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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Récifs coralliens – Effets de la pollution"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Récifs coralliens – Effets de la pollution"
Roux, Natacha, Pauline Salis y Vincent Laudet. "Les larves de poissons coralliens : un nouveau modèle d’étude de la métamorphose et des hormones thyroïdiennes". Biologie Aujourd'hui 213, n.º 1-2 (2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jbio/2019010.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Récifs coralliens – Effets de la pollution"
Chapron, Leila. "Response of cold-water corals to global change in the Mediterranean Sea : from the molecular to the reef scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS590.
Texto completoScleractinian cold-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata, two cosmopolitan engineer species, are important frame-builders that provide ecological niches and nurseries for associated fauna. However, a detailed knowledge of their biology and ecology is still lacking. Such knowledge is important as these corals are threatened by pollution and climate change, especially in the Mediterranean Sea. Experimental in situ studies from this PhD first revealed that the two coral species did not have the same environmental preferences, with M. oculata favoring shallower habitats while L. pertusa did not show marked preferences. Hydrological conditions influenced their growth patterns probably by modulating the quantity and quality of food available in the deep, and by influencing sedimentation rates. Analyses in controlled conditions then showed that L. pertusa’s microbiome and metabolic pathways can change rapidly. However, the temperature increase will reduce L. pertusa’s skeletal growth and energy storage. Madrepora oculata’s skeletal growth and microbiome did not change with temperature increase but their energy storage decreased. Finally, our work showed that exposure to both macro- and microplastics limited L. pertusa’s growth by reducing access to food in one case and by inducing higher energy costs for plastic egestion in the other, while M. oculata did not appear affected to plastic exposure. In conclusion, in the deep Mediterranean Sea where water temperature may increase by 1.5°C during this century, and where plastics accumulate, the composition of coral communities is expected to change, which will have a direct impact on the reef associated fauna
Chazottes, Véronique. "Etude expérimentale de la bioérosion et de la sédimentogenèse en milieu récifal : effets de l'eutrophisation (Ile de la Réunion, Océan indien occidental)". Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX11075.
Texto completoBiscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Texto completoCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Cuet, Pascale. "Influence des résurgences d'eaux douces sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et métaboliques de l'écosystème récifal à la Réunion (Océan Indien)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Cuet_1989.pdf.
Texto completoDubois, Mélodie. "Effets combinés de la pêche et des perturbations naturelles sur la dynamique des écosystèmes coralliens". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP021.
Texto completoCoral reef provides coastal communities with vital and valuable ecosystem services, such as food and coastal protection, sources of income, and contribute to their societal and cultural identity. However, coral reef ecosystems are subjected to a combination of increasing natural disturbance regimes and increasing multiple human stressors. This may cause irreversible shifts in community structure and, thus, in the delivery of ecosystem services. Understanding the dynamics of these state shifts is fundamental to sustainably manage coral reef social-ecological systems. The overarching goal of this PhD thesis is to better develop system modeling methods to better inform sustainability management. We used two main modeling approaches: Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) and Agent Based Modeling. We used the coral reef social-ecological system of Moorea, French Polynesia, as a case study. Firstly, we collected and integrated various ecological and social data to build three food web models of Moorea, before, during and after a natural disturbance-driven coral mortality. Then, we used an ecosystem network approach to assess recovery pathways of that coral reef ecosystem. We showed that, while benthic communities recovered in a decade after the disturbance, the ecosystem as a whole presented a recovery debt. To investigate how fisheries dynamics interact with this ecosystem dynamic, we developed a dynamic food web model that revisits a natural disturbance regime under different fishing scenarios. We showed that indirect effect of fisheries can maintain intermediate level of fished populations, thus buffering the impact of the disturbance regime on local society. Finally, to better predict local fisheries management initiatives, we developed an agent-based model that accounts for more realist fisheries dynamics. We showed that a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) could in the long-term benefit both marine resources and fisheries production, but under a scenario without disturbance regime. Some of our results give new insights on how both natural disturbances and fisheries activities interact to shape coral reef ecosystems
Alaguarda, Diego. "Effects of global changes on microbioeroding communities living in massive corals from the Western Indian Ocean over long term". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS237.
Texto completoCoral reefs are increasingly threatened by global changes as they affect both accretion and erosion processes. Among these processes, reef bioerosion is a major natural process of degradation resulting from the action of various organisms on and in carbonate substrates. Recently, a particular attention has been given to the roles played by bioeroding (or perforating) microflora, which include cyanobacteria, microalgae, and fungi, in the functioning of coral reefs, especially in the carbonate budget, because of their important role in the dissolution of dead carbonates over short term (day, month, year). The thesis's main objective was thus to study the effects of global change factors such as ocean warming and acidification, on the composition, distribution, and abundance of reef microbioeroding communities over long term. Since long-term experiments with dead corals are difficult to carry out, several coral cores from two slow-growing massive coral genera (Diploastrea sp. and Porites sp.) were collected along the Mozambique Channel, particularly in Mayotte. Those cores covered the last decades (30 to 50 years). Such massive corals are known to be natural geological archives largely colonized by microbioeroding communities which leave traces while dissolving CaCO3. To study the dynamics of microbioeroding communities in the two targeted coral genera, two innovative methods were developed: a machine learning approach to quickly and accurately analyze thousands of Scanning Electron Microscope pictures of microbioeroding traces along three vertical transects parallel to the main coral growth axis, and a lipid biomarkers approach along a coral core of Diploastrea sp.. The machine learning method based on a CNN model was first developed on the coral Diploastrea sp. with an accuracy of 93%. It was then adapted to Porites sp. by modifying a hyperparameter (95% accuracy). The geochemical approach tried identifying specific lipid markers of the boring microalga Ostreobium sp. and the coral Diploastrea sp. during the last decades. The results showed that the abundance of microbioeroding traces is 3 to 4 times higher in the coral Diploastrea sp. than in Porites sp and has decreased in both coral genera over the last decades. In Diploastrea sp., the decrease was 90% over the last 54 years and was coupled with a very important change in community composition between 1985-1986. The density (bulk) of Diploastrea sp. has also dropped significantly over the last 5 decades. Logistic regressions showed that temperature, wind speed, and internal pH of the coral, more or less coupled, are correlated to the abundance of microbioeroding traces. The geochemical approach also highlighted a significant decrease of a lipid biomarker group, the amides, over the last decades. Although it is difficult to attribute amides to a specific taxon or species in the coral skeleton, I hypothesize that they could potentially reflect the presence of microbioeroding communities. To confirm or refute the observed trends, there is a need to study more coral cores, from different areas, and over a longer period. In addition, other factors should be studied to understand better the decrease in the abundance of microbioeroding communities and its implication in coral health and resilience, such as trace metals and other variables of the carbonate system
Juhel, Jean-Baptiste. "Base de référence, impacts anthropiques et mesure s de protection pour les requins récifaux de Nouvelle - Calédonie". Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0002/document.
Texto completoAnthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area
Comte, Adrien. "Coral reefs ecosystem services under global environmental change : interdisciplinary approaches to guide science and action". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0002/document.
Texto completoGlobal environmental change (GEC) in the ocean threatens marine ecosystems and the people who depend on them. A growing scientific effort is attempting to evaluate the impacts of environmental changes on ecosystems and ecosystem services and guide policy-making to respond to this global issue. Focusing on social-ecological systems of coral reefs, this thesis critically reviews the approaches put forward in the literature to understand gaps and to design new methodologies, assessments, and indicators to guide science and policy. Our findings show that a regionally targeted strategy of research should address complexity and provide more realistic projections about the impacts of GEC on coral reefs ecosystems and ecosystem services. We map global-scale indicators to understand where human dependence on coral reef ecosystems will be affected by globally-driven threats expected in a high-CO2 world. We then analyze how science is responding to the challenge posed by GEC on coral reefs and to identify gaps in research.Finally, we attempt to operationalize an overlooked component of vulnerability assessments, ecological adaptive capacity, to serve as a tool to help assess where local actions can be effective in the context of climate change. This manuscript contributes to theoretical and methodological advances to evaluate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to GEC. It develops interdisciplinary approaches for the study of social-ecological systems and ecosystem services, targeting coral reefs as a case study. Finally, it synthesizes critically the emergence of a scientific field on solutions to GEC for coral reef social-ecological systems
Pupier, Chloé A. "Ecologie nutritionnelle des octocoralliaires de Mer Rouge". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS036.
Texto completoOctocorals living in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates are one of the major benthic groups of tropical coral reefs. They are notably abundant within disturbed ecosystems where environmental changes have led to the decline of reef-building corals. Although nutrition plays a fundamental role in regulating the abundance of a population, the acquisition of nutrients by octocorals has received little attention to date. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the acquisition and assimilation of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrients by octocoral species from the Red Sea, from the shallow down to the upper mesophotic zone. The results show that the autotrophic carbon fixation in octocorals is lower at shallow depth compared to scleractinians, but equivalent at mesophotic depths. In addition, the assimilation of dissolved nitrogen compounds is lower in octocorals than in scleractinian corals. These results suggest that octocorals strongly depend on heterotrophic food sources to meet their nutritional requirements. Such mixotrophy provides octocorals with a wide trophic plasticity, which may contribute to their higher resistance to cope with already on-going environmental changes