Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Refugees – Mediterranean Region"
Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Refugees – Mediterranean Region.
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Refugees – Mediterranean Region".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Aljouni, Kamel, Yagob Y. Al-Mazrou, Walid S. Ammar, Abdallah S. Daar, Nils Daulaire, Majid Ezzati, Mahmoud Fathalla et al. "Refugees in the eastern Mediterranean region". Lancet 386, n.º 10012 (diciembre de 2015): 2476–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01242-8.
Texto completo
2
Taha, Haitham, Jo Durham y Simon Reid. "Communicable Diseases Prevalence among Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Infectious Disease Reports 15, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2023): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr15020020.
Texto completoResumen
Background: Communicable diseases remain a significant global health issue. The increase in refugees and asylum seekers associated with conflicts may alter the burden of communicable diseases in host countries. We conducted a systematic review of the prevalence of TB, HBC, HCV, and HIV among refugees and asylum seekers by regions of asylum and origin. Methods: Four electronic databases were searched from initiation to the 25 December 2022. Prevalence estimates were pooled into a random-effect model and were stratified by the region of origin and asylum. Meta-analysis was conducted to explore the heterogeneity of the included studies. Results: The most-reported asylum region was The Americas, represented by the United States of America. Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean was the region of the most-reported origin. The highest reported prevalence of active TB and HIV was among African refugees and asylum seekers. The highest reported prevalence of latent TB, HBV and HCV was among Asian and Eastern Mediterranean refugees and asylum seekers. High heterogeneity was found regardless of the communicable disease type or stratification. Conclusion: This review provided insights about refugees’ and asylum seekers’ status around the world and attempted to connect refugees’ and asylum seekers’ distribution and the burden of communicable diseases.
3
Habersky, Elena y Aya Damir. "COVID-19 financing strategies for refugees and migrants in the Eastern Mediterranean Region". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, n.º 12 (28 de diciembre de 2021): 1229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.21.061.
Texto completoResumen
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences on health care systems worldwide. While the world was slowly moving towards achieving health for all, the pandemic destroyed progress made over the past 25 years and exposed the vulnerability of health care systems and health insurance schemes as well as their lack of resilience. Heath care systems failed to respond in a timely and efficient manner, lives have been, and continue to be, lost and vulnerable populations, especially refugees and migrants, are more at risk than ever as many are left out of country vaccination programmes. Aims: The Eastern Mediterranean region hosts 13 million internally displaced persons and 12 million refugees as of 2018. Thus, adopting inclusive health financing mechanisms is crucial to addressing the crisis and protecting indigenous and displaced populations. Methods: By looking at regional best practices and the response of the United Nations, we outline possible financing tools for including refugees and migrants in health insurance schemes for COVID 19 and introduce novel solutions for addressing gaps in funding. Results: Among the suggested solutions are the inclusion of refugees and migrants in national health care systems, setting up community-based health insurance for migrant and refugee populations, as well as introducing a catastrophe bond financing scheme. Conclusions: While COVID-19 is far from over, many countries in the EMR have included migrants in their COVID-19 vaccine rollout plans. While this is not the first instance of inclusion in some countries, many others are unable or do not prioritize migrants in their health systems, to the detriment of the entire country. This paper, therefore, tackles the possible health financing measures which curb or prevent migrants from accessing such systems and presents possible solutions to change the status quo.
4
Hadjicharalambous, Demetris y Stavros Parlalis. "Migrants’ Sexual Violence in the Mediterranean Region: A Regional Analysis". Sexes 2, n.º 3 (5 de julio de 2021): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030024.
Texto completoResumen
Migration in the Mediterranean region has increased greatly during the last years. Reports and studies reveal that violence and injuries among refugees and migrants is a common occurrence in the WHO Europe Region. Available literature indicates that sexual violence incidents take place: (a) during the migratory journey to the host country, (b) while in detention centers, (c) once migrants have reached their destination, and (d) during the period in which a woman is subject of trafficking. This manuscript explores how sexual violence against refugee/immigrant women is presented in the international literature; a narrative review of the literature was conducted on the phenomenon of migration in the Mediterranean area, and specifically on sexual violence of migrant women. In order to face the challenges faced by migrant women victims of sexual violence, the following policies are suggested by international literature: (a) offer emergency medical and health care to sexual violence survivors, which is usually relatively limited, (b) offer mental health care and psychological support for sexual violence when planning services to provide clinical care, and (c) work towards the aim of transforming norms and values in order to promote gender equality and support non-violent behaviours.
5
Happle, Dopfer, Ernst, Kleinert, Vakilzadeh, Hellms, Evlampidou et al. "Pediatric Healthcare Utilization in a Large Cohort of Refugee Children Entering Western Europe During the Migrant Crisis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 22 (11 de noviembre de 2019): 4415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224415.
Texto completoResumen
: Background: Currently, half of the population displaced worldwide is children and adolescents. Little is known on healthcare demand in underage migrants. Materials and Methods: We analyzed healthcare utilization in n = 1.411 children and adolescents living in a large German refugee reception in 2015-2016. Results: The mean age of all included refugees was 9 years (60.8% male). The majority came from the eastern Mediterranean region. During a mean camp inhabitance of 34 days, 57.6% needed primary healthcare, with a significant inverse correlation of healthcare seeking frequency with age and duration of camp inhabitance. Infants and unaccompanied minors displayed particular high demands for medical help. Discussion: Our analysis showed that pediatric primary healthcare in pediatric and adolescent refugees are most sought during the first period upon arrival with particular demand in infants, toddlers, and unaccompanied minors. Based on this data, future care taking strategies should be adapted accordingly.
6
Boum Make, Jennifer. "Telling refugees’ stories: Testimony and hospitality in graphic novel L’Odyssée d’Hakim by Fabien Toulmé". Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 12, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2021): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00033_1.
Texto completoResumen
Following the increase in migratory flows since 2015, in the Euro-Mediterranean region, bandes dessinées are mobilized to stir up compassion and prompt engagement with marginalized biographies. It begins with the premise that aesthetic approaches of bandes dessinées reveal a testing zone to juxtapose modalities of representation and expression of refugees and ways to interact with otherness. To interrogate the relationship between aesthetic devices and the formation of solidarity, this article considers the first volume of Fabien Toulmé’s trilogy, L’Odyssée d’Hakim: De la Syrie à la Turquie (2018). How does Toulmé’s use of aesthetic devices make space for the other, in acts of dialogue and exchange? What are the ethical implications for the exercise of bearing witness to migrant and refugee narratives, especially in the transcription and translation in words and drawing of their biographies? This article argues that visual narratives can provide for the creation of a hospitable testimonial space for migrants and refugees’ voices. The article outlines the aesthetic methodology deployed in graphic storytelling, reflects on what it means for the perception of refugees, and questions the use and ethical appeal of visual narratives as a form to curate hospitality.
7
Niaz, Unaiza. "MENTAL HEALTH IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION: FOCUS ON WOMEN, CHILDREN, THE ELDERLY AND REFUGEES". Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society 19, n.º 02 (31 de octubre de 2022): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.63050/jpps.19.02.140.
Texto completoResumen
The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) has some of the world's poorest health metrics among the WHO regions. It has the highest prevalence of mental disorders worldwide. This is largely attributable to the region's ongoing persistent humanitarian crises, which from one perspective, increase the need and demand for mental health services, while on the contrary eroding the capacity of health and social care systems to provide the basic care. With insufficient human, structural, institutional, data and financial resources, these mental health care systems continue to suffer from neglect and apathy. The situation is exacerbated further by the stigma, discrimination, and human rights' violations that people with mental illnesses face, where women, children, the elderly, and immigrants are the highly susceptible population groups. This paper aims to outline the issues and risks linked with mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, and also to provide practical and equitable recommendations that seek to address the past indifference and neglect in order to advocate the importance of mental health in public health.
8
Mungmunpuntipantip, Rujittika y Viroj Wiwanitkit. "COVID-19 financing strategies for refugees and migrants in the Eastern Mediterranean Region". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 29, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2023): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.23.004.
Texto completo
9
Sharara, Eman, Chaza Akik, Michela Martini y Jocelyn DeJong. "Health system considerations related to voluntary and forced displacement in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a critical analysis of the available literature". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, n.º 12 (28 de diciembre de 2021): 1214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.21.071.
Texto completoResumen
Background: The WHO Region for the Eastern Mediterranean has had a history of complex migration patterns, with high levels of migration to, from and within the Region, overlaid by massive recent forced displacement. Relatively little is known about the health system response to this large-scale mobility. Aims: To review the literature on the Region critically, identify gaps and suggest areas needing research and policy attention. Method: A search of the published literature using MEDLINE and POPLINE was conducted on health and migration focusing on the WHO health system building blocks with no date or language limitations. Results: Out of 4679 retrieved articles published between 1964 and January 2019, 140 met our inclusion criteria; 45 additional articles were included in a December 2020 update. Most publications focused on refugees and on the delivery of services. Conclusions: Few studies explored the responsiveness of health system to refugees and migrants compared with those for host communities, or assessed the quality of services or refugees’/migrants’ perceptions of available health services. Few suggested new approaches to financing health care access for these populations or new governance arrangements.
10
Gladysh, Marianna y Viktor Viktor. "The Influence of the Migration Crisis of 2015 on the EU Migration Policy". Studia Europejskie - studies in European Affairs 24, n.º 3 (20 de octubre de 2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.3.2020.1.
Texto completoResumen
Nowadays the European Union migration policy towards is one of the most important aspects in ensuring internal security of the EU. At the end of the XXth – beginning of the XXI century, Europe faced a new phenomenon – the intensifi cation of migration processes, namely the influx of refugees and migrants-asylum seekers from third countries. Therefore, it led to the creation and development of common migration policy of the European Union. In this regard, it was important to create legislation that could regulate such issues as border security and combating illegal migration, as well as to create a common asylum system. The need to study the legal framework on which the EU policy on migrants and refugees is based, and to study the current state and trends in the migration policy of the member-states of the EU has determined the relevance of this study. The importance of this topic is intensified by the European migration crisis of 2015, which is even described as a humanitarian catastrophe caused by a massive influx of refugees from Africa and the Middle East. It showed the main problems in the sphere of migration policy and policy towards refugees: imperfection of the system of delimitation of the EU competencies; a large number of countries with confl icting interests in various spheres; fragmentation of programs in force at the national level. To address the migration crisis, the EU used a multifaceted strategy: improving and creating new migration management institutions, expanding crossregional dialogue with the countries of the Mediterranean region, Africa and the Middle East; continued to reformat the Mediterranean region (region-building). Potential approaches range from an internal search for strategies in which each member state seeks to defend its own interests (sometimes even against European integration processes) to a more farsighted approach in which member states work together to address a wide range of migration issues.
11
Mason, Robert. "The Syria Conflict and the Euro-Med Refugee Crisis: An Opportunity to Enhance the Common Foreign and Security Policy?" European Foreign Affairs Review 23, Issue 1 (1 de febrero de 2018): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2018005.
Texto completoResumen
The Syrian conflict, including the intervention of external actors and foreign fighters, has caused the greatest humanitarian crisis since the Second World War and a new wave of refugees seeking asylum in the European Union (EU), along with other economic migrants. Many of them have been aided by illegal people traffickers and have landed in Greece from Turkey, on Italian islands such as Lampedusa, been picked up by assets under operation Triton conducted by Frontex, the EU’s border agency, or drowned at sea. Since the Arab Uprisings started in 2011, there has been an acknowledged threat in the EU from political instability and insecurity in the Mediterranean region. However, a lack of specific, integrated and substantial EU Mediterranean responses has meant that the EU has struggled to address the insecurity and humanitarian situations. There has also been limited inter-regional cooperation to address the long-term drivers of migration. This article highlights the EU response to the Syrian refugee crisis in particular, within the context of an evolving Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and how some revisions to it could address a series of negative dynamics such as people trafficking, conflict and a lack of development.
12
Isayev, Elena. "Representation of Whom? Ancient Moments of Seeking Refuge and Protection". Humanities 12, n.º 2 (7 de marzo de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h12020023.
Texto completoResumen
Within the ancient corpus we find depictions of people seeking refuge and protection: in works of fiction, drama and poetry; on wall paintings and vases, they cluster at protective altars and cling to statues of gods who seemingly look on. Yet the ancient evidence does not lend itself easily to exploring attitudes to refugees or asylum seekers. Hence, the question that begins this investigation is, representation of whom? Through a focus on the Greco-Roman material of the Mediterranean region, drawing on select representations, such as the tragedies Medea and Suppliant Women, the historical failed plea of the Plataeans and pictorial imagery of supplication, the goal of the exploration below is not to shape into existence an ancient refugee or asylum seeker experience. Rather, it is to highlight the multiplicity of experiences within narratives of victimhood and the confines of such labels as refugee and asylum seeker. The absence of ancient representations of a generic figure or group of the ‘displaced’, broadly defined, precludes any exceptionalising or homogenising of people in such contexts. Remaining depictions are of named, recognisable protagonists, whose stories are known. There is no ‘mass’ of refuge seekers, to whom a single set of rules could apply across time and space. Given these diverse stories of negotiation for refuge, another aim is to illustrate the ways such experience does not come to define the entirety of who a person is or encompass the complete life and its many layers. This paper addresses the challenges of representation that are exposed by, among others, thinkers such as Hannah Arendt, Liisa Malkki and Gerawork Gizaw.
13
Sarhan, Mohammed B. A., Rika Fujiya, Junko Kiriya, Zin Wai Htay, Kayono Nakajima, Rie Fuse, Nao Wakabayashi y Masamine Jimba. "Health literacy among adolescents and young adults in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a scoping review". BMJ Open 13, n.º 6 (junio de 2023): e072787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072787.
Texto completoResumen
ObjectivesFor adolescents and young adults, most health literacy research has been conducted in Western countries, but few studies have been conducted in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). This review aimed to explore the existing health literacy research in the EMR in addition to the levels of health literacy and its associated factors among adolescents and young adults.MethodsThe search, conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost/CINAHL plus, Web of Science and J-STAGE databases, was initially performed on 16 June 2022 and later updated on 1 October 2022. Studies that targeted 10–25 years old persons, conducted in any of the EMR countries and that used the health literacy concept and/or described its levels or predictors were included in the review. Content analysis was used for data extraction and analysis. Data related to the study methods, participants, outcome variables and health literacy were extracted.ResultsThe review included 82 studies, most of which were conducted in Iran and Turkey and adopted a cross-sectional design. Half of the studies showed that more than half of adolescents and young adults had low or moderate health literacy. Nine studies applied university-based or school-based health education interventions to improve health literacy, which was also predicted by demographic and socioeconomic factors and internet usage. Little attention was paid to assessing the health literacy of vulnerable people, such as refugees and those with a disability and exposed to violence. Finally, various health literacy topics were investigated, including nutrition, non-communicable diseases, media and depression.ConclusionHealth literacy levels were low-to-moderate in adolescents and young adults in the EMR. To promote health literacy, it is recommended to use school-based health education and attempt to reach adolescents and young adults through social media platforms. More attention should be paid to refugees, people with disabilities and those exposed to violence.
14
Wollina, Uwe, André Koch, Claudio Guarneri, Georgi Tchernev y Torello Lotti. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis – A Case Series from Dresden". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2018): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.028.
Texto completoResumen
Leishmaniasis is world-wide one of the most common infectious disorders caused by protozoa. Due to the climate change, there is a risk of further spread of the disease to central and northern Europe. Another important issue is the high number of refugees from Syria since Syria is one of the hot spots of Old World leishmaniasis. We report on single-centre experience with leishmaniasis in the capital of Saxony, Dresden, during the years 2001 to 2017. We noted a substantial increase in the last five years. Once a very rare exotic disorder in Germany, cutaneous leishmaniasis has become a reality and physicians should be aware of it. A significant number of cases are from Syrian refugees; other cases had been acquired by tourists in the Mediterranean region!
15
Küey, L. "A new humanitarian emergency: Refugees and mental health in Turkey". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzo de 2016): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.795.
Texto completoResumen
Warfare in different parts of the world has led to a humanitarian emergency: forced displacement of millions of people. Global forced displacement in 2014 was the highest displacement on record since WW 2. By the end-2014, 59.5 million individuals forcibly displaced worldwide, as a result of persecution, armed conflicts, general violence, wars, or human rights violations. The number of individuals forced to leave their homes per day reached to 42,500 in 2014, hence, increased 4 times in the last 4 years. Top five refugee hosting countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia and Jordan. While Turkey hosted 1.6 million forced displaced people in 2014; it is estimated that this number reached 2.5 million by the end of 2015.Forced displacement of people due to warfare may be considered as a psychosocial earthquake. Especially after the deaths of thousands of them in the Mediterranean in the last couple years has brought this issue sharply into the focus of the whole world. While the deaths of the forced displaced people on across the borders of the whole world in the first nine months of 2014 were slightly over 4000; it reached the same number of human loss only in the Mediterranean region in 2015.Refugees fleeing with few possessions leading to neighboring or more developed countries face many life-threatening risks on the way, as they have nowhere to turn. A refugee is a person who has lost the past for an unknown future. Experiences of loss and danger are imprinted in their selves. It is shown that, in the short/medium term, 60% suffer from mental disorders, e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychosis, and dissociative disorders. In the long term, existing evidence suggests that mental disorders tend to be highly prevalent in war refugees even many years after resettlement. This increased risk may not only be a consequence of exposure to wartime trauma but may also be influenced by post-migration socioeconomic factors.In fact, “we are seeing here the immense costs of not ending wars, of failing to resolve or prevent conflicts.” Once more, psychiatry and mental health workers are facing the mental health consequences of persecution, general violence, wars, and human rights violations caused by the current prevailing economy-politics and socio-politics. So, a serious challenge here is avoiding the medicalization of social phenomena. This presentation will discuss the issue of forced displaced people considering it as a humanitarian tragedy with some examples of its mental health consequences from Turkey.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
16
Amarasena, Lahiru, Karen Zwi, Nan Hu, Raghu Lingam y Shanti Raman. "Changing landscape of paediatric refugee health in South Western Sydney, Australia: a retrospective observational study". BMJ Open 13, n.º 10 (octubre de 2023): e064497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064497.
Texto completoResumen
ObjectivesTo examine the changing health needs of refugee children and young people (CYP) entering Australia, in relation to key government policy changes.Study designRetrospective analysis of health service use data over 11 years.SettingPaediatric refugee clinics in South Western Sydney (SWS), the Australian region with the largest annual resettlement of refugees.ParticipantsRefugee CYP (≤25 years) attending the SWS paediatric refugee clinics for their first visit between 2009 and 2019.MeasuresClinician defined health conditions categorised as communicable and non-communicable disease (NCD).ResultsData were analysed for 359 CYP, mean age 9.3 years; 212 male (59.1%). Most CYP (n=331, 92.2%) had health problems identified; 292 (81.3%) had ≥1 NCD and 24 (6.7%) had ≥1 communicable disease. The most frequent individual NCDs were dental disease (n=128, 35.7%) and vitamin D deficiency (n=72, 20.1%). Trend analysis showed increased odds of identifying an NCD from 2013 onwards (crude OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.96). Neurodevelopmental problems, especially Global Developmental Delay (n=31, 8.6%), emerged as more prevalent issues in the latter half of the decade. There were significantly increased odds of identifying a neurodevelopmental problem in 2016–2019, especially in 2016–2017 (adjusted OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.34 to 6.40). Key policy changes during this period included acceptance of refugees with disabilities from 2012, additional Australian Humanitarian Programme intake from the Eastern Mediterranean region and mandatory offshore processing for those seeking asylum by boat from 2013. In response to the changing needs, local health services adopted nurse-led primary healthcare screening, early childhood services, youth and disability clinics.ConclusionsRefugee CYP in Australia are presenting with a growing burden of NCDs, with neurodevelopmental problems contributing. Government policy changes affect the sociodemographics of resettled populations, influencing health profiles. Paediatric refugee health services need to be responsive to the changing needs of these populations to optimise well-being.
17
Webber, Frances. "Europe’s unknown war". Race & Class 59, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2017): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817701657.
Texto completoResumen
The EU’s response to the global ‘refugee crisis’ has involved the returning of refugees to war zones, for example in Afghanistan, in breach of human rights conventions. But it has also been so determined to stop further asylum seekers reaching European waters or shores that it has entered into the most dubious of agreements with countries outside the EU. Using bribery (aid, promises of investment, even the prospect of membership of the EU) and blackmail (threats of withdrawal of support for educational and health programmes), the EU has inveigled and browbeaten countries around the Mediterranean and as far afield as sub-Saharan Africa, to undertake immigration controls on its behalf. This has involved the EU in agreements with repressive regimes such as Turkey, Sudan and Eritrea, designed to block the movements of millions of people in the Middle East and Africa necessitated by war, famine, climate change and religious conflict. The outsourcing of migration policy to countries run by known dictators and war criminals has come at the expense of Europe’s humanitarian tradition, argues the author, who looks at the implications of policy by country and region.
18
Theodosopoulou, Polyxeni, Costas Tsiamis, Andreas Pikoulis, Anastasia Pikouli, Exadaktylos Aristomenis y Emmanouel Pikoulis. "Rescue medical activities among sea migrants and refugees in the Mediterranean region: lessons to be learned from the 2014–2020 period". International Maritime Health 72, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2021): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/imh.2021.0018.
Texto completo
19
Kouba, Lamia, Bayan Alsaid, Taisser Almeree, Mazen Allouche y Abdulghani Alshalabi. "Multiple Hepatic and Renal Hydatid Cysts Managed with Laparoscopic Surgery". Case Reports in Surgery 2019 (17 de diciembre de 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6969232.
Texto completoResumen
Cystic echinococcosis is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The liver and lungs are the most commonly infected organs. We present the first-of-a-kind case of laparoscopic excision of 8 hydatid cysts, of which seven were in the liver and one was in the kidney of a 40-year-old patient. The patient presented with fatigue and fever and a one-year history of vague abdominal pain. Albendazole was administered before surgical intervention. The postoperative follow-up period was notable for a renal fistula. The patient subsequently underwent CT-guided percutaneous removal of a central hepatic hydatid cyst that was inaccessible using laparoscopic techniques. Cystic echinococcosis is endemic in the Mediterranean region. The growing number of immigrants and refugees from endemic areas could increase the prevalence of the disease in nonendemic countries. Therefore, it is important for physicians worldwide to be familiar with the diagnostic modalities and possible treatment options for hydatid disease.
20
Radojevic, Slobodan. "NATO naval forces in the Mediterranean". Medjunarodni problemi 69, n.º 1 (2017): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1701050r.
Texto completoResumen
The NATO area covers more water than land. The Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black Sea geographically and strategically unite the allies. NATO is a maritime alliance because almost all Member States have a maritime orientation and are highly dependent on maritime trade. To protect its interests on the seas and oceans NATO countries built up and maintained strong naval forces. Twenty of the 28 Member States of the Alliance has its own Navy - naval forces. Also, the Alliance has developed a highly-trained naval capacity for immediate response - Standing NATO naval forces consisting of naval ships of Member States. The use of naval power is more frequent, while more than 80 percent of local interventions and wars were conducted from the sea and over the sea. After the Cold War, NATO has dominated in the global maritime domain with robust naval forces and conducted several key naval operations to project the power and influence events on the ground. NATO naval operations have been conducted from the Balkans to the South Asia and North Africa. In the post-Cold War security environment, the Mediterranean is an area of central geopolitical and geostrategic interest to NATO. Also, NATO has a strong economic and energy interests in the Mediterranean. In that region, the naval component of the Alliance is extremely active. NATO maritime activities began during the early 1990's. NATO conducted out of area operation - Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Significant naval forces, including attacks from the distance from the sea, participated in Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia. After the terrorist attacks on the United States, NATO has increased the capacity of naval forces in the Mediterranean and established Operation Active Endeavour. This naval operation today transformed in Operation Sea Guardian and NATO with naval forces exercised full control and supervision of all maritime activities around the Mediterranean. Today, NATO has the Standing NATO Maritime Groups 1 (SNMG 1) and Standing NATO Maritime Groups 2 (SNMG 2), Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group (SNMCG 1) and Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group (SNMCG 2). NATO's Standing Naval Forces are no longer associated with a single area, but they must be ready for use anywhere. At present, NATO naval forces in the Mediterranean conduct maritime security operations and provides assistance in dealing with refugees and the migration crisis in the Aegean Sea. Today, NATO is a maritime alliance in action, actively preparing for the maritime century.
21
Steckenbiller, Christiane. "Rethinking the multiple meanings of the Mediterranean through Lawrence Osborne’s Beautiful Animals (2017)". Journal of European Studies 52, n.º 2 (junio de 2022): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00472441221090714.
Texto completoResumen
Lawrence Osborne’s Beautiful Animals (2017) thematizes the arrival of refugees on Europe’s shores and the division of Europe into core and peripheral regions. The psychological thriller tells the story of two young wealthy white women whose daily routines of swimming and sunbathing are interrupted when they meet a Syrian refugee on a secluded beach. In this article, I argue that the novel overlays geographies of forced migration with those of Greek national history, myth, travel, crime, and violence. The murder committed on a Greek island compels readers to examine what might be considered the larger ‘crimes’ of Europe – exclusionary refugee policies, the meddling in Greek affairs, and the legacies of colonialism and imperialism. In doing so, the novel asks us to rethink the multiple meanings of the Mediterranean as holiday destination, deadly outer border, and Southern Other, both intra- and extra-European at the same time.
22
Maigari, Muhammad Abdullahi y Uthman Abdullahi Abdul-Qadir. "Insurgency, militancy and achieving sustainable development in Africa: Experience from Nigeria". Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues 7, n.º 2 (10 de septiembre de 2017): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjs.v7i2.1279.
Texto completoResumen
Peace, stability and security are the essential preconditions for development anywhere. Africa have been grappling with myriads of security challenges in its quest to rescue the inhabitants of the continent from doldrums of insecurity and underdevelopment which stunted growth and development. Achieving sustainable development is the core concept for the post 2015 development agenda that provides an integrated response to the complex security, environmental, societal, economic and governance challenges that directly and disproportionately affect people. Security is vital for sustainable development across Africa, the fundamental challenge of managing or ending conflict(s) remains; and with it comes the challenge of creating or sustaining secure environments and using security as an enabler for development. The nexus between sustainable development, on the one hand, and peace, stability, and security on the other is not a new concept. The increasing proliferations of crime rates, jihadist groups in Africa has been catastrophic since the departure of Muammar Gadhafi in 2011, armed conflicts in Mali, Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb and Boko Haram insurgency in Northern Nigeria has changed the bearing of development agenda compass in the continent, destroying social infrastructures and uprooting people from their social locations hence creating another dire humanitarian crises: refugees, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), malnutrition, food crises and migrants risking their lives in the Mediterranean sea in an attempt to seek for where pasture is greener in Europe, Asia and America. Activities of sea pirates in the Gulf of Guinea and militants in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has grossly undermine sustainable development. The emergence of Niger Delta Avengers (NDA) and their activities of blowing oil pipeline has not only grounded the Nigerian economy which has been glaring in the inability of most State Governments in Nigeria to pay workers’ salaries, and gas spillage has been aggravating the already damaged ecosystem hence putting all development projects almost impossible let alone to sustain them.
23
Riy, Grygoriy. "Approaches of Southern European countries in supporting Ukraine after the full-scale Russian invasion". European Historical Studies, n.º 22 (2022): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.7.
Texto completoResumen
The article is devoted to reviewing the government’s response of Southern European countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece) to the full-scale invasion of Russia in Ukraine on 24 February 2022, which is based on the analysis of the researches, analytical papers, and official reports of the state authorities and mass media. Coverage of this topic is explained by the necessity of the full exploration of the Sothern European governments’ key approaches in supporting Ukraine in the struggle with the Russian army, as well as, discovering some new perspectives, using the comparative and transnational methodology. It is defined the term “Southern Europe”, and also outlined the main historiographical interpretations of the countries of the region. Preference is given to a pragmatic approach for characterising the countries of Southern Europe. The central studies of Ukrainian-Italian, Ukrainian-Spanish, Ukrainian-Portuguese and Ukrainian-Greek relations, official reports and mass media used in the study are analysed. It also analyses and compares the changing Southern European governments’ attitudes towards their supporting Ukraine after the Revolution of Dignity, the illegal annexation of Crimea, and the beginning of war in Donbas in 2014, with the united international response after the full-scale Russian invasion on 24 February 2022. In general, the governments of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece changed completely their policy of supporting or non-supporting Ukraine in the war. If after 2014 they tried to be pragmatic in the question of cutting ties with the Russian Federation in their foreign policy activity, then after the full-scale invasion in 2022 they strongly condemned Putin’s regime and agreed to provide assistance to Ukraine to the extent of their military and financial capabilities. The study found that the assistance of Southern European countries has been provided on the Atlantic (through NATO) and European (through EU) levels, as well as national. Defence ministers of the governments of Southern Europe are among the members of the “Ramstein” meetings, where the provision of military aid to Ukraine is coordinated. The countries of the region have so far given priority to humanitarian, financial aid and lethal weapons assistance (but not heavy ones), and have also accepted a large number of Ukrainian refugees. The assistance provided at each of the levels is illustrated by specific examples. Otherwise, Russian influence on domestic policy, national populistic parties and single members of the government or parliament is still strong. For instance, the Italian governmental crisis that happened in the mid-summer was the result of the unpopular and strong position of the prime minister Mario Draghi in his unwavering support of Ukraine. The countries of the region also see the Russian-Ukrainian war as an opportunity for them to strengthen their influence in the Mediterranean.
24
Klepp, Silja. "A Contested Asylum System: The European Union between Refugee Protection and Border Control in the Mediterranean Sea". European Journal of Migration and Law 12, n.º 1 (2010): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138836410x13476363652523.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract During the past few years the border waters between Europe and Africa have become an EU-policy crucible. In the midst of the tightening of EU border controls and refugee protection claims, supranational, national and local actors find themselves in a phase of legal insecurity and negotiation. This article is based on ethnographical research carried out in Libya, Italy and Malta. It sheds light on the different actors’ practices at sea and in the surrounding border region. It also explores how new parameters for refugee protection are emerging in the border regions of the European Union. The article argues that the policy practices of the co-operation between Italy and Libya as well as the informal operational methods carried out in the Mediterranean Sea function as a trailblazer of the overall EU refugee policy. In the long term, some of these practices will affect and change the legal basis and the formal regulations of the European refugee regime. The principle of non-refoulement could first be undermined and then abolished in this process. Using an approach that combines the empirical study of border regions with a legal anthropological perspective, the article analyses the Union’s processes of change and decision-making on local, national and supranational levels and their interconnections.
25
Al-Mandhari, Ahmed, Ali Ardalan, Awad Mataria, Tonia Rifaey y Rana Hajjeh. "Refugee and Migrant Health Strategy for the Eastern Mediterranean Region". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, n.º 12 (27 de enero de 2022): 1129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2021.27.12.1129.
Texto completo
26
Stivachtis, Yannis A. "A Mediterranean Region? Regional Security Complex Theory Revisited". Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2021): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-416-428.
Texto completoResumen
This article argues that the shift from the bipolar structure of the Cold War international system to a more polycentric power structure at the system level has increased the significance of regional relations and has consequently enhanced the importance of the study of regionalism. It makes a case for a Mediterranean region and examines various efforts aimed at defining what constitutes a region. In so doing, it investigates whether the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) can be utilized to define a Mediterranean region and argues that the patters of amity and enmity among Mediterranean states are necessary but not sufficient to identify such a region. It suggests that economic, energy, environmental, and other factors, such as migration and refugee flows should be taken into consideration in order to define the Mediterranean region. It also claims that the Mediterranean security complex includes three sub-complexes. The first is an eastern Mediterranean sub-complex that revolves mainly - albeit not exclusively - around three conflicts: the Greek-Turkish conflict, the Syrian conflict, and the Israeli-Palestinian/Arab conflict. The second is a central Mediterranean sub-complex that includes Italy, Libya, Albania and Malta and which revolves mainly around migration with Italy playing a dominant role due to its historical ties to both Libya and Albania. The third is a western Mediterranean security sub-complex that includes France, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Spain and Portugal. This sub-complex it centered around France, the migration question and its associated threats, such as terrorism, radicalism, and human trafficking. In conclusion, it is concluded that the Mediterranean security complex is very dynamic as there are states (i.e. Turkey) that seem eager and capable of challenging the status quo thereby contributing to the process of the complexs internal transformation.
27
Robson, B. J., E. T. Chester y C. M. Austin. "Why life history information matters: drought refuges and macroinvertebrate persistence in non-perennial streams subject to a drier climate". Marine and Freshwater Research 62, n.º 7 (2011): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10062.
Texto completoResumen
In some arid, semi-arid or Mediterranean climate regions, increased water extraction combined with climate change will prolong periods of drought in non-perennial streams, but the effects on macroinvertebrate populations are poorly understood. Drought refuges allow species to survive drying but their use depends on species’ traits, and refuge availability depends on landscape structure. This review evaluates the utility of existing ecological concepts for predicting the role of drought refuges for sustaining biodiversity in non-perennial streams. We also suggest traits that may determine invertebrate species’ resistance or resilience to prolonged drying. Parts of the likely responses by populations to increased stream drying are described by existing ecological concepts, such as the biological traits of species and their interaction with the habitat templet, barriers to dispersal and metapopulation dynamics, the use of drought refuges, habitat fragmentation and population and landscape genetics. However, the limited knowledge of invertebrate life histories in non-perennial streams restricts our ability to use these concepts in a predictive manner. In particular, reach or pool occupancy by species cannot be accurately predicted, but such predictions are necessary for evaluating potential management actions such as the use of environmental flows to sustain drought refuges during dry periods.
28
Alshwawra, Ahmad y Ahmad Almuhtady. "Impact of Turmoil and Gas Resources in the Eastern Mediterranean on Jordanian Energy Security and Foreign Policy". Transformation of Turkey’s Defense Industry: Causes, Context and Consequences 22, Summer 2020 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25253/99.2020223.13.
Texto completoResumen
The Mediterranean region has witnessed a lot of turbulence in the last decade. On the one hand, the Arab uprising changed the shape of the regional relations towards more rivalry. On the other hand, the discovery of natural gas resources has opened up a valuable chance for cooperation and settling the long-standing disputes. Jordan is affected by what happens in the Mediterranean region in more than one aspect. The various economic difficulties including energy insecurity, resulting from multiple refugee crises and the interruption of Egyptian gas is one of the most critical challenges Jordan has ever faced. As a heavy energy importer, the Jordanian energy sector is very sensitive to the regional and International context. The recently discovered Eastern Mediterranean gas is an attractive energy resource for Jordan. Nonetheless, a fear of its influence on the Jordanian foreign policy in the Palestinian context has grown. This article discusses the impact of the recent turmoil in the Mediterranean region on Jordan energy security. It tracks the change of energy security in Jordan between 2010 and 2018 using a proposed energy security framework. The article also discusses the potential implications of Jordan’s decision to import the Mediterranean gas through Israel on Jordanian energy security using the proposed energy security framework. Moreover, the article utilizes semi-systematic literature review methodology to analyze international, regional and national contexts in order to investigate the potential ramifications of that decision on Jordanian foreign policy regarding the Palestinian cause.
29
Pappas, Nicholas. "European Officers and the Mainland Irregular Forces on the Ionian Islands, 1798–1814: A Comparison of Command and Tactics". ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 7, n.º 2 (8 de marzo de 2021): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.7-2-3.
Texto completoResumen
In the era of the Napoleonic wars, the Ionian Islands off the western coasts of Greece and southern Albania became a base of operations and an area of conflict in the Mediterranean in the years 1797–1814. In that period, Republican French, Russian, Imperial French, and British forces successively occupied these Greek-populated islands, formerly Venetian possessions. Each of these powers attempted to establish a nominally independent "Septinsular Republic" under their protectorate. There were efforts by all of these powers to organize native armed forces, some raised from among refugees from the mainland-bandits (klephtes), former Ottoman irregulars (armatoloi), and clansmen from the autonomous regions of Himara, Souli, and Mani. Although these refugee warriors were skilled in the use of weapons-flintlock firearms, sabres and yataghans-they fought and were organized according to traditions and methods that were different and considered "obsolete" in early nineteenth century Europe. This study will look into the organization, training and command of these troops by Russian, French, and British officers. It will study the successes and failures of these officers in forming these native warriors into regular or semi-regular forces. It will also examine how the attitudes and activities of these officers helped to develop the armed forces of the Greek War of Independence, 1821–1830. Keywords: Napoleonic wars, Ionian Islands, armatoloi and klephtes, military forces
30
Pedroso, Nuno, Mafalda Basto, Margarida Santos-Reis y António Mira. "Use of small and medium-sized water reservoirs by otters in a Mediterranean ecosystem". Animal Biology 61, n.º 1 (2011): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x554455.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractWater is a limiting factor in Mediterranean regions, being specially important to aquatic species such as the Eurasian otter. The seasonal fluctuation of this resource is often addressed by constructing small and medium-sized water reservoirs. However, their role in the ecology and conservation of Eurasian otters is largely unknown. Our main goals were to assess the level of use of these reservoirs by otters and determine the main factors that may explain the observed levels of use. Intensity of use was determined by signs of otter presence and related to environmental variables using generalized linear models and variation partitioning techniques. Otters were present in the majority of reservoirs, both in the wet and dry seasons. Otter marking intensity was higher during the dry season, and positively associated with abundance of fish and American crayfish, existence of refuges and marking sites, number of watercourses and area of reservoir. In contrast, cattle settlements, annual crops and length of watercourses in the surrounding area negatively affected the use of the reservoirs. Otter diet reflected their opportunistic behaviour through the selection of seasonally available prey and corroborated the importance of American crayfish as a food item. Our results confirm that otters use the majority of small and medium-sized reservoirs in the study area. Despite this, reservoirs may be considered suboptimal habitats and seem to be specially relevant in the dry season, increasing water availability and acting as important feeding areas mainly when close to watercourses with good refuge conditions. Management implications are discussed.
31
Rabbani, Fauziah, Aysha Zahidie, Amna Siddiqui, Sanam Shah, Zul Merali, Khalid Saeed y Mohamed Afifi. "A systematic review of mental health of women in fragile and humanitarian settings of the Eastern Mediterranean Region". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 30, n.º 5 (29 de mayo de 2024): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2024.30.5.369.
Texto completoResumen
Background: The increasing emergencies and humanitarian challenges have worsened the mental health condition of women in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Aim: To assess the prevalence, determinants and interventions to address mental health among women in fragile and humanitarian settings in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Methods: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines, we reviewed 59 peer-reviewed published studies (PubMed, IMEMR) and grey literature (WHO/IRIS) from January 2001 to February 2023, focusing on women’s mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. We then conducted a descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Among the 59 studies reviewed, only 13 of the 48 peer-reviewed studies focused primarily on women’s mental health, 11 grey literature records mostly presented grouped regional data, 11 of the 25 studies on mental health among migrants were about those taking refuge in high-income countries. The average prevalence of mental disorders from 32 cross-sectional studies on women aged 12–75 years was 49%, average prevalence of anxiety was 68%, post-traumatic stress disorder was 52%, and depression was 43%. Women exhibited higher level depression than men. Age, educational disparities, and limited access to services were important risk factors for mental health disorder. Several promising. interventions emerged. Conclusion: More efforts should be made to provide customized, context-specific solutions to the mental health challenges of women in humanitarian and fragile settings in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, including allocation of more resources to mental health programmes, addressing barriers, enhancing mental health surveillance, and reduction of stigma.
32
Muirhead, Kate A. y Kym D. Perry. "Biocontrol of Invasive Conical Snails by the Parasitoid Fly Sarcophaga villeneuveana in South Australia 20 Years after Release". Insects 12, n.º 10 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100865.
Texto completoResumen
Two conical snail species introduced to Australia from the Mediterranean region during the 20th century are major pests of pastures and grain crops. In 2000, a parasitoid fly, Sarcophaga villeneuveana, was introduced into South Australia for biocontrol of the conical snail, Cochlicella acuta. The fly successfully established in the region but assessments of its impact in different snail aestivation microhabitats were limited. Twenty years on, field surveys were conducted to assess the geographic distribution and parasitism rates of S. villeneuveana on conical snails in the Yorke Peninsula region. Nineteen sites were sampled on four occasions in January and April of both 2019 and 2020. In total, >85,600 C. acuta and >2400 C. barbara were collected from cryptic (ground or plant refuge) and exposed (open ground or elevated substrate) aestivation habitats and assessed for parasitism. The fly was detected at 13 of 19 sampled sites up to 34 km from nursery release sites. Total parasitism rates of suitably sized snails (≥5 mm shell height) were 2.9% for C. acuta and 3.4% for C. barbara. Maximum parasitism rates of 48% for C. acuta and 29% for C. barbara were found at sites adjacent to spring- and summer-flowering native vegetation. Across 13 sites, parasitism rates were higher for C. acuta (5.4%) and C. barbara (15.2%) in exposed habitats above ground level. However, only 34% of C. acuta and 14% of C. barbara were found in elevated habitats as most snails were found in cryptic refuges. There was a seasonal decline in abundance of C. acuta (66%) and C. barbara (45%) between January and April, suggesting natural mortality. Although the overall impact of the fly is limited, high parasitism rates in local environments with flowering resources indicates the potential to enhance biocontrol of both invasive conical snail species.
33
Peçe, Uğur Zekeriya. "Protesting exile: Cretan refugee activists in the late Ottoman Empire". New Perspectives on Turkey 70 (12 de abril de 2024): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2024.5.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractFocusing on the long aftermath of the July Revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire, this article examines the intellectual and popular climate of protest in the context of a crisis of sovereignty over Crete. Keeping the geographical focus on İstanbul and on the regions receiving tens of thousands of civilians displaced from this Mediterranean island around the turn of the twentieth century, I discuss how multiple segments of a refugee population animated a mass protest movement. Pursuing a multi-class perspective, the article demonstrates how the mobilization of the displaced rested on the actions of mutually reinforcing social clusters: an upper-class cohort of Cretans based in İstanbul and more numerous but equally vocal underprivileged groups from the provinces. Approaching displacement as a condition that generates not only victimhood but also impetus for collective action, I argue that the displaced Cretans became the leading agents of mass politics in the post-revolutionary Empire.
34
Pereira, Joana B., Marta D. Costa, Daniel Vieira, Maria Pala, Lisa Bamford, Nourdin Harich, Lotfi Cherni et al. "Reconciling evidence from ancient and contemporary genomes: a major source for the European Neolithic within Mediterranean Europe". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, n.º 1851 (22 de marzo de 2017): 20161976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1976.
Texto completoResumen
Important gaps remain in our understanding of the spread of farming into Europe, due partly to apparent contradictions between studies of contemporary genetic variation and ancient DNA. It seems clear that farming was introduced into central, northern, and eastern Europe from the south by pioneer colonization. It is often argued that these dispersals originated in the Near East, where the potential source genetic pool resembles that of the early European farmers, but clear ancient DNA evidence from Mediterranean Europe is lacking, and there are suggestions that Mediterranean Europe may have resembled the Near East more than the rest of Europe in the Mesolithic. Here, we test this proposal by dating mitogenome founder lineages from the Near East in different regions of Europe. We find that whereas the lineages date mainly to the Neolithic in central Europe and Iberia, they largely date to the Late Glacial period in central/eastern Mediterranean Europe. This supports a scenario in which the genetic pool of Mediterranean Europe was partly a result of Late Glacial expansions from a Near Eastern refuge, and that this formed an important source pool for subsequent Neolithic expansions into the rest of Europe.
35
Bonal, Raul, Marisa Hernández, Josep M. Espelta, Alberto Muñoz y José M. Aparicio. "Unexpected consequences of a drier world: evidence that delay in late summer rains biases the population sex ratio of an insect". Royal Society Open Science 2, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2015): 150198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150198.
Texto completoResumen
The complexity of animal life histories makes it difficult to predict the consequences of climate change on their populations. In this paper, we show, for the first time, that longer summer drought episodes, such as those predicted for the dry Mediterranean region under climate change, may bias insect population sex ratio. Many Mediterranean organisms, like the weevil Curculio elephas , become active again after summer drought. This insect depends on late summer rainfall to soften the soil and allow adult emergence from their underground refuges. We found that, as in many protandric species, more C. elephas females emerged later in the season. Male emergence timing was on average earlier and also more dependent on the beginning of late summer rainfall. When these rains were delayed, the observed weevil sex ratio was biased towards females. So far, the effects of global warming on animal sex ratios has been reported for temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Our results show that rainfall timing can also bias the sex ratio in an insect, and highlight the need for keeping a phenological perspective to predict the consequences of climate change. We must consider not just the magnitude of the predicted changes in temperature and rainfall but also the effects of their timing.
36
CINAR, MELIH ERTAN, MURAT BİLECENOĞLU, MEHMET BAKI YOKEŞ y HARUN GÜÇLÜSOY. "Pinna nobilis in the south Marmara Islands (Sea of Marmara); it still remains uninfected by the epidemic and acts as egg laying substratum for an alien invader". Mediterranean Marine Science 22, n.º 1 (3 de marzo de 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.25289.
Texto completoResumen
A total of 12 Pinna nobilis beds were found and studied at depths varying between 2 and 6 m in the south Marmara Islands (Sea of Marmara). Fan mussel individuals in the beds were healthy with a few old dead specimens, indicating that the epidemic, which has devastated P. nobilis populations in the Mediterranean Sea, has not reached the Sea of Marmara, making the region a refuge area for the species. The average density of P. nobilis in the area varied between 0.6 ind.10 m-2 and 24 ind.10 m-2. The P. nobilis shells overall provided substrata or refuge for 14 species (10 sessile and 4 motile organisms), from macroalgae to fish. Shells of juvenile and adult specimens had different species assemblages. Four distinct assemblages were detected on shells, primarily formed by the red alga Gracilaria bursa-postaris, egg cocoons of the invasive alien Rapana venosa, the gastropod Bittium reticulatum and the serpulid polychaete Spirobranchus polytrema.
37
Chizhov, Vladimir N., Mikhail V. Pridannikov, Vlada Peneva y Sergei A. Subbotin. "Morphological and molecular characterisation of the Saratov population of the European dagger nematode, Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Nematoda: Dorylaimida), with notes on phylogeography of the species". Nematology 16, n.º 7 (2014): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002813.
Texto completoResumen
Plesiotype specimens of the European dagger nematode, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, were collected in Saratov, Russia, and morphologically, morphometrically and molecularly characterised. PCR with specific primer was developed for rapid diagnostics of this species. Phylogenetic relationships of X. diversicaudatum with other Xiphinema species, as inferred from the analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and coxI mtDNA gene sequences, are also provided. The study revealed that the clade X. diversicaudatum, together with X. bakeri (North America) and X. chengi (Asia), is related to Xiphinema species from the Mediterranean region and likely originated from a common ancestor inhabiting this area. The phylogenetic reconstructions with coxI mtDNA were used to describe the pattern of present genetic diversity of X. diversicaudatum and infer its biogeographical history in Europe. Haplotype diversity of X. diversicaudatum populations from Central Europe was significantly higher than those from south-eastern Europe, central, south-eastern and southern European Russia. It has been hypothesised that, during the Last Glacial Maximum, X. diversicaudatum populations probably persisted in refuge areas in the Carpathian mountains or the Alps, the species subsequently expanding from these areas and colonising other regions in Europe.
38
Fazlur Rahman, Nurhannani. "The viability of international anti-criminal finance frameworks". Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2019): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-09-2018-0059.
Texto completoResumen
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the effect of the growing informal financial sector (IFS) on the effectiveness of anti-criminal finance laws. Specifically, the growth of the IFS has been brought on by the unprecedented rise in refugee and migrant movement around the world. This paper will focus on how refugee smuggling in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Balkan region – and the consequent rise of the IFS – has affected the suitability of apply anti-money laundering and financial action task force frameworks in these countries. Design/methodology/approach It assesses the effectiveness of national and international legal documents on anti-criminal finance. It also uses data sets and analyses secondary and primary sources to estimate the size and importance of the IFS. Findings The exponential and rapid growth of the IFS has undermined efforts to prevent the financing of trafficking, terrorism, corruption and money-laundering. The present legal devices to address criminal finance has been wholly inadequate and counter-productive. Research limitations/implications There are limited reliable or accurate data available on the IFS, how much money goes through it or how important it is to criminal activities such as money laundering or terrorist finance. Without field-research, this study remains exploratory. Practical implications The growth of the IFS and migratory movement is a complex dilemma that must be accounted for when seeking to truly improve anti-criminal finance laws, especially in developing and transition countries. Originality/value This paper demonstrates the importance of considering the IFS and migratory and refugee movements in creating legal instruments to combat financial crime. It also suggests a direction for future research.
39
Bussotti, Filippo y Martina Pollastrini. "Opportunities and Threats of Mediterranean Evergreen Sclerophyllous Woody Species Subjected to Extreme Drought Events". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 23 (27 de noviembre de 2020): 8458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238458.
Texto completoResumen
Climate change and extreme drought and heat events impact the Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation in South Europe, especially in Iberian and Italian peninsula, where widespread crown defoliation and dieback have been observed since the 90s of the XX century. Field observations and long-term experiments showed different sensitivity of the various woody species, Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo being prone to drought, whereas Phillyrea latifolia and Pistacia lentiscus appeared to be resistant. The present review aims at exploring the phylogenetic and evolutionary basis of the resistance (or susceptibility) to drought of Mediterranean vegetation and its possible mechanisms of resilience. The main findings are summarized as follows: (1) Mediterranean regions in the world are refuge areas for several plant evolutive lineages and migratory routes. Evergreen sclerophyllous species, currently presented in Mediterranean basin, evolved under different climatic conditions; (2) the evergreen habitus represents an adaptation to mild drought conditions. Deciduous (specially summer deciduous) species are better performing under severe drought and low air relative humidity than evergreen species; (3) severe drought events acts selectively by favouring the species evolved in the Quaternary era and those originated in drier regions; (4) the evergreen trees and shrubs are resilient to the severe drought events and can restore the pre-event condition by resprouting from dormant buds in the cambium tissue. This ability is related to the non-structural carbohydrate content in the parenchyma-rays in woody stems. The amount and availability of these strategic reserve can be compromised by frequent drought events; (5) plant seed regeneration can be affected by drought and seedling establishment may be limited by soil dryness and microenvironment conditions; (6) the role of phenotypic plasticity of the species and epigenetic responses in Mediterranean-type ecosystems, although discussed in few papers, is still poorly known. We hypothesize that instead of latitudinal (South to North) or altitudinal (lowland to upland) plant migrations, Mediterranean forest ecosystems may respond to climate change by modulating their species composition and community structure with genetic resources (i.e., taxonomic diversity) already present in loco. Changes in vegetation assemblages and community structure may lead changes in ecological and landscape ecosystem values, with changes in related ecosystem services. A redefinition of management criteria of natural resources and a pro-active silviculture to make forest ecosystems more resilient are required.
40
LAGARDE, F., T. LOUZIZI, T. SLIMANI, H. EL MOUDEN, K. BEN KADDOUR, S. MOULHERAT y X. BONNET. "Bushes protect tortoises from lethal overheating in arid areas of Morocco". Environmental Conservation 39, n.º 2 (19 de enero de 2012): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000634.
Texto completoResumen
SUMMARYArid Mediterranean regions that shelter unique biodiversity are threatened by increasing anthropogenic pressures, such as urbanization, overgrazing and climate change. In Morocco, one of the main bush species in arid areas, the jujube (Ziziphus lotus), suffers from officially promoted programmes of removal. The Moorish tortoise (Testudo graeca soussensis) is threatened by such habitat loss. Like most animals, the Moorish tortoise must navigate between microhabitats to find essential feeding resources and thermal refuges. This study combined radio-tracking of free-ranging individuals, microhabitat temperature monitoring and transects in a range of habitats. Tortoises were found to depend on the occurrence of large and relatively abundant bushes to escape lethal overheating. Thus, (1) current official encouragements for the destruction of the jujube bushes should be reappraised; (2) habitat restoration relying on replanting jujube bush should be encouraged; and (3) large-scale monitoring of critical bush densities should be used to better organize conservation plans (protection and/or restoration of areas) for the Moorish tortoise.
41
MELERO, I., S. LÓPEZ-VELASCO y E. LÓPEZ. "On the role of turf species as refuge in disturbed environments: A case study with polychaetes (Annelida: Polychaeta) in SW Mediterranean Sea". Mediterranean Marine Science 18, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2017): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.2050.
Texto completoResumen
During the summer of 2014, a field survey was conducted in several littoral rocky sites on the southeastern coast of Spain. In this area, dense canopies of Cystoseira mediterranea characterize undisturbed locations and cover most of the available infralittoral fringe. Turfs composed mainly of the coralline algae Ellisolandia elongata replace the canopy in locations where some kind of anthropogenic disturbance has occurred. The main goal of this study was to compare the polychaete fauna dwelling within the two types of phytal substratum, and several univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to detect significant differences between the two assemblages. The analyses showed that the assemblage inhabiting E. elongata was characterized by a higher population density of polychaetes and was dominated by herbivores and filter-feeders, especially Fabricia stellaris and Amphiglena mediterranea. Polychaetes were less abundant in pristine sites covered by Cystoseira mediterranea, although a-diversity was slightly higher. This assemblage was characterized by a predominance of omnivores followed by herbivores, and by high relative abundances of Syllis prolifera and Salvatoria clavata. However, none of the detected differences was statistically significant and site to site comparison showed that differences between locations with the same phytal cover were similarly deep. Our data point out that the assemblage inhabiting turf algae in the region studied is not substantially different to that found in pristine areas and that this type of phytal covering can act as effective refuge for polychaetes under moderately disturbed condition.
42
Aliprantis, Christos. "Transnational Policing after the 1848–1849 Revolutions: The Habsburg Empire in the Mediterranean". European History Quarterly 50, n.º 3 (julio de 2020): 412–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420932489.
Texto completoResumen
This article investigates the policing measures of the Habsburg Empire against the exiled defeated revolutionaries in the Mediterranean after the 1848–1849 revolutions. The examination of this counter-revolutionary policy reveals the pioneering role Austria played in international policing. It shows, in particular, that Vienna invested more heavily in policing in the Mediterranean after 1848 than it did in other regions, such as Western Europe, due to the multitude of ‘Forty-Eighters’ settled there and the alleged inadequacy of the local polities (e.g., the Ottoman Empire, Greece) to satisfactorily deal with the refugee question themselves. The article explains that Austria made use of a wide array of both official and unofficial techniques to contain these allegedly dangerous political dissidents. These methods ranged from official police collaboration with Greece and the Ottoman Empire to more subtle regional information exchanges with Naples and Russia. However, they also included purely unilateral methods exercised by the Austrian consuls, Austrian Lloyd sailors and ship captains, and ad hoc recruited secret agents to monitor the émigrés at large. Overall, the article argues that Austrian policymakers in the aftermath of 1848 invented new policing formulas and reshaped different pre-existing institutions (e.g., consuls, Austrian Lloyd), channelling them against their opponents in exile. Therefore, apart from surveying early modes of international policing, this study also adds to the discussion about Austrian (and European) state-building and, furthermore, to the more specific discussion of how European states dealt with political dissidents abroad in the nineteenth century.
43
Bevacqua, Laura, Giada Zucco, Kevin Garofalo, Innocenzo Muzzalupo y Stefano Scalercio. "Lost in hostile lands: moths of conservation concern in cultivated and suburban areas of south Italy". Nature Conservation 54 (21 de diciembre de 2023): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.54.108425.
Texto completoResumen
Cultivated and suburban areas are usually considered unfavourable to the vulnerable components of biodiversity and regarded as not interesting from a conservation point of view. However, remnants of semi-natural vegetation can be embedded in such areas, becoming possible refuges for wild biodiversity despite the high anthropogenic pressures. With the present study, we raise awareness that, in some cases, these areas can be regarded as biodiversity treasure chests, even when apparently poor and with low appeal for conservationists. We demonstrate the importance of urbanised and cultivated landscapes by providing new records of two lepidopteran species rare for the Italian Peninsula, namely Amphipyra (Pyrois) cinnamomea and Boudinotiana notha. The European range of A. cinnamomea has become strongly reduced, seeming extinct in some Central European regions and the few Italian records mostly date back several decades. B. notha has very few relict populations in Mediterranean Europe, some of which are in peninsular Italy, where it is threated by urbanisation and reduced precipitations expected in the next decades. Our findings confirm the importance of small and highly fragmented patches of semi-natural vegetation for biodiversity conservation, as they can allow species of conservation interest to persist in hostile lands.
44
Carabassa, Achotegui-Castells, Domene y Alcañiz. "The Cocoon System: Ecotechnology for Ecological Restoration and Rainfed Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin". Proceedings 30, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030033.
Texto completoResumen
Ecological restoration projects of degraded natural areas or rainfed agriculture in the Mediterranean region, especially when they include the plantation of woody species, generally shown to be very expensive and inefficient, mainly due to the large number of leaks during the first summer drought. Even in cases where support irrigation is carried out, medium-term mortality rates remain high, as root systems developed under irrigation conditions present superficial growth being more vulnerable to drought episodes. One of the current initiatives to address this problem is the so-called “Cocoon”. It is a 100% biodegradable device, built with recycled plant fibers. It is designed to reduce water stress for the planted seedlings during the first drought season, while also encouraging the development of a deep root system. This device has been successfully implemented in various countries around the world and in a wide range of different environmental conditions and objectives, from the restoration of areas affected by desertification to the recovery of agricultural uses in abandoned lands. Results after first summer drought demonstrate that Cocoon ecotechnology is working well, improving survival ratios and physiological state of the seedlings, despite its efficacy depends on the species and the environmental conditions of the site. Moreover, Cocoon is acting as refuge for some insects and could favor the growing of some commercially interesting fungi. In general, the perception of the agricultural and forestry owners, and the administrations involved, is very positive.
45
Wetzke, Martin, Christine Happle, Annabelle Vakilzadeh, Diana Ernst, Georgios Sogkas, Reinhold Schmidt, Georg Behrens, Christian Dopfer y Alexandra Jablonka. "Healthcare Utilization in a Large Cohort of Asylum Seekers Entering Western Europe in 2015". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2018): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102163.
Texto completoResumen
During the current period of immigration to Western Europe, national healthcare systems are confronted with high numbers of asylum seekers with largely unknown health status. To improve care taking strategies, we assessed healthcare utilization in a large, representative cohort of newly arriving migrants consisting of n = 1533 residents of a reception center in Northern Germany in 2015. Most asylum seekers were young, male adults, and the majority came from the Eastern Mediterranean region. Overall, we observed a frequency of 0.03 visits to the onsite primary healthcare ward per asylum seeker and day of camp residence (IQR 0.0–0.07, median duration of residence 38.0 days, IQR 30.0–54.25). Female asylum seekers showed higher healthcare utilization rates than their male counterparts, and healthcare utilization was particularly low in asylum seekers in their second decade of life. Furthermore, a significant correlation between time after camp entrance and healthcare utilization behavior occurred: During the first week of camp residence, 37.1 visits/100 asylum seekers were observed, opposed to only 9.5 visits/100 asylum seekers during the sixth week of camp residence. This first data on healthcare utilization in a large, representative asylum seeker cohort entering Western Europe during the current crisis shows that primary care is most needed in the first period directly after arrival. Our dataset may help to raise awareness for refugee and migrant healthcare needs and to adapt care taking strategies accordingly.
46
Gois, Pedro y Giulia Falchi. "The third way. Humanitarian corridors in peacetime as a (local) civil society response to a EU’s common failure". REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana 25, n.º 51 (diciembre de 2017): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880005105.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Migration has been and will continue to be one of the key issues for Europe in the coming decades. Fundamental developments such as economy, climate change, globalization of transport and communication, war and instability in the neighbouring regions, are all factors that continue to drive people to come to Europe, in search of shelter and a better life or to reunite with their families. In recent years, vulnerability of forced migrants has been exacerbated by worsening conflicts in their home country, which make repatriation less and less a viable option, and by mounting intolerance within local communities. A growing number of potential refugees attempts to escape transit countries to reach the European Union by embarking in dangerous journeys to cross the Mediterranean Sea and illegally enter the European Union. Within the European Union resettlement represents a 'durable solution' for vulnerable forced migrants alongside local integration and voluntary repatriation, a protection tool for potential people whose lives and liberty are at risk. In Italy, a group of institutions from civil society and the Italian Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Interior signed a Protocol of Agreement for the establishment of Humanitarian Corridors to ensure the legal and safe resettlement of asylum seekers. Our article will show how these Humanitarian Corridors proved to be a successful multi-stakeholder engagement to support safe and legal pathways to protection as well as durable solutions for third country nationals in need of protection.
47
Campolo, Daniele. "M.C. Escher and the Calabrian Cultural Landscape of Linguistic Greek Minorities". Advanced Engineering Forum 11 (junio de 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.11.458.
Texto completoResumen
The Calabrian Region, in the past centuries, has been a refuge land for groups of different culture and religion from various Mediterranean areas. Today in this area it is still possible to identify three major ethnic language minorities related to historical events dating back to times past: the Greek of Calabria minority in the province of Reggio Calabria, the Waldensians one in the province of Cosenza and the Arbëreshë culture in the province of Cosenza, Crotone and Catanzaro. The existence in the same region of three "historical linguistic minorities", protected by the Law no. 482/1999, is unique in the Italian panorama: this territory is characterized by an ancient culture, an historic and architectonic heritage, and it is also inserted in an environment of great natural value, such as to create the conditions for the attempts to inclusion of this areas in the UNESCO heritage sites within the "Cultural Landscape" category. These territories are formed hierarchically by different ecosystems, deeply influenced by various factors such as the geological composition of the soil, the microclimate, the presence of the fiumare (characteristic Calabrian rivers), the geographical setting difficulties for agriculture and the use of terracing techniques to overcome the lack of large flat areas. The different combinations of these micro-ecosystems creates a complex landscape that can be observed at different scales and is determined by the human management of the various natural resources. No wonder that this landscape inspired Maurits Cornelis Escher to spend many months in this region, drawing and sketching.
48
Baqloul, Asmae, Enno Schefuß, Martin Kölling, Lydie Dupont, Jeroen Groeneveld, Xueqin Zhao, Hanane Reddad, Lhoussaine Bouchaou y Ilham Bouimetarhan. "Climate and land-use effects on hydrological and vegetation signals during the last three millennia: Evidence from sedimentary leaf waxes in southwestern Morocco". Holocene 31, n.º 5 (13 de enero de 2021): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620988053.
Texto completoResumen
The southwest of Morocco is considered to be an area of refuge within the Mediterranean region, hosting the endemic tropical Argan tree. This region is presently subject to severe droughts, desertification and land degradation, and likely facing increased climate variability and socio-economic stress in the future. Here, we use the stable hydrogen and carbon isotope composition (δD and δ13C) of plant-waxes in a high-resolution marine sediment core (GeoB8601-3) collected off Cape Ghir in southwestern Morocco, in combination with published data on pollen and XRF element ratios from the same archive. We aim to reconstruct the hydroclimate and vegetation history during the last 3000 years. Stable carbon isotope compositions of leaf waxes (δ13Cwax) show that natural vegetation in southwestern Morocco consists of C3 plants. Minor variations in δ13Cwax were positively correlated to changes in stable hydrogen isotope compositions of leaf waxes (δDwax) before 700 CE. Changes in rainfall amounts and water use efficiency indicate a clear vegetation response to precipitation changes and thus to climate forcing. After 700 CE, δDwax and δ13Cwax became de-coupled suggesting that the plant wax discharge and their isotope signals were no longer solely controlled by climate; the waxes likely mainly originate from the lowlands and carry an enriched (dry) δD signal but a depleted 13C signature. The depletion of δ13Cwax correlates with the increase of Argan pollen concentration in the record. The period between ~700 and 900 CE coincides with the Arabization of Morocco which had an impact on the demographic composition of the country leading to new agricultural habits and, as a result, on the land-use triggering a higher erosion of lowland material by the Souss River.
49
David, Walter, Francesco Giannino, Duncan Heathfield, Antony Hubervic, Attila Aknai, Athanasios Sfetsos y Silvia Elena Piovan. "Giving life to the map can save more lives. Wildfire scenario with interoperable simulations". Advances in Cartography and GIScience of the ICA 1 (3 de julio de 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-adv-1-4-2019.
Texto completoResumen
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In the Mediterranean region, drier and hotter summers are leading to more likely and severe wildfires. The authors propose an innovative approach for situational awareness by giving life to maps and exploiting interoperable GIS, hazard models, simulations, and interconnection analysis processes aimed to enhance preparedness and strengthen the resilience of responding organizations. The information related to a virtual city and its countryside has been implemented in the terrain of simulation systems. The TIGER wildfire model software has been adapted to a scenario where districts, refugee camps and critical infrastructures can be impacted by a fire and has been linked to a smoke dispersion model, and associated impacts to the electricity network and roads. The transfer of computed fire propagation and combustion data to the AI-powered SWORD simulation enable more accurate computing of damage and loss. In SWORD, civil protection, military assets and humanitarian actions can be performed for training and operation preparation. The simulation data about fire and assets’ deployments can feed a web app map or a command and control system, thus providing situational awareness for optimal decision-making, and analysis about people in danger, network interconnections and potential service disruption. Disaster managers and commanders can interact with simulated assets performing their chosen courses of action and analyse the outcomes.</p><p>In conclusion, tests in a wildfire case study demonstrated a high level of interoperability among those systems and the possibility to provide updated situational awareness leading to better emergency preparedness and critical infrastructure resilience building, finally contributing to save more lives.</p>
50
Mustățea, Mihaela. "Italy and the Mare Nostrum Operation (October 2013-October 2014)". Euro-Atlantic Studies, n.º 2 (2019): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2019.2.6.
Texto completoResumen
Migration from poor countries is constantly increasing, but at the same time it is becoming more difficult to legally enter and seek asylum in the European Union. Fences were erected in several countries, such as Hungary, Slovenia, Macedonia and Austria. Due to the lack of opportunities, thousands of desperate people are forced to embark on a dangerous journey across the Mediterranean Sea, considered one of the deadliest seas in the world. For the past fifteen years, Italy has been increasingly affected by the phenomenon of migrants and applicants for international protection arriving by sea, departing from the coasts of Libya, Tunisia and Egypt. These flows incremented significantly in 2011 related to the political changes in the countries of North Africa (especially in Tunisia and Libya), called the "Arab Spring," and with the intensification of the conflict in Syria. Since the Arab uprisings, the Mediterranean region has been confronted with unprecedented refugee and migratory fluxes: in 2014 over 170.000 people arrived by sea, of which more than 42.000 Syrian citizens fleeing the war.As a consequence of their geographical position and the implementation of the Dublin Regulation – which sets the procedures for asylum applications in the European Union – countries of first arrival such Italy, Greece, and, to a lesser extent, Spain have been most affected. This paper analyses the Italian’s center-left government decision to launch the Mare Nostrum operation, opening the path for the Search and Humanitarian missions. Mare Nostrum was a year-long naval and air operation initiated by the Italian government on October 18, 2013 after the greatly mediatized Lampedusa shipwrecks of 3rd and 11th of October 2013 near the island of Lampedusa when 636 migrants died off the Italian coast. The Italian operation aimed to identify boats in distress and to launch a proactive “Search and Rescue” operation with a policing and anti-smuggling component, covered an area of 70.000 square kilometers, and operated close to the Libyan coast. Leading this military-humanitarian operation, Italy succeeded in raising the awareness of EU member states’ governments and public opinion that the Mediterranean migration crisis affects all EU member states - not just Italy or other South-European countries. The Mare Nostrum operation ended suddenly, after a series of harsh critics, largely because of a lack of European Union supported being considered a „pull factor” for migration, but its consequence was that it paved the way for a greater humanitarian response to this complex phenomenon that affects the economic, social and security aspects of Europe in the world of mass human movements. It was superseded by Frontex's Operation Triton, an operation which had no naval or air force of its own, instead, it had to rely on the help of the EU countries. The aim of the new European operation led by Italy as host state was not to save human lives but, basically it was a border control operation. Triton replaced also two old operations the agency used to coordinate in the South of Italy, Hermes which controlled the border along the Italian coastline, and Aeneas which controlled migrant flows from Egypt and Turkey (via Greece) to Italy. Another mission under Italian naval command and headquartered in Rome was the Sophia Operation, launched in June 2015, an anti-people smuggling mission in the Mediterranean Sea, ended in March 2019. The ending decision relates to Italy's reluctance to allow rescued people to disembark in its own ports.