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Alashqar, Anas, Jawdat Alkasassbeh, Raed Mesleh y Aws Al-Qaisi. "SDR implementation and real-time performance evaluation of 5G channel coding techniques". AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 170 (octubre de 2023): 154852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2023.154852.
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Son, Daehyeon, Youngshin Park, Bonam Kim y Ilsun You. "A Study on the Implementation of a Network Function for Real-time False Base Station Detection for the Next Generation Mobile Communication Environment". Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications 15, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2024): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.58346/jowua.2024.i1.013.
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The threat posed by false base stations remains pertinent across the 4G, 5G, and forthcoming 6G generations of mobile communication. In response, this paper introduces a real-time detection method for false base stations employing two approaches: machine learning and specification-based. Utilizing the UERANSIM open 5G RAN (Radio-Access Network) test platform, we assess the feasibility and practicality of applying these techniques within a 5G network environment. Emulating real-world 5G conditions, we implement a functional split in the 5G base station and deploy the False Base Station Detection Function (FDF) as a 5G NF (Network Function) within the CU (Central Unit). This setup enables real-time detection seamlessly integrated into the network. Experimental results indicate that specification-based detection outperforms machine learning, achieving a detection accuracy of 99.6% compared to 96.75% for the highest-performing machine learning model XGBoost. Furthermore, specification-based detection demonstrates superior efficiency, with CPU usage of 1.2% and memory usage of 16.12MB, compared to 1.6% CPU usage and 182.4MB memory usage for machine learning on average. Consequently, the implementation of specification-based detection using the proposed method emerges as the most effective technique in the 5G environment.
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Bocu, Razvan y Maksim Iavich. "Real-Time Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for 5G and beyond Software-Defined Networks". Symmetry 15, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15010110.
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The philosophy of the IoT world is becoming important for a projected, always-connected world. The 5G networks will significantly improve the value of 4G networks in the day-to-day world, making them fundamental to the next-generation IoT device networks. This article presents the current advances in the improvement of the standards, which simulate 5G networks. This article evaluates the experience that the authors gained when implementing Vodafone Romania 5G network services, illustrates the experience gained in context by analyzing relevant peer-to-peer work and used technologies, and outlines the relevant research areas and challenges that are likely to affect the design and implementation of large 5G data networks. This paper presents a machine learning-based real-time intrusion detection system with the corresponding intrusion prevention system. The convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to train the model. The system was evaluated in the context of the 5G data network. The smart intrusion detection system (IDS) takes the creation of software-defined networks into account. It uses models based on artificial intelligence. The system is capable to reveal not previously detected intrusions using software components based on machine learning, using the convolutional neural network. The intrusion prevention system (IPS) blocks the malicious traffic. This system was evaluated, and the results confirmed that it provides higher efficiencies compared to less overhead-like approaches, allowing for real-time deployment in 5G networks. The offered system can be used for symmetric and asymmetric communication scenarios.
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Yoo, Sang Guun. "5G-VRSec: Secure Video Reporting Service in 5G Enabled Vehicular Networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7256307.
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Despite an imminent arrival of the 5G communication technology, there are only a few research works done using such technology in the field of vehicular networks. One of the pioneers in proposing a service for 5G enabled vehicular networks is the Eiza-Ni-Shi Scheme. In such scheme, the authors present an innovative system model for 5G vehicular networks that enables a secure real-time video reporting service with privacy awareness. Even though the proposed service is very important since it aims to improve the road safety, it cannot be considered secure enough. This work found that the scheme has serious security flaws and functionality limitations. First, it is vulnerable to Department of Motor Vehicles and Law Enforcement Agency impersonation attacks, it allows forged video upload, there is no separation of responsibilities between Law Enforcement Agency and trusted authority, and it is susceptible to privileged insider attack. In addition, it does not contemplate the management of multiple geographic/administrative regions (multiple trusted authorities) which is important in real implementations. In this situation, the present work proposes an extended scheme that eliminates the identified security flaws and implements new features that make the implementation across several geographic/administrative regions possible.
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Koumaras, Harilaos, George Makropoulos, Michael Batistatos, Stavros Kolometsos, Anastasios Gogos, George Xilouris, Athanasios Sarlas y Michail-Alexandros Kourtis. "5G-Enabled UAVs with Command and Control Software Component at the Edge for Supporting Energy Efficient Opportunistic Networks". Energies 14, n.º 5 (8 de marzo de 2021): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051480.
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Recently Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have evolved considerably towards real world applications, going beyond entertaining activities and use. With the advent of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular networks and the number of UAVs to be increased significantly, it is created the opportunity for UAVs to participate in the realisation of 5G opportunistic networks by carrying 5G Base-Stations to under-served areas, allowing the provision of bandwidth demanding services, such as Ultra High Definition (UHD) video streaming, as well as other multimedia services. Among the various improvements that will drive this evolution of UAVs, energy efficiency is considered of primary importance since will prolong the flight time and will extend the mission territory. Although this problem has been studied in the literature as an offline resource optimisation problem, the diverse conditions of a real UAV flight does not allow any of the existing offline optimisation models to be applied in real flight conditions. To this end, this paper discusses the amalgamation of UAVs and 5G cellular networks as an auspicious solution for realising energy efficiency of UAVs by offloading at the edge of the network the Flight Control System (FCS), which will allow the optimisation of the UAV energy resources by processing in real time the flight data that have been collected by onboard sensors. By exploiting the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) architectural feature of 5G as a technology enabler for realising this offloading, the paper presents a proof-of-concept implementation of such a 5G-enabled UAV with softwarized FCS component at the edge of the 5G network (i.e., the MEC), allowing by this way the autonomous flight of the UAV over the 5G network by following control commands mandated by the FCS that has been deployed at the MEC. This proof-of-concept 5G-enabled UAV can support the execution of real-time resource optimisation techniques, a step-forward from the currently offline-ones, enabling in the future the execution of energy-efficient and advanced missions.
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Chew, Michael Yit Lin, Evelyn Ai Lin Teo, Kwok Wei Shah, Vishal Kumar y Ghassan Fahem Hussein. "Evaluating the Roadmap of 5G Technology Implementation for Smart Building and Facilities Management in Singapore". Sustainability 12, n.º 24 (8 de diciembre de 2020): 10259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410259.
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The concepts of smart building (SB) and smart facilities management (SFM) are crucial as they aim to uplift occupants’ living standards through information and communication technology. However, the current network possesses several challenges to SFM, due to low bandwidth, high latency, and inability to connect a high amount of IoT (Internet of things) devices. 5G technology promises high-class network services with low latency, high bandwidth, and network slicing to achieve real-time efficiency. Moreover, 5G promises a more sustainable future as it will play a crucial role in reducing energy consumption and shaping future applications to achieve higher sustainability goals. This paper discusses the current challenges and benefits of implementing 5G in various use cases in SFM applications. Furthermore, this paper highlights the Singapore government rollout plan for 5G implementation and discusses the roadmap of SFM use case development initiatives undertaken by 5G Advanced BIM Lab (Department of Building, National University of Singapore) in alignment with the 5G implementation plan of Singapore. Under these 5G SFM projects, the lab seeks to develop state-of-the-art 5G use cases in collaboration with various industry partners and developed a framework for teaching and training to enhance students’ learning motivation and help mid-career professionals to upskill and upgrade themselves to reap multiple benefits using the 5G network. This article will serve as a benchmark for researchers and industries for future progress and development of SFM systems by leveraging 5G networks for higher sustainability targets and implementing teaching and learning programs to achieve greater organizational excellence.
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Li, Meisong y Xuanxuan Tian. "Preliminary Exploration on the Application of 5G+VR/AR Scenario in Teaching - Taking the Lesson “Crossing the Currency Town” of Financial Literacy Education as an Example". Science Insights Education Frontiers 15, S1 (31 de marzo de 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.s1.ab011.
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The application of 5G technology in education is a major challenge in creating a new teaching ecosystem. The use of 5G+VR/AR scenarios in teaching is still in the theoretical exploration stage, lacking practical cases for education. This paper discusses the practical thinking of 5G+VR/AR scene intelligent teaching, providing cases of 5G+VR/AR classroom application to promote intelligent teaching in the direction of visualization, intelligence and scenario-based learning. Yizhou Primary School developed a curriculum resource “Crossing the Currency Town” that combines financial literacy teaching with 5G+VR/AR scenarios. The school built a 5G+VR smart cloud classroom based on the 5G network and VR/AR intelligent devices, educational terminals, and network devices to create an immersive and real-time teaching scene.
The implementation of intelligent teaching requires the construction of an intelligent environment through the use of intelligent technology to improve the learners’ classroom experience and realize the interaction and cooperation between teachers, students, and machines. Intelligent equipment can also conduct multiple evaluations and monitor students’ learning effects in real-time, generating accurate analysis reports of the learning situation. The data collected can provide resources for personalized recommendation of intelligent teaching and generate intelligent and personalized learning programs.
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Lytvynenko, Mykhailo y Nataliia Harmash. "ANALYSIS OF PROMOTION OF 5G TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD AND EXPECTATIONS FOR UKRAINE". Information technology and computer engineering 58, n.º 3 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/1999-9941-2023-58-3-94-103.
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The article analyzes the promotion, advantages and assessment of the achievements of 5G technology in the world, the available results of the implementation of 5G in various sectors of the economy despite the problems with its rapid development. The growing needs for speed and bandwidth of data transmission, increasing the number of connected devices without loss of communication quality, reducing delays and increasing reliability in conducting remote operations in real time, the development of innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT), augmented reality ( AR) and virtual reality (VR), autonomous vehicles and the industrial sector, in particular on industrial automation and "smart" factories, the use of high-performance sensors and real-time robotics. The advantages of 5G technology, characterized by high data transfer speed, low support (latency), large network capacity, and improved mobility, are given. Episodes of the use of 5G in the military field in real time are described, to instantly store and reproduce large volumes of video and graphics, smart cities that use 5G to support a large number of sensors and sensors in the city, to implement a variety of services, energy management, public transport monitoring. Considered, the relevance of using the 5G mobile network in Ukraine remains high. The necessary steps in Ukraine from the development of standards, the allocation of frequencies, the creation of infrastructure and the acquisition of the necessary number of devices that support 5G are considered. A forecast of expected results such as infrastructure expansion is provided; access to a wide range of frequencies, including low and high bands; the ability to resist cyber attacks from a wide range of sources; energy efficient; compatible with existing infrastructure and other communication protocols. It was concluded that the introduction of the 5G network as soon as possible will provide an impetus for Ukraine from a technical and economic point of view.
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Oksiyuk, O. G., R. S. Odarchenko, S. Yu Dakov, Yu А. Burmak y Т. V. Fediura. "5G NETWORK STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGIES AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION". Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, n.º 67 (2020): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2020/67-11.
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The paper investigates the architecture of the 5G network and proposed a variant of the SCOM based parameter monitoring system. You can use this system to collect and analyze network performance information, detect deviations, and notify them for timely removal. Technologies were introduced for the use of the fifth generation GPP mobile network of the fifth generation. Analyzed and proposed for implementation. The current capabilities of the 5th generation network and the technologies for their implementation were also explored. This paper analyzes and provides recommendations for the implementation of the following servers. 5G networks make it possible to significantly increase data rates through various radio access technologies (RATs), and through the use of new 5G NR (New Radio) radio spectrum. Smart Home and Smart Building are available in a variety of different Internet of Things (IoT) services: video surveillance, home automation and control, security management, and more. Virtual Reality (VR) service creates the illusion of moving a person to another world, affecting the sense organs, especially the sight (VR-glasses). Augmented Reality (Augmented Reality) Augmented Reality service combines a real environment with virtual objects. These services are intended not only for entertainment but also for science. The 5G network, along with IoT Internet of Things technology, with the help of Industrial IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) sensors, as well as AI (Artificial Intelligence), can significantly increase the degree of automation of production. This gives the opportunity in real time to analyze large amounts of diverse data (Big Data), both on the basis of insights, and using machine and deep learning (Machine learning, Deep learning). These may include, for example, e-Health, Mission Critical Communication, Tactile Internet, and others. Unmanned transport may be used as part of the Smart City service, but may exist separately. Also on the 5G platform it is possible to implement ADAS (Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems) driver assistance systems.
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Pascual Campo, Pablo, Vesa Lampu, Alexandre Meirhaeghe, Jani Boutellier, Lauri Anttila y Mikko Valkama. "Digital Predistortion for 5G Small Cell: GPU Implementation and RF Measurements". Journal of Signal Processing Systems 92, n.º 5 (21 de diciembre de 2019): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-019-01502-4.
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AbstractIn this paper, we present a high data rate implementation of a digital predistortion (DPD) algorithm on a modern mobile multicore CPU containing an on-chip GPU. The proposed implementation is capable of running in real-time, thanks to the execution of the predistortion stage inside the GPU, and the execution of the learning stage on a separate CPU core. This configuration, combined with the low complexity DPD design, allows for more than 400 Msamples/s sample rates. This is sufficient for satisfying 5G new radio (NR) base station radio transmission specifications in the sub-6 GHz bands, where signal bandwidths up to 100 MHz are specified. The linearization performance is validated with RF measurements on two base station power amplifiers at 3.7 GHz, showing that the 5G NR downlink emission requirements are satisfied.
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Taveras Cruz, Armando J., Miguel Aybar-Mejía, Yobany Díaz Roque, Karla Coste Ramírez, José Gabriel Durán, Dinelson Rosario Weeks, Deyslen Mariano-Hernández y Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Implications of 5G Technology in the Management of Power Microgrids: A Review of the Literature". Energies 16, n.º 4 (17 de febrero de 2023): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16042020.
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Microgrids have a lot to offer, including helping smart grids operate on distribution grids or bringing electricity to some cities. The management system receives and transmits different states. This is because the elements adapt to the conditions of the network in the shortest possible time. The 5G communication technology has high transmission speed, owing to which it can improve equipment connectivity and reduce latency, allowing the real-time analysis and monitoring of electrical microgrids considerably better than earlier generations. In addition, it is estimated that, in the near future, many cities will be connected using communication systems that allow the interconnection of different systems safeguarding the connectivity, speed, and response time of these elements in an electrical system, smart grid, or microgrids with the growing development of the Internet of Things. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the integration of 5G technology to improve the management of microgrids. This literature review analyzes and presents the advantages of using 5G technologies in reducing communication latency and improving connectivity to enhance microgrids’ control and management. The active implementation of 5G in the management and control of microgrids increases the transmission and reception of data and states, reduces latency, and allows for a greater density of information, collaborating positively with resilience to the various changes that microgrids can suffer in continuous working conditions. The implementation of 5G allows electrical microgrids to be more resilient in their management and control, directly and indirectly impacting the sustainable development goals.
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Duraisamy, Kumutha, Tamilvizhi Thanarajan y Meshal Alharbi. "Implementation of Omar Pigeon Space-Time (OPST) Algorithm to Mitigate the Interference and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Using RPR Mobile and HST-HM in the 5G". Traitement du Signal 39, n.º 5 (30 de noviembre de 2022): 1631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390520.
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Nowadays, the 5G parameters play an eminent role in the massive Multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system for enriching high signal to noise ratio (SNR). 5G application has emerged in the role of artificial intelligence for involving the reduction of Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In MIMO – OFDM system, the high PAPR is a tremendous drawback during the transmission of bit symbol with the number of sub-carriers in the signal. To avoid Intercarrier Interference (ICI) during transmission of the number of sub-carriers, the Omar Pigeon Space-Time (OPST) algorithm is implemented. Then, to overcome high PAPR in the uplink, the Hybrid Space-Time - Hadamard matrix (HST-HM) techniques are proposed and the Bit Error Rate (BER) is decreased abruptly. 5G parameters and specifications are incorporated in this OPST algorithm for avoiding interference during the data bit transmission in the MIMO – OFDM system. Realtors Property Resource (RPR) mobile app is developed for an experimental display of the information that occurs in the real-time uplink MIMO – OFDM system. Thus, the descriptive analysis and simulated results of PAPR, SNR, and BER are executed using the proposed system of HST with HM in the 5G Communication. The RPR mobile executes the outcomes through the OPST algorithm with a better system performance of the MIMO-OFDM system based on the 5G.
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Chirivella-Perez, Enrique, Juan Gutiérrez-Aguado, Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero y Qi Wang. "NFVMon: Enabling Multioperator Flow Monitoring in 5G Mobile Edge Computing". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (14 de agosto de 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2860452.
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With the advances of new-generation wireless and mobile communication systems such as the fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks and Internet of Things (IoT) networks, demanding applications such as Ultra-High-Definition video applications is becoming ever popular. These applications require real-time monitoring and processing to meet the mission-critical quality of service requirements and are expected to be supported by the emerging fog or edge computing paradigms. This paper presents NFVMon, a novel monitoring architecture to enable flow monitoring capabilities of network traffic in a 5G multioperator mobile edge computing environment. The proposed NFVMon is integrated with the management plane of the Cloud Computing. NFVMon has been prototyped and a reference implementation is presented. It provides novel capabilities to provide disaggregated metrics related to the different 5G mobile operators sharing infrastructures and also about the different 5G subscribers of each of such mobile operators. Extensive experiments for evaluating the performance of the system have been conducted on a mid-sized infrastructure testbed.
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Melnyk, Viktor A. y Vladyslav V. Hamolia. "Investigation of reconfigurable hardware platforms for 5G protocol stack functions acceleration". Applied Aspects of Information Technology 6, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2023): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.06.2023.7.
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Open RAN and 5G are two key technologies designed to qualitatively improve network infrastructure and provide greater flexibility and efficiency to mobile operators and users. 5G creates new capabilities for high-speed Internet, Internet of Things, telemedicine and many other applications, while Open RAN enables open and standardized network architectures, which reduces cost and risk for operators and promotes innovations. Given the growing number of users and data volumes, the purely software implementation of certain functions of the 5G protocol, and especially computationally complex ones, requires significant computer resources and energy. These, for example, are low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding, FFT and iFFT algorithms on physical (PHY) layer, and NEA and NIA security algorithms on Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer. Therefore, one of the activity areas in the development of means for 5G systems is the hardware acceleration of such functions execution, which provides the possibility of processing large volumes of data in real time and with high efficiency. The high-performance hardware basis for implementing these functions today is field-programmable gate array (FPGA) integrated circuits. Along with this, the efficiency of the 5G protocol stack functions hardware acceleration depends significantly on the size of the data packets transmitted to the hardware accelerator. As experience shows, for certain types of architecture of computer systems with accelerators, the acceleration value can take even a negative value. This necessitates the search for alternative architectural solutions for the implementation of such systems. In this article the approaches for hardware acceleration using reconfigurable FPGA-based computing components are explored, their comparative analysis is performed, and architectural alternatives are evaluated for the implementation of a computing platform to perform the functions of the 5G protocol stack with hardware acceleration of PHY and medium access control (MAC) layers functions.
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Zhang, Shiyu, Fangye Li, Yining Zhao, Ruochu Xiong, Jingyue Wang, Zhichao Gan, Xinghua Xu et al. "Mobile internet-based mixed-reality interactive telecollaboration system for neurosurgical procedures: technical feasibility and clinical implementation". Neurosurgical Focus 52, n.º 6 (junio de 2022): E3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.3.focus2249.
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OBJECTIVE To increase access to health interventions and healthcare services for patients in resource-constrained settings, strategies such as telemedicine must be implemented for the allocation of medical resources across geographic boundaries. Telecollaboration is the dominant form of surgical telemedicine. In this study, the authors report and evaluate a novel mobile internet-based mixed-reality interactive telecollaboration (MIMIT) system as a new paradigm for telemedicine and validate its clinical feasibility. METHODS The application of this system was demonstrated for long-distance, real-time collaboration of neuroendoscopic procedures. The system consists of a local video processing workstation, a head-mounted mixed-reality display device, and a mobile remote device, connected over mobile internet (4G or 5G), allowing global point-to-point communication. Using this system, 20 cases of neuroendoscopic surgery were performed and evaluated. The system setup, composite video latency, technical feasibility, clinical implementation, and future potential business model were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS The MIMIT system allows two surgeons to perform complex visual and verbal communication during the operation. The average video delay time is 184.25 msec (range 160–230 msec) with 4G mobile internet, and 23.25 msec (range 20–26 msec) with 5G mobile internet. Excellent image resolution enabled remote neurosurgeons to visualize all critical anatomical structures intraoperatively. Remote instructors could easily make marks on the surgical view; then the composite image, as well as the audio conversation, was transferred to the local surgeon. In this way, a real-time, long-distance collaboration can occur. This system was used for 20 neuroendoscopic surgeries in various cities in China and even across countries (Boston, Massachusetts, to Jingzhou, China). Its simplicity and practicality have been recognized by both parties, and there were no technically related complications recorded. CONCLUSIONS The MIMIT system allows for real-time, long-distance telecollaborative neuroendoscopic procedures and surgical training through a commercially available and inexpensive system. It enables remote experts to implement real-time, long-distance intraoperative interaction to guide inexperienced local surgeons, thus integrating the best medical resources and possibly promoting both diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, it can popularize and improve neurosurgical endoscopy technology in more hospitals to benefit more patients, as well as more neurosurgeons.
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O’Hara, John F., Sabit Ekin, Wooyeol Choi y Ickhyun Song. "A Perspective on Terahertz Next-Generation Wireless Communications". Technologies 7, n.º 2 (12 de junio de 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7020043.
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In the past year, fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology has seen dramatic growth, spurred on by the continuing demand for faster data communications with lower latency. At the same time, many researchers argue that 5G will be inadequate in a short time, given the explosive growth of machine connectivity, such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT). This has prompted many to question what comes after 5G. The obvious answer is sixth-generation (6G), however, the substance of 6G is still very much undefined, leaving much to the imagination in terms of real-world implementation. What is clear, however, is that the next generation will likely involve the use of terahertz frequency (0.1–10 THz) electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent research in terahertz wireless communications and technology, focusing on three broad topic classes: the terahertz channel, terahertz devices, and space-based terahertz system considerations. In all of these, we describe the nature of the research, the specific challenges involved, and current research findings. We conclude by providing a brief perspective on the path forward.
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El Boudani, Brahim, Tasos Dagiuklas, Loizos Kanaris, Muddesar Iqbal y Christos Chrysoulas. "Information Fusion for 5G IoT: An Improved 3D Localisation Approach Using K-DNN and Multi-Layered Hybrid Radiomap". Electronics 12, n.º 19 (5 de octubre de 2023): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194150.
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Indoor positioning is a core enabler for various 5G identity and context-aware applications requiring precise and real-time simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM). In this work, we propose a K-nearest neighbours and deep neural network (K-DNN) algorithm to improve 3D indoor positioning. Our implementation uses a novel data-augmentation concept for the received signal strength (RSS)-based fingerprint technique to produce a 3D fused hybrid. In the offline phase, a machine learning (ML) approach is used to train a model on a radiomap dataset that is collected during the offline phase. The proposed algorithm is implemented on the constructed hybrid multi-layered radiomap to improve the 3D localisation accuracy. In our implementation, the proposed approach is based on the fusion of the prominent 5G IoT signals of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and the ubiquitous WLAN. As a result, we achieved a 91% classification accuracy in 1D and a submeter accuracy in 2D.
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Porcu, Daniele, Sonia Castro, Borja Otura, Paula Encinar, Ioannis Chochliouros, Irina Ciornei, Lenos Hadjidemetriou et al. "Demonstration of 5G Solutions for Smart Energy Grids of the Future: A Perspective of the Smart5Grid Project". Energies 15, n.º 3 (24 de enero de 2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030839.
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As the complexity of electric systems increases, so does the required effort for the monitoring and management of grid operations. To solve grid performance issues, smart grids require the exchange of higher volumes of data, high availability of the telecommunication infrastructure, and very low latency. The fifth generation (5G) mobile network seems to be the most promising technology to support such requirements, allowing utilities to have dedicated virtual slices of network resources to maximize the service availability in case of network congestions. Regarding this evolving scenario, this work presents the Smart5Grid project vision on how 5G can support the energy vertical industry for the fast deployment of innovative digital services. Specifically, this work introduces the concept of network applications (NetApps), a new paradigm of virtualization that are envisioned to facilitate the creation of a new market for information technology (IT), small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and startups. This concept, and the open architecture that facilitates its implementation, is showcased by four real-life 5G-enabled demonstrators: (1) automatic fault detection in a medium voltage (MV) grid in Italy, (2) real-time safety monitoring for operators in high voltage (HV) substations in Spain, (3) remote distributed energy resources (DER) monitoring in Bulgaria, and (4) wide area monitoring in a cross-border scenario between Greece and Bulgaria.
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Monira, Shaikhum, Upama Kabir, Mosarrat Jahan y Uchswas Paul. "An Efficient Handover Mechanism for SDN-Based 5G HetNets". Dhaka University Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 6, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2022): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujase.v6i2.59218.
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Handover is crucial for data portability, real-time data generation, and data processing in mobile technology. Up to 4G, handover efficiency reached optimal stability. However, with the entrance of 5G, the cellular network has turned into a complete heterogeneous network (HetNet) with enormous diversity due to the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with mobile networks. Resource-constrained IoT devices differ notably in operational features from traditional mobile devices. Those devices usually need a smaller geographical cell with better connectivity coverage than conventional large cells of the same size. Hence, to support IoT, 5G splits large geographical cell areas into small cells and allows bandwidth sharing during Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. In a nutshell, 5G infrastructures and architectures have been changed a lot from the previous generations, and handover needs to be re-thought for efficient mobility management. This paper has incorporated the concept of Software-defined Network (SDN) in a 5G cellular network to simplify HetNet and provide efficient handover management within it. We illustrate our proposed handover management concept within this simplified HetNet that utilizes idle time scanning and preauthentication to reduce handover delay. The experimental implementation shows a significant 42% delay optimization during inter-domain reactive handover with 50% less communication overhead than the existing scheme. DUJASE Vol. 6 (2) 49-58, 2021 (July)
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Abdelkareem, A. E., Saad Mohammed Saleh y Ammar D. Jasim. "Design and Implementation of an Embedded System for Software Defined Radio". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3484-3491.
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<p>In this paper, developing high performance software for demanding real-time embedded systems is proposed. This software-based design will enable the software engineers and system architects in emerging technology areas like 5G Wireless and Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build their algorithms. An ADSP-21364 floating point SHARC Digital Signal Processor (DSP) running at 333 MHz is adopted as a platform for an embedded system. To evaluate the proposed embedded system, an implementation of frame, symbol and carrier phase synchronization is presented as an application. Its performance is investigated with an on line Quadrature Phase Shift keying (QPSK) receiver. Obtained results show that the designed software is implemented successfully based on the SHARC DSP which can utilized efficiently for such algorithms. In addition, it is proven that the proposed embedded system is pragmatic and capable of dealing with the memory constraints and critical time issue due to a long length interleaved coded data utilized for channel coding.</p>
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Purification, Sourav, Jinoh Kim, Jonghyun Kim, Ikkyun Kim y Sang-Yoon Chang. "Distributed and Lightweight Software Assurance in Cellular Broadcasting Handshake and Connection Establishment". Electronics 12, n.º 18 (7 de septiembre de 2023): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183782.
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With developments in OpenRAN and software-defined radio (SDR), the mobile networking implementations for radio and security control are becoming increasingly software-based. We design and build a lightweight and distributed software assurance scheme, which ensures that a wireless user holds the correct software (version/code) for their wireless networking implementations. Our scheme is distributed (to support the distributed and ad hoc networking that does not utilize the networking-backend infrastructure), lightweight (to support the resource-constrained device operations), modular (to support compatibility with the existing mobile networking protocols), and supports broadcasting (as mobile and wireless networking has broadcasting applications). Our scheme is distinct from the remote code attestation in trusted computing, which requires hardwarebased security and real-time challenge-and-response communications with a centralized trusted server, thus making its deployment prohibitive in the distributed and broadcasting-based mobile networking environments. We design our scheme to be prover-specific and incorporate the Merkle tree for the verification efficiency to make it appropriate for a wireless-broadcasting medium with multiple receivers. In addition to the theoretical design and analysis, we implement our scheme to assure srsRAN (a popular open-source software for cellular technology, including 4G and 5G) and provide a concrete implementation and application instance to highlight our scheme’s modularity, backward compatibility to the existing 4G/5G standardized protocol, and broadcasting support. Our scheme implementation incorporates delivering the proof in the srsRAN-implemented 4G/5G cellular handshake and connection establishment in radio resource control (RRC). We conduct experiments using SDR and various processors to demonstrate the lightweight design and its appropriateness for wireless networking applications. Our results show that the number of hash computations for the proof verification grows logarithmically with the number of software code files being assured and that the verification takes three orders of magnitude less time than the proof generation, while the proof generation overhead itself is negligible compared to the software update period.
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et al., Nawaz. "Impact of telecommunication network on future of telemedicine in healthcare: A systematic literature review". International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 9, n.º 7 (julio de 2022): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.07.013.
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Telemedicine is a combination of networking technologies and clinical data. The implementation of telemedicine has enhanced the regional distribution of resources, decreased the workforce of personnel, and shortened the space between healthcare staff and patients. Typically, the specialist doctors are settled and offer their services only in large urban areas. It is pertinent to reduce the imbalance of medical resources between urban and rural areas. The advent of telemedicine has the potential to address this issue. However, current telemedicine has its limitations in terms of data transfer and thus struggles to offer low latency in real-time applications. The recent developments in communication systems offer 5G and above connectivity. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the role of telecommunication networks for potential developments in the field of telemedicine. To this end, a systematic literature review has been conducted to address well-defined research questions. These questions aim to understand the working, flow, scope, and framework of the research area. This review provides an overview of telemedicine, the 5G-based telemedicine framework, and its comparison with the current system. It also discusses how the fast communication network (i.e., 5G and beyond 5G) with devices operating at low latency can revolutionize the healthcare system. Furthermore, a framework for future telemedicine has been provided along with potential application domains. Lastly, challenges and future directions beyond 5G have also been presented.
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Ettahri, Ouafaa, Aziz Oukaira, Mohamed Ali, Ahmad Hassan, Morteza Nabavi, Yvon Savaria y Ahmed Lakhssassi. "A Real-Time Thermal Monitoring System Intended for Embedded Sensors Interfaces". Sensors 20, n.º 19 (3 de octubre de 2020): 5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195657.
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This paper proposes a real-time thermal monitoring method using embedded integrated sensor interfaces dedicated to industrial integrated system applications. Industrial sensor interfaces are complex systems that involve analog and mixed signals, where several parameters can influence their performance. These include the presence of heat sources near sensitive integrated circuits, and various heat transfer phenomena need to be considered. This creates a need for real-time thermal monitoring and management. Indeed, the control of transient temperature gradients or temperature differential variations as well as the prediction of possible induced thermal shocks and stress at early design phases of advanced integrated circuits and systems are essential. This paper addresses the growing requirements of microelectronics applications in several areas that experience fast variations in high-power density and thermal gradient differences caused by the implementation of different systems on the same chip, such as the new-generation 5G circuits. To mitigate adverse thermal effects, a real-time prediction algorithm is proposed and validated using the MCUXpresso tool applied to a Freescale embedded sensor board to monitor and predict its temperature profile in real time by programming the embedded sensor into the FRDM-KL26Z board. Based on discrete temperature measurements, the embedded system is used to predict, in advance, overheating situations in the embedded integrated circuit (IC). These results confirm the peak detection capability of the proposed algorithm that satisfactorily predicts thermal peaks in the FRDM-KL26Z board as modeled with a finite element thermal analysis tool (the Numerical Integrated elements for System Analysis (NISA) tool), to gauge the level of local thermomechanical stresses that may be induced. In this paper, the FPGA implementation and comparison measurements are also presented. This work provides a solution to the thermal stresses and local system overheating that have been a major concern for integrated sensor interface designers when designing integrated circuits in various high-performance technologies or harsh environments.
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Hamza, Muhammad Ali, Usama Ejaz y Hyun-chul Kim. "Cyber5Gym: An Integrated Framework for 5G Cybersecurity Training". Electronics 13, n.º 5 (26 de febrero de 2024): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13050888.
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The rapid evolution of 5G technology, while offering substantial benefits, concurrently presents complex cybersecurity challenges. Current cybersecurity systems often fall short in addressing challenges such as the lack of realism of the 5G network, the limited scope of attack scenarios, the absence of countermeasures, the lack of reproducible, and open-sourced cybersecurity training environments. Addressing these challenges necessitates innovative cybersecurity training systems, referred to as “cyber ranges”. In response to filling these gaps, we propose the Cyber5Gym, an integrated cyber range that enhances the automation of virtualized cybersecurity training in 5G networks with cloud-based deployment. Our framework leverages open-source tools (i) Open5GS and UERANSIM for realistic emulation of 5G networks, (ii) Docker for efficient virtualization of the training infrastructure, (iii) 5Greply for emulating attack scenarios, and (iv) Shell scripts for automating complex training operations. This integration facilitates a dynamic learning environment where cybersecurity professionals can engage in real-time attack and countermeasure exercises, thus significantly improving their readiness against 5G-specific cyber threats. We evaluated it by deploying our framework on Naver Cloud with 20 trainees, each accessing an emulated 5G network and managing 100 user equipments (UEs), emulating three distinct attack scenarios (SMC-Reply, DoS, and DDoS attacks), and exercising countermeasures, to demonstrate the cybersecurity training. We assessed the effectiveness of our framework through specific metrics such as successfully establishing the 5G network for all trainees, accurate execution of attack scenarios, and their countermeasure implementation via centralized control of the master using automated shell scripts. The open-source foundation of our framework ensures replicability and adaptability, addressing a critical gap in current cybersecurity training methodologies and contributing significantly to the resilience and security of 5G infrastructures.
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Holtom, Jacob, Andrew Herschfelt, Isabella Lenz, Owen Ma, Hanguang Yu y Daniel W. Bliss. "WISCANet: A Rapid Development Platform for Beyond 5G and 6G Radio System Prototyping". Signals 3, n.º 4 (9 de octubre de 2022): 682–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/signals3040041.
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Validating RF applications is traditionally time consuming, even for relatively simple systems. We developed the WISCA Software-Defined Radio Network (WISCANet) to accelerate the implementation and validation of radio applications over-the-air (OTA). WISCANet is a hardwareagnostic control software that automatically configures and controls a software-defined radio (SDR) network. By abstracting the hardware controls away from the user, WISCANet allows a non-expert user to deploy an OTA application by simply defining a baseband processing chain in a high level language. This technology reduces transition time between system design and OTA deployment, accelerates debugging and validation processes, and makes OTA experimentation more accessible to users that are not radio hardware experts. WISCANet emulates real-time RF operations, enabling users to perform real-time experiments without the typical restrictions on processing speed and hardware capabilities. WISCANet also supports multiple RF front-ends (RFFEs) per compute node, allowing sub-6 and mmWave systems to coexist on the same node. This coexistence enables simultaneous baseband processing that simplifies and enhances advanced algorithms and beyond-5G applications. In this study, we highlight the capabilities of WISCANet in several sub-6 and mmWave over-the-air demonstrations. The open source release of this software may be found on the WISCA GitHub page.
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Guirado, Robert, Joan-Cristian Padró, Albert Zoroa, José Olivert, Anica Bukva y Pedro Cavestany. "StratoTrans: Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) 4G Communication Framework Applied on the Monitoring of Road Traffic and Linear Infrastructure". Drones 5, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5010010.
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This study provides an operational solution to directly connect drones to internet by means of 4G telecommunications and exploit drone acquired data, including telemetry and imagery but focusing on video transmission. The novelty of this work is the application of 4G connection to link the drone directly to a data server where video (in this case to monitor road traffic) and imagery (in the case of linear infrastructures) are processed. However, this framework is appliable to any other monitoring purpose where the goal is to send real-time video or imagery to the headquarters where the drone data is processed, analyzed, and exploited. We describe a general framework and analyze some key points, such as the hardware to use, the data stream, and the network coverage, but also the complete resulting implementation of the applied unmanned aerial system (UAS) communication system through a Virtual Private Network (VPN) featuring a long-range telemetry high-capacity video link (up to 15 Mbps, 720 p video at 30 fps with 250 ms of latency). The application results in the real-time exploitation of the video, obtaining key information for traffic managers such as vehicle tracking, vehicle classification, speed estimation, and roundabout in-out matrices. The imagery downloads and storage is also performed thorough internet, although the Structure from Motion postprocessing is not real-time due to photogrammetric workflows. In conclusion, we describe a real-case application of drone connection to internet thorough 4G network, but it can be adapted to other applications. Although 5G will -in time- surpass 4G capacities, the described framework can enhance drone performance and facilitate paths for upgrading the connection of on-board devices to the 5G network.
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Magueta, Roberto, João Domingues, Adão Silva y Paulo Marques. "Effective PSCCH Searching for 5G-NR V2X Sidelink Communications". Electronics 10, n.º 22 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222827.
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Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) are essential for increasing road safety and to make road transport more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally friendly. The implementation of C-ITS technology is only possible through the connectivity of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), which allows the interconnection of vehicles in a network and with road support infrastructure. However, real-time systems require efficient signal processing in order to respond within the necessary time. Some of this processing is related to searching the Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), where a blind algorithm is commonly used. However, this algorithm is quite inefficient to searching the PSCCH, since all the processing should be completed several times before successful decoding it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to design a more efficient algorithm to search/decode the PSCCH. In the proposed algorithm, we firstly compute all the correlations between the received signal and the Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), and the remaining conventional processing to decode the PSCCH is only performed over the subchannels with higher correlation, which leads to a strong complexity reduction. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with the conventional blind algorithm. The results have shown a significant performance improvement in terms of runtime.
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R, Jain. "Impact of 5G Wireless Technologies on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IOT)". Advances in Robotic Technology 2, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/art-16000107.
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With its promise of unmatched speed, low latency, and widespread device connection, the introduction of 5G wireless technology represents a critical turning point in the development of telecommunications. This study examines how 5G would significantly affect cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), two important technical areas.5G brings about a paradigm change in the field of cloud computing by facilitating quicker and more dependable connectivity between end-user devices and cloud servers. High data transmission rates and low latency enable real-time service delivery and processing, creating new opportunities for resource-intensive applications like edge computing, virtual reality, and augmented reality. The integration of 5G with cloud computing has the potential to transform cloud-based services' architecture and functionalities, enhancing their responsiveness and dynamism. Moreover, a new age of automation and communication is heralded by the merging of 5G with IoT. The large flood of IoT devices is accommodated by 5G's expanded network capacity, which facilitates smooth communication and coordination amongst them. By enabling IoT applications with never-before-seen speed and dependability, this synergy opens up new opportunities in industries including industrial automation, smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture. The convergence of 5G and IoT not only expedites the implementation of IoT solutions but also amplifies their efficiency and scalability. But there are obstacles in the way of 5G's revolutionary promise. As more and more devices are connected and data is exchanged, security and privacy issues become critical. In addition, significant financial outlays and careful planning are needed to meet the infrastructure needs for the rollout of 5G. The symbiotic link between 5G, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things is thoroughly examined in this article. It seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the technical environment and direct future research and development activities in order to fully realize the promise of 5G-enabled innovations by analysing the possibilities and difficulties posed by this convergence.
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Mansouri, Sofiene y Souhir Chabchoub. "Emotion Detection Based on EEG Signal Processing by Body Sensor 5G Networks Using Deep Learning Architectures". International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) 14, n.º 3 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijcnis.v14i3.5576.
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Emotion recognition is the automatic detection of a person’s emotional state through his or her non-physiological or physiological signals. The EEG-related technique was an effectual system, which is typically employed for recognizing feelings in real time. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be a developing research field which had rapid growth particularly to constitute a bridge between technology and its implementation in solving real-time issues particularly those relevant to the healthcare domain. This study develops a new deep learning-based emotion detection based on EEG signal processing, named DLED-EEGSP technique. The presented DLED-EEGSP technique identifies the distinct kinds of emotions based on the sensors and EEG signals. To perform this, the presented DLED-EEGSP technique exploits multi-head attention based long short-term memory (MHA-LSTM) method for emotion recognition. The MHALSTM model recognizes the emotion states based on the higher order cross feature samples. The experimental result analysis of the DLED-EEGSP technique is investigated on a series of data. A wide-ranging simulation results reported the supremacy of the DLED-EEGSP technique over other existing models.
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Shah, Nasir Ali, Mihai T. Lazarescu, Roberto Quasso y Luciano Lavagno. "CUDA-Optimized GPU Acceleration of 3GPP 3D Channel Model Simulations for 5G Network Planning". Electronics 12, n.º 15 (25 de julio de 2023): 3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153214.
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The simulation of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel models is becoming increasingly important for testing and validation of fifth-generation new radio (5G NR) wireless networks and beyond. However, simulation performance tends to be limited when modeling a large number of antenna elements combined with a complex and realistic representation of propagation conditions. In this paper, we propose an efficient implementation of a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) three-dimensional (3D) channel model, specifically designed for graphics processing unit (GPU) platforms, with the goal of minimizing the computational time required for channel simulation. The channel model is highly parameterized to encompass a wide range of configurations required for real-world optimized 5G NR network deployments. We use several compute unified device architecture (CUDA)-based optimization techniques to exploit the parallelism and memory hierarchy of the GPU. Experimental data show that the developed system achieves an overall speedup of about 240× compared to the original C++ model executed on an Intel processor. Compared to a design previously accelerated on a datacenter-class field programmable gate array (FPGA), the GPU design has a 33.3% higher single-precision performance but a 7.5% higher power consumption. The proposed GPU accelerator can provide fast and accurate channel simulations for 5G NR network planning and optimization.
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Gupta, Arpit, Ramakrishnan Durairajan y Walter Willinger. "Special Issue on The ACM SIGMETRICS Workshop on Measurements for Self-Driving Networks". ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 51, n.º 2 (28 de septiembre de 2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626570.3626601.
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The design and implementation of autonomous or "selfdriving networks" represent some of today's most significant challenges in networking research. The vision for these networks is that they will be able to make management and control decisions in real time, typically without human intervention. Recent technological advancements, like SDN and 5G networks, along with scientific innovations such as XAI and transformers, have paved the way for this vision. Key innovations include: (1) fully programmable, protocol-independent data planes and the languages to program them; (2) scalable platforms capable of processing distributed streaming data, bolstered by the latest tools and software for data analysis and machine learning (ML).
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Tahir, Muhammad Naeem y Marcos Katz. "Heterogeneous (ITS-G5 and 5G) Vehicular Pilot Road Weather Service Platform in a Realistic Operational Environment". Sensors 21, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2021): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051676.
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VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) operating in conjunction with road-side infrastructure connecting road-side infrastructure are an emerging field of wireless communication technology in the vehicular communication’s domain. For VANETs, the IEEE 802.11p-based ITS-G5 is one of the key standards for communication globally. This research work integrates the ITS-G5 with a cellular-based 5G Test Network (5GTN). The resulting advanced heterogeneous Vehicular Network (VN) test-bed works as an effective platform for traffic safety between vehicles and road-side-infrastructure. This test-bed network provides a flexible framework to exploit vehicle-based weather data and road observation information, creating a service architecture for VANETs that supports real-time intelligent traffic services. The network studied in this paper aims to deliver improved road safety by providing real-time weather forecast, road friction information and road traffic related services. This article presents the implementation of a realistic test-bed in Northern Finland and the field measurement results of the heterogeneous VANETs considering the speed of vehicle, latency, good-put time and throughput. The field measurement results have been obtained in a state-of-the-art hybrid VANET system supporting special road weather services. Based on field measurement results, we suggest an efficient solution for a comprehensive hybrid vehicular networking infrastructure exploiting road weather information.
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Shoushtari, Hossein, Thomas Willemsen y Harald Sternberg. "Many Ways Lead to the Goal—Possibilities of Autonomous and Infrastructure-Based Indoor Positioning". Electronics 10, n.º 4 (5 de febrero de 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040397.
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There are many ways to navigate in Global Navigation Satellite System-(GNSS) shaded areas. Reliable indoor pedestrian navigation has been a central aim of technology researchers in recent years; however, there still exist open challenges requiring re-examination and evaluation. In this paper, a novel dataset is used to evaluate common approaches for autonomous and infrastructure-based positioning methods. The autonomous variant is the most cost-effective realization; however, realizations using the real test data demonstrate that the use of only autonomous solutions cannot always provide a robust solution. Therefore, correction through the use of infrastructure-based position estimation based on smartphone technology is discussed. This approach invokes the minimum cost when using existing infrastructure, whereby Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) forms the basis of the autonomous position estimation. Realizations with Particle Filters (PF) and a topological approach are presented and discussed. Floor plans and routing graphs are used, in this case, to support PDR positioning. The results show that the positioning model loses stability after a given period of time. Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks can enable this feature, as well as a massive number of use-cases, which would benefit from user position data. Therefore, a fusion concept of PDR and 5G is presented, the benefit of which is demonstrated using the simulated data. Subsequently, the first implementation of PDR with 5G positioning using PF is carried out.
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Ganesan, Elaiyasuriyan, I.-Shyan Hwang, Andrew Tanny Liem y Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman. "5G-Enabled Tactile Internet Resource Provision via Software-Defined Optical Access Networks (SDOANs)". Photonics 8, n.º 5 (23 de abril de 2021): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8050140.
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Emerging research trends in smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) applications are based on 5G services, which can achieve ultra-reliable and low-latency communication networks. In such fields of application, haptic applications have gained importance. The invention of 5G wireless communication networks and advances in Tactile Internet (TI) technology, which provides controlled communications through the transmission of touch and actuation in real-time, have been envisioned as promising enablers of TI services. This study introduces TI-based smart hospital healthcare applications to enhance the alignment of services provided to patients. The existing telesurgery system has high communication delay and overhead, which limit its applicability. To alleviate these problems, we analyze and provide insights into the communication architecture for 5G-enabled low-latency telesurgery in a smart hospital. We then propose a new TI-software-defined optical access networking (TI-SDOANs) framework in Next-Generation Passive Optical Network 2, which includes cloud-based human-to-machine steering servers and supports multiple cloud-based applications. We further propose the implementation of an effective TI-dynamic wavelength and bandwidth allocation (TI-DWBA) resource provisioning scheme that meets the quality of service requirements of TI services. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can significantly improve the Quality of Service (QoS) performance in terms of the packet delay, jitter, throughput and packet drop.
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Alshamrani, Sultan S., Nishant Jha y Deepak Prashar. "B5G Ultrareliable Low Latency Networks for Efficient Secure Autonomous and Smart Internet of Vehicles". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3697733.
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Recently, 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) systems, Ultrareliable Low Latency Network (URLLC) represents the key enabler for a range of modern technologies to support Industry 4.0 applications, such as transportation and healthcare. Real-world implementation of URLLC can help in major transformations in industries like autonomous driving, road safety, and efficient traffic management. Furthermore, URLLC contributes to the objective of fully autonomous cars on the road that can respond to dynamic traffic patterns by collaborating with other vehicles and surrounding environments rather than relying solely on local data. For this, the main necessity is that how information is to be transferred among the vehicles in a very small time frame. This requires information to be transferred among the vehicles reliably in extremely short time duration. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed the Multiaccess Edge Computing- (MEC-) based architecture for 5G autonomous vehicles based on baseband units (BBU). We have performed Monte Carlo simulations and plotted curves of propagation latency, handling latency, and total latency in terms of vehicle density. We have also plotted the reliability curve to double-check our findings. When the RSU density is constant, the propagation latency is directly proportional to the vehicle density, but when the vehicle density is fixed, the propagation latency is inversely proportional. When RSU density is constant, vehicle density and handling latency are strictly proportional, but when vehicle density is fixed, handling latency becomes inversely proportional. Total latency behaves similarly to propagation latency; that is, it is also directly proportional.
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Samir, Rasha, Hadia El-Hennawy y Hesham Elbadawy. "Cluster-Based Multi-User Multi-Server Caching Mechanism in Beyond 5G/6G MEC". Sensors 23, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2023): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020996.
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The work on perfecting the rapid proliferation of wireless technologies resulted in the development of wireless modeling standards, protocols, and control of wireless manipulators. Several mobile communication technology applications in different fields are dramatically revolutionized to deliver more value at less cost. Multiple-access Edge Computing (MEC) offers excellent advantages for Beyond 5G (B5G) and Sixth-Generation (6G) networks, reducing latency and bandwidth usage while increasing the capability of the edge to deliver multiple services to end users in real time. We propose a Cluster-based Multi-User Multi-Server (CMUMS) caching algorithm to optimize the MEC content caching mechanism and control the distribution of high-popular tasks. As part of our work, we address the problem of integer optimization of the content that will be cached and the list of hosting servers. Therefore, a higher direct hit rate will be achieved, a lower indirect hit rate will be achieved, and the overall time delay will be reduced. As a result of the implementation of this system model, maximum utilization of resources and development of a completely new level of services and innovative approaches will be possible.
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Soni, Gaurav y Manish Sharma. "Design and Analysis of Real-Time Applications Based on Software Designed Radio (SDR) Using 2×2 MIMO USRP 2920 and LabVIEW". ECS Transactions 107, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2022): 9709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.9709ecst.
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The utilization of radio spectrum is becoming more necessary in light of recent advancements in wireless technologies. The available spectrum, on the other hand, is very constrained. In other words, Cognitive Radio (CR) is utilized to make the best use of the spectrum that is available. While unlicensed users should use CR technology to validate the spectrum before utilizing it, licensed users should always employ CR technology. Using dual antenna arrays to produce multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) setups in wireless communication has sparked a great deal of interest in wireless technology. In this research work, M-ary QAM modulation scheme is used to investigate SDR based link using 2x2 MIMO system and implemented on USRP 2920 with the help of LabVIEW 2015. LabVIEW was used to operate the NI USRP 2920, a universal software radio peripheral. With the introduction of MIMO, greater use of limited spectrum may be accomplished by utilizing lower power usage. This article further explores the methods and techniques to design a real-time applications using concept of SDR and provides optimized data rate, link range using MIMO implementation. USRP 2920-based MIMO experimentation is used in this paper's findings (Universal Software Radio Peripheral). 7-inch vertical tri-band antennas are employed in the present research. Further open loop (OL) MIMO methods for mobile broadband radio access technologies like 4G and 5G are examined in this study. The proposed SDR setup based on 2x2 MIMO and USRP 2920 can be used for bandwidth efficient design and implementation of IoT based real-time applications.
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Chrysikos, Theofilos, Sotiria Gourna y Aikaterini Skouroliakou. "RF Coverage Design for the Implementation of a Broadband Monitoring Service in the Context of 5G-Enabled Smart Cities". Information 14, n.º 3 (2 de marzo de 2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14030156.
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As the recent COVID-19 pandemic has aptly demonstrated, emergency scenarios concerning public health and safety may require citizens to remain at home even as patients, potentially in the context of a municipal or national lockdown. Homestay patients may require real-time monitoring, which will offer not only communication but also empirical data and will contribute to developing their personalized electronic health record in knowledge bases. Our paper features an extensive RF coverage design for such a municipally deployed and administered 5G-enabled smart city network, supporting a broadband monitoring service. The antenna deployment for the outdoor urban topology is analytically described (for the downlink channel), and the intrinsic indoor propagation characteristics are considered for the uplink channel. A digital baseband signaling scheme is assumed on the basis of a user-customized health-related monitoring service. Path loss and fading calculations consider the potential worst-case propagation conditions so that the RF coverage will be reliable, leading to a resilient city-wide municipal network.
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Ushaa, Eswaran, Eswaran Vishal y Eswaran Vivek. "Integrating virtual reality with internet of things: Architectures, applications and challenges". i-manager's Journal on Augmented & Virtual Reality 1, n.º 2 (2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/javr.1.2.20154.
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The integration of Virtual Reality (VR) environments with Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure can enable more intuitive and immersive interactions. However, realizing the potential of this convergence requires overcoming technical constraints and implementation challenges. This paper reviews the motivations, architectures, applications, and open issues associated with combining VR and IoT. This study also aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of architectures, use cases and technical challenges involved in integrating VR and IoT to guide further research and real-world deployment. Use cases in manufacturing, energy, retail, entertainment and other sectors highlight the benefits like remote monitoring, training and collaboration unlocked by interfacing VR's realistic 3D visualizations with real-time IoT sensor data. This paper also discusses VR simulation of IoT systems for testing, limitations in interoperability, and security considerations. The outlook for VR-IoT solutions is promising, with 5G and edge computing advancements expected to address current bottlenecks to adoption. Human-centric design approaches focused on high-value use cases can enable impactful deployments across domains.
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Yonan, Janan Farag. "An Examination of the Secure Chaos of 5G Wireless Communication Based on the Intelligent Internet of Things". International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 2, n.º 3 (19 de septiembre de 2022): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v2i4.769.
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The implementation of an intelligent system for network control and monitoring that is built on an Internet of Things (IoT) is a focus of this line of research, with the end objective of improving the level of precision inside the network and its applications. You did indeed read it correctly; the system that is being referred to here is a deep neural network. The manner that it is constructed makes it possible for the layer that cannot be seen to contain more data. The application of element-modified deep learning and network buffer capacity control helps to improve the overall service quality that is provided by each sensor node. One method that can be applied to the process of instructing a machine to pay more attention includes deep learning in its various incarnations. The team was able to do calculations with a precision of 96.68 percent and the quickest execution time, thanks to the usage of wireless sensors. Using a sensor-based technique that has a brief implementation period, this piece has a degree of accuracy of 97.69 % when it comes to detecting and classifying proxies, and it does so using a method that is very efficient. On the other hand, our research represents a significant leap forward in comparison to earlier studies due to the fact that we were able to accurately identify and categorize a wide variety of invasions and real-time proxies.
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Kontopanagou, Katerina, Athanasios Tsipis y Vasileios Komianos. "A Framework for Exploring Churches/Monuments/Museums of Byzantine Cultural Influence Exploiting Immersive Technologies in Real-Time Networked Environments". Technologies 9, n.º 3 (9 de agosto de 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9030057.
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The unique art that was developed in Byzantine times is widely accepted as a precursor to the Renaissance and is still evident in monuments either from or influenced by the Byzantium. Visiting such a site is a unique experience due to the lavishly painted interior for both tourists and scholars. Taking advantage of the emerging 5G technologies, cloud/fog computing, and Augmented/Mixed Reality mechanisms, a common smart device (e.g., smartphone, tablet) could be employed to give a better experience to the end-users. The proposed framework is intended to provide visitors with interpretative information regarding the visited monuments and their paintings. Under the framework introduced in this paper, camera input is uploaded to a cloud/fog computing infrastructure where appropriate algorithms and services provide monument and painting recognition and the mobile application retrieves and projects the related information. In addition, the designed immersive user interfaces assist visitors in contributing in cases of monuments and paintings for which no available information exists. This paper presents the state of the art in approaches for immersive experiences in Digital Culture, reviews the current image recognition approaches and their suitability for Byzantine paintings, proposes interaction techniques appropriately designed for observation and interaction of paintings, and discusses the overall framework architecture that is needed to support the described functionality while stressing the challenging issues of the above aspects thus paving the road for future work and providing guidelines for a test-bed implementation.
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Toth, Balint y Zsolt Szalay. "Development and Functional Validation Method of the Scenario-in-the-Loop Simulation Control Model Using Co-Simulation Techniques". Machines 11, n.º 11 (17 de noviembre de 2023): 1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11111028.
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With the facilitated development of highly automated driving functions and automated vehicles, the need for advanced testing techniques also arose. With a near-infinite number of potential traffic scenarios, vehicles have to drive an increased number of test kilometers during development, which would be very difficult to achieve with currently utilized conventional testing methods. State-of-the-Art testing technologies such as Vehicle-in-the-Loop (ViL) or Scenario-in-the-Loop (SciL) can provide a long-term solution; however, validation of these complex systems should also be addressed. ViL and SciL technologies provide real-time control and measurement with multiple participants; however, they require enormous computational capacity and low-latency communication to provide comparable results with real-world testing. 5G (fifth-generation wireless) communication and Edge computing can aid in fulfilling these needs, although appropriate implementation should also be tested. In the current paper, a realized control model based on the SciL architecture was presented that was developed with real-world testing data and validated utilizing co-simulation and digital twin techniques. The model was established in Simcenter Prescan© connected to MATLAB Simulink® and validated using IPG CarMaker®, which was used to feed the simulation with the necessary input data to replace the real-world testing data. The aim of the current paper was to introduce steps of the development process, to present the results of the validation procedure, and to provide an outlook of potential future implementations into the state of the art in proving ground ecosystems.
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Kanta, Konstantina, Panagiotis Toumasis, Kostas Tokas, Ioannis Stratakos, Elissaios Alexis Papatheofanous, Giannis Giannoulis, Ioanna Mesogiti et al. "Demonstration of a Hybrid Analog–Digital Transport System Architecture for 5G and Beyond Networks". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 4 (17 de febrero de 2022): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042122.
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In future mobile networks, the evolution of optical transport architectures enabling the flexible, scalable interconnection of Baseband Units (BBUs) and Radio Units (RUs) with heterogeneous interfaces is a significant issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-technology hybrid transport architecture that comprises both analog and digital-Radio over Fiber (RoF) mobile network segments relying on a dynamically reconfigurable optical switching node. As a step forward, the integration of the discussed network layout into an existing mobile infrastructure is demonstrated, enabling the support of real-world services through both standard digital and Analog–Intermediate- Frequency over Fiber (A-IFoF)-based converged fiber–wireless paths. Emphasis has been placed on the implementation of a real-time A-IFoF transceiver that is employed through a single embedded fully programmable gateway array (FPGA)-based platform that serves as an Ethernet to Intermediate Frequency (IF) bridge for the transmission of legacy traffic over the analog network segment. The experimental evaluation of the proposed concept was based on the dynamic optical routing of the legacy Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), 1.5 GBaud analog-intermediate frequency-over-fiber (A-IFoF)/mmWave and 10 Gbps binary optical waveforms, showing acceptable error vector magnitude (EVM) values for the complex radio waveforms and error-free operation for binary optical streams, with Bit Error Rate (BER) values less than 10−9. Finally, the end-to-end proof-of-concept demonstration of the proposed solution was achieved through the delivery of 4K video streaming and Internet Protocol (IP) calls over a mobile core network.
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D’Emidio, Mattia, Esmaeil Delfaraz, Gabriele Di Stefano, Giannantonio Frittella y Edgardo Vittoria. "Route Planning Algorithms for Fleets of Connected Vehicles: State of the Art, Implementation, and Deployment". Applied Sciences 14, n.º 7 (29 de marzo de 2024): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072884.
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The introduction of 5G technologies has enabled the possibility of designing and building several new classes of networked information systems that were previously impossible to implement due to limitations on data throughput or the reliability of transmission channels. Among them, one of the most interesting and successful examples with a highly positive impact in terms of the quality of urban environments and societal and economical welfare is a system of semi-autonomous connected vehicles, where IoT devices, data centers, and fleets of smart vehicles equipped with communication and computational resources are combined into a heterogeneous and distributed infrastructure, unifying hardware, networks, and software. In order to efficiently provide various services (e.g., patrolling, pickup and delivery, monitoring), these systems typically rely on collecting and broadcasting large amounts of data (e.g., sensor data, GPS traces, or maps), which need to be properly collected and processed in a timely manner. As is well documented in the literature, one of the most effective ways to achieve this purpose, especially in a real-time context, is to adopt a graph model of the data (e.g., to model communication networks, roads, or interactions between vehicles) and to employ suitable graph algorithms to solve properly defined computational problems of interest (e.g., shortest paths or distributed consensus). While research in this context has been extensive from a theoretical perspective, works that have focused on the implementation, deployment, and evaluation of the practical performance of graph algorithms for real-world systems of autonomous vehicles have been much rarer. In this paper, we present a study of this kind. Specifically, we first describe the main features of a real-world information system employing semi-autonomous connected vehicles that is currently being tested in the city of L’Aquila (Italy). Then, we present an overview of the computational challenges arising in the considered application domain and provide a systematic survey of known algorithmic results for one of the most relevant classes of computational problems that have to be addressed in said domain, namely, pickup and delivery problems. Finally, we discuss implementation issues, adopted software tools, and the deployment and testing phases concerning one of the algorithmic components of the mentioned real-world system dedicated to handling a specific problem of the above class, namely, the pickup and delivery multi-vehicle problem with time windows.
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Konguvel, Elango y Muniandi Kannan. "A Survey on FFT/IFFT Processors for Next Generation Telecommunication Systems". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, n.º 03 (30 de octubre de 2017): 1830001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618300015.
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The Fast Fourier Transform and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT/IFFT) are the most significant digital signal processing (DSP) techniques used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based applications which include day-to-day wired/wireless communications, broadband access, and information sharing. The advancements in telecommunication technologies require an efficient FFT/IFFT processing device to meet the necessary specifications which depend on the particular application. A real-time implementation of high-speed FFT/IFFT processor with less area that operates in minimal power consumption is essential in designing an OFDM integrated chip. A comparative study of efficient algorithms and architectures for FFT chip design is presented in this paper. It is also recommended that mixed-radix/higher-radix algorithm combined with Single-path Delay Commutator (SDC) architecture is appropriate for massive MIMO in 5G, optical OFDM, cooperative MIMO and multi-user MIMO-based applications.
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Mayanti, Akita Hasna, Raviadin Nugroho, Asri Wulandari y Alfin Hikmaturokhman. "Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem Multi-Access Edge Computing dengan Use Case Face Mask Detection pada Open RAN SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta". Jurnal Telematika 18, n.º 2 (19 de enero de 2024): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.61769/telematika.v18i2.619.
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Multi-access edge computing (MEC) telah muncul sebagai topik hangat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir yang bertepatan dengan kemajuan teknologi jaringan 5G. MEC yang dirancang memanfaatkan infrastruktur jaringan pada SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. MEC dibangun dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi latency dan mempercepat transfer data antara perangkat dan server untuk mendukung proses pembelajaran pada SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. Sistem ini dibangun dengan menggunakan jaringan Open RAN dan server sebagai platform MEC untuk memproses konten dengan komputasi tepi terdistribusi yang berjalan di atas infrastruktur virtualisasi dan terletak di tepi jaringan. Use case face mask detection secara real-time diakses ketika use case sedang running. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menentukan skenario implementasi dan membandingkan downlink, uplink, dan latency sebagai parameter perbandingan multi-access edge computing. Keberhasilan use case face mask detection pada infrastruktur MEC juga dilihat. Setelah menjalankan skenario pengujian, didapatkan hasil bahwa multi-access edge computing memiliki nilai maksimal untuk downlink sebesar 21,70 Mbps, nilai uplink maksimal 22,70 Mbps, dan nilai latency maksimal sebesar 15 ms. Selain itu, implementasi use case face mask detection pada skenario pengujian berhasil dijalankan pada infrastuktur MEC. Multi-access edge computing (MEC) has emerged as a hot topic in recent years which coincides with the advancement of 5G network technology. The designed MEC utilizes the network infrastructure in the SmartLab of Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. MEC is built to reduce latency and accelerate data transfer between devices and servers to support the learning process at SmartLab Politeknik Negeri Jakarta. The system uses an Open RAN network and server as an MEC platform to process content with distributed edge computing running on top of virtualization infrastructure and located at the network edge. The face mask detection use case is accessed in real time when the use case is running. Tests were conducted by defining implementation scenarios and comparing downlink, uplink, and latency as multi-access edge computing comparison parameters. The success of the face mask detection use case on the MEC infrastructure is also examined. After running the test scenario, it was found that multi-access edge computing has a maximum value for downlink of 21.70 Mbps, a maximum uplink value of 22.70 Mbps, and a maximum latency value of 15 ms. In addition, the face mask detection use case implementation in the test scenario was successfully run on the MEC infrastructure.
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VASYLKIVSKYI, Mykola, Alyona KOLOMIETS y Mykhailo BUDASH. "EVALUATION OF RADIO PATH PARAMETERS OF INFOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 5G/6G". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 315, n.º 6(1) (29 de diciembre de 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-315-6-53-60.
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A study of the parameters of the radio path was carried out to substantiate the possibility of expanding the integrated multi-level spectrum of 5G/6G and increasing the efficiency of the station equipment of the next generation information communication systems. The paper presents the results of research into the bandwidth of the transmission channel in the THz range, taking into account the transmission power and noise of the components of modern telecommunication systems, as well as the influence of atmospheric attenuation. The idea of ​​a new spectrum, possibilities and problems of using the THz range for both communication and scanning were presented. It also describes the process of modeling and measuring new channels along high-frequency bands, for scenarios with large aperture arrays, non-terrestrial networks, and scanning in millimeter and THz bands. Improved methods for solving technical problems identified in 5G systems, such as mobility and coverage, as well as implementation problems of telecommunications equipment, are identified. In particular, to facilitate the optimal design of radio technologies in 6G systems, it is necessary to model transmission channels with higher accuracy. In addition, to improve the transmission characteristics of millimeter waves, improvements are needed in the radio signal beamforming technology, in particular in beamforming during the scanning process. It is determined that the use of the millimeter range spectrum will be significantly improved due to the improvement of technologies related to materials, radio frequency components and signal processing. Thus, it becomes possible to achieve ultra-high data transfer speed and high-precision scanning resolution. A study of the theoretical foundations of the creation of new devices, the design of electronic, photonic and hybrid receivers, large-sized antenna arrays, gratings on a common crystal or case, and new technologies for the formation of materials for the manufacture of gratings, which ensure the rapid development of communication technologies in the THz range, was carried out. time identified the need for further research in the field of designing powerful high-frequency devices, new materials for antennas and RF transistors, receiver architecture, channel modeling, grating signal processing, and energy efficiency issues. The 6G radio path has been studied, which will contain new capabilities and provide new services using new wireless technologies. It is determined that the 6G system will include many new elements, such as new spectrum, new channels, new materials, new antennas, new computing technologies and new end devices. THz spectrometry at 6G has been found to have many potential applications in health care, industry, food quality control, and the environment, as the vibrational and rotational frequencies of most molecules lie in the THz range. THz spectrometry is of considerable interest due to its ability to provide continuous real-time information through dynamic, non-invasive, passive and non-contact measurements. Of particular note is that THz spectrometry provides results comparable to professional CT or MRI machines, but with a much safer and more portable functional process.
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Trautwein, Ingo, Andreas Freymann, Emanuel Reichsöllner, Jessica Schöps Kraus, Mirco Sonntag y Thomas Schrodi. "Technical Concept for sensor-based Traffic Flow Optimization on connected real-world intersections via a SUMO Feature Gap Analysis". SUMO Conference Proceedings 4 (29 de junio de 2023): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/scp.v4i.218.
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Traffic within cities has increased in the last decades due to increasing mobility, changing mobility behavior and new mobility offerings. These accelerating changes make it increasingly difficult for responsible authorities or other stakeholders to predict mobility behavior, to configure traffic rules or to size roads, bridges and parking lots. Traffic simulations are a powerful tool for estimating and evaluating current and future mobility, upcoming traffic services and automated functionalities in the domain of traffic management. For being able to simulate a complex real-world traffic environment and traffic incidents, the simulation environment needs to fulfill requirements from real-world scenarios related to sensor-based data processing. In addition, it must be possible to include latest advancements of technology in the simulation environment, for instance, (1) connected intersections that communicate with each other, (2) a complex and flexible set of rules for traffic sign control and traffic management or a well-defined data processing of relevant sensor data. In this paper we therefore define requirements for a traffic simulation based on a complex real-world scenario in Germany. The project addresses major urban challenges and aims at demonstrating the contribution that the upcoming 5G mobile generation can make to solving real-time traffic flow optimization. In a second step, we investigate in detail if the simulation environment SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) fulfills the postulated requirements. Thirdly, we propose a technical concept to close the gap of the uncovered requirements for later implementation.
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Hadi, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Awais, Mohsin Raza, Muhammad Ikram Ashraf y Jian Song. "Experimental Demonstration and Performance Enhancement of 5G NR Multiband Radio over Fiber System Using Optimized Digital Predistortion". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 24 (7 de diciembre de 2021): 11624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411624.
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This paper presents an experimental realization of multiband 5G new radio (NR) optical front haul (OFH) based radio over fiber (RoF) system using digital predistortion (DPD). A novel magnitude-selective affine (MSA) based DPD method is proposed for the complexity reduction and performance enhancement of RoF link followed by its comparison with the canonical piece wise linearization (CPWL), decomposed vector rotation method (DVR) and generalized memory polynomial (GMP) methods. Similarly, a detailed study is shown followed by the implementation proposal of novel neural network (NN) for DPD followed by its comparison with MSA, CPWL, DVR and GMP methods. In the experimental testbed, 5G NR standard at 20 GHz with 50 MHz bandwidth and flexible-waveform signal at 3 GHz with 20 MHz bandwidth is used to cover enhanced mobile broad band and small cells scenarios. A dual drive Mach Zehnder Modulator having two distinct radio frequency signals modulates a 1310 nm optical carrier using distributed feedback laser for 22 km of standard single mode fiber. The experimental results are presented in terms of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR), error vector magnitude (EVM), number of estimated coefficients and multiplications. The study aims to identify those novel methods such as MSA DPD are a good candidate to deploy in real time scenarios for DPD in comparison to NN based DPD which have a slightly better performance as compared to the proposed MSA method but has a higher complexity levels. Both, proposed methods, MSA and NN are meeting the 3GPP Release 17 requirements.
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Lukic, Djordje B., Goran B. Markovic y Dejan D. Drajic. "Two-Stage Precoding Based on Overlapping User Grouping Approach in IoT-Oriented 5G MU-MIMO Systems". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (7 de enero de 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8887445.
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Downlink transmission techniques for multiuser (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been comprehensively studied during the last two decades. The well-known low complexity linear precoding schemes are currently deployed in long-term evolution (LTE) networks. However, these schemes exhibit serious shortcomings in scenarios when users’ channels are strongly correlated. The nonlinear precoding schemes show better performance, but their complexity is prohibitively high for a real-time implementation. Two-stage precoding schemes, proposed in the standardization process for 5G new radio (5G NR), combine these two approaches and present a reasonable trade-off between computational complexity and performance degradation. Before applying the precoding procedure, users should be properly allocated into beamforming subgroups. Yet, the optimal solution for user selection problem requires an exhaustive search which is infeasible in practical scenarios. Suboptimal user grouping approaches have been mostly focused on capacity maximization through greedy user selection. Recently, overlapping user grouping concept was introduced. It ensures that each user is scheduled in at least one beamforming subgroup. To the best of our knowledge, the existing two-stage precoding schemes proposed in literature have not considered overlapping user grouping strategy that solves user selection, ordering, and coverage problem simultaneously. In this paper, we present a two-stage precoding technique for MU-MIMO based on the overlapping user grouping approach and assess its computational complexity and performance in IoT-oriented 5G environment. The proposed solution deploys two-stage precoding in which linear zero forcing (ZF) precoding suppresses interference between the beamforming subgroups and nonlinear Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) mitigates interuser interference within subgroups. The overlapping user grouping approach enables additional capacity improvement, while ZF-THP precoding attains balance between the capacity gains and suffered computational complexity. The proposed algorithm achieves up to 45% higher MU-MIMO system capacity with lower complexity order in comparison with two-stage precoding schemes based on legacy user grouping strategies.