of rapid landscape change. On the other hand, edge creation affects environmental filters and entails rapid changes community composition. Finally, our results reveal that the recolonization of the forest on disturbed environments follows a succession trajectory driven by deterministic processes, and characterized by a transition from stress resistance to competition for light. Overall, this thesis provides new elements for understanding the spatio-temporal dynamics of New Caledonia's forests, as well as for planning their conservation
Chanteloup, Pierre. "Patrons d'organisation des traits aériens et racinaires en prairies humides : liens avec la production primaire (quantité et qualité)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861449.
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