Artículos de revistas: "Radiologically Isolated Syndrom"

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Okuda, Darin T. "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 27, n.º 2 (mayo de 2017): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2016.12.008.

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Fazekas, F., N. De Stefano, M. Filippi, F. Barkhof y A. Rovira. "Radiologically isolated syndrome". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 357 (octubre de 2015): e462-e463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.166.

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Filippi, Massimo. "Radiologically isolated syndrome and clinically isolated syndrome". Journal of the Neurological Sciences 429 (octubre de 2021): 118003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.118003.

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Niino, Masaaki y Yusei Miyazaki. "Radiologically isolated syndrome and clinically isolated syndrome". Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology 8 (enero de 2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12346.

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Lebrun, C. "The radiologically isolated syndrome". Revue Neurologique 171, n.º 10 (octubre de 2015): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.05.001.

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El Helou, Jeanine. "Traitement du Radiologically isolated syndrome". Revue Neurologique 177 (abril de 2021): S150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2021.02.053.

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Makhani, Naila, Christine Lebrun, Aksel Siva, David Brassat, Clarisse Carra Dallière, Jérôme de Seze, Wei Du et al. "Radiologically isolated syndrome in children". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 4, n.º 6 (25 de septiembre de 2017): e395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000395.

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Objective:To describe clinical and radiologic outcomes of children with incidental findings on neuroimaging suggestive of CNS demyelination (termed “radiologically isolated syndrome” or RIS).Methods:Clinical and radiologic data were obtained from a historical cohort of children with no symptoms of demyelinating disease who had MRI scans that met the 2010 MRI criteria for dissemination in space for MS.Results:We identified 38 children (27 girls and 11 boys) with RIS now being prospectively followed at 16 sites in 6 countries. The mean follow-up time was 4.8 ± 5.3 years. The most common reason for initial neuroimaging was headache (20/38, 53%). A first clinical event consistent with CNS demyelination occurred in 16/38 children (42%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%–60%) in a median of 2.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.0–4.3 years). Radiologic evolution developed in 23/38 children (61%; 95% CI: 44%–76%) in a median of 1.1 years (IQR 0.5–1.9 years). The presence of ≥2 unique oligoclonal bands in CSF (hazard ratio [HR] 10.9, 95% CI: 1.4–86.2, p = 0.02) and spinal cord lesions on MRI (HR 7.8, 95% CI: 1.4–43.6, p = 0.02) were associated with an increased risk of a first clinical event after adjustment for age and sex.Conclusions:We describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with incidental MRI findings highly suggestive of CNS demyelination. Children with RIS had a substantial risk of subsequent clinical symptoms and/or radiologic evolution. The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF and spinal cord lesions on MRI were associated with an increased risk of a first clinical event.

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Yeh, E. Ann. "Radiologically isolated syndrome in children". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 4, n.º 6 (23 de octubre de 2017): e411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000411.

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Cummings, A. y J. Chataway. "Negotiating the radiologically isolated syndrome". British Journal of Hospital Medicine 75, n.º 10 (2 de octubre de 2014): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2014.75.10.552.

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Joly, Héloise, Emilie Gerbier, Margaux Zerlini, Roxane Fabre, Cassandre Landes-Château, Lydiane Mondot, Mikael Cohen y Christine Lebrun-Frenay. "Alexithymia in radiologically isolated syndrome". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 91 (noviembre de 2024): 105905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2024.105905.

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Silva, Joana, Ricardo Faustino y Filipe Palavra. "Síndrome Radiológica Isolada em Idade Pediátrica: O Modelo Clínico Ideal para o Estudo da Remielinização?" Sinapse 22, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46531/sinapse/ar/210032/2022.

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De Stefano, Nicola y Aksel Siva. "The radiologically isolated syndrome dilemma: just an incidental radiological finding or presymptomatic multiple sclerosis?" Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, n.º 3 (20 de febrero de 2013): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512460418.

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Labiano-Fontcuberta, Andrés, Yolanda Aladro, Mª Luisa Martínez-Ginés, Lucía Ayuso, Alex J. Mitchell, Verónica Puertas, Marta Cerezo, Yolanda Higueras y Julián Benito-León. "Psychiatric disturbances in radiologically isolated syndrome". Journal of Psychiatric Research 68 (septiembre de 2015): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.05.008.

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Yamout, B. y M. Al Khawajah. "Radiologically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 17 (octubre de 2017): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.08.016.

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Lebrun, Christine, Frederic Blanc, David Brassat, Hélène Zephir y Jerome de Seze. "Cognitive function in radiologically isolated syndrome". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 16, n.º 8 (7 de julio de 2010): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458510375707.

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Background: Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is characterized by patients with asymptomatic T2 hypersignals detected by brain MRI fulfilling dissemination in space criteria and is suggestive of subclinical multiple sclerosis (MS). In previous studies, it was demonstrated that visual evoked potential and cerebrospinal fluid help to identify pejorative markers in converting to MS. Objective: To date the cognitive function has never been investigated in a cohort of RIS. The objective of this study was to investigate cognitive function in a cohort of 26 RIS patients. Methods: We prospectively assessed the BCcogSEP (a French adaptation of the Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB) including eight cognitive tests) of 26 patients with RIS, compared with 26 MS patients and 26 healthy subjects matched for age, sex and level of education. Results: When comparing the three groups, the cognitive performance was significantly lower in the RIS and MS groups compared with healthy subjects for the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) 3 seconds ( p = 0.002), phonemic fluencies ( p = 0.02), the code of the WAIS ( p = 0.05), the direct ( p = 0.002) or indirect ( p = 0.007) digit span test, the cross-taping test ( p = 0.019) and Go—No-Go ( p = 0.001). When we compared RIS and MS, the cognitive performance was significantly lower in MS patients for the direct span number ( p = 0.003) and cross-tapping test ( p = 0.05). We did not find significant differences between the three groups for the other tests. We did not find a correlation between clinical, biological and MRI results and cognitive dysfunctions. Conclusions: This study confirms the recently developed concept of RIS patients who present similar features to MS patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm these initial results and to correlate cognitive disorders with MRI surrogate markers.

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Giorgio, A., M. L. Stromillo, F. Rossi, M. Battaglini, B. Hakiki, E. Portaccio, A. Federico, M. P. Amato y N. De Stefano. "Cortical lesions in radiologically isolated syndrome". Neurology 77, n.º 21 (9 de noviembre de 2011): 1896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e318238ee9b.

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Sabeti, Fatemeh, Masoud Etemadifar y Negar Ostadsharif. "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome Conversion to Multiple Sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 59 (marzo de 2022): 103600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.103600.

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Labiano-Fontcuberta, Andrés, Virginia Mato-Abad, Juan Álvarez-Linera, Juan Antonio Hernández-Tamames, M. Luisa Martínez-Ginés, Yolanda Aladro, Lucía Ayuso, Ángela Domingo-Santos y Julián Benito-León. "Gray Matter Involvement in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Medicine 95, n.º 13 (marzo de 2016): e3208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000003208.

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Azevedo, Christina J., Eve Overton, Sankalpa Khadka, Jessica Buckley, Shuang Liu, Mehul Sampat, Orhun Kantarci et al. "Early CNS neurodegeneration in radiologically isolated syndrome". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 2, n.º 3 (9 de abril de 2015): e102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000102.

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George, Ilena C., Katherine DeStefano y Naila Makhani. "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient". Pediatric Neurology 56 (marzo de 2016): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.013.

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Fateme, Masoud Etemadifar, Yalda Nikanfar y Pegah Noorshargh. "Radiologically Isolated Syndrome Conversion to Multiple Sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 26 (noviembre de 2018): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.10.057.

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Menascu, Shay, Maya Stern, Roi Aloni, Alon Kalron, David Magalshvili y Anat Achiron. "Assessing cognitive performance in radiologically isolated syndrome". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 32 (julio de 2019): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2019.04.030.

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George, Ilena C., Mohamed Mounir El Mendili, Matilde Inglese, Christina J. Azevedo, Orhun Kantarci, Christine Lebrun, Aksel Siva, Darin T. Okuda y Daniel Pelletier. "Cerebellar volume loss in radiologically isolated syndrome". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 27, n.º 1 (4 de noviembre de 2019): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458519887346.

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Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), in which asymptomatic demyelinating-appearing lesions are detected incidentally on MRI, can be a pre-clinical form of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, we measured cerebellar volumes on 3D T1-weighted 3T MR images in 21 individuals with RIS and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Normalized cerebellar white matter volume and the anterior cerebellar gray matter volume were significantly decreased in RIS compared to HC ( p = 0.003 and p = 0.005, respectively). Our findings support reports of regional brain atrophy in RIS prior to the development of a seminal attack related to inflammatory demyelination.

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Suthiphosuwan, Suradech, Pascal Sati, Martina Absinta, Melanie Guenette, Daniel S. Reich, Aditya Bharatha y Jiwon Oh. "Paramagnetic Rim Sign in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". JAMA Neurology 77, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2020): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.0124.

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Tripathi, Richa y Evanthia Bernitsas. "From Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome to Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2956387.

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Background. Autonomic dysfunction is common in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Most spinal cord lesions entail some degree of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. MS patients may develop autonomic dysfunction later in their disease course. Methods. We report a patient with no prior history of MS presenting with orthostatic symptoms and diagnosed initially with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Four months later, she was diagnosed with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). The diagnosis was supported by imaging and CSF analysis. Conclusion. Our case sheds light on the need to consider autonomic dysfunction as an initial presentation of demyelinating pathology. Larger trials are needed to outline the possible association between POTS and RIS.

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Lebrun, C., E. Le Page, O. Kantarci, A. Siva, D. Pelletier y DT Okuda. "Impact of pregnancy on conversion to clinically isolated syndrome in a radiologically isolated syndrome cohort". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 18, n.º 9 (2 de febrero de 2012): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458511435931.

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Background: In multiple sclerosis (MS), the relapse rate declines during pregnancy and increases during the first three months post-partum before returning to the pre-pregnancy rate. It is unknown whether pregnancy impacts the risk of clinical conversion in those within the presymptomatic period. Objectives: We investigate the impact of pregnancy on developing a clinical event in women diagnosed with radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Methods: All women with RIS underwent clinical and radiological assessments as part of an observational, prospective, longitudinal study. Clinical and MRI outcomes were analyzed during and after pregnancy. Subjects who became pregnant were compared with an age-matched female RIS group who did not become pregnant during the same follow-up period. Results: A total of 60 women with RIS were followed for up to seven years. Among them, seven became pregnant and were compared with 53 age-matched control women with RIS who did not become pregnant during the observation period. A significantly shorter time of conversion to the first neurological event was observed in the pregnant group [15.3 months (10–18)] compared with the non-pregnant controls [35.7 months (8–76)], yielding an absolute difference of 20.4 months ( p<0.05). The mean (SD) number of active lesions on a subsequent brain MRI scan was significantly higher in the pregnant group [3.2 (±1.7)] compared with the control group [1.8 (±0.6)]. Conclusions: The risk for clinical conversion from RIS to a clinical event and new MRI disease activity seems to be influenced by pregnancy. Pregnancy related physiological changes could operate as early as the presymptomatic period in patients with MS.

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Mato-Abad, V., A. Labiano-Fontcuberta, S. Rodríguez-Yáñez, R. García-Vázquez, C. R. Munteanu, J. Andrade-Garda, A. Domingo-Santos et al. "Classification of radiologically isolated syndrome and clinically isolated syndrome with machine-learning techniques". European Journal of Neurology 26, n.º 7 (1 de marzo de 2019): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13923.

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Granberg, Tobias, Juha Martola, Maria Kristoffersen-Wiberg, Peter Aspelin y Sten Fredrikson. "Radiologically isolated syndrome – incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis, a systematic review". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, n.º 3 (3 de julio de 2012): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458512451943.

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With increasing availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is also an increase in incidental abnormal findings. MRI findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis in persons without typical multiple sclerosis symptoms and with normal neurological findings are defined as radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Half of the persons with RIS have their initial MRI because of headache, and some have a subclinical cognitive impairment similar to that seen in multiple sclerosis. Radiological measurements also show a similarity between RIS and multiple sclerosis. Approximately two-thirds of persons with RIS show radiological progression and one-third develop neurological symptoms during mean follow-up times of up to five years. Cervical cord lesions are important predictors of clinical conversion. Management has to be individualised, but initiation of disease modifying therapy is controversial and not recommended outside of clinical trials since its effects have not been studied in RIS. Future studies should try to establish the prevalence and long-term prognosis of RIS, its impact on quality of life, and define the role of disease modifying therapy in RIS.

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Muñoz-San Martín, María, Sandra Torras, René Robles-Cedeño, Maria Buxó, Imma Gomez, Clara Matute-Blanch, Manuel Comabella et al. "Radiologically isolated syndrome: targeting miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers". Epigenomics 12, n.º 23 (diciembre de 2020): 2065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/epi-2020-0172.

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Aim: Some clinical and biological characteristics have been described as prognostic factors for clinical conversion into clinically definite multiple sclerosis in radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) population. The aim of this study was to assess signatures of circulating miRNAs in those patients according to their conversion status after 5 years of follow-up. Patients & methods: OpenArray plates assessing 216 miRNA candidates were run in 15 RIS patients, and their relative abundances were analyzed. Results: A specific profile of deregulated circulating miRNAs (miR-144-3p, miR-448 and miR-653-3p in cerebrospinal fluid and miR-142-3p, miR-338-3p, miR-363-3p, miR-374b-5p, miR-424-5p, miR-483-3p in plasma) differentiated individuals who remained as RIS after 5 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Circulating miRNAs might be used as prognostic biomarkers for RIS patients.

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Suthiphosuwan, S., P. Sati, M. Guenette, X. Montalban, D. S. Reich, A. Bharatha y J. Oh. "The Central Vein Sign in Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". American Journal of Neuroradiology 40, n.º 5 (18 de abril de 2019): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a6045.

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Ekmekci, Ozgul y Cenk Eraslan. "Silent Tumefactive Demyelinating Lesions and Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2018 (28 de noviembre de 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8409247.

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Demyelinating lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter, with or without edema, are known as tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDLs). They constitute a rare inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. TDLs are typically characterized by headaches, cortical symptoms such as aphasia, hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits, seizures, and changes in consciousness. TDLs may occur in patients with or without an established diagnosis of MS or may occur as the initial demyelinating event. They may also be observed during follow-up in patients with MS, neuromyelitis optica, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, or other autoimmune diseases. Differential diagnosis includes brain tumors, abscess, granulomatous diseases, and vasculitis. In some cases, it may be very difficult to distinguish TDLs from a tumor, such that biopsy might be needed. However, no cases of asymptomatic TDLs have yet been reported in the literature. Hence, in this report, we present a case involving an asymptomatic TDL detected incidentally during magnetic resonance imaging in an 18-year-old man. The patient did not develop any symptoms during the 1-year follow-up period. During follow-up, the patient was diagnosed with a radiologically isolated syndrome. TDLs have not previously been identified as radiologically isolated syndrome. Thus, reporting similar cases in the future will help in further understanding this phenomenon.

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Alcaide-Leon, Paula, Kateryna Cybulsky, Stephanie Sankar, Courtney Casserly, General Leung, Marika Hohol, Daniel Selchen, Xavier Montalban, Aditya Bharatha y Jiwon Oh. "Quantitative spinal cord MRI in radiologically isolated syndrome". Neurology - Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation 5, n.º 2 (18 de enero de 2018): e436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000436.

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ObjectivesTo assess whether quantitative spinal cord MRI (SC-MRI) measures, including atrophy, and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetization transfer imaging metrics were different in radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) vs healthy controls (HCs).MethodsTwenty-four participants with RIS and 14 HCs underwent cervical SC-MRI on a 3T magnet. Manually segmented regions of interest circumscribing the spinal cord cross-sectional area (SC-CSA) between C3 and C4 were used to extract SC-CSA, fractional anisotropy, mean, perpendicular, and parallel diffusivity (MD, λ⊥, and λ||) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). Spinal cord (SC) lesions, SC gray matter (GM), and SC white matter (WM) areas were also manually segmented. Multivariable linear regression was performed to evaluate differences in SC-MRI measures in RIS vs HCs, while controlling for age and sex.ResultsIn this cross-sectional study of participants with RIS, 71% had lesions in the cervical SC. Of quantitative SC-MRI metrics, spinal cord MTR showed a trend toward being lower in RIS vs HCs (p = 0.06), and there was already evidence of brain atrophy (p = 0.05). There were no significant differences in SC-DTI metrics, GM, WM, or CSA between RIS and HCs.ConclusionThe SC demonstrates minimal microstructural changes suggestive of demyelination and inflammation in RIS. These findings are in contrast to established MS and raise the possibility that the SC may play an important role in triggering clinical symptomatology in MS. Prospective follow-up of this cohort will provide additional insights into the role the SC plays in the complex sequence of events related to MS disease initiation and progression.

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Alshamrani, Foziah, Hind Alnajashi y M. Freedman. "Radiologically isolated syndrome: watchful waiting vs. active treatment". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 17, n.º 5 (21 de noviembre de 2016): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2017.1259568.

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Fyfe, Ian. "CSF markers predict progression from radiologically isolated syndrome". Nature Reviews Neurology 14, n.º 4 (2 de marzo de 2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2018.26.

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Koushki, M. M. "Progression from radiologically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 3, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2014): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2014.09.154.

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Bryukhov, V. V., E. V. Popova, I. A. Krotenkova y A. N. Boyko. "Radiologically isolated syndrome — MRI criteria and management tactic". Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova 116, n.º 10. Vyp. 2 (2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201611610247-52.

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Aguiar de Sousa, Diana, Ruth Geraldes, Raquel Gil-Gouveia y João Correia Sá. "New daily persistent headache and radiologically isolated syndrome". Journal of Neurology 260, n.º 8 (9 de julio de 2013): 2179–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-7015-y.

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Knier, Benjamin, Achim Berthele, Dorothea Buck, Paul Schmidt, Claus Zimmer, Mark Mühlau, Bernhard Hemmer y Thomas Korn. "Optical coherence tomography indicates disease activity prior to clinical onset of central nervous system demyelination". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, n.º 7 (11 de septiembre de 2015): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515604496.

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Background: Establishing biomarkers for predicting disease activity in demyelinating disease of the central nervous system is crucial for designing appropriate disease modifiying treatment strategies. Objective: To investigate retinal findings and disease activity in patients with radiologically isolated and clinically isolated syndromes. Methods: We performed retinal optical coherence tomography and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in healthy control individuals ( n=19), in individuals with non-specific white matter lesions ( n=18), and in patients with clinically isolated syndromes ( n=18) and radiologically isolated syndromes ( n=20). Results: Reduced volume of retinal nerve fibre layer and increased volume of inner nuclear layer at baseline correlated with subsequent disease activity as measured by an increase in cerebral T2 lesion load in patients with radiologically isolated syndromes. Reduced volume of retinal nerve fibre layer and increased volumes of inner and outer nuclear layer were associated with progression into multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Conclusion: Patients with radiologically and clinically isolated syndromes behave similarly concerning paraclinical disease activity in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. In both conditions, reduction of retinal nerve fibre layer and increased inner nuclear layer and outer nuclear layer volumes predict disease activity and are associated with progression into multiple sclerosis.

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Abdel-Mannan, Omar, Ainat Klein, Anat Bachar Zipori, Liat Ben-Sira, Aviva Fattal-valevski, Yael Hacohen y Hadas Meirson. "Radiologically isolated aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 28, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2022): 676–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13524585221074947.

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Aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare neuroinflammatory syndrome presenting predominantly with optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. We report a case of radiologically isolated longitudinally extensive optic neuritis in an asymptomatic 12-year-old female with positive serum AQP4-Ab, with resolution of imaging changes after immune therapy. By contrast to patients with radiologically isolated syndrome, of which some will never convert to multiple sclerosis, the pathogenicity of AQP4-Ab in the context of sub-clinical disease, supported treatment in our patient. Given the severe morbidity in AQP4-Ab NMOSD, prognostic biomarkers for disease severity are required to guide optimal therapy for patients.

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Chaloulos-Iakovidis, Panagiotis, Franca Wagner, Lea Weber, Lara Diem, Andrew Chan, Anke Salmen, Christoph Friedli y Robert Hoepner. "Predicting conversion to multiple sclerosis in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome: a retrospective study". Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders 14 (enero de 2021): 175628642110306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562864211030664.

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Aims: To retrospectively analyse the Bernese radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) cohort with the goal of developing a prediction score for conversion to multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A total of 31 patients with RIS were identified by screening medical records of neurological patients seen at the University Hospital of Bern between 2004 and 2017 for the diagnoses ‘radiologically isolated syndrome’ and ‘RIS’ adhering to 2009 Okuda recommendations. We analysed clinical, paraclinical and magnetic resonance imaging data during a maximum follow-up period of 3 years and identified significant predictors of conversion to MS. Results: Data were available for 31 patients meeting 2009 Okuda RIS criteria. During the 3 years of follow up, 5/31 RIS patients converted to relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. In our univariate analysis, gadolinium (Gd) enhancement, brainstem and cerebellar hemisphere lesions, immune cell count and albumin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity in serum were identified as significant predictors of conversion to MS. Integrating these factors into our ‘RIS–MS prediction score’ enabled us to calculate a cut-off for prediction of conversion to MS within 3 years with high specificity [1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–1.00) and acceptable sensitivity (0.6, 95% CI 0.17–0.93)]. Conclusion: Our RIS–MS prediction score, if validated in an independent cohort, integrating radiological (Gd enhancement, brainstem and cerebellar hemisphere lesions) and paraclinical factors (ANA in serum, cell count and albumin in CSF) could be a useful prognostic tool for early recognition of RIS patients with a high risk of clinical progression to MS.

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Barboza, Andres G., Edgar Carnero Contentti, Maria Celeste Curbelo, Mario Javier Halfon, Juan Ignacio Rojas, Berenice A. Silva, Vladimiro Sinay, Santiago Tizio, Maria Celica Ysrraelit y Ricardo Alonso. "Radiologically isolated syndrome: from biological bases to practical management". Neurological Sciences 42, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2021): 1335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05069-6.

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Forslin, Y., T. Granberg, A. Antwan Jumah, S. Shams, P. Aspelin, M. Kristoffersen-Wiberg, J. Martola y S. Fredrikson. "Incidence of Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: A Population-Based Study". American Journal of Neuroradiology 37, n.º 6 (4 de febrero de 2016): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a4660.

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George, Ilena C., Dylan R. Rice, Lori B. Chibnik y Farrah J. Mateen. "Radiologically isolated syndrome: A single-center, retrospective cohort study". Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 55 (octubre de 2021): 103183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2021.103183.

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Labiano-Fontcuberta, Andrés y Julián Benito-León. "Radiologically isolated syndrome: An update on a rare entity". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, n.º 12 (11 de julio de 2016): 1514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458516653666.

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Our understanding of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is evolving, as new data emerge on the clinical characterization and the pathophysiological nature of this rare entity. This topical review aims to (1) outline state-of-the-art clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings of RIS research; (2) raise the main obstacles to RIS research; (3) discuss the most controversial issues of current RIS findings; and (4) highlight potential strategies for upcoming research studies.

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45

Spain, Rebecca y Dennis Bourdette. "The Radiologically Isolated Syndrome: Look (Again) Before You Treat". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 11, n.º 5 (12 de julio de 2011): 498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0213-z.

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Kantarci, Orhun H., Christine Lebrun, Aksel Siva, Mark B. Keegan, Christina J. Azevedo, Matilde Inglese, Mar Tintoré et al. "Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Evolving From Radiologically Isolated Syndrome". Annals of Neurology 79, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2015): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.24564.

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Basu, Eilene, Mahendra Javali, Krishna Haskar, Sujana Gogineni, R. Pradeep, Anish Mehta y P. T. Acharya. "Clinico-Radiological Profile and Outcome of Isolated Paramedian Hemipontine Infarcts". Acta Neurologica Taiwanica 33, n.º 2 (abril de 2024): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103//ant.33-2_111_0086.

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Objective: To study the clinico- radiological profile and outcome of isolated paramedian hemipontine infarcts. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cross- sectional study. 50 consecutive patients admitted between January 2019 and December 2020 with a diagnosis of isolated paramedian hemipontine stroke were included. The locations of the infarcts were classified as follows- caudal; middle; rostral; dorsomedian; caudal and middle; and middle and rostral pons. The clinico- radiological profiles were studied and the outcomes were assessed using NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) and mRS (modified Rankin score). Data was analysed using SPSS 22 version software. Paired t-test was used as a test of significance to identify the mean differences between the two quantitative variables. Results: Majority of the subjects were 51- 60 years (34%). The most common risk factors were hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The most common clinical features were hemiparesis and speech disturbances. Pure motor hemiparesis (PMH) is the common syndrome seen in paramedian hemipontine strokes with infarcts located in caudal; middle; caudal and middle; and middle and rostral pons. In ataxic hemiparesis, infarcts were located in dorsomedian pons. In dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome, infarcts were located at rostral pons. 44% of the subjects had left vertebral artery abnormality. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean NIHSS and mRS when compared at admission/ discharge and at 3 months. Conclusion: Isolated paramedian hemipontine stroke syndromes have good topographical correlation with patients usually having a good functional outcome at the end of three months.

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Makhani, Naila, Christine Lebrun, Aksel Siva, Sona Narula, Evangeline Wassmer, David Brassat, J. Nicholas Brenton et al. "Oligoclonal bands increase the specificity of MRI criteria to predict multiple sclerosis in children with radiologically isolated syndrome". Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical 5, n.º 1 (enero de 2019): 205521731983666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055217319836664.

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Background Steps towards the development of diagnostic criteria are needed for children with the radiologically isolated syndrome to identify children at risk of clinical demyelination. Objectives To evaluate the 2005 and 2016 MAGNIMS magnetic resonance imaging criteria for dissemination in space for multiple sclerosis, both alone and with oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid added, as predictors of a first clinical event consistent with central nervous system demyelination in children with radiologically isolated syndrome. Methods We analysed an international historical cohort of 61 children with radiologically isolated syndrome (≤18 years), defined using the 2010 magnetic resonance imaging dissemination in space criteria (Ped-RIS) who were followed longitudinally (mean 4.2 ± 4.7 years). All index scans also met the 2017 magnetic resonance imaging dissemination in space criteria. Results Diagnostic indices (95% confidence intervals) for the 2005 dissemination in space criteria, with and without oligoclonal bands, were: sensitivity 66.7% (38.4–88.2%) versus 72.7% (49.8–89.3%); specificity 83.3% (58.6–96.4%) versus 53.9% (37.2–69.9%). For the 2016 MAGNIMS dissemination in space criteria diagnostic indices were: sensitivity 76.5% (50.1–93.2%) versus 100% (84.6–100%); specificity 72.7% (49.8–89.3%) versus 25.6% (13.0–42.1%). Conclusions Oligoclonal bands increased the specificity of magnetic resonance imaging criteria in children with Ped-RIS. Clinicians should consider testing cerebrospinal fluid to improve diagnostic certainty. There is rationale to include cerebrospinal fluid analysis for biomarkers including oligoclonal bands in planned prospective studies to develop optimal diagnostic criteria for radiologically isolated syndrome in children.

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Bourdette, D. y J. Simon. "The radiologically isolated syndrome: Is it very early multiple sclerosis?" Neurology 72, n.º 9 (10 de diciembre de 2008): 780–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000337255.89622.ce.

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Okuda, D. T. "Leveraging technology to identify subclinical deficits in radiologically isolated syndrome". European Journal of Neurology 26, n.º 1 (20 de octubre de 2018): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ene.13810.

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