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Tomasino, Elizabeth y Shiloh Bolman. "The Potential Effect of β-Ionone and β-Damascenone on Sensory Perception of Pinot Noir Wine Aroma". Molecules 26, n.º 5 (27 de febrero de 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051288.
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Volatile compounds are responsible for driving the aroma of wine. Because of their low perception thresholds, norisoprenoids may play an important role in wine aroma. Studies have shown that β-damascenone may act as an aroma enhancing compound. However, the direct impact on wine aroma is unclear. Our study examined the direct impact of β-ionone and β-damascenone on the aroma sensory perception of Pinot noir wines. Triangle tests were used to determine if assessors could distinguish between wines with varying concentrations of β-ionone and β-damascenone in three different Pinot noir wine matrixes. Descriptive analysis was performed on these treatments, perceived as different in triangle tests. Results show that β-ionone acts as a significant contributor to aromas in Pinot noir wine, as individuals could differentiate both the low and high concentration wines from the control. How β-ionone impacted wine aroma depends on the wine matrix, as different aroma descriptors were affected based on the model wine used, resulting in floral, red berry or dark berry aromas. The effect of β-damascenone on Pinot noir aroma was less clear, as perception seems to be heavily influenced by wine matrix composition. This study contributes to our understanding of the complex chemical causation of fruity aromas in Pinot noir wine.
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Zang, Xiaomin, Qing Du, Rui Qu, Dongqing Ye, Yao Lu y Yanlin Liu. "Analysis of Volatile Aroma Compounds and Sensory Characteristics Contributing to Regional Style of Red Wines from Hexi Corridor Based on Sixteen Grape Varieties/Clones". Fermentation 8, n.º 10 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100501.
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Hexi Corridor is an excellent region for high-quality wines in China, but the characteristic and style of red wine from this region is unclear. To elucidate the regional style of red wines from Hexi Corridor, the aroma properties of red wines made from 16 different varieties/clones of grapes were comprehensively analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS, sensory evaluation, odor activity value method, and partial least squares regression analyses. We identified 52 aroma compounds and found that floral and black berry provided a good reference for shaping red wine style and selecting related varieties in Hexi Corridor region. Ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol, which were the characteristic aroma substances of Hexi Corridor red wines, had positive effects on the floral aroma of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, and Malbec wines. Hexyl alcohol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol also contributed to the black berry and spice aromas, while isobutyl acetate opposed the expression of these aromas of Malbec and Cabernet Franc wines. These results showed that the sensory characteristics of floral and black berry are of vital significance in shaping the red wine style of Hexi Corridor, among which ethyl caproate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ethyl 9-decenoate, and hexyl alcohol are important contributors.
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Williams, Michell, Wesaal Khan, Nombasa Ntushelo y Rodney Hart. "An indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain isolated from Paarl regional Shiraz grapes to enhance Shiraz wine typicity". OENO One 55, n.º 2 (7 de mayo de 2021): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4552.
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Wine yeast starter cultures differ in their ability to release aroma-enhancing metabolites associated with typical varietal wines. Therefore, this study investigated an indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from Paarl regional Shiraz grapes for the release of, amongst others, volatile thiols (aroma compounds traditionally associated with white cultivars, especially Sauvignon blanc) during the 2016 and 2017 vintages using Shiraz grape must. Chemical analyses of final wines showed that the indigenous strain i.e., NI6 produced Shiraz wines lower volatile acidity (VA) and acetic acid concentrations than wines produced with reference strains i.e., WE372 and MERIT, respectively. This was further supported by descriptive sensory evaluations of wines, as NI6 wines had typical Shiraz varietal aromas and flavours, i.e.,“berry”, “jammy”, “smoky” and “spicy and peppery”. This yeast strain also produced wines with more 3-mercapto-1-hexanol (3MH), a volatile thiol that imparts black currant aromas in red wines, than both red wine reference strains in 2016. Both red wine reference strains, however, produced red wines with higher ester compounds (imparts “fruity” aroma) concentrations than strain NI6. Nonetheless, the ability of NI6 to consistently release volatile thiols during both vintages is advantageous for Shiraz wine typicity. Overall, this study showed that wines with a positive correlation with black and/or fruits aromas and flavours also had volatile thiol levels above its sensory detection thresholds, which indicates that ester compounds are not solely responsible for Shiraz wine fruity aromas and flavours as was traditionally reported.
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Petronilho, Sílvia, Ricardo Lopez, Vicente Ferreira, Manuel A. Coimbra y Sílvia M. Rocha. "Revealing the Usefulness of Aroma Networks to Explain Wine Aroma Properties: A Case Study of Portuguese Wines". Molecules 25, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020272.
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Wine aroma is the result of complex interactions between volatile compounds and non-volatile ones and individual perception phenomenon. In this work, an aroma network approach, that links volatile composition (chromatographic data) with its corresponding aroma descriptors was used to explain the wine aroma properties. This concept was applied to six monovarietal wines from Bairrada Appellation (Portugal) and used as a case study. A comprehensive determination of the wines’ volatile composition was done (71 variables, i.e., volatile components), establishing a workflow that combines extraction techniques and gas chromatographic analysis. Then, a bipartite network-based approach consisting of two different nodes was built, one with 19 aroma descriptors, and the other with the corresponding volatile compound(s). To construct the aroma networks, the odor active values were calculated for each determined compound and combined with the bipartite network. Finally, the aroma network of each wine was compared with sensory descriptive analysis. The analysis of the specific aroma network of each wine revealed that Sauvignon Blanc and Arinto white wines present higher fruity (esters) and sweet notes (esters and C13 norisoprenoids) than Bical wine. Sauvignon Blanc also exhibits higher toasted aromas (thiols) while Arinto and Bical wines exhibit higher flowery (C13 norisoprenoids) and herbaceous notes (thiols), respectively. For red wines, sweet fruit aromas are the most abundant, especially for Touriga Nacional. Castelão and Touriga Nacional wines also present toasted aromas (thiols). Baga and Castelão wines also exhibit fusel/alcohol notes (alcohols). The proposed approach establishes a chemical aroma fingerprint (aroma ID) for each type of wine, which may be further used to estimate wine aroma characteristics by projection of the volatile composition on the aroma network.
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Cordente, Antonio G., Christopher D. Curtin, Mark Solomon, Allie C. Kulcsar, Flynn Watson, Lisa Pisaniello, Simon A. Schmidt y Damian Espinase Nandorfy. "Modulation of Volatile Thiol Release during Fermentation of Red Musts by Wine Yeast". Processes 10, n.º 3 (2 de marzo de 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030502.
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During the alcoholic fermentation of grape sugars, wine yeast produces a range of secondary metabolites that play a critical role in the aroma profile of wines. One of the most impactful yeast-modified compound families, particularly in white wines, are the ‘fruity’ polyfunctional thiols, which include 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3-MH) and 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4-MMP). While the formation and stylistic contribution of these thiols have been extensively researched in white wines, little is known about the conditions leading to their formation in red wines. In this study, we explored the ability of yeast strains to modulate the release of these aroma compounds during the fermentation of two red musts. In laboratory-scale Pinot Noir fermentations, the formation of 3-MH strongly correlated with yeast β-lyase activity, particularly with the presence of certain genotypes of the flavour-releasing gene IRC7. Subsequent production of Grenache wine at the pilot scale, with detailed compositional and sensory analysis, was undertaken to confirm laboratory-scale observations. A commercial wine strain used for expressing ‘fruity’ thiols in Sauvignon Blanc was shown to produce wines that exhibited more intense red fruit aromas. These results reveal an opportunity for winemakers to shape red wine aroma and flavour by using yeasts that might typically be considered for white wine production.
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Lytra, Georgia, Sophie Tempere, Shiyu Zhang, Stéphanie Marchand, Gilles De Revel y Jean-Christophe Barbe. "Olfactory impact of dimethyl sulfide on red wine fruity esters aroma expression in model solution". OENO One 48, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.1.1660.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) on the fruity aroma of a complex mixture containing 12 red wine esters.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Aromatic reconstitutions were prepared using pure commercial esters and acetates at the average concentrations found in red wines, as well as several concentrations of DMS. The olfactory thresholds of DMS in such matrices were: 1.74 µg/L in dilute alcohol solution, 2.80 µg/L in fruity aromatic reconstitution (12 esters) in dilute alcohol solution, and 3.67 µg/L in fruity aromatic reconstitution in dearomatized red wine. The "olfactory threshold" of the fruity pool, consisting of the 12 esters, was calculated in two different matrices: dilute alcohol solution and dilute alcohol solution supplemented with 5 µg/L DMS. The presence of DMS in the mixture led to significantly decreased of the "olfactory threshold" of the fruity pool, highlighting its effect in increasing overall aroma intensity. Sensory profiles were then evaluated to investigate the qualitative impact of DMS on fruity aroma perception.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: These results confirmed the sensory importance of DMS, suggesting that it was an active contributor to the black-berry fruit nuances in the fruity matrix studied. This compound participated, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in modulating black-berry fruit aroma and, more specifically, in enhancing blackcurrant aroma.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Studies investigating fruity aromas in red wines over the past decade have discussed the implication of DMS in fruity aroma expression. Although DMS does not present fruity aromas, this study clearly shows its indirect impact on fruity aroma expression, via particular perceptive interactions, in fruity model mixture.</p>
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Veverka, L., M. Jelínková, K. Hron, J. Balík, J. Stávek y P. Barták. "Chemical markers in the aroma profiles of South Moravian red wine distillates". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 4 (13 de junio de 2012): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/208/2011-cjfs.
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HSSPME-GC/MS method was used to investigate the volatile compounds responsible for varietal character in the aroma of wine distillates made from 16 different red wine grape cultivars: Andre, Blue Frankish, Merlot, Cabernet Moravia, Rubinet, Pinot Noir, Ariana, Alibernet, Laurot, Dornfelder, Blauer Portugieser, Agni, Neronet, Zweigeltrebe, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Domina. The grapes were all grown in the same vineyard in South Moravia, an important viticultural region in the south of the Czech Republic bordering Austria. The isometric log-ratio transformation was used to compute variances prior to statistical analysis, and a compositional biplot was used to interpret the data and identify the main chemical markers. A comparison of the key terpenoids present in the aroma profiles indicated that these were consistent with the known relationships between the cultivars based on their parentage. There were similarities in the terpenoid elements of the aroma profiles of Blue Frankish and its relatives Andre, Laurot, Agni, and Zweigeltrebe, which are dominated by (Z)-linalool oxide, linalool, isoborneol, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. On the other hand, the aroma profiles of Pinot Noir, Blauer Portugieser, Cabernet Sauvignon and their related hybrids are dominated by o-cymene, limonene, (E)-sabinyl acetate, and (E)-calamenene.
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González-Centeno, María Reyes, Pierre-Louis Teissedre y Kleopatra Chira. "Impact of oak wood modalities on the (non)-volatile composition and sensory attributes of red wines". OENO One 55, n.º 2 (21 de mayo de 2021): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4673.
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During fermentation or ageing of wines, oak wood is commonly used in form of barrels, casks or derived oak products (chips, winewoods, tankstaves, among others). It is well known that aroma, structure, astringency, bitterness, aromatic persistence and colour may change as a result of wine‒wood contact. A full-scale experimentation was performed under different oak ageing conditions in order to evaluate colour, phenolic, aromatic and sensory differences among final red wines (9‒months ageing). Oenological parameters and wine colour were not impacted by ageing modality. At the end of ageing, no differences were found in total phenolic and tannin contents. Regardless of the ageing modality, total content and profile of fruity volatiles were globally maintained with regard to control (≥ 86 %). In contrast, the higher the surface of wine‒wood contact per unit of wine volume, the greater the extraction of woody aromas. Thus, barrels led to wines with the highest level of woody aromas (515‒864 µg/L), followed by cask modalities (430‒470 µg/L). From a sensory point of view, descriptors highlighting the woody character of wine (vanilla, spicy) were enhanced in all oak‒aged wines when compared to control. However, our results indicate that a masking effect of fruity aroma by oak wood did not occur, since all modalities were perceived as fruity as the control. Thus, each oak ageing modality may lead to wines with a different woody character, without no impact on fruity perception, allowing wineries to achieve the targeted aromatic profile, good structure and just the right balance between fruity and woody aromas.
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Pittari, Elisabetta, Luigi Moio y Paola Piombino. "Interactions between Polyphenols and Volatile Compounds in Wine: A Literature Review on Physicochemical and Sensory Insights". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 3 (27 de enero de 2021): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031157.
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Wine polyphenols (PPhs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for two of the main sensory characteristics in defining the complexity and quality of red wines: astringency and aroma. Wine VOCs’ volatility and solubility are strongly influenced by the matrix composition, including the interactions with PPhs. To date, these interactions have not been deeply studied, although the topic is of great interest in oenology. This article reviews the available knowledge on the main physicochemical and sensory effects of polyphenols on the release and perception of wine aromas in orthonasal and retronasal conditions. It describes the molecular insights and the phenomena that can modify VOCs behavior, according to the different chemical classes. It introduces the possible impact of saliva on aroma release and perception through the modulation of polyphenols–aroma compounds interactions. Limitations and possible gaps to overcome are presented together with updated approaches used to investigate those interactions and their effects, as well as future perspectives on the subject.
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Alpeza, Ivana, Katarina Lukić, Ivna Linke y Karin Kovačević Ganić. "“Portugizac Mlado vino”; is the aroma of younger red wine more attractive?" Glasnik zaštite bilja 44, n.º 5 (2 de diciembre de 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.44.5.10.
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“Portugizac Mlado vino” is a local red wine with Protected designation of origin and Traditional term, and it is usually consumed very soon after alcoholic fermentation as a young wine. The maturation and aging of the wine affect the aroma composition, which is generally not pronounced and specific in the case of most red wines, but, as a sensory property, it is important for the perception of quality and consumer choice. The objective of this work was to analyze the most important aroma compounds of esters and higher alcohols, with the unpleasant volatile phenols too, in “Portugizac” wines, related to aging. The 9 young wines “Portugizac”, PDO “Plešivica” were analyzed after 3 and after 15 months of bottle storage at 16 ºC. Ethyl esters of butanoic and hexanoic acid along with isoamyl acetate are considered to be the most important esters in the fruity aroma of wine, and their concentrations in all analyzed “Portugizac” young wine samples were higher than their perception thresholds. The concentration of ethyl acetate was in the range 30-123 mg/L. The concentrations of ethyl esters of octanoic and decanoic acid, as well as 2-phenyl ethyl acetate and diethyl succinate in all analyzed wines, were lower than their perception thresholds. The concentrations of higher alcohols were much higher than their perception threshold. Bottle storage significantly affected the concentrations of analyzed compounds; after 15 months, the concentrations of acetate and ethyl esters (except ethyl acetate and diethyl succinate), as well as terpene (linalool), decreased, while higher alcohols and ethyl phenols slightly increased if compared to three months. In general, the compounds responsible for the desired fresh, fruity aroma tones were altered in an undesirable manner, while, undesirable compounds of 4-ethyl-phenol and 4-ethyl-quaiacol, which were not present in young wines, were detected in aged wines. It can be concluded that the bottle aging affects the aroma profile, undesirable changes were more pronounced than positive ones and therefore the consumption of young wine “Portugizac” might be more sensory attractive.
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Dumitriu (Gabur), Georgiana-Diana, Carmen Teodosiu, Iulian Gabur, Valeriu V. Cotea, Rafael A. Peinado y Nieves López de Lerma. "Evaluation of Aroma Compounds in the Process of Wine Ageing with Oak Chips". Foods 8, n.º 12 (10 de diciembre de 2019): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120662.
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Many modern alcoholic beverages are subjected to ageing processes during which compounds extracted from wood contribute decisively to the overall beverage character. Wines represent a perfect example of beverage in which ageing is a crucial technological manufacturing step. During winemaking, producers accelerate chemical changes in wine composition by traditional and alternative methods, such as the use of oak wood barrels and/or oak wood chips. Our research aimed to investigate the overall volatile composition and sensory quality of red wines aged for two timeframes, namely, 1.5 and 3 months, and with two technological variants, i.e., American and French oak wood chips. Red grapes from the Fetească neagră (Vitis vinifera) variety were harvested from a vineyard in the North-East region of Romania. Stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (SBSE–GC–MS) was used to extract minor aromas present in wine samples. The results showed clear differences between wines treated with American and French oak chips. Furthermore, ageing for 3 months increased the concentration of cis-whiskey lactone and guaiacol in American oak-treated wine samples. For wines aged with French oak chips, we observed higher concentrations of furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 4-vinylguaiacol, and trans-whiskey lactone. The increased presence of chemical compounds in wine aged with French oak chips generated prominent smoky, licorice, and toasty aromas, whereas in wines aged with American oak chips, notes of vanilla, toasty, and cacao aromas were noticed. Moreover, red wines aged with American and French oak chips were discriminated by chemometric analysis, which confirmed the evolution of aroma compounds.
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Charles, Marielle, Bertrand Martin, Christian Ginies, Patrick Etievant, Gilbert Coste y Elisabeth Guichard. "Potent Aroma Compounds of Two Red Wine Vinegars". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9905424.
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Rita Szikszai, Andrea. "Characteristic volatile compounds of Monastrell wines". Revista Doctorado UMH 4, n.º 2 (2 de abril de 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/doctumh.v4i2.1641.
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Seventy-five percent of the red wines of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Alicante are based on Monastrell grapes. The wine aroma is one of the most important characteristics linked to the quality and consumers’ preferences. Scopus database was used to gather information about the concentrations ranges of the main volatile compounds present in the Monastrell red wines, with their aromatic descriptions and their detection and/or recognition thresholds. Seventeen volatile compounds were identified as those having a significant contribution to this red wine aroma. However, it is important to indicate that there is a need to continue reviewing critically the threshold values (detection and/or recognition) of the main volatile compounds with a "potentially" significant contribution to the odor/aroma/flavor of the Monastrell wines. This information will be essential in preparing reference materials for trained sensory panels calibration for descriptive sensory evaluation of wines.
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Olejar, Kenneth J., Jason Breitmeyer, Pradeep M. Wimalasiri, Bin Tian y Stewart K. Field. "Detection of Sub-Aroma Threshold Concentrations of Wine Methoxypyrazines by Multidimensional GCMS". Analytica 2, n.º 1 (2 de enero de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/analytica2010001.
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Complex matrices, such as wine, provide a challenge in the quantification of compounds. There exists a high likelihood of co-elution in these matrices, thereby artificially increasing the observed concentration. This can often lead to confusing data where compounds are above aroma detection thresholds, but are not detected by olfactory analysis. Additionally, the lack of sensitivity in assays can lead to the non-detection of sub-aroma threshold concentrations and contrasting data when olfactory analysis detects these aromas. To eliminate these pitfalls and gain a better understanding of the role that methoxypyrazines impart green character to wine, a quantitative method using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry was developed. The method can quantitate the three common methoxypyrazines found in wine at the picogram per liter level while resolving co-eluting compounds. The proposed method was validated using model wine and wine solutions and was ultimately used for the comparative analysis of white, rosé, and red wines.
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Criado, Celia, Carolina Muñoz-González, María Mora, Virginia Fernández-Ruiz, Carolina Chaya y María Angeles Pozo-Bayón. "Understanding If Differences in Salivary Flow Rate and Total Protein Content Triggered by Biological Factors (Sex and Age) Affect Aroma Perception and the Hedonic and Emotional Response of Wine Consumers". Foods 11, n.º 19 (5 de octubre de 2022): 3104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193104.
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The relationship between oral physiology (e.g., salivary protein content) and aroma perception over wine consumption was investigated in previous work. However, the relationship between oral physiology and the consumer’s response to wine is unknown. Additionally, age–gender differences might affect oral physiology and, therefore, inter-individual differences in the consumer’s enjoyment of wine. The aim of this work was to study the effect of biological individual factors such as sex and age on salivary flow rate and total protein content, on wine retronasal aroma perception and on the hedonic and self-reported emotional consumer response to wine. Additionally, the relationship between saliva composition, aroma perception and liking was also assessed. Results showed that age and sex influenced saliva composition and aroma perception in wine consumers in the case of red but not white wines. Younger females reported higher aroma intensity of the black pepper descriptor compared to older females. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between salivary flow rate and aroma perception and between the salivary protein content and wine acceptability. The interactions between wine polyphenols–saliva–aroma that occurred in the mouth during the oral processing of wine might partially explain these results, although further research will be required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Токар, А. Ю. "FORMATION OF THE AROMA OF FRUIT AND BERRY WINE MATERIALS". Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (agosto de 2022): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-96-101.
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One of the important indicators of wine quality is the bouquet, which directly depends on the aroma of the constituents. Aromatic substances of wines can be represented by all classes of organic compounds in order to detect the effect of substances on the aroma and determine the activity of volatile components of the aroma (OAV) by dividing the concentration of the substance on its threshold concentration. If OAV> 1, means that the component already contributes to the flavor. For analysis, we took the results of studies of 25 samples of fruit and berry wine materials, in which the concentrations of volatile aromatic components were defined by chromatographic method. Threshold concentrations of components were detected from the literature and relevant databases. The activity of volatile aromatic components was calculated and analyzed, also the aroma of wine materials was determined. According to the activity of aroma components (OAV), apple wine materials have a fruity aroma, which may be accompanied by shades of pear associated with isoamyl acetate activity; pineapple – ethyl butyrate; roses and honey - phenylethyl alcohol; lilac - α -terpineol; exotic fruits - β-damascenone. The aroma of apple juice is influenced by aromatic aldehyde - trans-2-hexenal, β-damaskenone and vanillin. Pear wine materials are close to apple in terms of aroma activity and are characterized by fruit tones with strong pear tones due to the activity of isoamyl acetate and pineapple – ethyl butyrate. Gooseberry unfortified wine material from fruit species Krasen has a light red color and a clean fresh aroma with hints of fruit and pineapple. The aroma of blackcurrant wines was defined by the activity of volatile components that predetermine the fruit aroma as well as the activity of terpene alcohol α-terpineol. Wine materials contain 3-oxy-β-damascone (2.45-4.34 mg / dm3), 3-oxo-α-ionol (2.98-3.58 mg / dm3), linaloxide (0.90) and dehydro -3-oxo-α-ionol (1.05 mg / dm3), which obviously define their species flavor. Unfortified jostaberry wine materials have a red color and a distinctive delicate aroma reminiscent of pomegranate. In addition to α-terpineol, jostaberry wine material contains terpene alcohol cineole (0.84 mg / dm3), terpinene-4-ol (0.18 mg / dm3), these components may, together with α-terpineol, determine the species aroma of jostaberry wine materials. Butyrolactone gives tenderness to jostaberry and gooseberry wine materials in concentrations of 16.86 and 4.70 mg / dm3, respectively. Raspberry wine materials have an extremely pleasant aroma and bouquet, which is formed due to the activity of minor volatile components: β-ionone, linalool, α-terpineol. The nobility of the aroma is determined by the activity of δ-decalactone. Raspberry ketone (1.75 mg / dm3) is found in the wine material, which is contained in raspberries and definitely participates in the formation of the aroma of wine material. The aroma of elderberry juice is due to the activity of aromatic aldehyde trans-2-hexenal, vanillin, β-ion, β-damaskenone, linalool and α-terpineol, the activity of which is respectively 359, 300, 254, 107, 40 and 1.8. In wine materials it can be observed much higher activity of volatile components from elderberry: isoamyl and phenylethyl alcohols, as well as isoamyl acetate, which affects their aroma. Minor components of juice retain activity in wine materials: linalool and β-damaskenone. Wine materials from black elderberry are recommended for use in blended wines.
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Blanco-Huerta, Coro, Encarnación Fernández-Fernández, Josefina Vila-Crespo, Violeta Ruipérez, Raúl Moyano y José Manuel Rodríguez-Nogales. "Impact of Ageing on Ultrasound-Treated Lees on Volatile Composition and Sensory Properties of Red Sparkling Base Wine". Beverages 9, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages9010023.
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Ageing on lees can be a good technique to enhance the quality of red sparkling base wines. Ultrasound treatment of the lees, prior to addition to the wine, can improve the releasing of their components into the wine. This study carries out a four month ageing on lees of a red sparkling base wine by the addition of lees sonicated at different amplitude levels: 30%, 60% and 90% for 10 min. The ageing on ultrasound-treated lees improved the quality of the red base wine, with a greater impact the higher the amplitude of the applied ultrasound. Sonicated lees at an amplitude of 90% enlarged the concentration of neutral polysaccharides in the wine and reduced its astringency, which was evaluated chemically. Furthermore, this treatment enhanced the concentration of some volatile compounds in the wine, mainly acetates, esters and terpenes with floral and fruity aromatic notes. This trend was also found for some fused alcohols, contributing to the aromatic complexity of wines, as well as for 2-phenylethanol, an alcohol with a rose-like aroma, and also for C6-alcohols with a green-herbaceous aroma. The results indicate that ultrasonication is a promising tool to increase the benefits of ageing on lees on the quality of red sparkling base wines.
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Lytra, Georgia, Sophie Tempere, Gilles de Revel y Jean-Christophe Barbe. "Impact of Perceptive Interactions on Red Wine Fruity Aroma". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, n.º 50 (7 de diciembre de 2012): 12260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf302918q.
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Lukić, Katarina, Natka Ćurko, Marina Tomašević y Karin Kovačević Ganić. "Phenolic and Aroma Changes of Red and White Wines during Aging Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure". Foods 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2020): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081034.
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The aim of this study was to investigate use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) along with different antioxidants (glutathione and SO2) as an alternative method for wine preservation and production of low-SO2 wines. In the first phase of the study, low-SO2, young red and white wines were pressurized at three pressure levels (200, 400 and 600 MPa) for 5, 15 and 25 min at room temperature, and analyzed immediately after treatments. Additionally, for the wine aging experiment, red and white wines with standard-SO2, low-SO2+glutathione and low-SO2 content were treated with HHP treatment (200 MPa/5 min) and stored for 12 months in bottles. Color parameters, phenolic and aroma compounds were determined. The sensory evaluation was also conducted. HHP showed very slight, but statistically significant changes in the chemical composition of both red and white wine right after the treatment, and the main variations observed were related to the different pressures applied. Furthermore, during aging, most of the differences observed in chemical composition of pressurized wines, both red and white, were statistically significant, and greater in wines with a lower content of antioxidants. However, after 12 months of aging, some differences between unpressurized and pressurized samples with standard SO2 content were lost, primarily in aroma compounds for red wine and in color and phenolics for white wine. Additionally, similar values were obtained for mentioned characteristics of red and white wines in pressurized samples with standard SO2 and low SO2+glutathione, indicating that HHP in combination with glutathione and lower doses of SO2 might potentially preserve wine. The sensory analysis confirmed less pronounced changes in the sensory attributes of pressurized wines with higher concentration of antioxidants. Furthermore, the treatments applied had a slightly higher effect on the sensory properties of white wine.
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Pineau, Bénédicte, Jean-Christophe Barbe, Cornelis Van Leeuwen y Denis Dubourdieu. "Contribution of grape skin and fermentation microorganisms to the development of red- and black-berry aroma in Merlot wines". OENO One 45, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2011.45.1.1485.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: The aim of this study was to elucidate how an initially neutral Merlot must resulted in a wine with characteristic aromas of red- and black-berry fruit, focusing on the respective contributions of yeast metabolism together with grape juice, pulp, and skins.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and Results</strong>: Sensory analyses were performed on Merlot grape skin maceration models, based on observations in the winery. Initial findings revealed that strong fruity nuances appeared during pre-fermentation maceration. In the maceration models used, the development of aroma of red- and black-berry fruit systematically paralleled the growth of the yeast population. The respective roles of grape skins and yeasts were investigated throughout the alcoholic fermentation of model musts with addition of Merlot skins or Merlot skin extract in ethanol. The aromatic nuances revealed by alcoholic fermentation in a must alone had no specific white-, rosé-, or red-wine character. In contrast, wines made by microvinification with grape skins and/or grape skin extract in ethanol had a clear, intense aroma of red- and black-berry. Microvinification with both Merlot skin extract and grape skins revealed the most intense fruity character.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Inodorous skin constituents produced a specific aroma of red- and black-berry fruit after alcoholic fermentation by yeast. The physical presence of grape skins during fermentation enhanced the intensity of the fruity nuances obtained.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The study established, for the first time, the existence of inodorous constituents in Merlot grape skins, extractible by ethanol and transformed by yeasts to produce a specific aroma of red- and black-berry fruit in the finished wines.</p>
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Pérez-Jiménez, María, Carolina Muñoz-González y María Angeles Pozo-Bayón. "Oral Release Behavior of Wine Aroma Compounds by Using In-Mouth Headspace Sorptive Extraction (HSSE) Method". Foods 10, n.º 2 (13 de febrero de 2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020415.
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The oral release behavior of wine aroma compounds was determined by using an in-mouth headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) procedure. For this, 32 volunteers rinsed their mouths with a red wine. Aroma release was monitored at three time points (immediately, 60 s, and 120 s) after wine expectoration. Twenty-two aroma compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified in the mouth. Despite the large inter-individual differences, some interesting trends in oral release behavior were observed depending on the chemical family. In general, esters and linear alcohols showed rapid losses in the mouth over the three sampling times and therefore showed a low oral aroma persistence. On the contrary, terpenes, lactones, and C13 norisoprenoids showed lower variations in oral aroma release over time, thus showing a higher oral aroma persistence. Additionally, and despite their low polarity, furanic acids and guaiacol showed the highest oral aroma persistence. This work represents the first large study regarding in-mouth aroma release behavior after wine tasting, using real wines, and it confirmed that oral release behavior does not only depend on the physicochemical properties of aroma compounds but also on other features, such as the molecular structure and probably, on the characteristics and composition of the oral environment.
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Ivić, Ivana, Mirela Kopjar, Vladimir Jukić, Martina Bošnjak, Matea Maglica, Josip Mesić y Anita Pichler. "Aroma Profile and Chemical Composition of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Concentrates of Red Wine Cabernet Sauvignon". Molecules 26, n.º 4 (7 de febrero de 2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040874.
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Wine aroma represents one of the main properties that determines the consumer acceptance of the wine. It is different for each wine variety and depends on a large number of various chemical compounds. The aim of this study was to prepare red wine concentrates with enriched aroma compounds and chemical composition. For that purpose, Cabernet Sauvignon red wine variety was concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes under different operating conditions. Different pressures (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa) and temperature regimes (with and without cooling) were applied on Alfa Laval LabUnit M20 equipped with six composite polyamide RO98pHt M20 or NF M20 membranes. Higher pressure increased the retention of sugars, SO2, total and volatile acids and ethanol, but the temperature increment had opposite effect. Both membranes were permeable for water, ethanol, acetic acid, 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol and their concentration decreased after wine filtration. RO98pHt membranes retained higher concentrations of total aroma compounds than NF membranes, but both processes, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, resulted in retentates with different aroma profiles comparing to the initial wine. The retention of individual compounds depended on several factors (chemical structure, stability, polarity, applied processing parameters, etc.).
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Pereira, Maria João, António Ferreira, Carla Brazinha y João Crespo. "Modelling of Fractionated Condensation for Off-Flavours Reduction from Red Wine Fermentation Headspace". Membranes 12, n.º 9 (10 de septiembre de 2022): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090875.
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A mathematical model of fractionated condensation is proposed for predicting the recovery and fractionation of target aromas from red wine fermentation headspaces in order to remove off-flavours. The applicability of the model is assessed for two different alternative processes: fractionated condensation and vapour permeation–fractionated condensation. The aromas of the headspace of red wine fermentation are commonly lost through the fermenter venting system and are enhanced by the stripping effect of the produced CO2. To mimic the operating conditions during the red wine fermentation, all experiments were performed at 30 °C with a red wine model solution containing relevant red wine aromas, the cosolvent ethanol at representative concentrations, and CO2. Both studied processes allow for a good recovery of esters in the 2nd condenser, with over 80% of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate recovery when using vapour permeation–fractionated condensation and a recovery of 84–96% of all esters when using fractionated condensation. However, only the integrated process of vapour permeation–fractionated condensation achieves a significant decrease in the amount of ethyl phenols (off-flavours compounds) in the 1st condenser, above 50%, as expected due to the use of an organophilic membrane. The developed model was validated experimentally for the integrated process, proving to be a highly valuable tool for the prediction of aroma fractionation, aiming at the removal of off-flavours.
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Ferreira, Vicente, María-Pilar Sáenz-Navajas, Eva Campo, Paula Herrero, Arancha de la Fuente y Purificación Fernández-Zurbano. "Sensory interactions between six common aroma vectors explain four main red wine aroma nuances". Food Chemistry 199 (mayo de 2016): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.048.
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Casassa, L. Federico, Armando Vega-Osorno, Anibal A. Catania y James F. Harbertson. "Chemical and Sensory Effects of Cofermentation and Blending of Malbec and Merlot Wines from the Central Coast of California". Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 2022 (3 de diciembre de 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3453978.
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Background and Aims. Cofermentation and blending are traditional winemaking practices. This study reports their comparative chemical and sensory outcomes. Methods and Results. Malbec and Merlot were made into monovarietal wines, cofermented (COF), blended postalcoholic (PAF), and postmalolactic fermentation (PMLF), at a 50/50 proportion. Wines were followed up to 3 years of bottle aging. Tannins were 50% higher in monovarietal Merlot wines, which improved production of large polymeric pigments in Merlot-based cofermented and blended wines. Addition of Malbec favored production of small polymeric pigments. After 3 years of bottle aging, polymeric pigments were higher in cofermented and blended wines. PMLF blended wines showed 15% improved copigmentation and 25% increase in wine colour. The perception of wine length was positively correlated with red fruit aroma (R2 = 0.94 and p = 0.006 ) and negatively correlated with earthy aroma (R2 = 0.91 and p = 0.012 ). Conclusions. Blending postalcoholic fermentation highlighted more of the individual character of each monovarietal wine in the final blend. Cofermentation and postmalolactic fermentation blending tended to equalize the sensory profile of the resulting wines but also showed higher complexity of aromas than monovarietal wines. Significance of the Study. Cofermentation and blending are both suitable winemaking practices for increasing the polymeric pigment content and the sensory complexity of the resulting wines.
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Muñoz García, Raquel, Rodrigo Oliver Simancas, María Consuelo Díaz-Maroto, María Elena Alañón Pardo y María Soledad Pérez-Coello. "Effect of Microwave Maceration and SO2 Free Vinification on Volatile Composition of Red Wines". Foods 10, n.º 6 (22 de mayo de 2021): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061164.
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This study evaluates the effect of microwave treatment in grape maceration at laboratory scale on the content of free and glycosidically bound varietal compounds of must and wines and on the overall aroma of wines produced with and without SO2. The volatile compounds were extracted by solid phase extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, carrying out a sensory evaluation of wines by quantitative descriptive analysis. Microwave treatment significantly increased the free and bound fraction of most varietal compounds in the must. Wines from microwave maceration showed faster fermentation kinetics and shorter lag phase, resulting in an increase in some volatile compounds of sensory relevance. The absence of SO2 caused a decrease in concentration of some volatile compounds, mainly fatty acids and esters. The sensory assessment of wines from microwave treatment was higher than the control wine, especially in wines without SO2, which had higher scores in the “red berry” and “floral” odor attributes and a more intense aroma. This indicates that the pre-fermentative treatment of grapes with microwaves could be used to increase the wine aroma and to reduce the occurrence of SO2.
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Gammacurta, Marine, Sophie Tempere, Stéphanie Marchand, Virginie Moine y Gilles De Revel. "Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate enantiomers: quantitation and sensory evaluation in wine". OENO One 52, n.º 1 (20 de marzo de 2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2018.52.1.1902.
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Aim: To investigate chemical and sensory characteristics of ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate in wines.Methods and results: Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate has been recently identified as a potential marker of lactic acid bacteria esterase activity. Enantiomers of this fruity ester were quantitated in 99 wines from various vintages and French regions using chiral gas chromatography (γ-cyclodextrin phase). Analyses revealed the predominant presence of the R enantiomer in red and white wines, with a maximum R/S enantiomeric ratio of 94/6 in a 1993 red wine. Results also highlighted greater levels of the ester in red than white wines, depending on grape origin. The detection thresholds of the R- and S-form were estimated at 4 µg/L and 1.5 µg/L in water and 51 mg/L and 21 mg/L in red wine, respectively. Moreover, ranking tests made with levels found in wines did not show significant sensory differences.Conclusion: The concentrations found in wines were considerably below the detection threshold, indicating no direct effect of these compounds on fruity aroma modulation. The absence of significant difference in sensory tests demonstrates that ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate does not contribute significantly to the fruity aroma of red wine.Significance and impact of the study: To our knowledge, no previous research had determined the enantiomeric distribution and the sensory characteristics of this compound in wine.
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Pratiwi, Anastasia Laksmi, Agus Selamet Duniaji y I. Wayan Rai Widarta. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUP (HFS-55) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK RED WINE KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELA (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)". Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA) 8, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i04.p05.
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This research was aimed to determine the effect of adding high fructose syrup (HFS-55) to red wine made from roselle flower petals that can produce roselle red wine with the best characteristics. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) with a treatment of adding HFS-55 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%. This treatment was repeated 3 times, resulting in 15 experimental units. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the adding of HFS-55 on roselle red wine has a significant effect on ethanol content, pH, total soluble solid, total reducing sugar, aroma, taste and overall acceptance with the best treatment was obtained from the addition of 25% HFS-55 with roselle red wine characteristics containing 10.65% ethanol content, pH 3.6, total soluble solids 10.10% Brix, total reducing sugar 10.37%, total phenolic 3.08 mg/ml and total methanol was not found, and with the panelist preference for color usual, aroma rather like, taste rather like and overall acceptance rather like.
Keyword: roselle, HFS-55, red wine
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Bouzas-Cid, Yolanda, Emiliano Trigo-Córdoba, Ignacio Orriols, Elena Falqué y José Mirás-Avalos. "Influence of Soil Management on the Red Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Mencía Must Amino Acid Composition and Wine Volatile and Sensory Profiles in a Humid Region". Beverages 4, n.º 4 (15 de octubre de 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040076.
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Adopting cover crops for vineyard soil management can provide several benefits, including soil protection, reductions in vine vigor, and enhancements in berry composition. However, the effects of this practice on wine aroma have seldom been addressed. This study aimed to determine the influence of different cover crops and soil tillage on the must and wine amino acid composition and wine volatile compounds of the red cultivar, ‘Mencía’ (Vitis vinifera L.), grown in Northwest Spain. Treatments consisted of soil tillage (ST), native vegetation (NV), English ryegrass (ER), and subterranean clover (SC). Cover crops did not alter the macro-constituents of musts; however, musts from NV and SC tended to lower concentrations of amino acids. Some color attributes of wines were influenced by cover crops in the vineyard. Methanol and trans-linalool oxide (pyran) concentrations in wines were significantly affected by soil management. Professional tasters encountered differences in visual, aroma, and palate descriptors of wines depending on the treatment imposed in the vineyard. These alterations in sensory properties seemed to obey to slight modifications of wine chemical characteristics due to vineyard soil management. According to these results, cover crops might be useful for modulating wine aroma in humid climates.
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de-la-Fuente-Blanco, Arancha, María-Pilar Sáenz-Navajas y Vicente Ferreira. "On the effects of higher alcohols on red wine aroma". Food Chemistry 210 (noviembre de 2016): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.021.
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Zhang, Yu-Shu, Gang Du, Yu-Ting Gao, Li-Wen Wang, Dan Meng, Bing-Juan Li, Charles Brennan et al. "The Effect of Carbonic Maceration during Winemaking on the Color, Aroma and Sensory Properties of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ Wine". Molecules 24, n.º 17 (28 de agosto de 2019): 3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173120.
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This is the first study on the effect of carbonic maceration on the quality (color, aroma profile and sensory properties) of Muscat Hamburg, contrasting two winemaking procedures used in Tianjin (classical white and red-winemaking techniques). The values of C* (psychometric chroma), a* (measure of redness) and b* (measure of yellowness) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the carbonic macerated wine than in red wine. However, there were no visual differences in color, and classical red wine and carbonic macerated wine had similar h (hue angle) values and located in the red region. Thirty-two aromatic compounds were identified and quantified in Muscat Hamburg wines. The content of volatile compounds (6384.97 μg/L) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the carbonic macerated Muscat Hamburg wine than in the other kinds of wine. This result led to the carbonic macerated wine having the highest odor activity values (OAVs) and sensory evaluation scores (86.8 points), which correlates with an “excellent” sensory perception. This study demonstrated that carbonic maceration significantly improved the quality of Muscat Hamburg wine based on volatile analysis and sensory evaluation compared with other conventional methods. Therefore, carbonic maceration could be well suited for making Muscat Hamburg wine.
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Ivić, Ivana, Mirela Kopjar, Jasmina Obhođaš, Andrija Vinković, Jurislav Babić, Josip Mesić y Anita Pichler. "Influence of the Processing Parameters on the Aroma Profile and Chemical Composition of Conventional and Ecological Cabernet Sauvignon Red Wines during Concentration by Reverse Osmosis". Membranes 12, n.º 10 (17 de octubre de 2022): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12101008.
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Wine aroma represents one of the most important quality parameters and it is influenced by various factors, such as climate conditions, viticulture and vinification techniques, storage conditions, etc. Wines produced from conventionally and ecologically grown grapes of the same variety have different chemical compositions and aroma profiles. The composition of wine can also be influenced by the additional treatment of wine, such as the concentration of wine by reverse osmosis (RO). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of four different pressures (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa) and two temperature regimes (with and without cooling) on the aroma profile and chemical composition of conventional and ecological Cabernet Sauvignon red wine during concentration by reverse osmosis. The results showed that different processing parameters influenced the permeate flux, the retentate temperature and the compounds retention. Higher working pressures (4.5 and 5.5 MPa) and the regime, with cooling, resulted in a higher retention of the total aroma compounds than the opposite processing parameters. The retention of individual compounds depended also on their chemical properties and their interactions with the membrane surface. The reverse osmosis membranes proved to be permeable for ethanol, acetic acid or undesirable 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol that made them applicable for their correction or removal.
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Lakićević, Svetlana H., Ivana T. Karabegović, Dragan J. Cvetković, Miodrag L. Lazić, Rade Jančić y Jelena B. Popović-Djordjević. "Insight into the Aroma Profile and Sensory Characteristics of ‘Prokupac’ Red Wine Aromatised with Medicinal Herbs". Horticulturae 8, n.º 4 (23 de marzo de 2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040277.
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Autochthones grape variety of ‘Prokupac’ (Vitis vinifera L.) is being increasingly cultivated in the Republic of Serbia and is one of the predominant varieties in the vineyards of southern Serbia. ‘Prokupac’ grapes are used to produce red wine with specific and distinctive varietal aromatic characteristics. Medicinal herbs can be effectively combined in alcoholic beverages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of medicinal herbs on the aroma profile and sensory characteristics of ‘Prokupac’ red wine. The analysis of the aromatic composition was conducted on ‘Prokupac’ wine (control) and ‘Prokupac’ wine aromatised with selected medicinal herbs: anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The analysis of volatile aromatic compounds in the wines, performed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, identified 48 compounds that were classified in the following groups: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, ethyl esters and terpenes. Sensory analysis of wines was performed including visual, olfactory, gustatory and gustatory-olfactory perceptions. Terpenes were not identified in the ‘Prokupac’ control wine, while the highest content of all identified aromatic compounds was found in wines aromatised with anise, wormwood and cinnamon. The results indicated that selected medicinal herbs affected the composition and content of volatile aromatic compounds, as well as the sensory characteristics of analyzed wines. The unique aroma profile and pleasant taste of the wine aromatised with cinnamon contributed to its differentiation from other wines, and classification as very good wine.
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Rumbaugh, Arran, Raul Cauduro Girardello, Annegret Cantu, Charles Brenneman, Hildegarde Heymann y Anita Oberholster. "Mitigating Grapevine Red Blotch Virus Impact on Final Wine Composition". Beverages 7, n.º 4 (29 de noviembre de 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages7040076.
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Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), the causative agent of red blotch disease, causes significant decreases in sugar and anthocyanin accumulation in grapes, suggesting a delay in ripening events. Two mitigation strategies were investigated to alleviate the impact of GRBV on wine composition. Wines were made from Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (Vitis vinifera) grapevines, grafted onto 110R and 420A rootstocks, in 2016 and 2017. A delayed harvest and chaptalization of diseased grapes were employed to decrease chemical and sensory impacts on wines caused by GRBV. Extending the ripening of the diseased fruit produced wines that were overall higher in aroma compounds such as esters and terpenes and alcohol-related (hot and alcohol) sensory attributes compared to wines made from diseased fruit harvested at the same time as healthy fruit. In 2016 only, a longer hangtime of GRBV infected fruit resulted in wines with increased anthocyanin concentrations compared to wines made from GRBV diseased fruit that was harvested at the same time as healthy fruit. Chaptalization of the diseased grapes in 2017 produced wines chemically more similar to wines made from healthy fruit. However, this was not supported by sensory analysis, potentially due to high alcohol content masking aroma characteristics.
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Denat, Marie, Dolores Pérez, José María Heras, María Pilar Sáenz-Navajas y Vicente Ferreira. "Impact of two yeast strains on Tempranillo red wine aroma profiles throughout accelerated ageing". OENO One 55, n.º 4 (2 de diciembre de 2021): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.4.4732.
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This study aimed at determining the changes induced by two S. cerevisiae strains, (IONYS wf™ and Lalvin ICV D254™) on the sensory and chemical aroma profiles of Tempranillo wine, after fermentation and after ageing. The 64 aroma molecules determined were grouped attending to sensory and chemical similarity into 17 aroma vectors. Sensory studies included a sorting task and a descriptive analysis by flash profile with a trained panel. Results revealed that, even if ageing is the dominant factor, the strain of yeast introduces significant and consistent differences, both in sensory and aroma vector profiles (11 out of 17 affected). Wines made with D254 contained higher levels of ethyl esters, acetic acid, cinnamates and ethyl acetate and lower levels of linear fatty acids, β-damascenone, acetaldehyde, higher alcohols and lactones than those made with IONYS. The first profile was related to black and fresh fruit notes, while the second to white and compote fruits.
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Henschke, Paul, Chris Curtin y Paul Grbin. "Molecular characterisation of the wine spoilage yeast ? Dekkera (Brettanomyces) bruxellensis". Microbiology Australia 28, n.º 2 (2007): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07076.
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How would you react if, upon opening that expensive bottle of red wine you had been saving for a special occasion, all you could smell was a box of Band-aid medical plasters. ?Band-aid?, or ?medicinal? aroma in red wine is but one spectrum of the (generally) negative sensory characteristics that have become synonymous with wine ?spoiled? by the yeast species Dekkera bruxellensis, and its non-sporulating form Brettanomyces bruxellensis.
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Angioni, Alberto, Giorgio A. M. Pintore y Pierluigi Caboni. "Determination of Wine Aroma Compounds by Dehydration Followed by GC/MS". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 95, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2012): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.11-313.
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Abstract A new extraction method for the analysis of the volatile fraction of white and red wines has been developed and validated. A dehydration step with MgSO4 separated an aroma compounds-rich alcoholic-glycerine layer. Spiked samples showed good recoveries in the range between 75 and 120% with CVmax% of 17, except for 2-phenylethanol and γ-butyrolactone for which recoveries in red wines were under 60%, and for monoethylsuccinate, where recoveries averaged 50 and 60% in white and red wines, respectively. Method repeatability and intermediate precision showed good CVmax% with minimum and maximum values between 7.7 and 24, and between 18.7 and 25.0, respectively. The average determination coefficients were greater than 0.99 with CVmax% of 13. The instrumental LOD and LOQ were, in all cases, under 0.05 mg/L, except for 2,3 butanediol (0.20 mg/L). Overall, the presence of wine matrix affected aroma compounds responses in GC/MS analysis. These observations indicate that the use of a matrix-matched calibration curve is mandatory to obtain reliable quantitative data.
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Wang, Huan, Yuanyuan Miao, Xiaoyu Xu, Piping Ye, Huimin Wu, Bin Wang y Xuewei Shi. "Effects of Blending on Phenolic, Colour, Antioxidant and Aroma Components of Cabernet Sauvignon Wine from Xinjiang (China)". Foods 11, n.º 21 (24 de octubre de 2022): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213332.
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High-quality wines in industrial winemaking frequently require a professional winemaker to make adjustments according to the wine of single-batch fermentation. Blending can improve the chemical composition and certain organoleptic properties of wine, promote copigmentation, and increase the complexity of the wine body and aroma. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS) were used to study the effects of adding 20% of Merlot, Marselan, Syrah and Pinot Noir and different blending methods on the nutritional, taste, color and aroma components of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The results showed that the highest total phenols and flavonoids, the greatest content of antioxidant characteristics, the optimal color according to the parameter of T, red% and blue% and the most abundant aroma were observed both in CGM (grape blending Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) and CGS (grape blending Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan), thus indicating the higher quality and complexity of these wines. In addition, the co-grapes treatment afforded more color and hue value than co-wines, which indicates co-grapes had more stable and more varied colors than co-wines. Our findings provide theoretical support for improving wine quality and craftsmanship.
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Perez-Jiménez, María, Adelaida Esteban-Fernández, Carolina Muñoz-González y María Angeles Pozo-Bayón. "Interactions among Odorants, Phenolic Compounds, and Oral Components and Their Effects on Wine Aroma Volatility". Molecules 25, n.º 7 (8 de abril de 2020): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071701.
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To determine the impact of oral physiology on the volatility of typical wine aroma compounds, mixtures of a synthetic wine with oral components (centrifuged human saliva (HS), artificial saliva with mucin (AS), and buccal epithelial cells (BC)) were prepared. Each wine type was independently spiked with four relevant wine odorants (guaiacol, β-phenyl ethanol, ethyl hexanoate, and β-ionone). Additionally, the impact of four types of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, grape seed extract, and a red wine extract) on aroma volatility in the HS, AS, and BC wines was also assessed. Static headspace was measured at equilibrium by solid phase microextraction–GC/MS analysis. Results showed a significant impact of oral components on the volatility of the four tested odorants. Independently of the type of aroma compound, aroma volatility was in general, higher in wines with BC. Moreover, while guaiacol and ethyl hexanoate volatility was significantly lower in wines with HS compared to wines with AS, β-ionone showed the opposite behavior, which might be related to metabolism and retention of mucin, respectively. Phenolic compounds also showed a different effect on aroma volatility depending on the type of compound and wine. Gallic acid had little effect on polar compounds but it enhanced the volatility of the most hydrophobic ones (ethyl hexanoate and β-ionone). In general, flavonoid type polyphenols significantly reduced the volatility of both polar (guaiacol and β-phenyl ethanol) and hydrophobic compounds (β-ionone in HS and BC wines), but through different mechanisms (e.g., π–π interactions and hydrophobic binding for polar and apolar odorants respectively). On the contrary, flavonoids enhanced the volatility of ethyl hexanoate, which might be due to the inhibition exerted on some salivary enzymes (e.g., carboxyl esterase) involved in the metabolism of this odorant molecule.
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Sánchez-Palomo, E., P. M. Izquierdo Cañas, J. A. Delgado y M. A. González Viñas. "Sensory Characterization of Wines Obtained by Blending Cencibel Grapes and Minority Grape Varieties Cultivated in La Mancha Region". Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2832095.
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The objective of this work was measuring the influence of co-winemaking technique on sensory profile of young red wines made from Rojal, Moravia Dulce, and Tortosí grape varieties cultivated in La Mancha region (Spain) using aroma sensory profile. Sensory aroma profile was evaluated by a panel of 15 experienced wine testers with a previous training. The sensory aroma profiles of monovarietal wines from Rojal, Tortosí, and Moravia Dulce were researched and the effect of blending these grape varieties with Cencibel grapes on sensory characteristics of wines was studied. Co-winemaking wines were elaborated by mixing of (a) Cencibel (50%) + Rojal (50%); (b) Cencibel (50%) + Tortosí (50%); and (c) Cencibel (50%) + Moravia Dulce (50%). The blending of these grape varieties increased the principal aroma attributes of monovarietal wines and, in general, co-winemaking wines exhibited a greater complexity of aroma profile.
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Rocha, M. Angélica M., Manuel A. Coimbra, Sílvia M. Rocha y Cláudia Nunes. "Impact of Chitosan-Genipin Films on Volatile Profile of Wine along Storage". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 14 (7 de julio de 2021): 6294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146294.
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Chitosan-genipin films have been proposed for preservation of white wine, maintaining their varietal key odorants and organoleptic characteristics of sulfur dioxide treated wines. Nevertheless, these wines showed aroma notes that slightly distinguish them. It is possible that during the contact of films with wine for at least 2 months, after fermentation and prior to bottling, interactions or chemical reactions are promoted. In this work, wine model solutions with volatile compounds in contact with chitosan-genipin films were performed to evaluate their evolution along time. To complement these analyses, the volatile compounds of white and red wines kept in contact with chitosan-genipin films during 2 and 8 months were also studied. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the contact of chitosan-genipin films with both white and red wines tend to retain long carbon chain volatile compounds, such as ethyl hexanoate and octan-3-one. It also promoted the formation of Maillard reaction products, such as furfural by dehydration of pentoses and Strecker aldehydes, such as 3-methylbutanal and phenylacetaldehyde, by degradation of amino acids. This study reveals that the use of chitosan-genipin films for wine preservation is also able to promote the formation of compounds that can modulate the wines aroma, maintaining the varietal notes.
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Wu, Qiao. "Flavor and Rapid Prediction of Red Wine by the Chemometrics Algorithm Based on Multidimensional Spectral Data". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (4 de agosto de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1418022.
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Since its birth, red wine has been loved by people of all walks of life. The taste of red wine has changed and the pursuit of quality has always been the most sought-after goal by sommeliers, winemakers, and the public. However, due to the rich taste of red wine, any link is willing to produce different flavors. At present, there is no quantitative control study on the flavor of red wine. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the flavor of red wine through the chemometric algorithm and establish a reasonable model to predict the flavor of red wine. Aiming at the research of red wine flavor, this paper designs a red wine flavor extraction experiment and extracts the substances that produce an aroma and flavor in red wine to the greatest extent through strict selection of extraction head and reaction time. For the rapid analysis of red wine flavor, this paper quantitatively describes the chemical category, volatilization time, molecular weight, etc., of flavor substances by analyzing the multidimensional spectral data of red wine, so that flavor substances can be quickly located. The experimental results of this paper prove that, for different red wines, the algorithm in this paper can accurately identify the flavor substances in red wine. Also, for red wine multidimensional spectral data, the algorithm in this paper can improve the accuracy by 30% and save the running time by 30%. This shows that the research in this paper can analyze and quickly predict the flavor of red wine.
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Rajkovic, Milos y Ivana Sredovic. "The determination of titratable acidity and total tannins in red wine". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 54, n.º 3 (2009): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0903223r.
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Titration acidity and content of total tannins in mass-market red wines are analyzed in this paper. The content of total acids in wine, expressed through wine acid, was analyzed by potentiometric titration on 7.00 pH value. According to titratable acidity in analyzed wines, all wines (only) with analyzed parameters according to Regulations about wine quality. The analysis of differential potentiometric curves shows that these curves can give the answer to the question if non organic substances, amino groups and phenols are present in wine in large quantity, as they are always present in wine. However it doesn't give the clear answer which substances are present in analyzed samples. The answer to this question can be received only by the method of ionic chromatography. The content of total tannins shows short time of storage in wine cellars so wine wasn't stored long enough, i.e. they are commercial wines made for mass market production and consumption. Although they have less content of total tannin materials of given values, wine taste gives the correlation with other polyphenol materials that only give odour, aroma and 'bouquet' to wine. The relative error of mean value is very low which indicates the reproduction of results and reliability of the method of determination of total tannins in red wine.
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Mafata, Mpho, Maria Stander, Baptiste Thomachot y Astrid Buica. "Measuring Thiols in Single Cultivar South African Red Wines Using 4,4-Dithiodipyridine (DTDP) Derivatization and Ultraperformance Convergence Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Foods 7, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7090138.
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Wine varietal thiols are important contributors to wine aroma. The chemical nature of thiols makes them difficult to measure due to low concentrations, high sensitivity to oxidation, and low ionization. Methods for the measurement of thiols usually consist of multiple steps of sample preparation followed by instrumental measurement. Studies have collected large datasets of thiols in white wine but not in red wine, due to the lack of availability of suitable methods. In this study, for the first time, convergence chromatography was used to measure thiols in red wine at ultratrace levels with improved sensitivity compared to previous methods. Performance parameters (selectivity, linearity, limits of detection, precision, accuracy) were tested to demonstrate the suitability of the method for the proposed application. Red wine thiols were measured in South African Pinotage, Shiraz, and Cabernet Sauvignon wines (n = 16 each). Cultivar differentiation using the thiol profile was demonstrated.
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Klaschik, Sven, Richard K. Ellerkmann, Jennifer Gehlen, Stilla Frede y Tobias Hilbert. "From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion". Open Life Sciences 16, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0089.
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Abstract Vitally essential red fluids like packed cells and red wine are seriously influenced in quality when stored over prolonged periods. In the case of red cell concentrates, the resulting storage lesion has particular significance in perioperative medicine. We hypothesized that, in contrast, aging rather improves the properties of red wine in several ways. A translational approach, including (I) in vitro experiments, (II) a randomized, blinded crossover trial of acute clinical effects, and (III) a standardized red wine blind tasting was used. Three monovarietal wines (Cabernet Sauvignon, Chianti, Shiraz) in three different vintages (range 2004–2016), each 5 years different, were assessed. Assessments were performed at a German university hospital (I, II) and on a garden terrace during a mild summer evening (III). Young wines induced cell stress and damage while significantly reducing cytoprotective proteins in HepG2 hepatoma cells. Sympathetic activity and multitasking skills were altered depending on wines’ ages. Hangovers tended to be aggravated by young red wine. Aged variants performed better in terms of aroma and overall quality but worse in optical appearance. We found no evidence for a red wine storage lesion. However, we plead for consensus-based guidelines for proper storage, as it is common in clinical medicine.
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Copper, Alexander Willem, Cassandra Collins, Susan E. P. Bastian, Trent E. Johnson y Dimitra L. Capone. "Preliminary investigation of potent thiols in Cypriot wines made from indigenous grape varieties Xynisteri, Maratheftiko and Giannoudhi". OENO One 55, n.º 1 (3 de marzo de 2021): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.1.4516.
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Polyfunctional thiols have previously been shown to be key aroma compounds in Sauvignon blanc and more recently in Chardonnay wines. Their role in other wine varieties such as those made from three popular indigenous Cypriot grape varieties has remained unexplored. As an extension of a previous project that profiled the sensory and chemical characteristics of Cypriot wines and their comparison to Australian wines, this study aimed to investigate five potent thiols in Xynisteri, Maratheftiko, Giannoudhi, Pinot gris, Chardonnay and Shiraz wines. Wines were analysed utilising Stable Isotope Dilution Assay (SIDA) with derivatisation and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The varietal thiols measured were 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one (4MSP) that has an aroma of “boxwood” and “cat urine” at high concentration, 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) which has been described as having a “grapefruit/tropical fruit” aroma, and 3-sulfanylhexyl acetate (3SHA) that has also been described as having an aroma of “passionfruit”. Additionally, two other potent thiols were measured including benzyl mercaptan (BM) that has an aroma of “smoke and meat” and furfuryl thiol (FFT) that has been described as having a “roasted coffee” like aroma. The reason these thiols are known as potent thiols are due to their very low aroma detection thresholds in the low ng/L (ppt) range. Of the thiols that were measured, 3SH was the only varietal thiol detected in the red wine samples. All of the white wine samples contained 3SH, BM and 3SHA, whereas 4MSP was only detected in Pinot gris and three Xynisteri wines. The potent thiol, FFT, was detected only in the Chardonnay and four of the Xynisteri wines. Interestingly the thiols that were present in the samples were found at concentrations above their aroma detection thresholds (determined in hydroalcoholic solutions), especially 3SH which was found in an order of magnitude above its aroma detection threshold. These findings provide early knowledge of the presence of these thiols in Cypriot wines, compared with Australian wines and establish any relationships between this chemical data with previous wine sensory profile data.
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Bruce, Robert C., Pauline Lestringant, Charles A. Brenneman, Hildegarde Heymann y Anita Oberholster. "The Impact of Optical Berry Sorting on Red Wine Composition and Sensory Properties". Foods 10, n.º 2 (12 de febrero de 2021): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020402.
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The impact of optical berry sorting was investigated using Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Yolo County, California in 2016. Optical sorting parameters were adjusted to remove underripe berries and material other than grapes using color parameters. Wines were made from three treatments, control (no sorting), sort (accepted material), and reject (material rejected by the optical sorter). The rate of rejection was approximately 14.9%, 3.9%, and 1.5% (w/w) for Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon, respectively. Chemical composition in the finished wines was analyzed by the Adams-Harbertson assay and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for phenolics, and head-space solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry for aroma profiling. In general, optical sorting was successful in removing underripe berries and material other than grapes as evidenced by lower ethanol levels and higher concentrations of total phenolics and tannin (due to the inclusion of material other than grapes) in wine made from rejected material. Despite this, no difference in final ethanol content and minimal differences in phenolic composition were observed between control and sort treatment wines for the three varieties studied. Differences were observed in the aroma profiles of the reject treatments for all three varieties compared to sort and control; however, few compounds differed significantly between the sort and control treatments. Descriptive sensory analysis revealed that panelists had difficulty distinguishing aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and color parameters among wines made from different treatments for all three varieties. Thus, optical sorting had minimal impact on wine sensory properties using the varieties and vineyards studied. Optical sorting may be used to differentiate and sort for different ripeness levels using color as a primary criterion; however, the impact on the resulting wine is likely dependent on the initial variability in grape ripeness.
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Boido, Eduardo, Adriana Lloret, Karina Medina, Laura Fariña, Francisco Carrau, Giuseppe Versini y Eduardo Dellacassa. "Aroma Composition ofVitis viniferaCv. Tannat: the Typical Red Wine from Uruguay". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, n.º 18 (agosto de 2003): 5408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf030087i.
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Matveeva, N. V. y M. V. Bahmetova. "GRAPES BREEDED BY ALL-RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR VITICULTURE AND WINEMAKING FOR CREATION OF RED DESSERT WINES". Russian Vine 14 (25 de diciembre de 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32904/2712-8245-2020-14-74-79.
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The paper presents the results of technological evaluation of red wine varieties breeded by All-Russian Research Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking: Vesta, Cherny, Zhemchug, Au-gusta, Teremnoy, Mugofir. These varieties are characterized by high sugar accumulation. Li-queur wines were prepared using classical tech-nology. The research was conducted in the la-boratory of wine technology in micro-wine production. The weight of one batch of grapes was 10–25 kg. The main physical and chemical parameters of wort and wine were determined. Wine distillate was used as an alcoholic agent. For maintaining and enhancing the varietal aroma of grapes we used technology of frac-tional alcoholization. With the help of degusta-tions, organoleptic characteristics of the ob-tained samples of liqueur wines were carried out, as a result of which preliminary conclusions were made about the feasibility of using the studied varieties for the preparation of red li-queur wines. All the studied grape varieties can be recommended for the production of liqueur wines, pink and red.
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Tavares, Mariana, António M. Jordão y Jorge M. Ricardo-da-Silva. "Impact of cherry, acacia and oak chips on red wine phenolic parameters and sensory profile". OENO One 51, n.º 3 (26 de septiembre de 2017): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2017.51.4.1832.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> The evolution of global phenolic parameters and the sensory profile of a Portuguese red wine aged for 90 days in contact with wood chips from different species were evaluated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> For this purpose, wood chips from cherry (<em>Prunus avium</em>), acacia (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>) and two oak species (<em>Quercus</em> <em>petraea</em> and <em>Quercus pyrenaica</em>) were added to a Portuguese red wine. Various global phenolic parameters of red wines were studied during the aging process (90 storage days). In addition, a sensory analysis was made after the 90-day aging period to determine the impact of the use of different wood chip species on red wine sensory profile. The results showed that during the aging period, only a few differences were detected between the wines. However, after 90 aging days, in general the wines aged in contact with cherry wood tended to have the lowest values for several phenolic parameters. For sensory parameters, the wine aged in contact with French oak chips showed significantly higher scores for several aroma descriptors, while for visual and taste descriptors no statistical significant differences were found between the wines.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> At the concentration used (3 g wood chips/L wine), the different wood chip species studied had no clear influence on the evolution of the majority of the red wine phenolic parameters. However, from a sensory point of view, the use of different wood species induced greater differentiation, especially for aroma descriptors.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> The outcomes of this study would be of practical interest to winemakers and regulatory institutions since they could improve the knowledge of the impact of alternative wood chip species, namely acacia and cherry, on red wine quality.</p>