Bibliografías temáticas / Rain forests

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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Rain forests"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021
Última modificación: 30 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Rain forests"

1

Mirsky, Steve. "Do Rain Forests Make Rain?" Scientific American 301, n.º 1 (julio de 2009): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0709-29b.

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WEBB, L. "Rain Forests: Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East." Science 228, n.º 4701 (17 de mayo de 1985): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4701.874.

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Xiang, Wen, Guang Fan Li y Yan Rong Li. "Hainan Tropical Rainforest Landslide Analysis and Prevention Measures". Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (septiembre de 2014): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.648.

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By Hainan tropical rainforest area geology, physiognomy, the characteristics of climate, tropical rain forest complex typhoon heavy rainfall weather conditions, and the characteristic of the tropical rainforest landslide occurred, researching and analyzing the relationship of among tropical rainforest landslide, tropical rain forest vegetation destruction the relationship ,the heavy rainfall and human engineering activities. Summed up the vegetation destruction, heavy rains and engineering activities of the three factors of coupling is the most important characteristics of tropical rain forests of landslide, and put forward reasonable tropical rainforest landslide protection and management measures.
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Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography 24, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913300672349325.

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Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography 22, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1998): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913398673284103.

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Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 24, n.º 1 (marzo de 2000): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400106.

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Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 13, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1989): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913338901300305.

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Proctor, John. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, n.º 2 (junio de 1990): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400207.

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Proctor, J. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 15, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1991): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339101500304.

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Bowman, D. M. J. S. "Tropical rain forests". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 17, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1993): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339301700406.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Rain forests"

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Manokaran, N. "Population dynamics of tropical forest trees". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59678.

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Ramdass, Indarjit. "Modelling forest dynamics and management of natural tropical rain forests". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11890.

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Nascimento, Marcelo T. "A monodominant rain forest on Maraca Island, Roraima, Brazil : forest structure and dynamics". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21893.

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A forest type dominated by Peltogyne gracilipes Ducke (Caesalpiniaceae) occurs on Maraca Island on a range of soil types. Maraca is located in Roraima State (Brazil) in the Rio Uraricoera and has an area of about 100,000 ha. This study compares the structure and floristic composition of the Peltogyne forest with the most widespread lowland forest type on Maraca and investigates some factors that could be involved in the persistent monodominance of Peltogyne. Three 0.25 ha plots were set up in each of three forest types: Peltogyne-rich forest (PRF), Peltogyne-poor forest (PPF) and forest without Peltogyne (FWP). Within each plot all trees (~ 10 cm dbh) were recorded. Seedlings and saplings were sampled in sub-plots of 2 m x 1 m (seedlings) and 4 m x 4 m (saplings). In the PPF and FWP, Sapotaceae were the most important family with the highest dominance and relative density values. Caesalpiniaceae showed high values in the PRF and PPF. Licania kunthiana, Pradosia surinamensis and Simarouba amara occurred in the forest types. Peltogyne dominated had 20% of stems and 53% of the trees ~ 10 cm dbh, and 91% of the canopy layer the canopy in total basal stems and 97% in all the the PRF and area of all of the total basal area of individuals > 50 cm dbh. In PPF, Lecythis corrugata and Tetragastris panamensis were the most abundant species, followed by Peltogyne. In the FWP the most abundant trees (~ 10 cm dbh) were L. kunthiana and P. surinamensis. In general, Peltogyne had low rates of seed predation and herbivory, but suffered locally high levels of damage to its seeds by leaf-cutter ants and was once observed to have an infestation of larvae of the moth Eulepidotis phrygionia on its young leaves. Peltogyne had no allelopathic effects on tested species and had VA mycorrhizal associations. Its occurrence remains unexplained but is most clearly correlated with soil magnesium.
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Valencia, Niels. "Ecology of forests on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1990. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=128343.

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Dry cloud forests on the western slopes of the Peruvian Andes were mapped from aerial photographs, 306 stands being recorded from 4o50'S to 12o47'S. The frequency and area of these stands, as well as most parameters analyzed in the eight sample sites, show a steep decreasing latitudinal trend and are strongly correlated with the latitudinal rainfall gradient. The mean area of the forest stands decreases from 115 ha in northern Peru to 42 ha in central Peru. The number of species recorded decreases along the study area from 52 to 13 and there is a well defined latitudinal sequence of species. Mean density and basal area per hectare of stems ≥10 cm gbh decreases from 2995 individuals and 79.91 m^2 in the north to 500 individuals and 17.27 m^2 in central Peru. The vertical structure is similar throughout the study area, emergent trees reaching on average 22 m and the main canopy 12 m in the north and 13 m and 7 m respectively in central Peru. Regeneration is very active in northern Peru. Juveniles have been found for a high proportion of species, including all common ones, and most species show a logarithmic decline in number of stems with increasing girth. There is a steep decreasing trend towards central Peru, where few species regenerate, mostly shrubs. The pattern found may be the result of the combined effect of grazing and a climatic change towards drier conditions evidenced in the regeneration pattern of most sites.
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Poels, R. L. H. "Soils, water and nutrients in a forest ecosystem in Suriname". Wageningen : Agricultural University, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23819734.html.

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Latifah, Sitti. "Inventory and quality assessment of tropical rainforests in the Lore Lindu National Park (Sulawesi, Indonesia) /". Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2005. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=013215823&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Luizao, Regina C. C. "Soil biological studies in contrasting types of vegetation in central Amazonian rain forests". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2274.

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Studies were carried out in a lowland evergreen rain forest (LERF), on an ultisol, in the 'Reserva da Campina', 45 km north of Manaus, and in two facies of the highly distinct formation called heath forest, on spodosols. The spodosols had a layer of mor humus of thickness varying from nil in some parts in the smaller facies of heath forest (SHF) to 35 cm in the taller facies (THF). The overall aim was to investigate the forest soil biota and its role in nutrient turnover by comparing the SHF, THF and LERF. Microbial biomass, soil respiration and nitrogen transformation rates were measured in the three forest types in both wet and dry seasons. Field and laboratory fertilization experiments were made to investigate potential limiting nutrients for microorganisms and plants. The role of fine roots in decomposition and litter animal colonization was assessed in litter bag studies. SHF soils have a small microbial population with no net nitrification in any season. THF soils showed a variable microbial population adapted to high acidity, which immobilises nitrogen during the wet season, but which allows a net release during the dry season. LERF showed the most diverse population which causes mineralization and nitrification in both seasons. A bioassay with nutrient addition showed that the low pH, and nitrogen and sulphur supply were likely to be limiting nitrogen dynamics in all forest types, but especially in THF and LERF. The ingrowth bags showed that despite the lower values of fine root growth in the SHF (particularly when the white sand of the spodosol was used as the substrate), the roots showed in all plots an increased production with added calcium as carbonate or sulphate. In the decomposition bioassay to evaluate the role of roots in the nutrient turnover it was shown that in all forest types there was no effect of roots on the mass loss of Clitoria leaves but there was a significant effect on concentrations of some nutrients. In general, roots contributed to the accumulation of aluminium and iron and to a faster release and uptake of calcium, magnesium and zinc. A survey of the mycorrhizal associations in all forest types showed that both VAM and ECM fungi with some unknown VAM fungal species are common. VAM and ECM adaptation to low pH and high phenolic compounds in the soils may be important in the maintenance of these ecosystems.
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Abebe, Tarekegn. "The influence of selective logging on residual stand and regeneration in a rain forest in southwestern Ethiopia /". Umeå : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000213/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix includes five manuscripts submitted for publication elsewhere, four co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references.
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Grainger, A. "The future role of the tropical rain forests in the world forest economy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377888.

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Tomlinson, Francis J. "Do harvesting impacts determine patterns of non-forest vegetation in Dipterocarp Forest in Sabah 15 years post logging?" Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59623.

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Libros sobre el tema "Rain forests"

1

Oldfield, Sara. Rain forests. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1996.

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Parker, Steve. Rain forests. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2009.

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Hunter, Rebecca. Rain forests. Mankato, Minn: Sea-to-Sea Publications, 2012.

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ill, Hearn Diane Dawson, ed. Rain forests. New York: Holiday House, 2006.

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Jackson, Kay. Rain forests. Detroit: KidHaven Press, 2007.

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Pipes, Rose. Rain forests. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1998.

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illustrator, Hearn Diane Dawson, ed. Rain forests. New York: Scholastic, 2008.

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Amsel, Sheri. Rain forests. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1993.

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Michael, George. Rain forest. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 1992.

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Green, Jen. Rain forests. Milwaukee: Gareth Stevens Pub., 1999.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Rain forests"

1

Huntley, Brian John. "The Guineo-Congolian Rain Forest Biome". En Ecology of Angola, 279–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18923-4_12.

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AbstractTropical rain forests are represented in Angola by the narrow and fragmented southwards extension of the Guineo-Congolian rain forests of the Congo Basin and West Africa. This Chapter defines and characterises tropical rain forests, and compares the diversity of African forests with those of Central and South America and of South East Asia. The evolution and dynamics of African rain forests, and the role of human activity through the Holocene is discussed. Angola’s forest types are defined, their distribution, physical conditions, physiognomy and floristic and faunistic composition, plant-animal interactions, and forest gap-phase dynamics are detailed.
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Grace, John y Patrick Meir. "Tropical Rain Forests as Old-Growth Forests". En Old-Growth Forests, 391–408. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8_17.

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Jacobs, Marius. "How Rain Forests Are Studied". En The Tropical Rain Forest, 14–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72793-1_2.

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Gallery, Rachel E. "Ecology of Tropical Rain Forests". En Ecology and the Environment, 247–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7501-9_4.

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Gallery, Rachel E. "Ecology of Tropical Rain Forests". En Ecology and the Environment, 1–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7612-2_4-1.

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Sato, Kazuo y Takashi Wakamatsu. "Soil Solution Chemistry in Forests with Granite Bedrock in Japan". En Acid rain 2000, 1001–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_14.

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Collins, N. Mark, Jeffrey A. Sayer y Timothy C. Whitmore. "Natural Rain Forest Management". En The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests Asia and the Pacific, 43–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12030-7_6.

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McDowell, William H. "Nutrient Export from Tropical Rain Forests". En Modern Trends in Applied Terrestrial Ecology, 149–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0223-4_8.

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Maley, Jean. "The African Rain Forest Vegetation and Palaeoenvironments During Late Quaternary". En Tropical Forests and Climate, 79–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3608-4_9.

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Goldsmith, F. B. "Tropical rain forests — what are they really like?" En Tropical Rain Forest: A Wider Perspective, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4912-9_1.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Rain forests"

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Barševskis, Arvīds. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF BEETLES IN RAIN FORESTS OF PHILIPPINES". En Zoology and Animal Ecology. Univrsity of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/zde.2021.01.

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Ericsson, P. H. y Georges Michaloud. "Macro-Cuttings Study To Accelerate Site Restoration in Tropical Rain Forests". En SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27169-ms.

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Floo, Bjorn, Per-Olov Frolind, Anders Gustavsson, Tommy Jonsson, Bjorn Larsson, Mikael Lundberg, Daniel Murdin, Gunnar Stenstrom y Lars M. H. Ulander. "SAR data collection over rain forests at VHF- and UHF-band". En IGARSS 2010 - 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2010.5651224.

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Dias, Mauricio H. C., Marinho A. K. Melo, Priscilla A. Farias, Hebert A. Sa, Anderson A. Marques y Leonardo H. Moreira. "A field assessment of HF/VHF wire antenna impedance changes in rain forests". En 2012 6th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eucap.2012.6206011.

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Cunningham, P. S., J. L. Kreamer, J. G. Winston, L. M. Chenault y G. L. Watt. "Coexistence; Exploration and the Environment - Seismic Operating with Care in Rain Forests and Wetlands". En 4th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.313.277.

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Toivonen, Tuuli y Sanna Maki. "Accessibility of lowland rain forests of Western Amazonia via rivers: an analysis using Landsat TM mosaic and GIS". En International Symposium on Remote Sensing, editado por Manfred Ehlers. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.453667.

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Tsitsagi, Mariam, Zaza Gulashvili, Nana Bolashvili, Marika Tatishvili y Nikoloz Suknidze. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORMALISED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX, PRECIPITATION AND DROUGHT INDICES (CASE OF KAKHETI, GEORGIA)". En 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.46.

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The link between precipitation, drought indices, and NDVI is discussed in this paper. The data were processed on the example of the extreme eastern region of GeorgiaKakheti for the period 2016-2020. The study area has landscapes of natural (mixed and deciduous forests) and agriculture (vineyards, orchards, cereals, and vegetables). The NDVI was generated using Sentinel 2 images with a 10 m pixel resolution, and the average monthly NDVI was derived using Arc map 10.8. Drought indices (SPI and SPEI) were calculated according to the daily climate data from five rain gauges located in the study area in program R. Several trends emerged from the results. The correlation between NDVI, precipitation and drought indices vary according to natural and agricultural landscapes. A relatively low correlation was observed between the average monthly NDVI, precipitation and drought indices in the case of forests in Lagodekhi. These areas are relatively humid locations in Kakheti. In the southeast of the region, where arid forests are represented, NDVI was found to be more sensitive to precipitation and, consequently, drought indices. However, in contrast to the previously described locations, SPI and SPEI differed significantly from each other. In the case of agriculture landscapes, this connection is more complex and depends on the crop type and the vegetation period.
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Hardin, Perry J. y David G. Long. "Reconstructed high-resolution scatterometer data: a comparison with AVHRR vegetation index images for regional-scale monitoring of tropical rain forests". En Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, editado por Hatem N. Nasr. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.154701.

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Narli, Vefa y Paul Y. Oh. "Near-Earth Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Sensor Suite Testing and Evaluation". En ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99614.

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This paper describes a test rig that is used to design and test sensor suites for unmanned air vehicles (UAV) operating in near-earth like environments such as forests, caves and urban canyons. The test rig employs a six degree-of-freedom gantry. Inside its workspace is a full-scale diorama of the environment. Surrounding the gantry are lamps, fans, and generators to reproduce lighting, rain and obscurants typical of such environments. A sensor pod is mounted at the gantry end-effector. The acquired data is fed into a high-fidelity math model of the real UAV. The output is then used to drive the gantry to move the sensor pod in the real world environment. The net effect is a hardware-in-the-loop system that emulates the real UAV’s motions and responses in near-Earth environments. The test rig is important because there is little to no data on sensor performance metrics of UAV in near-Earth environments.
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de Lemos, Marcelo J. S. y Renato Alves da Silva. "Simulation of Turbulent Flow in a Channel Partially Occupied by a Porous Layer Considering the Stress Jump at the Interface". En ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31279.

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Environmental flows of extreme importance, such as turbulent atmospheric boundary layer over thick rain forests, may benefit from more realistic mathematical models. Accordingly, flow over layers of dense vegetation can be characterized by some sort of porous structure through which a fluid permeates. For hybrid media, involving both a porous structure and a clear flow region, difficulties arise due to the proper mathematical treatment given at the interface. The literature proposes a jump condition in which shear stresses on both sides of the interface are not of the same value. This paper presents numerical solutions for such hybrid medium, considering here a channel partially filled with a porous layer through which fluid flows in turbulent regime. One unique set of transport equations is applied to both regions. Effects of Reynolds number, porosity, permeability and jump coefficient on mean and turbulence fields are investigated. Results indicate that depending on the value of the stress jump parameters, a substantially different structure for the turbulent field is obtained.
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Informes sobre el tema "Rain forests"

1

Nicholls, David y Trista Patterson. Greenhouse gas emissions versus forest sequestration in temperate rain forests—a southeast Alaska analysis. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-918.

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Flint, E. P. y J. F. Richards. Bibliography on tropical rain forests and the global carbon cycle: Volume 2, South Asia. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6284172.

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Tobin, Daniel, Maria Janowiak, David Hollinger, Howard Skinner, Christopher Swanston, Rachel Steele, Rama Radhakrishna y Allison Chatrchyan. Northeast and Northern Forests Regional Climate Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, junio de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.6965350.ch.

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The northeastern United States is a diverse region containing the seven most densely populated States in the Nation. Agriculture in the Northeast is varied, including vegetable production, ornamentals and fruits, animal production, and field crops. Forests are a dominant land use in the northern parts of the region and in the Appalachian Mountains. Northeast farmers are already experiencing crop damage from extreme precipitation. Wet springs are delaying planting and harvest dates and reducing yields for grain and vegetables. Heavy rain in the Northeast has increased more than any other region in the country.
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Douglas, Thomas, Merritt Turetsky y Charles Koven. Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), junio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41050.

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Earth’s high latitudes are projected to experience warmer and wetter summers in the future but ramifications for soil thermal processes and permafrost thaw are poorly understood. Here we present 2750 end of summer thaw depths representing a range of vegetation characteristics in Interior Alaska measured over a 5-year period. This included the top and third wettest summers in the 91-year record and three summers with precipitation close to mean historical values. Increased rainfall led to deeper thaw across all sites with an increase of 0.7 ± 0.1 cm of thaw per cm of additional rain. Disturbed and wetland sites were the most vulnerable to rain-induced thaw with ~1 cm of surface thaw per additional 1 cm of rain. Permafrost in tussock tundra, mixed forest, and conifer forest was less sensitive to rain-induced thaw. A simple energy budget model yields seasonal thaw values smaller than the linear regression of our measurements but provides a first-order estimate of the role of rain-driven sensible heat fluxes in high-latitude terrestrial permafrost. This study demonstrates substantial permafrost thaw from the projected increasing summer precipitation across most of the Arctic region.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge y Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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6

Lane, Erin y Kate MacFarland. 360o of Silvopasturing to Adapt to Climate Change. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, agosto de 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6937342.ch.

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Climate change is already impacting farm and forest lands throughout the northeastern United States. Temperatures are increasing and more rain is falling all at once with dry periods in between. With these changes comes greater variation and uncertainty in crop and livestock production. Without modifying management, agricultural profits may decline
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7

Carrasco, C. E., H. J. Alvarez, N. Ortiz, M. Bisbal, W. Arias, C. Baerga y T. C. Hazen. Multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli from a tropical rain forest stream. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666133.

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Perez-Rosas, N. y T. C. Hazen. Survival and distribution of Vibrio cholerae in a tropical rain forest stream. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/666266.

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9

Jones, David, Roy Cook, John Sovell, Matt Ley, Hannah Shepler, David Weinzimmer y Carlos Linares. Natural resource condition assessment: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301822.

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The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program administered by the NPS Water Resources Division evaluates current conditions for important natural resources and resource indicators using primarily existing information and data. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition, when possible, identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. This NRCA complements previous scientific endeavors, is multi-disciplinary in scope, employs a hierarchical indicator framework, identifies and develops reference conditions/values for comparison against current conditions, and emphasizes spatial evaluation of conditions where possible. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (LIBO) was authorized by an act of Congress on February 19, 1962, (Public Law 87-407) to preserve the site associated with the boyhood and family of President Abraham Lincoln, including a portion of the original Tom Lincoln farm and the nearby gravesite of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The 200-acre memorial commemorates the pioneer farm where Abraham Lincoln lived from the age of 7 to 21. The NRCA for LIBO employed a scoping process involving Colorado State University, LIBO and other NPS staffs to establish the NRCA framework, identify important park resources, and gather existing information and data. Indicators and measures for each resource were then identified and evaluated. Data and information were analyzed and synthesized to provide summaries and address condition, trend and confidence using a standardized but flexible framework. A total of nine focal resources were examined: four addressing system and human dimensions, one addressing chemical and physical attributes, and four addressing biological attributes. The quality and currentness of data used for the evaluation varied by resource. Landscape context ? system and human dimensions included land cover and land use, natural night skies, soundscape, and climate change. Climate change and land cover/land use were not assigned a condition or trend?they provide important context to the memorial and many natural resources and can be stressors. Some of the land cover and land use-related stressors at LIBO and in the larger region are related to the development of rural land and increases in population/housing over time. The trend in land development, coupled with the lack of significantly sized and linked protected areas, presents significant challenges to the conservation of natural resources of LIBO to also include natural night skies, natural sounds and scenery. Climate change is happening and is affecting resources, but is not considered good or bad per se. The information synthesized in that section is useful in examining potential trends in the vulnerability of sensitive resources and broad habitat types such as forests. Night skies and soundscapes, significantly altered by disturbance due to traffic, development and urbanization, warrant significant and moderate concern, respectively, and appear to be in decline. Air quality was the sole resource supporting chemical and physical environment at the memorial. The condition of air quality can affect human dimensions of the park such as visibility and scenery as well as biological components such as the effect of ozone levels on vegetation health. Air quality warrants significant concern and is largely impacted by historical and current land uses outside the memorial boundary. The floral biological component was examined by assessing native species composition, Mean Coefficient of Conservation, Floristic Quality Assessment Index, invasive exotic plants, forest pests and disease, and forest vulnerability to climate change. Vegetation resources at LIBO have been influenced by historical land uses that have changed the species composition and age structure of these communities. Although large tracts of forests can be found surrounding the park, the majority of forested areas are fragmented, and few areas within and around LIBO exhibit late-successional or old-growth characteristics. Vegetation communities at LIBO have a long history of being impacted by a variety of stressors and threats including noxious and invasive weeds, diseases and insect pests; compounding effects of climate change, air pollution, acid rain/atmospheric chemistry, and past land uses; and impacts associated with overabundant white-tail deer populations. These stressors and threats have collectively shaped and continue to impact plant community condition and ecological succession. The sole metric in good condition was native species composition, while all other indicators and metrics warranted either moderate or significant concern. The faunal biological components examined included birds, herptiles, and mammals. Birds (unchanging trend) and herptiles (no trend determined) warrant moderate concern, while mammal populations warrant significant concern (no trend determined). The confidence of both herptiles and mammals was low due to length of time since data were last collected. Current forest structure within and surrounding LIBO generally reflects the historical overstory composition but changes in the hardwood forest at LIBO and the surrounding area have resulted in declines in the avian fauna of the region since the 1970s. The decline in woodland bird populations has been caused by multiple factors including the conversion of hardwood forest to other land cover types, habitat fragmentation, and increasing human population growth. The identification of data gaps during the course of the assessment is an important NRCA outcome. Resource-specific details are presented in each resource section. In some cases, significant data gaps contributed to the resource not being evaluated or low confidence in the condition or trend being assigned to a resource. Primary data gaps and uncertainties encountered were lack of recent survey data, uncertainties regarding reference conditions, availability of consistent long-term data, and the need for more robust or sensitive sampling designs. Impacts associated with development outside the park will continue to stress some resources. Regionally, the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely but specific outcomes are uncertain. Nonetheless, within the past several decades, some progress has been made toward restoring the quality of natural resources within the park, most notably the forested environments. Regional and park-specific mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to maintain or improve the condition of some resources over time. Success will require acknowledging a ?dynamic change context? that manages widespread and volatile problems while confronting uncertainties, managing natural and cultural resources simultaneously and interdependently, developing disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge, and establishing connectivity across broad landscapes beyond park borders.
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Jackson, Kristine C. Recent changes in costs of shipping forest products by rail. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-471.

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