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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Radicals"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 1 de agosto de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Radicals"

Ngai, Ming-Yu, Arghya Banerjee y Zhen Lei. "Acyl Radical Chemistry via Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis". Synthesis 51, n.º 02 (12 de diciembre de 2018): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610329.

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Visible-light photoredox catalysis enables easy access to acyl radicals under mild reaction conditions. Reactive acyl radicals, generated from various acyl precursors such as aldehydes, α-keto acids, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl thioesters, acyl chlorides, or acyl silanes, can undergo a diverse range of synthetically useful transformations, which were previously difficult or inaccessible. This review summarizes the recent progress on visible-light-driven acyl radical generation using transition-metal photoredox catalysts, metallaphotocatalysts, hypervalent iodine catalysts or organic photocatalysts.1 Introduction2 The Scope of This Review3 Aldehydes as a Source of Acyl Radicals4 α-Keto Acids as a Source of Acyl Radicals5 Carboxylic Acids as a Source of Acyl Radicals6 Anhydrides as a Source of Acyl Radicals7 Acyl Thioesters as a Source of Acyl Radicals8 Acyl Chlorides as a Source of Acyl Radicals9 Acyl Silanes as a Source of Acyl Radicals10 Conclusions and Future Outlook

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Taniguchi, Tsuyoshi. "Recent Advances in Reactions of Heteroatom-Centered Radicals". Synthesis 49, n.º 16 (26 de julio de 2017): 3511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588481.

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Heteroatom-centered radicals show versatile reactivity and offer useful synthetic methods in organic chemistry. The development of new approaches for forming heteroatom-centered radicals has recently expanded the practicality of radical chemistry for synthesis. This review focuses on recent advances in reactions of representative heteroatom-centered radicals.1 Introduction2 Group 17 Elements: Chlorine and Bromine Radicals3 Group 15 and Group 16 Elements3.1 Nitrogen- and Oxygen-Centered Radicals3.2 Phosphorus- and Sulfur-Centered Radicals3.3 Other Radicals4 Group 14 Elements: Silicon-Centered Radicals5 Group 13 Elements: Boron-Centered Radicals6 Conclusion

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Monika, Monika y Sermadurai Selvakumar. "Recent Developments in Direct C–H Functionalization of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones via Radical Addition Processes". Synthesis 51, n.º 22 (24 de septiembre de 2019): 4113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611910.

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This review article covers the recent developments in direct C–H functionalization of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives via radical additions at the C3 position. Reaction types have been categorized depending on the kind of radical used, with representative examples and insightful mechanistic details provided.1 Introduction2 Reactions with Alkyl Radicals3 Reactions with Acyl Radicals4 Reactions with Aryl Radicals5 Reactions with Perfluoroalkyl Radicals6 Reactions with Alkoxycarbonyl Radicals7 Reactions with Nitrogen Radicals8 Reactions with Oxygen Radicals9 Reactions with Phosphorus Radicals10 Conclusion

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Bao, Xiazhen, Jun Li, Wei Jiang y Congde Huo. "Radical-Mediated Difunctionalization of Styrenes". Synthesis 51, n.º 24 (10 de octubre de 2019): 4507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690987.

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Styrene, an extremely important compound in the chemical industry, is mainly produced by the dehydrogenation or oxidative dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Transformation of this raw organic material to more useful fine organic chemicals is a very significant topic. Recently, the radical difunctionalization of styrene has become a powerful and efficient tool for organic synthesis. This strategy can introduce two substituents into a styrene molecule in one step via addition to the C=C bond, enhancing the molecular complexity in a single operation with good selectivity and wide functional group compatibility.1 Introduction2 C-Centered Radicals3 CF3 and Other Polyfluoroalkyl Radicals4 N-Centered Radicals5 P-Centered Radicals6 O-Centered Radicals7 S-Centered Radicals8 Other-Atom-Centered Radicals9 Conclusion and Perspective

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de Bruin, Bas y Colet te Grotenhuis. "Radical-type Reactions Controlled by Cobalt: From Carbene Radical Reactivity to the Catalytic Intermediacy of Reactive o-Quinodimethanes". Synlett 29, n.º 17 (19 de julio de 2018): 2238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610204.

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In this account, we summarize our recent efforts in the fields of ‘open-shell organometallic chemistry’ and ‘metalloradical catalysis’. We focus in particular on the use of so-called ‘carbene radicals’ for the synthesis of a variety of useful synthons for organic chemistry. We further show that unexpected reactivity arises from catalytic synthesis of unusual o-quinone methide and o-quinodimethane intermediates that undergo subsequent rearrangements to uncommon products.1 Introduction2 General (Fischer-Type) Carbene and Nitrene Reactivity and Their Relation to Carbene and Nitrene Radical Reactivity3 Carbene and Nitrene (Radical) Precursors4 Formation and Intrinsic Radical-Type Reactivity of Carbene and Nitrene Radicals5 Types of Cobalt Catalysts Used in Reactions Involving Carbene and Nitrene Radicals6 Applications of Cobalt-Catalyzed Ring-Closure Reactions via Carbene Radicals7 Intermediacy of o-Quinone Methide and o-Quidodimethanes in Carbene Ring-Closing Reactions8 Conclusion

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Sands, A. D. "Radicals and one-sided ideals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 103, n.º 3-4 (1986): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500018898.

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The correspondence between radicals of associative rings and A-radicals is studied. It is shown that corresponding to each A-radical there is an interval of radicals and that each radical belongs to exactly one such interval. The question of the nature of the radical of a one-sided ideal is considered. It is shown that the radicals such that the radical of a one-sided ideal is always a one-sided ideal are those which contain their associated A-radicals. Radicals such that the radical of a one-sided ideal always equals the intersection of a left ideal and a right ideal are described, as are those A-radicals such that every associated radical has this property.

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Seath, Ciaran P. y Nathan T. Jui. "Intermolecular Reactions of Pyridyl Radicals with Olefins via Photoredox Catalysis". Synlett 30, n.º 14 (24 de abril de 2019): 1607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611527.

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Pyridines are valuable motifs in a number of bioactive and functional molecules. The chemoselective functionalization of these structures from stable and widely available starting materials is a meaningful goal. We have demonstrated selective formation of pyridyl radicals at any position (2-, 3-, 4-pyridyl), through the action of a reducing photoredox catalyst. These radicals readily engage alkenes to deliver high-value products. Alteration of the reaction medium has enabled the use of a diverse range of alkene subtypes in a highly divergent and chemoselective manner.1 Introduction2 Minisci-Type Pyridine Alkylation3 An Alternate Approach – Reductive Radical Formation4 Conjugate Addition of Pyridyl Radicals5 Radical Hydroarylation of Neutral and Rich Olefins6 Solvent-Based Chemoselectivity7 Summary and Outlook

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Das, Suresh y Clemens von Sonntag. "The Oxidation of Trimethylamine by OH Radicals in Aqueous Solution, as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis, ESR, and Product Analysis. The Reactions of the Alkylamine Radical Cation, the Aminoalkyl Radical, and the Protonated Aminoalkyl Radical". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 41, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1986): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1986-0418.

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Hydroxyl radical reactions with trimethylamine in aqueous solution lead to the formation of the aminoalkyl radical (CH3)2NCH2 (A) and its conjugated acid (CH3)2HN+CH2 (AH+) as well as to the alkylamine radical cation (CH3)3N+(N+). These radicals are transform ed into each other by hydrolytic reactions, e.g.[xxx]Radicals AH+ are more acidic (pKa ≈ 3.6) than the radicals N+(pKa ≈ 8.0). Consequently, N+ predom inate over AH+ under quasi equilibrium conditions (e.g. in the presence of phosphate buffer) and are the only species observed by ESR in acid solutions. Reacting with the protonated amine. OH radicals abstract hydrogen at nitrogen and at carbon with comparable ease. Reaction of OH radicals with the free amine may initially also generate N+, beside H-abstraction at carbon. Radicals A’ absorb more strongly at 260 nm (ε = 3390 dm3mol-1cm-1) than the radical cation N+(ε = 950 dm3mol-1cm-1). Radical A' has reducing properties whereas radicals AH+ and N+ have oxidizing properties and hence can be monitored with p-nitroacetophenone (the reducing radicals), and Fe(CN)64- , N ,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline- 6-sulphonate) (the oxidizing radicals). These radicals mainly (≥ 85 % ) disproportionate. one of the products being formaldehyde

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Chow, Yuan L. y Richard A. Perry. "Chemistry of amidyl radicals: intramolecular reactivities of alkenyl amidyl radicals". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1985): 2203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-362.

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Amidyl radicals possessing Δ4,5, Δ5,6, and Δ6,7 double bonds were generated from the photodecomposition of nitrosamides and chloramides and the products were identified. Dichotomies of amidyl radical reactivities were discovered and compared with published kinetic rate constants. In complete reversal to intermolecular reactivities, intramolecularly the alkenyl amidyl radicals preferentially add to the double bonds rather than abstract a C-5 hydrogen even if it is allylic. In intramolecular competition, amidyl radicals add to an acyl side chain double bond more efficiently than to an alkyl one; this is just the opposite to intramolecular H-abstraction of amidyl radicals. Taken together with the published results, it is established that, in intramolecular attacks of double bonds, amidyl radicals selectively undergo the propia-addition to generate an exo-cyclic radical rather than the longa-addition to an endo-cyclic radical: this rule should replace the old one that amidyl radicals preferentially cyclize to form five-membered rings if choices are available.

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Li, Guoxiang, Zhongyang Luo, Wenbo Wang y Jianmeng Cen. "A Study of the Mechanisms of Guaiacol Pyrolysis Based on Free Radicals Detection Technology". Catalysts 10, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030295.

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In order to understand the reaction mechanism of lignin pyrolysis, the pyrolysis process of guaiacol (o-methoxyphenol) as a lignin model compound was studied by free radical detection technology (electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR) in this paper. It was proven that the pyrolysis reaction of guaiacol is a free radical reaction, and the free radicals which can be detected mainly by EPR are methyl radicals. This paper proposes a process in which four free radicals (radicals 1- C6H4(OH)O*, radicals 5- C6H4(OCH3)O*, methyl radicals, and hydrogen radicals) are continuously rearranged during the pyrolysis of guaiacol.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Radicals"

Grice, I. Darren y n/a. "Some New Aspects of Radical Trapping Using an Aminoxyl Radical Trap". Griffith University. School of Science, 1993. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050915.150556.

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An investigation of the initiation mechanism in the free radical copolymerisation of acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate using the aminoxyl radical trapping technique, employing 1,1 ,3,3-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydro- 1 Hisoindol-2-yloxyl is reported. Based upon the experimental results, the mechanism of initiation is suggested as proceeding via the 'free monomer' mechanism. Additionally, the effect of Lewis acids on the initiation mechanism is reported. A study of the addition of phosphorus-centred radicals to alkenes and phenylacetylene, utilising the aminoxyl radical trapping technique is reported. The results indicate a decreased rate of addition by both diphenylphosphinyl and dimethoxyphosphinyl radicals to cyclic versus acyclic alkenes. In contrast to cyclic alkenes, both these phosphorus-centred radicals add readily to the triple bond of phenylacetylene. The stereochemistry of the addition of diphenyiphosphinyl and dimethoxyphosphinyl radicals and of the aminoxyl trap is discussed. The stereochemistry of the addition of benzoyloxyl radicals to a conformationally rigid alkene, trans-a2-octalin is reported. Attempts to examine the initiation mechanism in the free radical copolymerisation of styrene/maleic anhydride and of styrene/tetracyanoethylene utilising the aminoxyl radical trapping technique are described. Also described are attempts to synthesise some new phosphorus radical initiators.

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Grice, I. Darren. "Some New Aspects of Radical Trapping Using an Aminoxyl Radical Trap". Thesis, Griffith University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365216.

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Franco, Pujante Carlos. "Organic free radicals for molecular electronics and spintronics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399515.

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La presente tesis doctoral se centra en el campo de la electrónica molecular, en particular se ocupa del desarrollo de nuevos dispositivos moleculares y del estudio de los fenómenos de transferencias electrónica asociados a ellos. Las propiedad de los policloro trifenilmetil radicales (PTM) han sido utilizadas en este trabajo para investigar los diferentes mecanismos de transferencia de carga asociados a varios sistemas en los cuales los PTM están involucrados. En la primera parte de la tesis se ha descrito el estudio de los procesos de transferencia de carga a través de dos diferentes familias de hilos moleculares, una de vinilo tiofene y la otra de oligo-p-fenilenos vinilenos fusionado conectados a dos moléculas de PTM las cuales actúan como dadores y aceptores de electrones en sistemas de valencia mixta D-B-A. Estos sistemas han sido completamente caracterizados por diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas en sus diferentes estados de oxidación: neutro, de valencia mixta y oxidada. Además, los mecanismos para la transferencia electrónica intermolecular a través de estos hilos moleculares han sido elucidados. En la segunda parte de la tesis ha sido reportada la síntesis de una familia de derivados de PTM con grupos tiol conectados al PTM a través de un cadena alquílica de diferentes longitudes, capaces de formar monocapas auotensambladas (SAM) sobre substratos de oro. Asimismo, se ha estudiado los mecanismos de transferencia electrónica a través de las SAMs de PTM en sus diferentes estados de oxidación, contactadas estas por el electrodo de eutéctico galio-indio y por el microscopio de efecto túnel. Para finalizar, en la última parte de la tesis, se ha reportado el estudio de las propiedades magnéticas y eléctricas de dos derivados de PTM en break-juction unimoleculares de oro y HOPG. Interesante fue el hecho de que en las break-juction unimoleculares de oro, se detectó un pico Kondo lo que indica que el momento magnético del radical PTM interactúa con los electrones de conducción.
The present Doctoral Thesis is framed in the field of molecular electronics, specifically is focused on the development of new molecular electronic devices and on the study of the electron transfer phenomena associated to them. We exploit the properties of polychloro thriphenylmethyl radical (PTM) molecules to explore the charge transfer mechanisms involved in many different systems containing PTM derivatives. In the first part of the Thesis, we have described the study of the charge transfer process through two different families of molecular wires, oligo vinylene-thiophne (nTV) and fused oligo-p-phenylene vinylene (nCOPV), connecting two PTM moieties acting as electron donor/acceptor in mixed valence systems D-B-A. These systems were fully characterized by different spectroscopic techniques in their neutral, mixed valence and oxidized states. The mechanism for the intramolecular charge transfer through these wires was elucidated. In the second part of Thesis we have reported the synthesis of a family of PTM derivatives containing a thiol terminal group connected to the PTM through an alkyl chain with different length, able to form self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on gold substrates. We have studied the charge transport mechanisms through PTM SAMs contacted by eutectic gallium-indium electrode and scanning tunneling microcopy, in their different redox states. Finally, in last part of the thesis we have reported the study of the electric and magnetic properties of two PTM derivatives in gold and HOPG single molecule break-junctions. On gold PTM break-junctions, a Kondo peak was detected indicating that the localized magnetic moment of PTM radical interacts with conducting electrons.

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Shergill, Raminder. "Radicals and radical pairs in chemical and biological systems". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/11008.

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Magnetic fields of different strengths can be applied to chemical and biological systems to study processes involving radicals or radical pairs. This work uses two such techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy (≥ 150 mT) in addition to time resolved EPR spectroscopy and time resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy (≤ 37 mT). The former are used to monitor metalloproteins, and the photochemistry of phosphorus oxides, while TRIR spectroscopy is used to record the magnetic field effects on the reaction kinetics of neutral radical pairs. The thesis begins with an introduction and an overview of the experimental techniques and developments. This is followed by an EPR study of the Fe(III) binding proteins, transferrin and lactoferrin and the effect thereon of catecholamine stress hormones. Catecholamines mediate bacterial growth by sequestering iron from the iron binding proteins. The mechanism of iron capture is unknown, however, the current work reveals Fe(III) binding by the catecholamine and supports subsequent reduction as the most likely route. Since catecholamines are also administered therapeutically, the validity of EPR as a diagnostic technique is examined and iron loss from human serum transferrin is observed. Also within this work, experiments are presented in which TRIR spectroscopy is used to investigate factors that affect the development of magnetic field effects for radical pairs in different solutions. This initially involves studies on acylphosphine oxides. In addition to the reported photoprocesses, alternative chemistry is uncovered, which occurs when bisacylphosphine oxide is in solutions where the solvent is sufficiently nucleophilic. The photochemistry is investigated using time resolved EPR and density functional theory calculations to suggest three possible structures that are responsible for the additional radicals observed. Furthermore, encapsulated organic radical pairs in reverse micelles are studied. These experiments, in combination with dynamic light scattering measurements provide insight into the magnitude of the observed magnetic field effects and the differing kinetics of the radical pair in the reverse micelles.

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Johnson, Jamie. "Continued Radicals". TopSCHOLAR®, 2005. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/240.

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If a1, a2, . . . , an are nonnegative real numbers and fj(x) = paj + x, then f1o f2o· · · fn(0) is a nested radical with terms a1, . . . , an. If it exists, the limit as n ! 1 of such an expression is a continued radical. We consider the set of real numbers S(M) representable as an infinite nested radical whose terms a1, a2, . . . are all from a finite set M. We give conditions on the set M for S(M) to be (a) an interval, and (b) homeomorphic to the Cantor set.

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Fabbri, Claudia. "Mechanistic aspects of lignin degradation. Role of radicals and radical ions". Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917334.

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Qureshi, Tariq. "Spin chemistry". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365292.

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Herbert, Nicola M. A. "Alkyl ketene radicals". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262948.

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Addison-Jones, Brenda. "Muon spin resonance studies of fullerenyl radicals and associated organic radicals". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0011/NQ61618.pdf.

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Mendonça, Tedra Madeiral. "Estudos de danos em biomoléculas promovidos pelo ácido indol-3-acético". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46131/tde-10092018-162828/.

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O ácido 3-indol acético (IAA), um conhecido hormônio de planta, e seu metabólito indol-3-carboxialdeído (ICA) têm sido envolvidos em várias patologias humanas como fenilcetonúria e doenças renais. A formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e de estados eletronicamente excitados, como o oxigênio singlete (1O2) e a carbonila triplete (R2-C=O*), durante a oxidação aeróbica do IAA catalisada por peroxidase de raiz forte (HRP) têm sido relacionada com efeitos citotóxicos do IAA. Nossos resultados indicam aumento na formação de 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'desoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo) após o tratamento da base com o sistema IAA/HRP/O2 in vitro, medido por um detector eletroquímico acoplado a um sistema de cromatografia líquida de alta performance (HPLC-EC). O tratamento de células de mamíferos (CV1-P e neutrófilos) com este sistema induziu o aumento na formação de 8-oxodGuo no DNA, assim como o aumento no nível de lipoperoxidação das células CV1-P quando comparadas ao controle. Detectamos a presença do adulo 1,N2-etenodesoxiguanosina em DNA de neutrófilos submetidos ao IAA. Portanto, neste estudo, apresentamos evidências de danos em biomoléculas promovidos pelo sistema IAA/HRP/O2.
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a2 plant hormone, and its metabolite indole-3-carboxialdehyde (ICA) has been involved in several human pathologies as phenylketonuria and renal diseases. Formation of reactive oxygen species and electronically excited states as singlet oxygen (1O2) and triplet carbonyl (R2-C=O*), during the aerobic oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been reported to be involved in the IAA cytotoxic effects. Our results show an increase in the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2\'deoxiguanosine (8-oxoxdGuo) after IAA/HRP/O2 system treatment in vitro as inferred from high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) measurements. Treatment of mammalian cells (CV1-P and neutrophils) with the system induces 8-oxoxdGuo formation in DNA as well increased levels of lipid peroxidation CV1-P cells when compared to controls. The 1,N2-etenodeoxyguanosine was detected in neutrophils DNA. Therefore, in this study, we presented evidence of biomolecule damage by IAA/HRP/O2 system.

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Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Radicals"

Fischer, H., ed. Inorganic Radicals, Radical Ions and Radicals in Metal Complexes. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b32561.

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1948-, Nicholls David y Marsh Peter 1949-, eds. Biographical dictionary of modern European radicals and socialists. Sussex: Harvester Press, 1988.

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Fischer, H., ed. Phosphorus-Centered Radicals, Radicals Centered on Other Heteroatoms, Organic Radical Ions. Part 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45824-1.

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Fischer, H., ed. Phosphorus-Centered Radicals, Radicals Centered on Other Heteroatoms, Organic Radical Ions. Part 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87641-0.

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Forbes, Malcolm D. E., ed. Carbon-Centered Free Radicals and Radical Cations. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470584118.

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Forbes, Malcolm D. E., 1960-, ed. Carbon-centered free radicals and radical cations. Hoboken, N.J: Wiely, 2010.

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Hicks, Robin G., ed. Stable Radicals. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666975.

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B, Alfassi Zeev, ed. Peroxyl radicals. Chichester: Wiley, 1997.

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Kunio, Yagi, ed. Oxygen radicals. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1992.

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Fischer, H., ed. Nitrogen-Centered Radicals, Aminoxyls and Related Radicals. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b47744.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Radicals"

Root, Howard E. "Radicals and radicalism". En Theological Radicalism and Tradition, editado por Christopher R. Brewer, 49–55. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315107455-3.

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Zhdanov, R. I. "Nitroxyl Radicals and Non-Radical Reactions of Free Radicals". En Bioactive Spin Labels, 23–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48724-8_2.

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Newcomb, Martin. "Radicals". En Reactive Intermediate Chemistry, 121–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471721492.ch4.

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Lockhart, Robert. "Radicals". En The Theory of Near-Rings, 401–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81755-8_12.

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Spiegel, Eugene y Christopher J. O’Donnell. "Radicals". En Incidence Algebras, 163–87. Boca Raton: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203751176-4.

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Sementelli, Arthur J. "Radicals". En Public Administration and Epistemology, 140–53. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge studies in management, organizations and society: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003006053-13.

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Hak, Gordon. "Engaging With Radicals and Radicalism". En Liberal Progressivism, 68–82. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge innovations in political theory; vol 91: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003110125-5.

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Szkurhan, Andrea R., Julie Lukkarila y Michael K. Georges. "Application of Stable Radicals as Mediators in Living-Radical Polymerization". En Stable Radicals, 407–31. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666975.ch11.

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Rabsilber, Tanja M. y Mike P. Holzer. "Free Radicals". En Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35951-4_372-7.

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Verster, Joris C., Thomas M. Tzschentke, Kieran O’Malley, Francis C. Colpaert, Bart Ellenbroek, Bart Ellenbroek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams et al. "Free Radicals". En Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 545. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_768.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Radicals"

Shi, Xinlei, Junjie Zhai, Xudong Yang, Zehua Xie y Chao Liu. "Radical Embedding: Delving Deeper to Chinese Radicals". En Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p15-2098.

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Reutov, V. P. y E. G. Sorokina. "NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND OTHER KNOWN PATHOLOGIES DUE TO NITRIC OXIDE AND SUPEROXIDE CYCLING DISTURBANCES". En NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-2-1.276-301.

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The article discusses the mechanisms of development of a typical pathological process, oxi-dative and nitrosative stress, which underlie many neurological disorders and other known diseases. Cycles of nitric oxide and superoxide anion-radical under physiological conditions do not allow the development of pathological changes in the vital systems of the body. How-ever, when they are damaged, the main regulatory mechanisms are violated, and “dysregula-tory pathology” sets in (G.N. Kryzhanovsky), due to the formation of extremely active com-pounds - nitrogen dioxide (NO2), OH-radicals and peroxynitrites, which, after protonation, decompose again with the formation of radicals NO2 and OH radicals. It is hypothesized that it is these mechanisms that disrupt the cycles of nitric oxide and the superoxide anion radical that underlie the development of a typical pathological process.

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Hudgens, Jeffrey W., B. P. Tsai y Russell D. Johnson. "The Sensitive Detection and Analyses of SiH3 and SiH Radicals Using Multiphoton Ionization Spectroscopy". En Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1990.mb5.

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The free radicals, silyl (SiH3) and silylidyne (SiH), play important roles at the gas-surface interface during the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon films from silane, SiH4. We will report recent experiments that enable resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy to detect these radicals with great sensitivity. These newly developed REMPI detection methods should allow experimentalists to measure the relative concentration profile of SiH3, SiH, and Si radicals in the same experimental configuration and under the same conditions. For the SiH3 radical the new spectra will also permit temperature measurements.

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Mooney, C. E., L. C. Anderson y J. H. Lunsford. "Formation and desorption of hydroxyl radicals during Pt-catalyzed oxidation". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.thii4.

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Heterogeneously catalyzed reactions often involve reactive radical intermediates that are produced on the surface and subsequently desorb into the gas phase. In this work, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been used to measure OH radical desorption from a catalytically active polycrystalline platinum wire during the oxidation of methane and hydrogen. The temperature range of the wire was 900 K to 1300 K, and reactant partial pressures were kept between 1 and 20 mtorr to minimze any gasphase reactions. Under these conditions the surface reactions and energetics involving the hydroxyl radical can be studied for Pt-catalyzed oxidation by observing the LIF intensity when changing reaction conditions. The concentration of gas-phase OH radicals depends not only on the concentration of surface hydroxyl radicals but also on the apparent activation energy for OH desorption. This activation energy was found to be inversely related to oxygen coverage, varying from ~33 kcal/mol under oxygen-rich conditions to ~55 kcal/mol under oxygen-depleted conditions. The results indicate that the breaking of the Pt-OH is the rate limiting step for the appearance of OH radicals in the gas phase.

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Milanović, Žiko, Edina Avdović, Marko Antonijević y Zoran Marković. "DIRECT SCAVENGING ACTIVITY OF 4,7-DIHYDROXYCOUMARIN DERIVATIVE TOWARDS SERIES OF CHLOROMETHYLPEROXY RADICALS". En 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.462m.

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In this study, the mechanisms of antiradical activity of the previously synthesized 4,7- dihydroxycoumarin derivative:(E)-3-(1-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)ethylidene)-2,4- dioxochroman-7-yl acetate (A-4OH) according to the series of chloromethylperoxy radicals: OOCH2Cl (chloromethylperoxy), OOCHCl2 (dichloromethylperoxy) and OOCCl3 (trichloromethyl peroxy) were investigated. To assess the mechanisms of antiradical activity of A-4OH against chloromethylperoxy radicals, the following mechanistic pathways were examined: Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT), Single-Electron Transfer followed by Proton Transfer (SET-PT), and Radical Adduct Formation (RAF). The investigations were performed in water using sophisticated computational methods. The results of the study show that the activity against selected radicals decreases in series •OOCCl3 > •OOCHCl2 > •OOCH2Cl. The results of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters indicate that A-4OH inactivates selected radicals via the HAT mechanism.

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Hudgens, Jeffrey W. y C. S. Dulcey. "Detection of SiF radicals with multiphoton ionization spectroscopy". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.thm6.

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We have demonstrated sensitive resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection (REMPI) of silicon monofluoride radicals, SiF, using light from a Nd:YAG pumped dye laser tuned between 430 and 490 nm. This SiF radical is of interest to the semiconductor industry since it is one of the products observed during chemical etching reactions at silicon surfaces. SiF radicals were generated by the reaction of fluorine atoms with silane in a low pressure flow reactor. The laser-ionized radicals were detected in a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a sensitivity of better than 1010/cm3. Two laser excitation schemes were used: (1) simultaneous two-photon absorption through C'2∏ r ← X2∏ and C″2∑+ ← X2∏ r transitions and (2) sequential one-photon absorption through the (0,0) A2∑+ ← X2∏½ and (1,0)C″2∑+ ← A2∑+ transitions. In both schemes SiF radicals absorbed at least three photons before ionizing. An attractive feature of SiF REMPI detection is that the ion signal is concentrated exclusively into m/z 47.

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Scott, T. W. "Picosecond Addition and β-Scission Reactions of Thiyl Radicals with Unsaturated Hydrocarbons". En International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1986.mf7.

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It is well known that free radical reactions exhibit extreme product diversity through the action of a limited number of elementary steps. The most facile elementary reaction between sulfur centered thiyl radicals and hydrocarbon liquids is free radical addition to carbon-carbon double bonds (1). This is a rapid exothermic reaction which is generally reversible.

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Stephens, J. W., J. L. Hall, D. R. Lander, R. F. Curl, J. V. V. Kasper y Frank K. Tittel. "Kinetic spectroscopy using a color center laser". En International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.thl43.

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Infrared kinetic spectroscopy is being developed using a pulsed excimer laser for ultraviolet photolysis and a color center laser spectrometer as an infrared probe in the 2.3–3.0-μm region. Submicrosecond time resolution is possible with the 14-ns excimer laser pulses and the InSb detectors currently employed. Previous work on the Br, OH, and NH2 radicals has led to the development of three monitoring schemes based on the use of either balanced detectors, magnetic rotation, or short-time monitoring. Kinetic studies of the NH2 + NO reaction have measured the branching ratio of the two primary product channels by monitoring a number of precursors and products. Current work on the C2H radical produced by photolysis of acetylene has indicated an ~ 1-μs lifetime for this radical, demonstrating the ability to detect short-lived species. Other work includes the production of highly reactive O(1D) atoms by the photolysis of O3, providing a method for generating free radicals from stable molecules by hydrogen atom abstraction. Additional studies on the spectroscopy and kinetics of other free radicals are discussed.

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Nelson, D. D., M. S. Zahniser y J. Wormhoudt. "Quantitative IR spectroscopy of atmospheric and combustion radicals with comparison to theory". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.wl3.

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Infrared laser absorption techniques have been employed to measure absolute transition moments for several radical species by using a variety of techniques. For the OH radical, high precision relative transition strengths have been measured with a color center laser and used to determine the OH dipole moment function. The dipole moment function provides absolute transition strengths for Δv = 1–3 transitions with v″ < 9. This information is essential for quantitative modelling of the OH Meinel night glow. The infrared band strengths for all three fundamental vibrations of the HO2 radical have been directly measured by using tunable infrared diode laser absorption. The HO2 radicals were prepared with a known column density by reacting a known quantity of F atoms with excess H2O2. These band strengths will be used to measure HO2 radical concentrations in the troposphere. Band strengths for the BF, CF2, and CH3 radicals have also been obtained using tunable diode laser absorption. These species' concentrations were quantified by by using various optical and chemical techniques. The experimental infrared transition strengths discussed above will be compared with published theoretical transition strengths obtained by using several techniques.

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Fomenko, M. P., A. M. Menzheritsky y G. V. Karantysh. "INFLUENCE OF PINEALON ON EXPRESSION OF GENES OF PRO- AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES AND FREE RADICAL PROCESSES IN RATS IN THE MODEL OF SUGAR DIABETES". En STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.232-234.

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The article presents an analysis of the effect of pinealon on free radical processes and the level of expression of the SOD1, GPX4 and GSR genes in the rat hippocampus in a model of streptozotocininduced diabetes (type I diabetes mellitus). It has been established that when modeling diabetes in the hippocampus, intensification of radically radical processes is observed: the level of prooxidants increases, the level of antioxidants decreases, as well as the level of expression of antioxidant genes. With the introduction of pinealone in dosages of 50 or 100 ng/kg in the model of diabetes mellitus, the pro-antioxidant balance shifts towards a decrease in the production of free radicals and an increase in antioxidant protection. Pinealon at a dosage of 100 ng/kg is more effective.

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Informes sobre el tema "Radicals"

Williams, T. F. Studies of radiation-produced radicals and radical ions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), enero de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5420713.

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Morse, Michael D. Spectroscopy of Organometallic Radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1227383.

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Richards, Alan. Socio-Economic Roots of Radicalism? Towards Explaining the Appeal of Islamic Radicals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416610.

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Terry A. Miller. Unimolecular reaction dynamics of free radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890741.

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Hsu, Chia-Wei. Photodissociation and photoionization of organosulfur radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10190413.

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Brezinsky, Kenneth. Aromatic Radicals-Acetylene Particulate Matter Chemistry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, diciembre de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada555986.

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Williams, T. F. Studies of radiation-produced radicals and radical ions. Progress report, September 1, 1990--October 15, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), diciembre de 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10138895.

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Hash, John P. Islamic Radicals and Terror Against the West. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, abril de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401861.

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Nesbitt, David J. Spectroscopy, Kinetics, and Dynamics of Combustion Radicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089512.

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Steel-Goodwin, Linda y Alasdair J. Carmichael. Trichloroethylene Radicals: An EPR/SPIN Trapping Study. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julio de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada361037.

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