Artículos de revistas: "Rats"

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Wilkins, E., A. Cope y S. Waitkins. "RAPIDS, RAFTS, AND RATS". Lancet 332, n.º 8605 (julio de 1988): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92580-9.

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Dupré, Roslyn M. "Rats, rats, rats!" Nature Medicine 1, n.º 7 (julio de 1995): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0795-609a.

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Dvorak, Bohuslav, Debra L. McWilliam, Catherine S. Williams, Jessica A. Dominguez, Nancy W. Machen, Robert S. McCuskey y Anthony F. Philipps. "Artificial Formula Induces Precocious Maturation of the Small Intestine of Artificially Reared Suckling Rats". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 31, n.º 2 (agosto de 2000): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.2000.tb07082.x.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundThe artificially reared rat model was used successfully to study the effect of nutrition during the early postnatal period on growth and development of the neonate. Overgrowth and morphologic changes of the gastrointestinal tract are known consequences of artificial rearing. The major goal of our study was to elucidate whether artificial rearing–enhanced gut development is caused by artificial diet or by gastrostomy and the artificial rearing technique itself.MethodsSuckling rats at day 8 of age underwent intragastric cannulation and were machine fed either a cow's milk–based artificial rat's milk substitute or pooled rat's milk for 4 days. Dam‐fed littermates served as a control.ResultsBody growth did not differ in the three experimental groups. In rats receiving rat's milk substitute, small intestinal wet weight was approximately 60% greater than in rats fed rat's milk or control rats. Additionally, the entire small intestine was approximately 20% longer in the rat's milk substitute group. Morphologically, rat's milk substitute–fed pups demonstrated significantly greater intestinal villus length and crypt depth compared with rat's milk–fed or control rats. Jejunum and midjejunum of the rat's milk and control groups did not differ in these parameters. Intestinal sucrase activity of rat's milk substitute–fed rats was significantly elevated compared with rat's milk–fed rats or control animals.ConclusionsThese results indicate that cow's milk–based formula, not gastrostomy or artificial feeding technique, is a principal cause of the small intestine overgrowth and precocious maturation of some intestinal functions observed in artificially reared sucklings.

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Beauséjour, Annie, Karine Auger, Jean St-Louis y Michèle Brochu. "High-sodium intake prevents pregnancy-induced decrease of blood pressure in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, n.º 1 (julio de 2003): H375—H383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01132.2002.

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Despite an increase of circulatory volume and of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, pregnancy is paradoxically accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure. We have reported that the decrease in blood pressure was maintained in pregnant rats despite overactivation of RAAS following reduction in sodium intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the opposite condition, e.g., decreased activation of RAAS during pregnancy in the rat. To do so, 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl in drinking water was given to nonpregnant and pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats for 7 days (last week of gestation). Increased sodium intakes (between 10- and 20-fold) produced reduction of plasma renin activity and aldosterone in both nonpregnant and pregnant rats. Systolic blood pressure was not affected in nonpregnant rats. However, in pregnant rats, 0.9% sodium supplement prevented the decreased blood pressure. Moreover, an increase of systolic blood pressure was obtained in pregnant rats receiving 1.8% NaCl. The 0.9% sodium supplement did not affect plasma and fetal parameters. However, 1.8% NaCl supplement has larger effects during gestation as shown by increased plasma sodium concentration, hematocrit level, negative water balance, proteinuria, and intrauterine growth restriction. With both sodium supplements, decreased AT1 mRNA levels in the kidney and in the placenta were observed. Our results showed that a high-sodium intake prevents the pregnancy-induced decrease of blood pressure in rats. Nonpregnant rats were able to maintain homeostasis but not the pregnant ones in response to sodium load. Furthermore, pregnant rats on a high-sodium intake (1.8% NaCl) showed some physiological responses that resemble manifestations observed in preeclampsia.

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Fu, Ziwei, Jiajia Hu, Li Zhou, Yanting Chen, Mokan Deng, Xiyang Liu, Jiahui Su, Aihua Lu, Xiaodong Fu y Tianxin Yang. "(Pro)renin receptor contributes to pregnancy-induced sodium-water retention in rats via activation of intrarenal RAAS and α-ENaC". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2019): F530—F538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00411.2018.

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The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a new component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and regulates renin activity. The objective of the present study was to test potential roles of the renal PRR and intrarenal RAAS in the physiological status of late pregnancy. Late pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 19–21 days after sperm was observed in vaginal smears. Experiments were performed using age-matched virgin rats and late pregnant rats treated with the specific PRR inhibitor PRO20 (700 μg·kg−1·day−1 sc for 14 days, 3 times/day for every 8 h) or vehicle. The indices of RAAS, including PRR, renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone levels, were examined by immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, or ELISA. Further analyses of renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expression, sodium-water retention, and plasma volume were performed. We first present evidence for the activation of intrarenal RAAS in late pregnant rats, including increases in urinary renin activity, active and total renin content, and prorenin content, angiotensin II and aldosterone excretion, in parallel with increased renal PRR expression and urinary soluble PRR excretion. Functional evidence demonstrated that PRR antagonism with PRO20 effectively suppressed the indices of intrarenal RAAS in late pregnant rats. In addition, our results revealed that renal α-ENaC expression, sodium-water retention, and plasma volume were elevated during late pregnancy, which were all attenuated by PRO20. In summary, the present study examined the renal mechanism of sodium-water retention and plasma volume expansion in late pregnant rats and identified a novel role of PRR in regulation of intrarenal RAAS and α-ENaC and thus sodium and fluid retention associated with pregnancy.

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. "In de rats na een RADS". TBV – Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunde 17, n.º 5 (mayo de 2009): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03081209.

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Bounouar, Elaid, Fatiha Missoun, Nesrine Ouda Amari, Fatima Zohra Belabaci, Senia Belabaci, Fatima Zohra Sekkal y Noureddine Djebli. "Antidiabetic effect of Atriplex halimus long and short term treatment against streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats". Anales de Biología, n.º 44 (10 de mayo de 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesbio.44.03.

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El objetivo fue evaluar la actividad antidiabética de hojas de Atriplex halimus en ratas diabéticas modelo. Para evaluar se utilizó la glicemia, pérdida de peso, volumen de consumo de agua, parámetros bioquímicos. estudio histológico. Las investigaciones fitoquímicas indican la presencia de flavonoides, taninos, saponinas, mucílagos, glucósidos. proteínas. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento con extracto acuoso de A. halimus presenta reducción significativa de los niveles de glucosa en sangre en ratas de los grupos D100. D200, en comparación con el grupo diabético,. protege. las ratas de complicaciones diabéticas. El estudio histológico del páncreas lo confirman por la mejora en los islotes de Langerhans de rata tratada con este extracto vegetal. Atriplex halimus parece ser una planta prometedora para futuros ensayos preclínicos. clínicos en la diabetes de tipo I. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of Atriplex halimus leaves in diabetic model rats. Glycaemia, weight loss, volume of water consumption, biochemical parameters and histological study were used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity. Phytochemicals investigations indicate the presence of: Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, mucilages, glycosides and proteins. Findings show that the treatment with A. halimus aqueous extract presents. significant reduction of blood glucose levels in rats of groups D100 and D200 compared with diabetic group and protect rats from diabetic complications. These results were confirmed by the histological study in pancreas which indicate improvement in Islets of Langerhans of rat treated with this plant extract. Atriplex halimus appears to be. promising plant for further preclinical and clinical trials in type 1 diabetes.

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Ugwu, Princewill, Ruku Ubom, Pamela Madueke, Pamela Okorie y Daniel Nwachukwu. "Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdarifa Calyx on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldoslestrone System in Wistar Rats". Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 37, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2022): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54548/njps.v37i1.14.

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Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) has gained attention as an anti-hypertensive agent. In the present study, we hypothesized that anthocyanins from HS may attenuate salt-induced hypertension in rats by suppressing the components of renin-angiotensin-aldoslestrone system (RAAS). Hypertension was induced in the rats by adding 8% NaCl in their diet for six weeks. Wistar rats (n=5 each) were randomly divided into seven groups. Group 1 was the normentensive control group and was fed with normal rat chew and water ad libitum; groups 2 and 3 served as hypertensive control (negative untreated and positive treated with captopril 30mg/kg respectively); groups 4, 5, and 6 served as treatment groups and were administered with graded doses of anthocyanins( 50, 100, 200mg/kg respectively) while group 7 received both 100mg anthocyanins and 30mg captopril per day for 4 weeks. Using HPLC, anthocyanins were isolated from HS calyx following standard protocol. Anthocyanins significantly (p<0.05) reduced blood pressure and heart rate in hypertensive rats in a dose dependent manner. The blood pressure reduction by anthocyanins was associated with a reduction in serum ACE and plasma aldosterone in the hypertensive rats. The effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure and on biomarkers of RAAS were similar to those of captopril, a reference anti-hypertensive drug. The results suggest that anthocyanins exerts a significant (p<0.05) anti-hypertensive potency on rats, probably mediated by the reduction in components of the RAAS. Keywords: hypertension, anthocyanins, renin, aldosterone, rats

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Tonkiss, J., J. L. Smart, N. S. Auestad y J. Edmond. "Type of Milk Substitute Influences Growth of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Artificially Reared Rat Pups". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 4, n.º 5 (octubre de 1985): 818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1985.tb08962.x.

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Summary:Growth of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was studied in rat pups that were reared normally (motherreared, MR) or were artificially reared (AR) by intragastric infusion of milk substitutes from postnatal day 5. Two mitk substitutes were used: one high in carbohydrate and low in protein compared with rat's milk (Messer) and the other close in composition to rat's milk (Auestad). Pups reared on these formulae are termed ARM and ARA, respectively. Pups were killed at 7, 12, and 20 days for the determination of the wet and dry weights of stomach and caecum and the lengths of the small and large intestines (SI and LI). At 7 days AR pups showed deficits in several GI measures compared with MR rats. However, by 20 days they showed enhanced growth of various parts of the GI tract. Stomach weight was greatest in ARA rats; caecum weight was greater in AR than in MR rats; SI was longer in AR than MR rats, with the effect more pronounced in ARM rats. These effects were already evident, or becoming so, by 12 days. In an additional experiment, rats were AR on rat's milk from 5 to 12 days. Their GI tracts did not differ from MR, suggesting that the AR procedure per se was not responsible for the above GI growth effects.

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Wood, Sarah. "Rats Releasing Other Rats". Paragraph 38, n.º 3 (noviembre de 2015): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2015.0175.

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Wyczalkowska-Tomasik, Aleksandra, Irena Bartlomiejczyk, Agnieszka Wirkowska, Lukasz Koperski, Barbara Gornicka y Leszek Paczek. "The Blocking on the Cathepsin B and Fibronectin Accumulation in Kidney Glomeruli of Diabetic Rats". International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/812825.

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Hyperglycemia results in the activation of tissue angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the synthesis of ECM proteins and causes a decrease activity of proteolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of multilevel blocking of the RAAS, cathepsin B activity, and fibronectin accumulation in the glomerular in the rats diabetes model. Sixty male Wistar rats were initially included. Diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of streptozotocin. The animals were randomized to six groups of ten rats in group. Rats in the four groups were treated with inhibitors of the RAAS: enalapril (EN), losartan (LOS), enalapril plus losartan (EN+LOS), and spironolactone (SPIR); another group received dihydralazine (DIH) and the diabetic rats (DM) did not receive any drug. After six weeks, we evaluated blood pressure, 24 h urine collection, and blood for biochemical parameters and kidneys. In this study, fluorometric, ELISA, and immunohistochemical methods were used. Administration of EN+LOS increased activity of cathepsin B in homogenates of glomeruli compared to DM. Losartan treatment resulted in reduction of the ratio kidney weight/body weight compared to untreated diabetic rats. SPIR resulted in the increase activity of cathepsin B in the homogenate of glomeruli. The values of cathepsin B in the plasma of rats in all studied groups were similar and showed no tendency.

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Friederich-Persson, Malou y Patrik Persson. "Mitochondrial angiotensin II receptors regulate oxygen consumption in kidney mitochondria from healthy and type 1 diabetic rats". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 318, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2020): F683—F688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00417.2019.

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Exaggerated activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key feature in diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Recently, an intracellular RAAS was demonstrated with angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors expressed in nuclei and mitochondria. Diabetes is associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and increased intracellular ANG II concentration in the kidney cortex. The present study investigated the role of ANG II signaling in kidney cortex mitochondria isolated from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated after addition of ANG II alone or after preincubation with candesartan (AT1 receptor antagonist), PD-123319 (AT2 receptor antagonist), or the two in combination. ANG II binds to only mitochondrial AT2 receptors in control rats and both AT1 receptors and AT2 receptors in diabetic rats. ANG II decreased oxygen consumption in mitochondria from both control and diabetic rats. ANG II response was reversed to increased oxygen consumption by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. AT1 receptor inhibition did not affect the response to ANG II, whereas AT2 receptor inhibition abolished the response in mitochondria from control rats and reversed the response to increased oxygen consumption through superoxide-induced mitochondrial uncoupling in mitochondria from diabetic rats. ANG II decrease mitochondrial respiration via AT2 receptor-mediated nitric oxide release in both control and diabetic rats. AT1 receptors do not regulate mitochondria function in control rats, whereas ANG II via AT1 receptors increase mitochondria leak respiration in diabetic animals.

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Oishi, Ryozo, Yoshinori Itoh, Masahiro Nishibori y Kiyomi Saeki. "Brain histamine turnover rate in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY)." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 39 (1985): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)63421-9.

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Takeda, Yoshiyu, Yoshimichi Takeda, Masashi Demura, Mitsuhiro Kometani, Shigehiro Karashima, Atsushi Hashimoto, Daisuke Aono, Toshitaka Sawamura y Takashi Yoneda. "Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor on Renal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldsoterone System". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2021): A439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.895.

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Abstract Objective: The renoprotective effect of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGL2i) has been reported in diabetic patients. Local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in diabetes mellitus and hypertension. We examined the effects of SGL2i on the RAAS in the obese diabetic rats fed a high salt diet. Methods: Zucker-diabetic rats (ZDR) and control rats were fed a high or normal salt diet and were treated with canagliflozin for 8 weeks. Blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), PRA, plasma aldosterone (PAC), urinary albumin excretion (UAE), urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), gene expression of angiotensinogen in the kidney were measured. Results: ZDR febd a high salt diet showed high BP, increased UAE and urinary 8-OHdG and elevated angiotensinogen mRNA levels. Treatment with canagliflozin significantly decreased BP, BG, UAE, urinary 8-OHdG and and renal angiotensinogen mRNA levels compared with control rats (p&lt0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: The closer mechanism of renoptotection of SGL2i in diabetes mellitus is unclear. We have reported that the repoprotective effects of type 2 angiotensin receptor antagonist or mineralocorticoid receptor blocker were partly due to the decreased RAAS in the kidney. Decreased renal RAAS by the treatment with canagliflozin may contribute to the renoprotection in DZR.

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Eckel, Lisa A., Heidi M. Rivera y Deann P. D. Atchley. "The anorectic effect of fenfluramine is influenced by sex and stage of the estrous cycle in rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, n.º 6 (junio de 2005): R1486—R1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00779.2004.

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The controls of food intake differ in male and female rats. Daily food intake is typically greater in male rats, relative to female rats, and a decrease in food intake, coincident with the estrous stage of the ovarian reproductive cycle, is well documented in female rats. This estrous-related decrease in food intake has been attributed to a transient increase in the female rat's sensitivity to satiety signals generated during feeding bouts. Here, we investigated whether sex or stage of the estrous cycle modulate the satiety signal generated by fenfluramine, a potent serotonin (5-HT) releasing agent. To examine this hypothesis, food intake was monitored in male, diestrous female, and estrous female rats after intraperitoneal injections of 0, 0.25, and 1.0 mg/kg d-fenfluramine. The lower dose of fenfluramine decreased food intake only in diestrous and estrous females, suggesting that the minimally effective anorectic dose of fenfluramine is lower in female rats, relative to male rats. Although the larger dose of fenfluramine decreased food intake in both sexes, the duration of anorexia was greater in diestrous and estrous female rats, relative to male rats. Moreover, the magnitude of the anorectic effect of the larger dose of fenfluramine was greatest in estrous rats, intermediate in diestrous rats, and least in male rats. Thus our findings indicate that the anorectic effect of fenfluramine is modulated by gonadal hormone status.

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Takano, Yuji, Masatoshi Ukezono, Satoshi F. Nakashima, Nobuaki Takahashi y Naoyuki Hironaka. "Learning of efficient behaviour in spatial exploration through observation of behaviour of conspecific in laboratory rats". Royal Society Open Science 4, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2017): 170121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170121.

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Recent studies have suggested that rodent behaviour is influenced by the behaviour of surrounding conspecifics (e.g. emotional contagion and prosocial behaviour). However, little is known about deferred imitation and complex observational learning in rats. The purpose of this study was to reveal whether rats can learn from another rat's experiences. In a maze, observer rats watched the foraging behaviour of other rats (demonstrators) and then foraged in turn. The results showed that demonstrators explored inefficiently, but observers explored more efficiently after observing inefficient exploration by the demonstrators. This observational learning probably involved the acquisition of an efficient strategy through spatial exploration.

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Freestone, David M., Fuat Balcı, Patrick Simen y Russell M. Church. "Optimal response rates in humans and rats." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 41, n.º 1 (2015): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xan0000049.

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Sakima, Atsushi, David B. Averill, Patricia E. Gallagher, Sherry O. Kasper, Ellen N. Tommasi, Carlos M. Ferrario y Debra I. Diz. "Impaired Heart Rate Baroreflex in Older Rats". Hypertension 46, n.º 2 (agosto de 2005): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.0000178157.70142.33.

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Bhagat, Omlata, Prasunpriya Nayak y Renu Gupta. "Short term Heart Rate Variability in Rats". INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 74, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55184/ijpas.v74i3.69.

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Objective: A sustainable animal model is needed to detect Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions, which can be assessed by recording electrocardiogram and analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Therefore, the present study tried to find out the duration for HRV analysis for reliable results.Material and methods: Recording of Electroencephalogram (ECG) is reported in many articles. However, there is no information regarding the duration of ECG to be considered for the HRV analysis. Adult Wistar rat were used for a recording of ECG and HRV analysis. A combination of Ketamine 50 mg/kg and Xylazine 10 mg/kg was used for anesthésia in all the recordings. We analyzed the HRV parameters for all the records with 10 different durations starting from 1 minute to 10 minutes and compared.Results and Discussion: It was observed that, ECG parameters were within normal range while the data from HRV analysis from different duration showed wide discrepancies depending on the duration of ECG recording used for HRV analysis.Conclusion: The minimum duration of eight minutes of recording is likely to produce acceptable data for HRV parameters.

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Kruse, M. N., A. L. Belton y W. C. de Groat. "Changes in bladder and external urethral sphincter function after spinal cord injury in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1993): R1157—R1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.6.r1157.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans results in inappropriate contractions of the external urethral sphincter muscle (EUS) during micturition (bladder-sphincter dyssynergia), leading to urinary retention. The major goal of this study was to determine whether SCI in rats has similar detrimental effects on micturition. After chronic SCI, urethan-anesthetized rats had a significantly (15-fold) increased bladder capacity and impaired voiding (31-fold increase in residual volume) compared with control rats. Bladder contractions in SCI rats were accompanied by abnormal tonic EUS electromyographic activity, whereas the EUS electromyograms of control rats exhibited a burst pattern (4-8 Hz) during voiding. Suppression of EUS activity with neuromuscular blockade did not improve the fraction of urine voided in SCI rats and reduced the fraction voided in control rats. Therefore, both tonic activity and complete quiescence of the rat's EUS appear to be detrimental to voiding, suggesting that the normal bursting EUS activity facilitates bladder emptying. In summary, rats and humans exhibit similar micturition dysfunctions after SCI (e.g., bladder-sphincter dyssynergia and impaired voiding).

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Lai, Ching Jung, Ting Ruan y Yu Ru Kou. "The involvement of hydroxyl radical and cyclooxygenase metabolites in the activation of lung vagal sensory receptors by circulatory endotoxin in rats". Journal of Applied Physiology 98, n.º 2 (febrero de 2005): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2004.

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Circulatory endotoxin can stimulate vagal pulmonary C fibers and rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) in rats, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We investigated the involvement of hydroxyl radicals and cyclooxygenase metabolites in the stimulation of C fibers and RARs by circulatory endotoxin (50 mg/kg) in 112 anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rats. In rats pretreated with the vehicle, endotoxin stimulated C fibers and RARs and caused a slight increase in total lung resistance (Rl) and a decrease in dynamic lung compliance. In rats pretreated with dimethylthiourea (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) alone, indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) alone, or a combination of the two, C-fiber and RAR responses [C fiber: change (Δ) = −62, −79, and −85%; RAR: Δ = −80, −84, and −84%, respectively] were reduced, and the Rl response was prevented. The suppressive effects of a combination of dimethylthiourea and indomethacin on the C-fiber and RAR responses were not superior to indomethacin alone. In rats pretreated with isoproterenol (a bronchodilator), the C-fiber response was not significantly affected (Δ = −26%), the RAR response was reduced (Δ = −88%), and the Rl response was prevented. None of these pretreatments affected the dynamic lung compliance response. These results suggest that 1) both hydroxyl radicals and cyclooxygenase metabolites are involved in the endotoxin-induced stimulation of C fibers and RARs, and 2) the involvement of these two metabolites in the C-fiber stimulation may be due to their chemical effects, whereas that in the RAR stimulation may be due to their bronchoconstrictive effects.

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Shi, Qing, Hiroyuki Ishii, Shinichi Kinoshita, Shinichiro Konno, Atsuo Takanishi, Satoshi Okabayashi, Naritoshi Iida y Hiroshi Kimura. "A rat-like robot for interacting with real rats". Robotica 31, n.º 8 (11 de junio de 2013): 1337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574713000568.

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SUMMARYWe developed a novel small rat-like robot calledWasedaRat No.4(WR-4) to interact with real rats. WR-4 can perform both rearing (rising up on its hind limbs) and rotating (body bending during movement) actions faster than live mature rats. After robot–rat interaction involving rearing and body grooming (body cuddling and head curling) actions of WR-4, real rats showed more activity and greater interest in the robot. Similar results evident from rat–rat interaction suggest that a rat-like robot is able to interact with rats in the same way as real rats. Furthermore, lower variances between the rat subjects in robot–rat interaction reveals that a rat-like robot can more effectively impact rat's behavior in a controllable, predictable way.

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Kerins, JL, SE Koske, J. Kazmierczak, C. Austin, K. Gowdy y A. Dibernardo. "Éclosion du virus Séoul chez les rats et les propriétaires de rat –États-Unis et Canada, 2017". Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 44, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2018): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v44i02a07f.

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Wijayanti, Anisa Catur, Irfan Ramadhan, Devi Ayu Anggraeni, Rahma Novita Berlian, Anggin Ati Kandina, Avivah Ainun Hidayah, Kun Adiratna et al. "Penyuluhan dan Pembagian Kit Pengendalian Tikus dan Lalat Kepada Lansia". JURNAL INOVASI DAN PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA 2, n.º 4 (31 de octubre de 2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jipmi.v2i4.181.

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Latar belakang: Lingkungan merupakan masalah kesehatan terbesar di Indonesia karena sanitasi dasar yang buruk, lingkungan fisik yang buruk, dan rendahnya perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat pada masyarakat. Penyakit yang berhubungan langsung dengan sanitasi yang buruk dan disebabkan oleh hewan pengerat seperti tikus dan lalat. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengendalikan populasi tikus dan lalat dengan cara pemasangan lem kertas lalat dan obat tikus yang dibagikan kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk KIT. Tujuan: Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan lansia tentang pengendalian tikus dan lalat serta cara penggunaan alat untuk mengendalikan tikus dan lalat. Pengabdian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengajak lansia bersama-sama melakukan upaya pengendalian tikus dan lalat serta menerapkan metode pembuangan bangkai tikus dan lalat yang efektif dan higienis. Metode: Metode kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah “One Groups Pretest-Posttest Design”. Hasil: Nilai rata – rata pre-test sebelum diberikan edukasi sebesar 46,76 dan setelah edukasi nilai rata - rata pos-test meningkat 76,09 (p= 0,000). Kesimpulan: Hasil pengecekan ulang serta monitoring dengan metode wawancara didapatkan hasil bahwa beberapa responden sudah melakukan pemasangan racun tikus terbukti efektif untuk membasmi tikus yang ada dirumah. Kata kunci: lalat, lansia, penyuluhan, tikus ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Background: The environment is the biggest health problem in Indonesia because of poor basic sanitation, bad physical environment, and low hygiene and healthy behavior in the community. Diseases directly related to poor sanitation and caused by rodents such as rats and flies. Efforts were made to control the population of rats and flies by installing fly paper glue and rat medicine which were distributed to the public in the form of KITs. Objective: This service aims to find out the knowledge of the elderly about controlling rats and flies and how to use tools to control rats and flies. This service also aims to invite the elderly to jointly carry out efforts to control rats and flies and apply an effective and hygienic method of disposing of dead rats and flies. Method: The method of this community service activity is "One Groups Pretest-Posttest Design". Result: The pretest average score before being given education was 46.76 and after education the posttest average score increased to 76.09 (p= 0.000). Conclusion: The results of re-checking and monitoring with the interview method showed that several respondents had installed rat poison which proved to be effective in eradicating rats in the house. Keywords: flies, elderly, counselling, rats

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Shirao, Satoshi, Hiroshi Yoneda, Mizuya Shinoyama, Kazutaka Sugimoto, Hiroyasu Koizumi, Hideyuki Ishihara, Fumiaki Oka et al. "A Novel Trigger for Cholesterol-Dependent Smooth Muscle Contraction Mediated by the Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-Rho-Kinase Pathway in the Rat Basilar Artery: A Mechanistic Role for Lipid Rafts". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 35, n.º 5 (21 de enero de 2015): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.260.

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Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for abnormal cerebrovascular events. Rafts are cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains that influence signal transduction. We previously showed that Rho-kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) induced by sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has a pivotal role in cerebral vasospasm. The goals of the study were to show SPC-Rho-kinase-mediated VSM contraction in vivo and to link this effect to cholesterol and rafts. The SPC-induced VSM contraction measured using a cranial window model was reversed by Y-27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, in rats fed a control diet. The extent of SPC-induced contraction correlated with serum total cholesterol. Total cholesterol levels in the internal carotid artery (ICA) were significantly higher in rats fed a cholesterol diet compared with a control diet or a β-cyclodextrin diet, which depletes VSM cholesterol. Western blotting and real-time PCR revealed increases in flotillin-1, a raft marker, and flotillin-1 mRNA in the ICA in rats fed a cholesterol diet, but not in rats fed the β-cyclodextrin diet. Depletion of cholesterol decreased rafts in VSM cells, and prevention of an increase in cholesterol by β-cyclodextrin inhibited SPC-induced contraction in a cranial window model. These results indicate that cholesterol potentiates SPC-Rho-kinase-mediated contractions of importance in cerebral vasospasm and are compatible with a role for rafts in this process.

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Porter, Karen, Joslyn Ahlgren, Jessie Stanley y Linda F. Hayward. "Modulation of heart rate variability during severe hemorrhage at different rates in conscious rats". Autonomic Neuroscience 150, n.º 1-2 (octubre de 2009): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2009.04.009.

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Velez Rueda, J. Omar, Julieta Palomeque y Alicia Mattiazzi. "Early apoptosis in different models of cardiac hypertrophy induced by high renin-angiotensin system activity involves CaMKII". Journal of Applied Physiology 112, n.º 12 (15 de junio de 2012): 2110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01383.2011.

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The objective of this study was to establish whether 1) hyperactivity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) produces apoptosis in early stages of cardiac disease; and 2) Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is involved in these apoptotic events. Two models of hypertrophy were used at an early stage of cardiac disease: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and isoproterenol-treated rats (Iso-rats). At 4 mo, SHR showed blood pressure, aldosterone serum levels, used as RAAS activity index, and left ventricular mass index, used as hypertrophy index, above control values by 84.2 ± 2.6 mmHg, 211.2 ± 25.8%, and 8.6 ± 1.1 mg/mm, respectively. There was also an increase in apoptotis (Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling positive cells) associated with an enhancement of CaMKII activity with respect to age-matched controls (phosphorylated-CaMKII, 98.7 ± 14.1 above control). Similar results were observed in 4-mo-old Iso-rats. Cardiac function studied by echocardiography remained unaltered in all groups. Enalapril treatment significantly prevented hypertrophy, apoptosis, and CaMKII activity. Moreover, intracellular Ca2+ handling in isolated myocytes was similar between SHR, Iso-rats, and their aged-matched controls. However, SHR and Iso-rats showed a significant increase in superoxide anion generation (lucigenin) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance). In transgenic mice with targeted cardiomyocyte expression of a CaMKII inhibitory peptide (AC3-I) or a scrambled control peptide (AC3-C), Iso treatment increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in both strains, whereas it increased CaMKII activity and apoptosis only in AC3-C mice. Endogenous increases in RAAS activity induce ROS and CaMKII-dependent apoptosis in vivo. CaMKII activation could not be associated with intracellular Ca2+ increments and was directly related to the increase in oxidative stress.

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28

Tanaka, H., M. Yanase-Fujiwara y K. Kanosue. "Effects of centrally and systemically administered indomethacin on body temperature in exercising rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1993): R230—R234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.1.r230.

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Subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of indomethacin were used to test whether prostaglandin synthesis is essential for the exercise-induced increase in a rat's body temperature. At an air temperature of 24 degrees C, male Wistar rats ran on a treadmill at 10-15 m/min 20 min after 300-micrograms icv injection or 60 min after 15-mg/kg sc injection of indomethacin or of control vehicle. The rectal temperature (Tre) of control rats in 17 control experiments increased by 1.0 degree C during exercise, whereas the Tre of the rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular indomethacin increased by only 0.4 degrees C. Threshold Tre for tail vasodilation was significantly lower in rats pretreated with indomethacin than the control rats (38.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 38.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C), but O2 uptake did not differ between indomethacin-pretreated and control rats. Subcutaneous injection of indomethacin did not affect the body temperature, tail vasomotor activity, or O2 uptake of exercising rats. Intracerebroventricular indomethacin did not affect Tre or tail vasomotor activity of rats resting at ambient temperatures of 24 and 28 degrees C. Present results suggest that prostaglandin synthesis is required for the vasoconstrictive effect of exercise on skin blood vessels and thus for the exercise-induced elevation of body temperature.

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29

Wahyuni, Fitra, Renowati Renowati, Ummu Habibah, Mona Dewi Utari y Nia Desriva. "PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIFITAS ANTIHIPERTENSI DAUN TANAMAN HERBAL MENURUNKAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA TIKUS BETINA INDUKSI HIPERTENSI". Ensiklopedia of Journal 4, n.º 2 (11 de enero de 2022): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/eoj.v4i2.1011.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of leaf decoction of antihypertensive herbs commonly used in Indonesia to lower blood pressure. This study used female rats induced hypertension as animal models. In this experimental study, rats were divided into seven experimental groups consisting of four rats for each group. Rats have induced hypertension with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg BW of prednisone and 2.5% NaCl. Hypertension induction for rats was carried out for 14 days, treatment with herbs of leaf decoction (soursop, starfruit, celery, and salam) with a dose of 200 mg/kg BW for 14 days. Rat's blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method at 0 days, 14 days, and 28 days. Statistical analysis used was an analysis of variance with ANOVA followed by a comparison between treatments with Dunnet's test. This study showed that all the herbal plants given were able to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure in female rats induced by hypertension, especially boiled celery leaves and star fruit leaves with p-value < 0.05.

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30

L., J. F. "RATS!" Pediatrics 96, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 1995): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.1.4.

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The mouse-is-a-little-man premise has spawned unprecedented increases in environmental regulation (purportedly to protect us from cancer) and has contributed substantially to the cost of most goods and services, insurance premiums, legal fees, and federal taxes while reducing job opportunities and incentives for innovation.

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Rothman, Kenneth J. "Rats". Epidemiology 3, n.º 2 (marzo de 1992): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199203000-00003.

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Koenker, Roger. "RATS". American Statistician 40, n.º 3 (agosto de 1986): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2684542.

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33

Iannaccone, P. M. y H. J. Jacob. "Rats!" Disease Models & Mechanisms 2, n.º 5-6 (30 de abril de 2009): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.002733.

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34

Epling, W. Frank. "Rats". Behavior Analyst 12, n.º 2 (octubre de 1989): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03392506.

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Stoddard, Christina. "Rats". Pleiades: Literature in Context 40, n.º 1 (2020): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plc.2020.0061.

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36

Pallet, Véronique, Isabelle Audouin-Chevallier, Catherine Verret, Henri Garcin y Paul Higueret. "Retinoic acid differentially modulates triiodothyronine and retinoic acid receptors in rat liver according to thyroid status". European Journal of Endocrinology 131, n.º 4 (octubre de 1994): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1310377.

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Pallet V, Audouin-Chevallier I, Verret C, Garcin H, Higueret P. Retinoic acid differentially modulates triiodothyronine and retinoic acid receptors in rat liver according to thyroid status. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:377–84. ISSN 0804–4643 Triiodothyronine (T3) receptors (TRs) and retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) exert their effects on growth, differentiation and cellular homeostasis by acting as transcription factors. The binding characteristics of these receptors have been studied in liver of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats, with or without treatment with T3, RA or T3 + RA together. The changes in binding induced by RA treatment depended on the hormonal status of the rat. In hypothyroid rats the T3 binding capacity was unaltered by administration of T3 or RA alone but increased by 48% after treatment with T3 and RA together. In these rats administration of RA, T3 or T3 + RA increased the RAR binding capacity by 45, 79 and 112%, respectively. In hyperthyroid rats the administration of RA reduced the TR and RAR binding capacities by 22 and 37%, respectively. We found also that the affinity constants of TRs and RARs were reduced in hypothyroid rats after treatment with T3 or T3+RA. It is suggested that this change of the properties of receptors is related to a ligand-dependent conformational change in these receptors. Paul Higueret, Laboratoire de Nutrition, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France

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37

Clement, Jan, James LeDuc, Graham Lloyd, Jean-Marc Reynes, Lorraine McElhinney, Marc Van Ranst y Ho-Wang Lee. "Wild Rats, Laboratory Rats, Pet Rats: Global Seoul Hantavirus Disease Revisited". Viruses 11, n.º 7 (17 de julio de 2019): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070652.

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Recent reports from Europe and the USA described Seoul orthohantavirus infection in pet rats and their breeders/owners, suggesting the potential emergence of a “new” public health problem. Wild and laboratory rat-induced Seoul infections have, however, been described since the early eighties, due to the omnipresence of the rodent reservoir, the brown rat Rattus norvegicus. Recent studies showed no fundamental differences between the pathogenicity and phylogeny of pet rat-induced Seoul orthohantaviruses and their formerly described wild or laboratory rat counterparts. The paucity of diagnosed Seoul virus-induced disease in the West is in striking contrast to the thousands of cases recorded since the 1980s in the Far East, particularly in China. This review of four continents (Asia, Europe, America, and Africa) puts this “emerging infection” into a historical perspective, concluding there is an urgent need for greater medical awareness of Seoul virus-induced human pathology in many parts of the world. Given the mostly milder and atypical clinical presentation, sometimes even with preserved normal kidney function, the importance of simple but repeated urine examination is stressed, since initial but transient proteinuria and microhematuria are rarely lacking.

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McDonald, R. B., M. Florez-Duquet, C. Murtagh-Mark y B. A. Horwitz. "Relationship between cold-induced thermoregulation and spontaneous rapid body weight loss of aging F344 rats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 271, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1996): R1115—R1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.5.r1115.

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We previously showed that, although cold-induced thermoregulation is attenuated in 26-mo-old male Fischer 344 (F344) rats, not all rats this age exhibit the same degree of cold-exposed hypothermia or diminished brown adipose tissue nonshivering thermogenic capacity. Examination of this heterogeneity suggested the hypothesis that it was associated with a difference in the physiological state between aged rats that were maintaining stable body weight versus those showing the rapid weight loss often occurring near the end of the rat's natural life span. To test this, we acutely exposed male F344 rats to cold (4 h at 6 degrees C) beginning at 24 mo of age. This exposure was weekly for the first 2 wk and then on alternate weeks as long as the rat's body weight was stable. If body weight progressively declined for 3-5 consecutive days, the rat's response to the acute cold exposure was again measured, as was that of two additional rats not displaying this rapid loss in body weight. If body temperature decreased during the cold exposure to intraperitoneal temperatures < or = 32.5 degrees C, the rat was killed with pentobarbital sodium and interscapular brown adipose tissue was removed. One of the age-matched controls was also killed at this time. The age at which body weight showed a spontaneous rapid decline ranged from 24.5 to 29 mos. All eight rats displaying spontaneous rapid weight loss had significant hypothermia during the acute cold exposure, whereas none of the eight weight-stable rats did. The development of hypothermia in the spontaneous rapid weight loss group was not, in general, observed before their weight loss. The weight loss and hypothermia were associated with lower levels of brown fat uncoupling protein and significant changes in body fat and protein. These data suggest that the development of senescence-related hypothermia occurs rapidly and is not a simple function of chronological age or the median life span of the animals. Furthermore, these data imply that the rate of aging in terms of maintenance of thermoregulatory homeostasis has both a gradual and rapid component, the latter being associated with a different physiological state than the former.

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KOMENAMI, Naoko y Masamitsu MIYOSHI. "Maximal Stationary Metabolic Rate in Free-Moving Rats." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 43, n.º 3 (1997): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.43.413.

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40

Rodrigues, L. O. C., A. Oliveira, N. R. V. Lima y C. A. Machado-Moreira. "Heat storage rate and acute fatigue in rats". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2003000100018.

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41

Levin, Thomas N., Lawrence B. Rigden, Laust H. Nielsen, Harold L. Moore, Zbylut J. Twardowski, Ramesh Khanna y Karl D. Nolph. "Maximum ultrafiltration rates during peritoneal dialysis in rats". Kidney International 31, n.º 3 (marzo de 1987): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1987.59.

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42

Johnson, Deanne F. y George Collier. "Taste, intake rate, and food choice in rats". Physiology & Behavior 72, n.º 1-2 (enero de 2001): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00369-3.

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43

Sclafani, Anthony. "Eating rates in normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats". Physiology & Behavior 55, n.º 3 (marzo de 1994): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90105-8.

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44

Klosterhalfen, W. y S. Klosterhalfen. "Habituation of heart rate in functionally decorticate rats." Behavioral Neuroscience 99, n.º 3 (1985): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.99.3.555.

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Baldwin, Ann Linda, Christina Wagers y Gary E. Schwartz. "Reiki Improves Heart Rate Homeostasis in Laboratory Rats". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14, n.º 4 (mayo de 2008): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0753.

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46

Hassan, Manar Abd Alrazaq y Asmaa A. Ajwad. "Assessment of Osteogenesis Enhancement in Rats Using Bone Densitometry: An In Vivo Study". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (28 de abril de 2022): 1268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9618.

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Background: Human survival depends on the availability of water. Safe drinking water is a fundamental human right as well as a basic need for a good health. At the mineral and organic levels of water composition, exposure to electromagnetic fields can cause considerable changes in the quality of drinking water. As a result, water is more easily absorbed into the cell walls throughout the body, making it better suited for organ growth and development. When drunk on a daily basis, magnetic water causes dramatic changes in bone mineral density and content. Due to the necessity for distinct beam filtering and near-perfect spatial discography of the two attenuations, DXA (DualEnergy X-ray Absorptiometry) was included with general-purpose X-ray systems. In rats that drink magnetized water on a daily basis, the DXA can be used to calculate the weight and area of all head compartments. Objective: By employing a Bone Densitometry scan on the head regions of rats, this study aims to assess the changes in the rat's skull bone measures (area, weight, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density) after feeding the animal with magnetized water. Methods: This study involved thirty adult male rats (6 weeks old). For 30 days, 15 rats were given a magnetized water to drink and used as experimental animals. For comparison purposes, the remaining 15 rats were given regular water for 30 days. After the experimental procedure was done, each rat's head was scanned with a DXA to determine bone weight, area, bone mineral content, and bone mineral density. Before drinking water, each rat in both the experimental and control groups was examined. The head of each rate was scanned using a DXA to get the values of bone: weight, area, mineral density, and mineral content after 30 days of consuming magnetized water. The four bone measures were statistically compared in the experimental and control rats, p-values below 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Comparing to control rats, experimental rats showed a significant increase in the bone’s weight and area of the skull (p<0.05, Wilcoxon test). Bone marrow content and bone marrow density enhanced significantly as well in experimental rats after drinking the magnetized water for 30 days. Conclusions: Drinking water that has been subjected to electromagnetic fields for 30 days can improve bone marrow content and density in rats. Drinking magnetized water also has a substantial impact on bone mass and area.

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47

Whaley-Connell, Adam, Javad Habibi, Yongzhong Wei, Alex Gutweiler, Jessica Jellison, Charles E. Wiedmeyer, Carlos M. Ferrario y James R. Sowers. "Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates glomerular filtration barrier remodeling in the transgenic Ren2 rat". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 296, n.º 5 (mayo de 2009): F1013—F1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90646.2008.

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Recent evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism has beneficial effects on tissue oxidative stress and insulin metabolic signaling as well as reducing proteinuria. However, the mechanisms by which MR antagonism corrects both renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impairments in renal insulin metabolic signaling and filtration barrier/podocyte injury remain unknown. To explore this potential beneficial interactive effect of MR antagonism we used young transgenic (mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats with increased tissue RAAS activity and elevated serum aldosterone levels. Ren2 and age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) control rats (age 6–7 wk) were implanted with a low dose of the MR antagonist spironolactone (0.24 mg/day) or vehicle, both delivered over 21 days. Albuminuria, podocyte-specific proteins (synaptopodin, nephrin, and podocin), and ultrastructural analysis of the glomerular filtration barrier were measured in relation to RAAS activation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the redox-sensitive Rho kinase (ROK). Insulin metabolic signaling was determined via measurement of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation, IRS-1 ubiquitin/proteasomal degradation, and phosphorylation of Akt. Ren2 rats exhibited albuminuria, loss of podocyte-specific proteins, and podocyte foot process effacement contemporaneous with reduced renal IRS-1 and protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation compared with SD control rats (each P < 0.05). Ren2 kidneys also manifested increased NADPH oxidase/ROS/ROK in conjunction with enhanced renal tissue levels of angiotensin II (ANG II), ANG-(1-12), and angiotensin type 1 receptor. Low-dose spironolactone treatment reduced albuminuria and tissue RAAS activity and improved podocyte structural and protein integrity with improvements in IRS-1/Akt phosphorylation. Thus, in this model of RAAS activation, MR antagonism attenuates glomerular/podocyte remodeling and albuminuria, in part through reductions in redox-mediated impairment of insulin metabolic signaling.

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48

Böckmann, Ineke, Jonas Lischka, Beatrice Richter, Jennifer Deppe, Anja Rahn, Dagmar-Christiane Fischer, Jörg Heineke, Dieter Haffner y Maren Leifheit-Nestler. "FGF23-Mediated Activation of Local RAAS Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n.º 18 (18 de septiembre de 2019): 4634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184634.

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Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to developing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, which is associated with increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) serum levels. Elevated circulating FGF23 was shown to induce left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway and contributed to cardiac fibrosis by stimulation of profibrotic factors. We hypothesized that FGF23 may also stimulate the local renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in the heart, thereby further promoting the progression of FGF23-mediated cardiac pathologies. We evaluated LVH and fibrosis in association with cardiac FGF23 and activation of RAAS in heart tissue of 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) rats compared to sham-operated animals followed by in vitro studies with isolated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and fibroblast (NRVM, NRCF), respectively. Uremic rats showed enhanced cardiomyocyte size and cardiac fibrosis compared with sham. The cardiac expression of Fgf23 and RAAS genes were increased in 5/6Nx rats and correlated with the degree of cardiac fibrosis. In NRVM and NRCF, FGF23 stimulated the expression of RAAS genes and induced Ngal indicating mineralocorticoid receptor activation. The FGF23-mediated hypertrophic growth of NRVM and induction of NFAT target genes were attenuated by cyclosporine A, losartan and spironolactone. In NRCF, FGF23 induced Tgfb and Ctgf, which were suppressed by losartan and spironolactone, only. Our data suggest that FGF23-mediated activation of local RAAS in the heart promotes cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.

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de Gooyer, TE, SL Skinner, ME Wlodek, DJ Kelly y JL Wilkinson-Berka. "Angiotensin II influences ovarian follicle development in the transgenic (mRen-2)27 and Sprague-Dawley rat". Journal of Endocrinology 180, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2004): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800311.

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There is accumulating evidence that local renin-angiotensin systems (RASs) influence cell growth and organ function in a variety of tissues including the ovary. The first aim of this study was to characterise the cellular location of RAS components in the rat ovary. This was facilitated by the use of the hypertensive transgenic (mRen-2)27 rat which overexpresses renin and angiotensin in extra-renal tissues. Comparisons were made with normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The second aim was to determine if the upregulated RAS of the transgenic (mRen-2)27 rat and infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) in SD rats influences follicle number and litter size. Gene expression, immunohistochemical and autoradiographic techniques were used to identify a discrete RAS including ANG II receptors in the ovarian stroma, follicles (particularly atretic) and to a lesser extent corpora lutea. The RAS at these sites was most abundant in homozygous (HMZ) followed by heterozygous (HTZ) (mRen-2)27 rats and then SD rats. Large antral and preovulatory follicles and litter size were reduced in (mRen-2)27 rats. In HMZ (mRen-2)27 rats and SD rats infused with ANG II, angiotensin 1a (AT(1a)) receptor mRNA in the ovarian stroma was lower than control SD rats and was associated with a reduction in large antral and preovulatory follicles. These findings indicate that upregulation of the ovarian RAS in the rat influences follicular development and, potentially, reproductive capacity.

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50

Wyse, B., M. Waters y C. Sernia. "Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system by growth hormone in Lewis dwarf rats". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 265, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1993): E332—E339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.2.e332.

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A genetically growth hormone (GH)-deficient strain of Lewis rats was used to test the hypothesis that the actions of GH on electrolyte and fluid homeostasis are mediated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Dwarf rats injected with recombinant bGH (2 mg.kg-1 x day-1) for 7 days (group GH1+) and 28 days (group GH4+), respectively, were compared with saline-injected dwarf (group GH-) and normal (group N) Lewis rats. GH decreased Na+ excretion and increased renal glomerular filtration rate in dwarf rats. The dietary intake and plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+ remained unchanged. GH increased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in dwarf rats (GH - = 109 +/- 9, GH1+ = 184 +/- 5, GH4+ = 189 +/- 28, N = 477 +/- 29 ng/ml plasma). Plasma angiotensinogen increased towards the levels found in normal Lewis rats (GH- = 859 +/- 38, GH1+ = 906 +/- 18, GH4+ = 1,027 +/- 19, N = 1497 +/- 80 ng angiotensin I/ml plasma); plasma renin activity increased above that of the normal Lewis (GH- = 10.2 +/- 0.6, GH1+ = 11.7 +/- 0.7, GH4+ = 16.7 +/- 2.4, N = 10.6 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I.ml plasma-1 x h-1). Plasma aldosterone, corticosterone, and triodothyronine concentrations were unchanged by GH treatment. Angiotensin II receptor densities in GH- rats (liver = 356 +/- 23, kidney = 228 +/- 28, adrenal = 478 +/- 58 fmol/mg protein) were upregulated by GH (GH4+ rats; liver = 573 +/- 27, kidney = 360 +/- 86, adrenal = 721 +/- 78 fmol/mg protein).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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