Tesis sobre el tema "Recyclage chimique"
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Dannoux, Morgane. "Recyclage chimique des polyesters par la voie extrusion réactive". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10100.
Texto completoSaint-Loup, René. "Recyclage chimique du poly(éthylène téréphtalate). Application à la synthèse d'élastomères thermoplastiques". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20168.
Texto completoImbernon, Lucie. "Réticulation non-permanente, chimique ou physique, du caoutchouc naturel époxydé : propriétés dynamiques et recyclage". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066427/document.
Texto completoImproving rubber recyclability is a major challenge of today’s society. These materials are usually crosslinked through permanent covalent chemistry, which prevents any further modification of the network structure. The aim of this thesis was to design the recyclability up-stream by using non-permanent chemistry for rubber crosslinking. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), chosen as the base rubber, is efficiently crosslinked by reaction of dicarboxylic acids on oxirane rings to form ester bonds. On the one hand, the addition of a transesterification catalyst let foresee the obtaining of vitrimer properties. The advantages of this exchangeable chemistry are shown by comparison to lightly permanently crosslinked rubbers that also show stress relaxation and adhesion properties. On the other hand, using a functionalized diacid with a central disulphide function, a certain degree of reprocessability could be obtained, comparable to what was obtained by conventional sulphur vulcanization. A major advantage of the presented diacid chemistry over vulcanization is the non-toxicity towards the environment. Lastly, by grafting long crystallizable fatty acids onto ENR, we synthesized thermoplastic elastomers. Like diacid-crosslinked ENR (chemical network), these physical networks show strain-induced crystallization measured by X-ray diffraction during cyclic tensile tests
Imbernon, Lucie. "Réticulation non-permanente, chimique ou physique, du caoutchouc naturel époxydé : propriétés dynamiques et recyclage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066427.pdf.
Texto completoImproving rubber recyclability is a major challenge of today’s society. These materials are usually crosslinked through permanent covalent chemistry, which prevents any further modification of the network structure. The aim of this thesis was to design the recyclability up-stream by using non-permanent chemistry for rubber crosslinking. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), chosen as the base rubber, is efficiently crosslinked by reaction of dicarboxylic acids on oxirane rings to form ester bonds. On the one hand, the addition of a transesterification catalyst let foresee the obtaining of vitrimer properties. The advantages of this exchangeable chemistry are shown by comparison to lightly permanently crosslinked rubbers that also show stress relaxation and adhesion properties. On the other hand, using a functionalized diacid with a central disulphide function, a certain degree of reprocessability could be obtained, comparable to what was obtained by conventional sulphur vulcanization. A major advantage of the presented diacid chemistry over vulcanization is the non-toxicity towards the environment. Lastly, by grafting long crystallizable fatty acids onto ENR, we synthesized thermoplastic elastomers. Like diacid-crosslinked ENR (chemical network), these physical networks show strain-induced crystallization measured by X-ray diffraction during cyclic tensile tests
Tran-Minh, Anh-Kiet. "Conversion catalytique de dérivés de l'huile de colza : une nouvelle voie de valorisation chimique". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL002N.
Texto completoHalwani, Bouchra. "Recyclage des eaux grises : Etude de nouvelles filières de traitement". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R066.
Texto completoGreywater constitutes 61% of the total wastewater stream that includes bathroom waters, kitchen water and washing machines. When treated, this source can be easily reused in wide options excluding potable uses. This study explores the opportunities to treat greywater and try to choose the most efficient yet cheap treatment systems.An overall view of different types of treatment systems was conducted, and then we chose which systems could deliver both efficiency and feasibility for low load greywater. After selecting two types of treatment systems, we needed to merge both of them into one system that will enhance the treatment efficiency. These two systems rely tightly on adsorption that is why we wanted to identify which adsorbent can offer the best percentage of pollutants elimination but still fit in the low budget of low income countries. Different types of adsorbent were tested: different bricks residues, activated carbons and different grain size of sand. Chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and the percentage of elimination of active agents were used to judge their effectiveness. After selecting fine sand and coarse sand, a phytoremediation concept was used, this require testing different type of plants. Lavender was then selected to be part of our system. Chemical oxygen demand and turbidity were used to judge whether or not our system could deliver good results. After running these two tests, our pilot showed great results and recovered great amount of water that could be then used in different reuse options like toilet flushing or irrigation. Because user’s opinion and social acceptance is a threat to any new treatment system, we visited some of the nearest hotels and resorts to see their willingness to engage in such treatment path. In addition, cost is always a major throwback to any new treatment system; therefore, cost benefit analysis was used to ensure the feasibility of our pilot
Lacanau, Valentin. "Conception et étude physico-chimique d’amphiphiles auto-assemblés pour l’extraction de métaux et la catalyse en milieu aqueux". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS127.
Texto completoThis project aims to study and develop a novel principle dedicated to the valorisation of recycled metals, especially palladium. It consists in the direct use of an organic phase arising from a solvent extraction process into organo-catalyzed cross-couplings performed in aqueous micellar phases. The palladium transposition from the organic phase into the aqueous phase is performed thaks to surfactants developed by the CBSA team (C. Pépin & F. Bonneté, IBMM), and which structure has to be optimized to answer to the specifications linked with the hyrometallurgical processes dedicated to palladium recovery from electronic wastes, performed by the LHYS team (D. Bourgeois, ICSM). Following a recent proof of concept involving these both teams from the ChemiSyst LabEx and a third team from the Strasbourg University (F. Bihel), the present project will consist in the rational description of the relationship between the surfactants, easily tunable, the physic-chemical properties resulting from their auto-assembly, and their aptitude to back-extract and stabilize the palladium in the aqueous medium. The fundamental knowledge thus acquired will enable and efficient valorization of the proposed systems
Thiebaud-Roux, Sophie. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques : obtention de nouveaux matériaux". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7362/1/thiebaud.pdf.
Texto completoColomines, Gaël. "Recyclage chimique du polyéthylène téréphthalate (PET) par glycolyse : étude de la cristallinité des glycolysats et leurs applications". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20020.
Texto completoThe depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using a diol as reagent (also called glycolysis) is one of the most often used chemical recycling method which is nowadays developed due to the increase of the PET waste amount coming from plastic bottles. The target of the thesis was to develop a new glycolysis method allowing the control of the crystallinity of the glycolysates in order to valorize them. In a first part, new glycolysates of PET were synthesized from oligoesters instead of diols to obtain the lower crystalline compounds. In a second part, the crystallinity of the different glycolysates was determined by optical microscopy under polarized light, DSC, rheology and quantified by X-ray analyses. These new amorphous glycolysates were then used in the preparation of polyurethane resins. Thermoplastic elastomers were also synthesized from crystalline glycolysates and from an aliphatic polyether and their dielectric properties were evaluated. Finally, the use of glycolysates as macroinitiator was explored in the synthesis of tribloc copolymers using atom transfer radical polymerization (A. T. R. P. )
Abbadie, Alexandra. "Nettoyage chimique humide de surfaces silicium (appliqué au recyclage), nettoyage chimique humide et préparation de surface d'alliages silicium-germanium et de couches de germanium pur". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30082.
Texto completoNugraha, Adi. "Influence des interactions entre producteurs et consommateurs sur le recyclage des éléments nutritifs (N et P) en milieu océanique". Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2050.
Texto completoAquatic herbivores and carnivores act as sources and sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) through the consumption of organic N and P, and subsequent excretion of organic and inorganic forms in marine systems. These source/sink dynamics, known as consumer-driven nutrient recycling (CNR) may, in turn, control the availability of potentially limiting nutrients for marine primary producers. The overall goal of this work was to investigate the influence of CNR on the distribution of N and P in the ocean, and the resulting consequences for marine primary production. For this purpose, a model of N and P cycling in the ocean, derived from that of Tyrrell (1999), was used and extended to include the basic principles of CNR theory (Sterner, 1990). The model showed that marine herbivores may affect the supply and the stoichiometry of N and P in the ocean, thereby exerting a control on global primary production. The predicted global primary production was higher when herbivores were included in the model, particularly when these herbivores had higher N:P ratios than phytoplankton. This higher primary production was triggered by a 10w N:P resupply ratio (from excretion by herbivores), which, in turn, favoured the P-limited N2-fixation and eventually the N-limited non-fixers. Finally, producer-consumer interactions fed back on the N and P inventories in the deep ocean through differential nutrient recycling. ’ Although simple, the model presented here suggested that higher trophic levels (here herbivores and carnivores) may affect nutrients inventories in the deep ocean through passive and active export of N and P
Riou, Fabienne. "Procédé de traitement des déchets de circuits imprimés : valorisation par dépolymérisation chimique". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ECAP0906.
Texto completoMeyer, Thierry. "Etude à l'aide d'une méthode chimique de la ségrégation lors d'une polymérisation dans un réacteur tubulaire à recyclage /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1989. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=810.
Texto completoLanoir, David. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des résidus de broyage automobile : analyse des effluents gazeux émis lors de leur incinération en vue d'une valorisation énergétique". Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0314.
Texto completoDellinger, Mathieu. "Apport des isotopes du lithium et des éléments alcalins à la compréhension des processus d'altération chimique et de recyclage sédimentaire". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB1104.
Texto completoEl, Gersifi Khalid. "Recyclage de tubes en matériaux composites fibres de verre utilisés dans les centrales de production d'électricité". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ECAP0853.
Texto completoTwite, Kabamba Eddy. "Polymer foams and composites recycling : Rheological and Macromolecular Investigations". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27578/27578.pdf.
Texto completoIdris, Adamu Aminu. "Upcycling of polyethylenes by catalysis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6fx79jm.
Texto completoThe synthesis of functional telechelic oligomer/molecule platforms directly from polyethylene (PE) wastes, although very appealing from an environmental and economic point of view, remains today a major problem to tackle. Indeed, the strong C(Sp3) – C(Sp3) & C(Sp3) – H(Sp3) σ-covalent bonds of polyethylenes are undoubtedly not only at the origin of the robustness and chemical inertness of PEs relative to many reagents but also dramatically hamper their chemical recycling. Among the different chemical methods currently available for the treatment of polyolefin wastes, one can cite pyrolysis, thermal cracking, and/or catalytic hydrocracking. However, such approaches most often lead to mixtures of hydrocarbons in a non-selective manner, which are difficult to valorize. In this dissertation thesis, we seek to develop a more valuable route toward polyolefins circularity through polyethylenes upcycling into α,ω–divinyl, or diacetate oligomers. Our strategy involves a two-step process via first the creation of reactive internal alkenes on the main polymer backbone by iridium-catalyzed dehydrogenation followed by depolymerization of the resulting unsaturated polymers using Ru–catalyzed metathesis. A thorough screening of the reaction parameters, nature of the catalyst, and substrate scope was first undertaken for both reactions. We have shown that different levels of internal unsaturation can be generated on the PEs backbone by playing with the catalyst ligand, loading, or conditions of dehydrogenation without compromising its structural and thermal properties Subsequent cross-metathesis of these internally unsaturated polyethylenes with ethylene and cis–1,4–diacetoxy–2–butene as chain transfer agents afforded divinyl and diester telechelic products with 86 % and 91 % conversions (of internal double bonds into functional chain ends) respectively. The high-value-added end-products of this two-step process could be used as feed for the synthesis of recycle-by-design polymers, thereby reducing the exploitation of fossils for polymer production and its associated environmental impact
Kauffmann, Anne. "Etude physico-chimique du devenir de certains métaux lourds lors de la valorisation énergétique de résidus de broyage de l'industrie automobile". Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0334.
Texto completoDaumer, Marie-Line. "Analyse des transformations du phosphore lors du stockage et du traitement biologique et physico-chimique des lisiers de porc en vue d'un recyclage". Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000176/.
Texto completoTo recycle phosphorus from pig slurry, as a chemical fertilizer which could be easily transported and used far from intensive livestock areas, it is necessary to remove phosphorus from organic matter. Since pig slurry has more than 60% of its phosphorus in solid mineral form we have designed a three step process of solubilisation, solid/liquid separation and precipitation to realise such a reduction. The solubilisation was the main obstacle in the development of this process. We have studied three means to increase the ratio of dissolved phosphorus. The first one was to add benzoic acid and to reduce the amount of protein in the pig feed. The pH was reduced by 1and the dissolved phosphorus ratio increased up to 20% after storage, but it was not sufficient for the recycling process. The second one was to optimise phosphorus release during the biological treatment of nitrogen by sequential aeration. Both biological phosphorus release and uptake were concealed by the effect of pH. The high level of pH led to the precipitation of released phosphorus during the anaerobic stage. Contrary to this, acidification induced by nitrification led to solubilisation of mineral forms of phosphorus which concealed the uptake of phosphorus during the aerobic stage. A significant increase of dissolved phosphorus was obtained by increasing the amount of nitrogen nitrified in one cycle, which was accomplished by increasing the cycle duration and decreasing the hydraulic retention time. However, the ratio of dissolved phosphorus was always less than 20-25%. The third way was to use an acidic reactant. This could be viewed only if the buffer effect was previously reduced by feeding the pigs with the acidifying diet or by biological treatment. After acidic solubilisation, phosphorus was precipitated as struvite and amorphous calcium phosphate by adding either sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or magnesium oxide. The geochemical modelling tool PHREEQCI was successfully used to simulate acid or base addition in slurry and was helpful to give a description of the solid phase composition
Le, Guern Cécile. "Séparation de déchets de plastiques par voie physico-chimique (flottation-moussage) en vue de leur recyclage : applicabilité au mélange PVC/PET bouteilles". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1997_LE_GUERN_C.pdf.
Texto completoPardal, Francis. "Etude de la réactivité des couples solvolysant-polymère dans les réactions d'alcoolyse des polyesters". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ECAP0987.
Texto completoThe object of this work was a better comprehension of the reactivities in alcoholysis reactions of polyesters. For this purpose, we developed an experimental device allowing the isothermal kinetic follow-up of solvolysis reactions. The glycolysis of the PET being revealed more complex than envisaged we have limited the study to glycols as solvolysants and mainly PET as polyester. The studied parameters are: temperature, catalysis, granulometry, nature of glycols, nature and initial crystallinity of polyester. The obtained results showed a strong influence of the experimental conditions (temperature and catalysis) on the evolution of the reactional mixture during depolymerization. The glycols reactivity order depends of temperature and catalysis conditions. Schematically, the total reactivity does not depend only of the glycol chemical reactivity but also on the polarity mixture. The non-catalyzed glycolysis of model polyester by the dipropylene glycol showed surprising results because big differences of reactivity can be observed according to the nature of the glycolic unity for these polyesters
Rondon, Anton Miguel. "Influence de la formulation physico-chimique et des propriétés interfaciales sur la stabilité des émulsions asphaltènes-eau-huile : application à la deshydratation du pétrole". Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3021.
Texto completoWater is undesirable in crude oil, for several reasons. It is thus necessary to separate it. Among existing separation methods, the so-called “chemical” way is known to be the most efficient one, but it is very specific and relatively expensive, and its action mechanism is not well understood yet. It was demonstrated that the best separation is attained when the interfacial HLB, resulting from the mixing of the HLBs of adsorbed asphaltene and demulsifier molecules, reaches an optimal value corresponding to the exact compensation between the lipophilic and the hydrophilic contributions. It was demonstrated that there is one surfactant in each family, which, at its optimal concentration, results in the quickest separation, as the best compromise between kinetics and thermodynamic phenomena. It was also shown that log-log plots of demulsifier versus asphaltene concentrations have the same topological configuration, whatever the demulsifier and the oil phase natures. Their topology depends on the different formulation variables, e. G. , demulsifier HLB, oil phase polarity, and probably upon salinity of water, temperature, alcohol type and concentration, etc. . . Finally, by using interfacial rheology and dynamic tensiometry, the effect of physicochemical variables was studied and compared with emulsion stability data. Based on thermodynamic arguments, it was demonstrated that interfacial demixing phenomena, are likely to explain the low stability of emulsions at optimum formulation
Cognet, Marine. "Elaboration de matériaux hybrides pour le stockage de l’énergie et le recyclage de batteries Li-Ion". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS064.
Texto completoEnergy storage is one of the biggest challenges for next decades and a key player for the energy transition. The management of renewable energy production requires more efficient and easily recyclable electrochemical energy storage devices for the eco-responsible development of those technologies.During this PhD thesis, MOFs were used as electrode material but also as a tool for recycling of Li-ion batteries. Three differents MOFs, based on phosphonate, sulfonate or carboxylate ligands, have been developed with different transition metals (Fe, Ni, Mn and Co). Promising electrochemical properties have been observed and post-cycling analysis allowed enlightening the advantages of MOFs as electrode materials. Finally, a recycling method have been developed by the selective precipitation of metals as MOFs in real Li-ion battery waste solutions. The formation of high valuable materials could be one way to close the life circle of batteries economically
Godin, Marie-Christine. "Valorisation de plastiques recyclés en provenance des centres de tri". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29740/29740.pdf.
Texto completoGaab, Manuela. "Second generation Trisoxazolines : new polydentate and recyclable dendritic ligands for asymmetric catalysis". Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/GAAB_Manuela_2009.pdf.
Texto completoIn this work, directed towards more efficient and broadened applications of tris(oxazolinyl)ethanes (trisoxazolines) in asymmetric Lewis acid catalysis, a library of new stereodirecting polydentate and linker-functionalised ligands was designed. On the basis of a multigramm-scale access to appropriately functionalised α-amino alcoholprecursors, three C1-chiral pentadentate and two C3-symmetric hexadentate trisoxazoline derivatives, incorporating peripheral (thio)ether functions, were synthesised. Conferring greater kinetic persistence to labile metals such as lanthanides, they are assumed to allow efficient applications in stereoselective transformations. Bis- and trisoxazolines containing an alkynyl unit have been covalently attached to carbosilane dendrimers and the general catalytic potential of their CuII-complexes was assessed by studying two benchmark reactions. For both of them, the bisoxazoline-based multisite catalysts displayed superior selectivity and, in particular, catalyst activity. The latter was interpreted as being due to the hindered decoordination of the third oxazoline unit, the key step in the generation of the active catalyst, in the immobilised trisoxazolinecopper complexes. Second generation dendrimer catalysts were immobilised in dialysis membrane bags, allowing to effect catalytic conversions by dipping them into substrate-filled reaction vessels. The bisoxazoline-based catalysts gave good and reproducible results after several recyclings, whereas the performance of the trisoxazoline dendrimers decreased monotonically due to their low activity, which necessitated an increased reaction time for each cycle. This resulted in higher levels of catalyst leaching
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde, mit dem Ziel Tris(oxazolinyl)ethanderivate (Trisoxazoline) in der asymmetrischen Lewissäure-Katalyse effizienter und breiter anzuwenden, eine Serie neuer polydentater und Linker-funktionalisierter Steuerliganden synthetisiert. Basierend auf einem Zugang zu entsprechend funktionalisierten α-Aminoalkoholvorstufen im Multigramm-Maßstab wurden drei C1-chirale pentadentate und zwei C3-symmetrische hexadentate Trisoxazolinderivate mit peripheren (Thio)etherfunktionen synthetisiert. Diese tragen im Prinzip zur kinetischen Stabilisierung labiler Metalle, z. B. Der Lanthanoiden, bei und ermöglichen so deren effiziente Anwendung in stereoselektiven Reaktionen. Nach der kovalenten Trägerung Alkinyl-funktionalisierter Bis- und Trisoxazoline an Carbosilandenrimeren wurde das katalytische Potential ihrer CuII-Komplexe in zwei Benchmarkreaktionen abgeschätzt. Bisoxazolin-basierte Vielzentrenkatalysatoren erzielten mit beiden Systemen höhere Selektivitäten und insbesondere Aktivitäten als ihre Trisoxazolinanaloga. Dies wurde auf die gehinderte Dekoordination des dritten Oxazolins, dem Schlüsselschritt bei der Ausbildung des aktiven Katalysators im Falle der immobilisierten Trisoxazolin-Kupferkomplexe, zurückgeführt. Dendritische Katalysatoren der zweiten Generation wurden in einer Dialysemembran immobilisiert, um durch Eintauchen der resultierenden Beutel in mit Substrat befüllte Reaktionsgefäße katalytische Umsetzungen durchzuführen. Dabei erzielten die Bisoxazolinbasierten Katalysatoren über mehrere Läufe gute, reproduzierbare Werte, während jene der Trisoxazolindendrimere monoton abnahmen. Dies ließ sich auf ihre geringe Aktivität, die damit verbundenen längeren Reaktionszeiten und die erhöhten Katalysatorverluste durch Leaching zurückführen
Schrijvers, Dieuwertje. "Evaluation environnementale des options de recyclage selon la méthodologie d’analyse de cycle de vie : établissement d’une approche cohérente appliquée aux études de cas de l’industrie chimique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0555/document.
Texto completoModeling of recycling – and allocation in general – is a heavily debated topic in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) domain. This thesis aimed to find a coherent scientific approach to model recycling in LCA that provides relevant information to companies. Existing allocation procedures are captured by mathematical formulas and linked to an LCA goal and an attributional or consequential approach in a systematic framework. A review of official guidelines showed that none of them provides recommendations on allocation that is consistent with this framework. A partitioning approach was identified for attributional LCA (a-LCA). This approach is based on subjective assumptions, which are made explicit by axioms. In consequential LCA (c-LCA), the market-price ratio between the recycled and substituted primary material is introduced as a new indicator to identify whether additional recycling substitutes the production of primary materials or avoids waste treatment. The processes that are affected by a changing demand for a product are identified by a causal loop diagram, which also includes stockpiling as a new element in c-LCA. The application of the allocation procedures is demonstrated by a case study of the recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from used fluorescent lamps. The a-LCA indicated that recycled REEs are more sustainable than primary REEs. The c-LCA showed that recycling is environmentally beneficial as long as the REEs are used in fluorescent lamps that substitute less energy-efficient halogen lamps. This demonstrates that both LCA approaches provide different but useful information for companies. Suggestions are given for policy measures when the market situation does not stimulate environmentally beneficial behavior. It is recommended, among other options, to extend the causal loop diagram of c-LCA to include additional mechanisms, such as rebound effects
Elghazzaoui, Hanane. "Contribution à l’étude de la dégradation des composites carbone/époxy par solvolyse dans l’eau subcritique et supercritique en vue de leur recyclage". Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2111.
Texto completoThe solvolysis process at high temperature and high pressure is a new technology that was used in this work to study the recyclability of two composite materials. A study of the physicochemical phenomena involved in this process of degradation and their relationship to the characteristics of each material contributed significantly to the control of the process. First optimization of experimental conditions degradation of two epoxy resins and the thermal analysis of the nature of each process were studied for the first time for this class of materials. Then, the physicochemical and mechanical processes of the different effluents were completed. Finally, ways of valuing different effluent were explored and discussed
Goulas, Anaïs. "Devenir et biodisponibilité des antibiotiques entrant dans les sols agricoles lors du recyclage des matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA034/document.
Texto completoAntibiotics are chronically introduced in soils through the application of exogenous organic matter (EOM) such as manure or sewage sludge. The environmental dissemination of these pollutants presents a long-term risk for health particularly due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistances. The origin and the properties of EOM can influence the antibiotic behavior in soils. This behavior and the potential impact on living-organisms depends on the antibiotic (bio)availability. Few data about the antibiotic bioavailability in soils exist and increasing knowledge is conditioned by the development of extraction and analytical methods for molecules at low concentrations in complex organomineral matrices. This research work focuses on the link between the MAFOR type, the behavior and the bioavailability of antibiotics in soils, and their impacts on soil microorganisms. Chemical methods were developed to assess the(bio)availability and the behavior of two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin) and some transformation products in EOM-amended soils incubated in controlled conditions. A modelling approach was used to describe the behavior of sulfamethoxazole and its main metabolite in soils as a function of the organic matter evolution; the modelling results suggest that co-metabolism was responsible for the molecule mineralization and the formation of biogenic non-extractable residues. Finally chemical data were confronted to biological measures: the (bio)availability of antibiotics estimated through different aqueous extractions was related to their biodegradation by adapted soil microorganisms or to their toxicity on soil microbial activities. Original results were obtained in this work and will be useful to assess the risk related to the antibiotic dispersion in the environment
Alvarez, Gil Pedro Jose. "Étude du procédé d'hydroconversion des résidus pétroliers en phase slurry en mode recyclage". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1334.
Texto completoIn recent years, refineries have experienced strong imbalances in supply and demand of petroleum products due to the extraction of increasingly heavy petroleum and the high demand for light fractions such as naphtha and middle distillates. This problem has led to the research and development of new technologies for upgrading of heavy fractions with low commercial value such as atmospheric and vacuum residues. In this context, slurry-phase hydroconversion appears as an attractive technology capable of treating the heaviest feeds. However, the deep conversion of petroleum residues can’t be carried out in once-through mode. The recycling mode offers an excellent alternative to achieve the deep conversion while also providing operational flexibility to the hydroconversion units in terms of severity and catalyst consummation.The aim of this work was to study the impact of recycling mode on the slurry-phase hydroconversion performances of a vacuum residue. The first part of this work was dedicated to the reliability of a continuous micro-scale pilot unit and the generation of experimental data from this unit. For the hydroconversion experiments, three operating variables were varied: temperature, residence time and recycling rate. The experimental results obtained allowed evaluating the impact of recycling mode. In order to better understand the impact of recycling mode, the second part of this work was dedicated to the development of a model of the micro-scale pilot in recycling mode. This model was developed taking into account the chemical kinetics determined previously in a semi-batch reactor and the physical characterization (hydrodynamics and mass transfer) of the micro-scale pilot. The model was validated by comparing its predictions with experimental data
Cayuela, Julien. "Synthèse de copolèmères séquencés polycarbonate - poly(ε-caprolactone) à architecture contrôlée par polymérisation de l'ε-caprolactone en présence de Poly(carbonate de bisphénol A) au cours d'une opération d'extrusion". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10014.
Texto completoRogeon, Julien. "Étude de la déminéralisation physique d'un noir de carbone obtenu par pyrolyse sous vide des pneus". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23754/23754.pdf.
Texto completoGillet-Dominguez, Valérie. "Valorisation chimique des esters méthyliques d'huile de colza par pyrolyse". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL124N.
Texto completoChabert, Mickaël. "Recyclage et revalorisation de films de PET / PVDC par extrusion réactive à basse température". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10045.
Texto completoAn original way for recycling PET / PVDC films is proposed by their chemical transformation with titanium alkoxydes by reactive extrusion process in the solid state. The exchange reactions between these organo-metallic species and the PET were carried out at temperatures between 250 and 280°C at laboratory scale and they have allowed to shorten the PET's chains, in short oligomers with low melting temperatures, in a range of reaction time of few minutes. These oligomers could be post-functionalized with diols. The technologic transfert of these exchange reactions to the twin screw extruder scale was optimized in order to transform PET / PVDC films at temperatures between 130 and 180°c without degrading the PVDC. The titanium alkoxydes allow to stabilize the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during thermal degradation of this halogenated polymer. The reuse of these oligomers into different polyurethane systems were then studied and demonstrated the compatibility of PET oligomers with these matrix with improvements of some physical and mechanical properties
Achtioui, Touria. "Mise en œuvre et caractérisation de matériaux polymères issus d' emballages plastiques recyclés". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS036.
Texto completoThe aim of this PhD thesis was to understand the mechanisms of degradation of SAN and ABS from waste sprues and undelivered packages from Albea Group (formerly known as Alcan Packaging). The results of this project should allow the reduction of waste volume, the improvement of material properties and a costs reduction. The present workshould also improve the understanding of the fundamental aspects of physical recyclability of polymers during different cycles in injection molding.The first part of the study performed using an internal mixer showed how degradation was influenced by processing parameters such as the rotor speed, the temperature and the mixing time. Thus, considering the SAN, the mechanisms of the thermo-mechanical degradation are both generated by the thermo-mechanical degradation and by the oxidation that involves chain scissions. In the case of ABS, its mechanisms of thermo-mechanical degradation imply further chromophores sites, several competition reactions such as crosslinking and chain scissions.The innovative feature of our work was to establish a theoretical mechanism of degradation of ABS and SAN under processing conditions used in industry thanks to our experimental approach with original investigation procedure (TMDSC, solid state NMR, AFM). Afterwards, we were then able to identify the real contribution on the one hand of the shearing effect, which seemed still unstudied in the literature, and of the other hand of the thermal effect.Finally, it was found that degradation was not affecting SAN mechanical properties whereas discoloration and a reduction of viscosity were observed. On the opposite, the recycling of ABS resulted in a significant reduction of tensile properties and the impact strength due to the presence of varnish which interfered in stress transfer between PB nodules and the SAN matrix
Omaña, Sanz Brenda. "Caractérisation physico-chimique du résidu de bauxite vénézuélienne : évaluation des options de valorisation dans le domaine environnemental". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10167/document.
Texto completoThe bauxite residue commonly called ‘red mud’ is an industrial waste generated during the production of alumina. The storage of this waste is considered as a major environmental problem, especially because of its caustic nature (pH> 10) and the huge produced quantities (about 1.5 t per tonne of alumina produced). The production of Venezuelan alumina (CVG Bauxilum) has generated more than 15 million m3 of bauxite residue. Moreover, no research has yet been conducted on the properties of these residues and their utilization in the environmental field. The main goals of this study focus on the physical and chemical characterization of Venezuelan bauxite residue (solid fraction) and in an evaluation of its applications as an agent for remediation of polluted systems. An integrated approach coupling chemical composition and adsorption properties, mineralogical phases, particle size, surface area and radionuclide content with studies of chemical speciation and bioavailability, yielded significant constraints including: 1) a high content of U and Th, and their respective isotopes Th232 and U238, as well as lanthanides 2) the potential risk of residue chemotoxicity towards a very labile fraction of elements such as aluminum and uranium 3) high sorption properties with respect to toxic elements, Pb, Zn and As, due to the large surface area of the residue, especially under acidic conditions (case of acid mine drainage). These results have shown the potential use of Venezuelan bauxite residue in key areas such as remediation of polluted systems (as amendment or sorbent agent) and in the recovery of metals of economic interest
Gornay, Julien. "Transformation par voie thermique de triglycérides et d'acides gras. Application à la valorisation chimique des déchets lipidiques". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL070N/document.
Texto completoThis thesis presents a new way of chemically upgrading of edible frying oils, by thermal conversion. Edible oils have a strong potential to be upgraded into fuels or chemicals, because they are very rich in triglycerides and free fatty acids. The objectives of this study were triple. Firstly, to propose a process of thermal conversion,that allows for the chemical upgrading of edible frying oils. Secondly, to model and understand the chemical reactions of pyrolysis on the octanoïc acid (whose molecule model was selected to represent edible frying oils which are very complex mixtures). Finally, to validate the pyrolysis mechanism on the octanoïc acid by the software CHEMKIN II
Chabert, Mickaël. "Recyclage et revalorisation de films de PET / PVDC par extrusion réactive à basse température". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10045.
Texto completoAn original way for recycling PET / PVDC films is proposed by their chemical transformation with titanium alkoxydes by reactive extrusion process in the solid state. The exchange reactions between these organo-metallic species and the PET were carried out at temperatures between 250 and 280°C at laboratory scale and they have allowed to shorten the PET's chains, in short oligomers with low melting temperatures, in a range of reaction time of few minutes. These oligomers could be post-functionalized with diols. The technologic transfert of these exchange reactions to the twin screw extruder scale was optimized in order to transform PET / PVDC films at temperatures between 130 and 180°c without degrading the PVDC. The titanium alkoxydes allow to stabilize the release of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during thermal degradation of this halogenated polymer. The reuse of these oligomers into different polyurethane systems were then studied and demonstrated the compatibility of PET oligomers with these matrix with improvements of some physical and mechanical properties
Brüster, Berit. "Structure of Polylactide-Based Materials Obtained by Reactive Extrusion : Formation and Thermomechanical Transformations". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0156/document.
Texto completoPolylactide (PLA), a biodegradable and bio-based polymer, raised researchers’ attention to replace conventional plastics. At room temperature, PLA is brittle and requires physical plasticization that increases its ductility but at the same time drastically decreases its stiffness. As an alternative, plasticization by reactive extrusion was recently developed. The reactive extrusion of PLA with acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (acrylPEG) as plasticizer yields a plasticized PLA named pPLA. This thesis aims at identifying the structure of this pPLA and studying its evolution engendered by thermomechanical transformations as drawing and recycling. First, pPLA’s structural features are analyzed by a multi-scale and multi-disciplinary approach. pPLA is characterized by partially grafted and partially free inclusions of the polymerized plasticizer and a slightly crosslinked PLA matrix. These plasticizer inclusions lead to a material with a good stiffness-ductility balance. Second, the deformation mechanisms of pPLA upon drawing indicate that chain orientation mechanisms are predominant compared to damage, the latter dominating deformation in PLA. Third, the thermomechanical recycling of pPLA shows that degradation is dependent on the type of processing step. Compression-molding is detrimental to pPLA inducing after recycling a higher degradation compared to PLA. This thesis releases new characterization methodologies enabling a better identification of biopolymer structural features
Bonnaud, Céline. "Vers une méthode de recyclage et de valorisation des aimants permanents à base de terres rares par électrochimie en milieux liquides ioniques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI039/document.
Texto completoRare earth elements (REE) are currently essential for new technologies development; from everyday life objects to green energies devices, they are especially used in permanent magnets. NdFeB and SmCo permanent magnets represent more than 50% of the REE market and offer a high recycling opportunity. The present study focuses on their recycling, mainly via electrochemistry in ionic liquid medium (IL), which enables to reach the reduction potentials of REE (< -2 V vs. ENH).Samarium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium and cobalt were successfully electrodeposited in [C1C4Pyrr] [Tf2N] according to a potentiometric method at 25 ° C and on a glassy carbon electrode.Two general recycling methods are finally proposed and have been applied to industrial permanent magnets. The first uses only electrochemistry and is based on a first magnet electrodissolution step in the IL followed by a selective electroplating to recover the transition metals. Electrodeposition of REE could then be possible. The second method starts by an acid leaching of the magnet in order to efficiently separate the transition metals from REE via the formation of phosphate salts. Dissolution of the salts obtained in LI would then enable to electrodeposit the metal ions
Hussain, Hallshow. "Etude de la composition, du comportement mécanique et de l'endommagement d'un béton recyclé". Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN2006.
Texto completoAlmeras, Xavier. "Optimisation de la tenue au feu d'une formulation intumescente du polypropylène pour applications dans les transports terrestres". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-159.pdf.
Texto completoGoument, Caroline. "Caractérisation, mise en forme et recyclage de polymères biosourcés pour le développement d’un procédé de fabrication plastronique respectueux de l’environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0109.
Texto completoIn the majority of cases, electronic objects in our everyday life have a plastic casing made of petrochemical polymer materials. Today, replacing the petrochemical-based materials with more environmentally-friendly ones is a necessary transition. 3D plastronics is an emerging field of research than can overcome some of the limitations of conventional electronics, particularly as it requires to redefine the polymer substrates. This PhD is part of the BIOANTENNA project of the AURA Region's Ambition Research Pack, whose goal is to manufacture an innovative electronic device in terms of the materials used and the functionalities of the electronic circuit. In this thesis, we study a mass production process for electronic devices called In-Mold Electronics (IME). It comprises three main stages: screen printing, thermoforming and injection molding. In the state of the art, the reference polymer in IME is PolyCarbonate (PC). Our goal is to replace PC with a more environmentally-friendly material: Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA). Over the last ten years, this polymer has been the subject of numerous studies in order to use it as an alternative to petrochemical-based engineering polymers. PLA is the most widely used biosourced polymer today. It is also biodegradable in industrial composting, which could provide a solution for end-of-life products and make it suitable for use in the circular economy. This manuscript is divided in two main parts : one regarding the manufacturing of a plastronic device using IME and PLA, and the other on the dismantling of the IME devices manufactured in the first part
Li, Ziwei. "Dimensionnement de machines électriques à flux radial facilitant le recyclage des aimants permanents : application aux véhicules hybrides ou électriques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT021/document.
Texto completoNowadays it is imperative to reduce the CO2 emission of automotives due to the climate changes. One of the essential strategies is to use new energy vehicles, such as Hybrid and pure Electrical Vehicles ((H)EVs). However, no matter what the energy storage devices (H)EVs have, they always need electrical machines to transfer electrical energy into mechanical energy. Permanent Magnet (PM) electrical machines seem to be the best candidates for (H)EV applications in terms of their outstanding performances. However, the supply and cost of PMs are essential for PM machines. The strongest rare earth PM is Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd2Fe14B) type magnet, or simply written as NdFeB. Commonly, in order to improve the temperature stability as well as resistant demagnetization of magnets, small portion of heavy rare earth element, Dysprosium (Dy) or Terbium (Tb), is added to the alloy. However, with a high demand of high grade NdFeB magnets, the supplies of these rare earth elements, including Neodymium (Nd), face serious challenge, especially for Europe. In this case, one of the possible solutions for Europe to tackle the rare earth supply risks is to recycle rare earth magnets. Demeter -European Training Network for the Design and Recycling of Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators in Hybrid and Full Electric Vehicles, is an Europe Union registered project. DEMETER envisaged three routes for the recovery of rare earth PM from these devices, which are so called direct re-use, direct recycling and indirect recycling. Valeo and G2Elab are the principal partners in this project, and they mainly focus on the route of PM direct re-use. This doctor thesis is supervised by Valeo and G2Elab, and mainly focuses on radial flux type PM electrical machines, which are the most widely used type of electrical machines nowadays. The applications include Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles (MHEV) or small Electric Vehicles (EV). The new motor design not only needs to be recycle friendly for PMs, but also needs to meet all the strict requirements for the applications.With thorough literature studies, FEM optimization and thermal/mechanical analysis, it was found that an IPMSM design can fairly fulfill all the requirements and constraints. Then new magnet materials and assembly methods were implemented for the magnet recycling - a kind of bonded magnet was used for the IPMSM. This bonded magnet was made from a Hydrogen Decrepitation Deabsorbation Recombination (HDDR) anisotropic NdFeB magnet powder, with Sulfide (PPS) binder. It has the possibility to directly assemble the magnet into the rotor by injection molding. Thus the assembly of the magnets would not be constraint by their shapes. The disassembly of the magnets became easy as well – it is possible to heated up the rotors so that the bonded magnets can be melted down for extraction. Then they can be mixed with a certain percent of virgin magnets compound to make new bonded magnets without remarkable changes on performances. In summary, the entire recycling process is relatively easy and ecologically sustainable. Thus, based on this new concept, an IPMSM with bonded NdFeB magnets were fabricated. Series benchmark tests were carried out, for instance measurements of back-EMF, torque, efficiency, short circuit current and stator temperatures. In this thesis, apart from new design ideas of electrical machines, another goal is to evaluate e-machines with respect to the recyclability. The recyclability is quantified by two indexes, together they can be named Weighted Index of Recycling and Energy (WIRE). By using WIRE, the recyclability between different machines can be comparable, even with different dimension or performances. It was found that by using WIRE to evaluate the new designed PM machine, promising results can be obtained. The magnet reuse and recycling approach can gain environment benefit without economic losses
Kazemi, Yasamin. "Mechanical and morphological characterization of wood plastic composites based on municipal plastic waste". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29823/29823.pdf.
Texto completoRecent legislations associated with environmental impacts of post-consumer plastic wastes have driven substantial attention toward developing viable recycling techniques. Therefore the aim of this research was to produce wood plastic composites (WPC) from the light fraction of municipal plastic wastes (post-consumer) and wood processing residues (sawdust). In order to improve compatibility and adhesion between polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), an ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) was used to compatibilize the polymer phases and also to act as an impact modifier. Addition of maleated polyethylene (MAPE) and maleated polypropylene (MAPP) provided improved compatibility between the polymer matrix and the wood flour. The combined effect of all the components was found to produce composites with interesting morphological (dispersion and adhesion) and mechanical properties (tension, torsion, flexion and impact) after optimization of the additive package (blend of coupling agents). In the second phase, three-layered structural composites were produced from the aforementioned composites to investigate the effects of design parameters on their flexural and impact performance. The studied parameters include wood content, thickness of individual composite layers, as well as stacking sequence and configuration (symmetric and asymmetric structures). In addition, the classical beam theory was successfully used to predict the flexural modulus within 10% of deviation for these complex structures.
Jha, Amit Kumar. "Conception d'une machine à rotor externe de type Halbach pour l'électromobilité considérant la réutilisation et le recyclage des aimants permanents". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT014/document.
Texto completoElectric vehicles (EVs) or Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer many advantages over the conventional IC engine vehicles. According to recent trends, the demand for efficient (H)EVs is expected to grow significantly. For a high-power range, permanent magnet based motor technology has been the preferred choice for motors deployed in (H)EVs. Growing demand of highly efficient motors is in direct correlation to the demand of strong magnets (NdFeB or SmCo), which uses rare earth elements (REE). The availability and supply of REEs specially heavy REEs is very critical. Therefore, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to design an outer rotor Halbach motor for a (H)EV application with easy recycling and reuse of the magnet. Further, the project aims to investigate and propose the manufacturing of a Halbach magnet used in a high power motor EV applications.Firstly, the manufacturing of Halbach magnet using a sintered and a bonded NdFeB magnet was investigated. The study shows that the manufacturing of Halbach array using a bonded magnet is much easier and more cost effective than the sintered magnet. The characterisation of a bonded NdFeB magnet used for manufacturing a Halbach magnet was also performed. Various recycling routes for both sintered and bonded magnets were analysed and it can be inferred that bonded magnets are much easier to recycle in a cost effective and environment friendly manner. The thesis also proposes the recycling route for the bonded magnet used in the motor.Secondly, a motor with bonded Halbach magnet was designed using 2D and 3D FEM. To achieve a highly efficient and compact motor, fractional slot tooth coil winding was used. The properties of Halbach magnet was calculated using FEM model and benchmarked against the analytical model. The results obtained from the two approaches were in close agreement. Further, the impact of slot pole combinations on motor losses and the subsequent torque were investigated, specifically eddy loss (considering all the design constraints). Different strategies to use recycled magnet with lower remanence is also presented. It is shown that using a recycled magnet with increased axial length of the motor could be the best choice considering different factors, specially manufacturing of the Halbach magnet. Based on different parametric studies a design of the motor was proposed and prototype was built. It was demonstrated that a high power Halbach magnet could be built economically using a bonded NdFeB magnet. The airgap flux density of the rotor, measured on the prototype is in close agreement with the calculated values.Additionally, WIRE (Weighted Index of Recycling and Energy) methodology was presented to benchmark different motor designs on the basis of performance and recy- clability. The method developed produces two indices based on:• Ease of motor recyclability considering material, assembly and disassembly of magnets.• Impact of a recycled magnet on the energy consumption of a motor during its operational lifetime.Using both the above indices, one can easily analyse the pros and cons of different motor designs on the basis of recyclability and energy efficiency. The proposed motor design was evaluated using the developed method and it is shown that the motor is easy to assemble and disassemble. In addition, the motor assembly (glue free) enables easy magnet extraction and direct reuse. The evaluated energy index of the motor shows the impact of using a recycled magnet and its viability for EV applications in different scenarios
Fassy, Florence. "Étude théorique et expérimentale d'un cycle de substrats ternaire". Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD523.
Texto completoDrillaud, Nicolas. "Agro-ressources et photo-régulation : vers la synthèse de nouveaux chromophores appliquée au domaine du développement durable". Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2050.
Texto completoThe field of chemistry has witnessed a huge development since the 20th century. Nowadays, this field really needs to become more eco-friendly. One of the major challenges in green chemistry is to replace organic solvents with less hazardous solvents such as water. However, organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which involves a poor yield of organic reactions. To solve this problem, the use of surfactants has been considered. Indeed, those products organized themselves to form micelles, which allows the solubilization of organic compounds and play the part of chimio-reactors. Nevertheless, it can be difficult to extract the products at the end of the reaction, which will make the recycling of the reactional media less efficient. The solution we consider is to synthesize a new surfactant containing an azobenzene as chromophore. Actually, those compounds have the properties to isomerize themselves from their trans forms to their cis forms. This process is reversible. One of these surfactants was synthesized. Its physico-chemicals properties of tensioactivity and photo-regulation have been proved. The use of this surfactant as chimio-reactor for the organic synthesis has been assessed. We were able to show that its employ allows the increase of the yield of the reaction. Moreover, its photochromism properties permit to make the extraction of the products- at the end of the reaction- and also the recycling easier
Ramezani, Kakroodi Adel. "Production and characterization of thermoplastic elastomers based on recycled rubber". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30327/30327.pdf.
Texto completoThis Ph.D. work is devoted to the production and characterization of polymer compounds based on thermoplastic matrix filled with waste rubber powder. The main applications include: (A) the production of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) resins containing high ground tire rubber (GTR) contents (50% and higher), and (B) impact modification of thermoplastic composites using low concentrations of GTR. In the first part of the work, maleated polyethylene (MAPE) is proposed as a matrix to produce MAPE/GTR blends having excellent characteristics as thermoplastic elastomers. Then, the effects of different degradation mechanisms (weathering, thermal degradation and reprocessing) on the properties of MAPE/GTR compounds were extensively investigated to determine their potential for further recycling. Finally, the reinforcement of GTR filled TPE was investigated using different types of solid particles (wood flour and talc) for more demanding applications (mechanical characteristics). In the second part of the work, a new approach is proposed for impact modification of polypropylene based composites based on organic (hemp) and inorganic (talc and glass) reinforcements. The effective improvement of the impact properties of these composites is performed through the addition of a masterbatch based on maleated polypropylene (MAPP)/waste rubber powder (GTR or waste EPDM) containing high concentrations (70% by weight) of waste rubber.
Couret, Laetitia. "Fractionnement de déchets de panneaux de bois MDF post-consommation par voie chimique pour la réalisation de matériaux biosourcés à haute valeur ajoutée". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0025/document.
Texto completoWood-based medium-density fiberboards (MDF) are principally used for furniture and fittings and areproduced in great volumes around the world. The annual quantity of MDF waste generated world-wide is estimated to be over 40 million m3. Currently, there is noviable way to transform MDF into useful products due to the presence of contaminants such as resins and finishes (paint, varnish, laminated or plastic). This type of waste, composed of approximately 85-90 % of wood, represents a significant source of lignocellulosic material. This thesis describes research on transforming this under-utilized resource into high valued materials via a fractionation process. An alkali treatment followed by a delignification step, allows the extraction of hemicelluloses and lignin respectively, leading to the isolation of pure cellulose. This cellulose was converted to nanocelluloses in the form of nanocrystals by acidhydrolysis and nanofibrils by mechanical fibrillation. The cellulose nanocrystals obtained from waste MDF is shown to have similar characteristics to those obtained from virgin wood fibers. The hemicelluloses-rich fraction obtained by an alkali treatment from MDF waste was purified, precipitated by ethanol and then further used in the preparation of acrylic acid based hydrogels. The hydrogels generated had similar characteristics to those made from commercial beech xylans.This research clearly demonstrates the technical feasibility to convert MDF waste into high value added products, opening a new conversion route to recycle them