Literatura académica sobre el tema "Refugees Vietnam"

Objective: Previous reports have suggested a direct relationship between refugee camp experience and levels of psychological distress among refugees. Specifically, it has been postulated that refugee camps with harsh conditions and low levels of social support foster high levels of psychological distress. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between camp conditions and social support within a refugee camp and refugees' levels of psychological distress. Unlike previous reports, which were based on retrospective data, the present study evaluated psychological distress among a group of Vietnamese refugees both prior to departure from Vietnam and during their refugee camp experience. Method: A group of 101 Vietnamese Amerasians was assessed at a transit centre in Vietnam and subsequently at a refugee camp in the Philippines. Assessment instruments were the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and a Camp Comparison Questionnaire. Results: There were significant decreases in symptom levels of anxiety and depression between the transit centre in Vietnam and the refugee camp in the Philippines. However, these changes were not related to changes in refugee camp conditions or social support within the camp. Conclusions: Contrary to previous reports, levels of psychological distress among this group of Vietnamese refugees were not related to either refugee camp conditions or levels of social support within the camp.

Artikel ini membincangkan pengaruh isu pelarian Vietnam di Malaysia dalam hubungan Malaysia-Amerika Syarikat (AS) dari tahun 1975 hingga 1990-an. Artikel ini turut menyentuh peranan media khususnya laporan surat khabar dalam mencorakkan hubungan kedua-dua buah negara. Isu pelarian Vietnam di Malaysia bermula selepas kekalahan AS dalam perang Vietnam pada tahun 1975. Hal ini menyebabkan kejatuhan kerajaan Demokratik Vietnam Selatan yang kemudiannya dikuasai oleh kerajaan Komunis Vietnam Utara. Layanan yang teruk oleh kerajaan Komunis Vietnam telah menyebabkan ramai rakyatnya melarikan diri dan meninggalkan negara tersebut. Sebilangan besar telah menuju dan mendarat di Malaysia. Oleh itu, AS memohon kepada Kerajaan Malaysia agar memberi perlindungan sementara kepada pelarian Vietnam sebelum diproses dan dipindahkan ke negara ketiga. Malaysia menerima permohonan AS dengan syarat kesemua pelarian Vietnam mesti diproses dan dipindahkan dengan segera. Artikel ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan sejarah iaitu penelitian ke atas data primer dan sekunder. Selain itu, sesi temu bual bersama Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad turut diadakan bagi mendapatkan data yang tepat mengenai pengaruh isu pelarian Vietnam dalam hubungan Malaysia-AS. Berdasarkan analisis sejarah, didapati bahawa tuduhan yang dikenakan ke atas Malaysia terhadap pelarian Vietnam seperti menolak mereka kembali ke laut telah mengeruhkan hubungan Malaysia-AS. Tambahan pula, laporan surat khabar turut memainkan peranan mengapi-apikan isu ini sehingga Kongres AS mengambil keputusan menggantung bantuan ketenteraan kepada Malaysia dari tahun 1991 hingga 1993. Walau bagaimanapun, Malaysia masih meneruskan usaha mengurus dan memberi layanan yang sewajarnya kepada pelarian Vietnam yang berada di Malaysia sebelum dihantar pulang dan dipindahkan ke negara ketiga. This article discusses the impact of Vietnamese refugee issuein Malaysia on the Malaysia-United States(US) relations from 1975 to the 1990’s. This article also touches the role of the media especially the newspapers report in shaping the relations between both countries. The issue of Vietnamese refugees in Malaysia began after the US was defeated in the Vietnam war in 1975. This led to the collapse of the South Vietnamese Democratic government and was later controlled by the North Vietnamese Communist government. Poor treatment by the Vietnamese government had caused many of its people to leave the country. Most of them landed in Malaysia. The US had asked the Malaysian government to provide temporary refuge to Vietnamese refugees before they were processed and transferred to the third countries. Malaysia accepted US request with the condition that all Vietnamese refugees must be relocated immediately. This article used the historical research method on primary and secondary data. In addition, an interview with Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad was also conducted to obtain accurate data on the impact of Vietnamese refugees on Malaysia-US relations. Based on historical analysis, it was found that the accusation of Malaysia’s actions on Vietnamese refugees such as pushing them back to the sea had shaken Malaysia-US relations. In addition, newspaper reports also played a role in addressing the issue. Then, the US Congress decided to suspense military assistance to Malaysia from year 1991 to 1993. However, Malaysia continued its efforts to manage and provide appropriate treatment to Vietnamese refugees before deporting and transferring them to the third countries.

Much of the analysis of refugee and immigrant adaptation has stressed the interaction of prior experience with the requirements of life in a new country. For refugees, that interaction has often been jarring because of the after-effects of their flight and their relative inability to prepare for a new life in a new country. Yet refugees have often done rather well in economic terms in that new country. The reasons for that relative success have been phrased in cultural terms {e.g., the predisposition toward education) and in general socioeconomic terms (e.g., refugees as educated and skilled). This article examines a set of factors that lie between these customary cultural and socioeconomic categories. Specifically, the paper examines key features of household formation among Vietnamese refugees. An examination of historical data from southern Vietnam indicates patterns in household formation that appear durable over time yet are not shared across the breadth of Vietnam and cannot thus be viewed as “cultural” in the usual sense. A comparison of the historical data with recent national survey data on refugees in the United States indicates that these patterns continue among Vietnamese refugees and are - as compared to other refugees - distinctive to them. These patterns of household formation provide Vietnamese refugees with important options in adaptation to a new country.