Tesis sobre el tema "Questione regionale"

Religion
M.A.
The question of whether the door of ijtihad is open, closed, or ever did close, has been around for centuries. The answer to this question is crucial for our times. The research will present a chronological overview of the historical development of the concept of ijtihad, how it developed, became limited in certain circles, and if it ever ceased to be practiced. It can be concluded from the research that the doors of ijtihad were never closed, but were limited to a particular type of educational training. Those who completed this training proceeded on to become jurists. Those who could not, were requested to follow their leaders or engage in "taqlid." This study will show that this question arose from a power struggle between modernists and traditionalists regarding who had the power to interpret and make rulings for the Muslim community. It will further show how traditionalists are trying to maintain their power in order to preserve traditional Islam and how the modernists are trying to solve contemporary problems by opening the doors to interpretation for those who are not classically trained.
Temple University--Theses

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Edward A. Olsen, H. Lyman Miller. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Liee a la rivalite des grandes puissances communistes dans la region, la question du kampuchea demeure une source potentielle de l'instabilite en asie du sud-est. Avec le soutien resolu de l'union sovietique et la puissance militaire redoutable du vietnam, une solution militaire par les troupes expediteurs risquerait le debordement du conflit. Les pays de l'ansea devraient donc jouer un role de catalyseur pour la reconciliation regionale et pour detacher la dependance du vietnam aux puissances exterieures en conflit. Toutefois, le "phenomene chinois", suscite par la politique chinoise de washington basee principalement sur le principe rigide du consensus strategique anti-sovietique, accentue par l'attrait economique que represent les efforts de modernisation de la chine, gene les efforts de ces pays visant a persuader les dirigeants du vietnam d'entamer les negociations serieuses pour envisager le retrait de leurs troupes du kampuchea contribuant a la reconciliation nationale du peuple kampucheen
Unseparated from the rivalry of the communists great powers in the region, the question of kampuchea rests to be a potential source of instability in southeast asia. With the firm support from the soviet union and with the vietnam's formidable military strength eventual military solution by expeditionary force would be risking of a wider conflict. The asean countries should play a role of catalyst for regional reconciliation and to loose the vietnam's dependence on the external powers in conflict. However, the "china factor", raised by washington's china policy based principally on anti-soviet strategic consensus, forged by the economic appeal of the chinese modernization, obstructs these countries efforts in persuading the vietnamese leaders to engage in serious negociations for the eventual retreat of their forces from kampuchea so as to permit the national reconcilitaion of the people of kampuchea

Predator policy is a controversial area that includes problems with hunting and handling of wild animals. This is the reason why the government decentralized some of the work to the regions in 1998. During 2008, the Swedish government produced a proposal regarding the conduct of wildlife management delegations. The purpose of this essay is to study the relationship between politicians and officials in the wildlife management delegation with a specific focus on a polarized issue, the wolf question. We do this by studying roles and politicization. Based on the purpose, the following questions have been formulated: What is the role of officials and politicians in wildlife management delegations? How are these roles affected by how politicized the wolf issue is in the region? These delegations include politicians and officials. Based on the theory of the dichotomy between politicians and officials, politicians have a stance and biased role, while officials have a role that is about being impartial and working on the basis of the regulations. This essay consists of a comparative case essay with a content analysis and thematic analysis as a method. The material used has been collected through semi-structured interviews and printed material. This essay shows that the politicization of the wolf question to some extent affects the representatives in the wildlife management delegation.

Addressing building energy use is a pressing issue for building sector decisionmakers across Europe. In Sweden, some regions have adopted a target of reducingenergy use in buildings by 50% until 2050. However, building codes currently donot support as ambitious objectives as these, and novel approaches to addressingenergy use in buildings from a regional perspective are called for. The purpose ofthis licentiate thesis was to provide a deeper understanding of most relevant issueswith regard to energy use in buildings from a broad perspective and to suggestpathways towards reaching the long-term savings objective. Current trends inbuilding sector structure and energy use point to detached houses constructed before1981 playing a key role in the energy transition, especially in the rural areas ofSweden. In the Swedish county of Dalarna, which was used as a study area in thisthesis, these houses account for almost 70% of the residential heating demand.Building energy simulations of eight sample houses from county show that there isconsiderable techno-economic potential for energy savings in these houses, but notquite enough to reach the 50% savings objective. Two case studies from ruralSweden show that savings well beyond 50% are achievable, both when access tocapital and use of high technology are granted and when they are not. However, on abroader scale both direct and indirect rebound effects will have to be expected,which calls for more refined approaches to energy savings. Furthermore, researchhas shown that the techno-economic potential is in fact never realised, not even inthe most well-designed intervention programmes, due to the inherent complexity ofhuman behaviour with respect to energy use. This is not taken account of in neithercurrent nor previous Swedish energy use legislation. Therefore an approach thatconsiders the technical prerequisites, economic aspects and the perspective of themany home owners, based on Community-Based Social Marketing methodology, issuggested as a way forward towards reaching the energy savings target.

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The present work defines and analyzes the spatial configuration of the Landless Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST) in the Northeast in the year of 2007. It seeks to understand the existing relation between the MST and the development capitalist in Brazil and in the region. It maintains that the distribution/spatial organization of the MST in the Northeast is a reflection of the broader movement of social reproduction own way determined by taking the capitalist accumulation in Brazil.. Following the method of political economy, the MST is interpreted as a political representation of the conflict between social classes forged in the midst of the development process of national capitalism. The movement of social reproduction materialized spatial forms of social relations representative in each period and place. The settlements are taken as spatial forms that represent a moment of the process of social reproduction. But its configuration space, a concept that in this work allows geographically captures the social reality, no more than the appearance of the process of social reproduction. We must overcome such appearance falling within the relationships and social conflict implied therein. The spatial configuration of the MST in the Northeast has the main feature of the merger that is spots close to achieving activity centers of agricultural capitalist in the Northeast. It is understood that the MST is a political expression of the class of expropriated. This social group is analyzed in political economy from the strength-of-class work. In a capitalist society is the capital who commands the force-of-work. Brazilian social formation in the manner specified taking the capitalist accumulation brought the formation of an army of marginal strength-of-work that can not be absorbed by the capitalist circuit. The very process of capitalist accumulation that leverage the existence of such an army. The import of technology and capital goods needed for the acceleration of industrialization, provoked a rising in the organic composition of capital and reduced the amount of labor employed. This mechanism formatted a labor market that focuses on population centers of capitalist accumulation. The strength-of-work not consumed in the production process that occurs in such clusters is the social basis on which it raises the political expression of the MST. The spatial configuration of the MST in Northeast follows, therefore, the distribution of agricultural capitalist activity in the region.
O presente trabalho define e analisa a configuração espacial do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) no Nordeste no ano de 2007. Busca compreender a relação existente entre o MST e o desenvolvimento capitalista no Brasil e na região. Sustenta que a distribuição/organização espacial do MST no Nordeste é um reflexo do movimento mais geral de reprodução social determinado pela maneira própria que toma a acumulação capitalista no Brasil. Seguindo o método da economia política, o MST é interpretado como uma representação política do conflito entre classes sociais forjadas no bojo do processo de desenvolvimento do capitalismo nacional. O movimento de reprodução social materializa formas espaciais representante das relações sociais existentes em cada período e lugar. Os assentamentos são tomados como formas espaciais que representam um momento do processo de reprodução social. Mas a sua configuração espacial, conceito que no presente trabalho permite capturar geograficamente a realidade social, não representa mais do que a aparência do processo de reprodução social. É preciso superar tal aparência relevando as relações e o conflito social nela implícito. A configuração espacial do MST no Nordeste tem como principal característica as manchas de concentração que se aproximam dos pólos de realização da atividade agrícola capitalista no Nordeste. Entende-se que o MST é uma expressão política da classe dos expropriados. Esse grupo social é analisado na economia política a partir da categoria força-de-trabalho. Em uma sociedade capitalista é o capital que comanda a força-de-trabalho. Na formação social brasileira a maneira especifica que toma a acumulação capitalista engendrou a formação de um exército marginal de forçade- trabalho que não consegue ser absorvido pelo circuito capitalista. É o próprio processo de acumulação capitalista que alavanca a existência desse exército. A importação de tecnologia e bens de capital necessária à aceleração da industrialização, provocou a elevação da composição orgânica do capital e reduziu a quantidade de mãode- obra empregada. Esse mecanismo formatou um mercado de trabalho que concentra população nos pólos de acumulação capitalista. A força-de-trabalho não consumida nos processo de produção que ocorrem em tais pólos é a base social sobre a qual se levanta a expressão política do MST. A configuração espacial do MST no Nordeste segue, por isso, a distribuição da atividade agrícola capitalista na região.

Ce travail a pour origine un triple constat: - la plupart des etudes consacrees a la mauritanie s'interessent en priorite au secteur minier; - l'agriculture, concentree pour l'essentiel dans le sud du pays, a ete totalement laissee pour compte, et semble etre consideree comme un secteur independant du reste de l'economie nationale. - les annees successives de secheresse des annees 1970, mettant en evidence la fragilite de ce secteur, ont permis a celui-ci de beneficier d'une relative atten- tion. La problematique abordee est alors comment sortir l'agriculture de son marasme en developpant l'irrigation afin de permettre une meilleure couverture des besoins d'une population largement eprouvee. Cependant l'irrigation comme solution n'est pas sans soulever des questions auxquelles cette these tente de donner des elements de reponse. La demarche est simple: methode comparative entre les options en matiere de developpement agricole de l'o. M. V. S. Et les realisations effectives du moment. Les conclusions auxquelles aboutit ce travail peuvent se resumer en ces points: - la situation de l'agriculture, anterieure a l'introduction de l'irrigation est la consequence d'une absence totale d'une veritable politique agricole; - l'irrigation comme solution ne semble pas correspondre dans la pratique aux espoirs des populations. - avec la construction des grands ouvrages et la predominance des grands amenagements hydro-agricoles necessitant d'importants moyens financiers et une imposante meca- nisation semblent plutot, dans la situation actuelle aller dans le sens d'un renfor cement de la dependance des pays riverains et d'une plus grande integration dans la division internationale du travail
This work has been inspired by three facts: - most of the research work on mauritania deals mainly with the mining sector. - the agricultural sector, mainly centred in the south of the country, has been reglected, and seems to be considered as an independant sector from the rest of the economy. - the consecutif droughts of the 1970 revealed the fragile nature of this sector, which lated led the authorities to pay more attention to it. The question, then, is how to get the sector out of stagnation by developing irrigation in order to satisfy the needs of a stricken population. However, irrigation as a solution to the problem raise questions (doubts) that this thesis would attempt to answer. The approach adopted is simple: a confrontation of policy objectifs concerning agricultural development in the o. M. V. S. Programme with the results obtained. Our conclusions are sommarized by the following points: - the absence of a coherent agricultural policy, prior to the introduction of irrigation, explains the situation prevailing in the agriculture. - the irrigation programme does not appear as a solution to the expectations of the population. - in the present situation, it appears that the large amounts financial ressources spent to build the hydraulic complex, with immense mecanisation that goes with it, only helps to increase the dependency of countries bordering the river and a forther integration into the international division of labour

La récurrence des crises politiques et sécuritaires dans la région sahélo-saharienne continue de mettre en lumière les multiples facteurs d'instabilité qui la touchent. Plaçant l'État au centre de notre réflexion, nous verrons que, si ces fragilités peuvent être le fruit de facteurs exogènes, elles constituent surtout le résultat de décisions endogènes. Partant de ce constat, cette étude analysera les politiques mises en place par les autorités du Burkina Faso, du Mali et du Niger, le cadre régional dans lequel elles s'inscrivent et les interdépendances qu'elles contractent. Face à la faiblesse de ces pays, la solution d'une approche régionale a été plébiscitée mais son efficacité se heurte à la défense des intérêts particuliers des États et de leurs gouvernants
The repetition of political and security crisis in the Sahel region highlights the multiplicity of factors of instability. The State being at the center of our study, we will observe that, despite exogenous threats, its fragility is mostly the result of endogenous decisions. This said, our work will analyze policies implemented by the authorities of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, the regional frame in which they place themselves and the mutual dependence they contracted. To counter the weakness of these countries, the regional approach has benne praised. Its effectiveness must, however, face the defense of rulers' and States' particular interests

Diese Dissertation über Epistemologie der Geographie befasst sich mit dem Problem, wie sich französische und deutsche Geographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf das Konzept der Landschaftskunde stützten, sei es um Ihre Forschungsdisziplin zu definieren, sei es bei ihrer praktischen Arbeit als Geographen. Im Rahmen der histoire croisée von Michael Werner versuche ich, die Wissenszirkulation zwischen französischen und deutschen Geographen aufzuzeigen. Zu diesem Zweck verflechte ich die semantischen, terminologischen, bibliographischen, institutionalen und thematischen Analysen zum Thema Landschaft. Ich betone dabei die Spannungsfelder, die Ähnlichkeiten und die Zusammenhängen zwischen Landschaftskunde, Länderkunde und géographie régionale. Der erste Teil stellt zunächst den Kontext der deutsch-franösischen Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Landschaftskunde dar. Dafür untersuche ich die landschaftlichen Begriffe, ihre problematischen Übersetzungen, ihre semantischen Entwicklung und ihre Rezeption durch geographischen Zeitschriften. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Akteure und die verschiedenen möglichen Optionen, die der Landschaftsbegriff in Deutschland und in Frankreich für die Definition der Geographie bietet. Einerseits interessiere ich mich für die akademischen Geographen: Auf deutscher Seite Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz und besonders Passarge, auf der französischen Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier und Cholley. Andererseits werden die Menschen, die das Wissen übermitteln, betrachtet und typisiert, als « passeurs » / « Übermittler » (wie die Redakteure der bibliographischen Notizen), als « tiers » / « Dritte » (wie belgische oder amerikanische Geographen, die das französische und deutsche geographische Material weiterverarbeiten) und als « pivot » / « Schlüsselfiguren » (wie Davis, im Spiegel dessen die französischen und deutschen Geographen die Methodologie, Praxis und Definition der Geogaphie erörtern). Der dritte Teil analysiert schließlich, wie geographische Begriffe und Arbeitspraktiken bei wichtigen Zusammentreffen von Geographen thematisiert wurden: der Landschaftsbegriff bei den internationalen geographischen Kongressen und die Feldforschungen in der Geomorphologie bei internationalen Exkursionen. Grundlage der letzteren Analyse ist die Untersuchung von Notizbüchern der Teilnehmer
Cette thèse en épistémologie de la géographie vise à savoir dans quelle mesure et comment les géographes français et allemands de la première moitié du XXe siècle s’appuient sur la géographie du paysage pour définir leur discipline et/ou pour la pratiquer. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’« histoire croisée » développée par Michael Werner, on examine les modes de circulation des savoirs entre géographes français et allemands, en menant des approches terminologiques, bibliographiques, sémantiques, institutionnelles et thématiques sur un ensemble de lectures croisées concernant la question du paysage et celle de la géographie du paysage. On insiste sur les mises en tension, les similitudes et les articulations entre géographie du paysage et géographie régionale. La partie 1 présente le contexte des relations franco-allemandes concernant la géographie du paysage, d’où l’étude des concepts paysagers, les problèmes de leur traduction et de leur évolution sémantique ainsi que de leur réception dans les revues de géographie. La partie 2 centre l’analyse sur les acteurs et sur les possibles options offertes par le concept de paysage, en Allemagne comme en France, pour définir la géographie. L’accent est mis d’une part sur les géographes académiques : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz et surtout Passarge, ainsi que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier et Cholley. D’autre part, cette partie est consacrée à des auteurs qui assurent une circulation des savoirs, des filtrages ou une reconfigurations, et que je définis comme des « passeurs », des « tiers » et des « pivots ». Enfin, la partie 3 permet d’aborder deux scènes privilégiées de la rencontre franco-allemande : la section Paysage des Congrès internationaux de géographie et l’analyse paysagère effectuée en géomorphologie, via les excursions internationales et l’étude des carnets de terrain
In this doctoral thesis of epistemology of geography, I would like to know how French and German geographers in the first half of the XXe century use landscape geography to define and / or to practice geography. In the methodology of histoire croisée developed by Michael Werner, I’m trying to show the knowledge circulation between French and German geographers. In this aim I study the crossing approaches of landscape concept in the semantic, terminological, bibliographical, institutional and thematic fields focusing on the strained relationships, the similarities and links between the landscape geography and the regional geography. The first part deals with the context of the French-German relationships regarding the landscape geography, hence the study of landscape concepts, its translation problem and its semantical evolution as well as its reception in geographical reviews. The second part focuses upon actors and the possible given options in France and Germany through the landscape concept to define geography. The emphasis is put on academic geographers on one hand : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz and mostly Passarge in Germany, as well as Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier and Cholley in France. On the other hand, I emphasize geographers who ensure a knowledge circulation of landscape geography and that I see as « passeurs », « tiers » and « pivots ». At least, the third part analyses two priviledged scenes of the French-German meetings : the landscape session at the International Geographical Congress, and the landscape on the field of geomorphology thanks to international excursions and notebooks
História cruzada (histoire croisée) entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães na primeira metade do século XX: a geografia da paisagem (Landschaftskunde) em questão. Nesta tese, na epistemologia da geografia, eu quero saber como os geógrafos franceses e alemães da primeira metade do século XX contam como base na geografia da paisagem para definir a geografia e / ou praticá-la. A geografia da paisagem, que tem o objetivo principal do conceito de paisagem, é tanto uma metodologia que uma prática. Usando a estrutura da história cruzada, desenvolvida por Michael Werner, eu tento mostrar a circulação de conhecimentos entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães: por isso cruzo dados da semântica, terminologia, bibliografias, institucional e temática da paisagem . Parte 1 discute o contexto das relações franco-alemãs sobre a geografia da paisagem, por isso estudo os conceitos de paisagem, os problemas de tradução e seu desenvolvimento semântico, bem como a sua recepção através de revistas de geografia. Parte 2 foco a análise sobre os atores e as opções disponíveis na Alemanha como na França, para definir o conceito de paisagem na geografia. A ênfase é colocada sobre aqueles que fornecem a circulação do conhecimento: os « intermédiarios » (« passeurs »), « o terceiro » (« tiers »), « o pivô » (« pivot »). Por fim, a Parte 3 permite abordar duas cenas previlegiadas pelo o encontro franco-alemão : a paisagem ao Congresso Internacional de Geografia e a geomorfologia através excursaos internacionais e estudo dos cadernos de campo
Histoire Croisée entre géografos Franceses y Alemanes en la primera mitad del siglo XX : la geografìa de dicho paisaje ( Landschaftskunde). Esta tesis en Epistemología de la Geografìa apunta a saber en qué medida y cómo los geógrafos franceses y alemanes de la primera mitad del Siglo XX se apoyan en la geografìa del paisaje para definir su disciplina y/o para practicarla. Utilisando la metodología de la Histoire croisée desarrollada por Michael Wener, se examina los modos de circulación del saber entre los geógrafos franceses y alemanes, valiendose de aproximaciones terminológicas, bibliogràficas, semànticas, institucionales y temàticas sobre un conjunto de lecturas cruzadas concernientes al tema del paisaje y al de la geogafìa del paisaje. Se insiste sobre las tensiones, las similitudes y las articulaciones entre geografìa del paisaje y geografìa regional. La parte 1 presenta el contexto de las relaciones franco-alemanas que conciernen la geografìa del paisaje; de ahí el estudio de los conceptos destinados a producir un efecto de paisaje natural, los problemas de su traducción y de su evolución semàntica, al igual que la recepción en las revistas de geografìa. La parte 2 centra el anàlisis sobre los actores y sobre las posibles opciones ofrecidas por el concepto de paisaje tanto en Alemania como en Francia para definir la geografìa. El énfasis por una parte, està puesto en los geógrafos académicos: Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz y sobre todo, Passarge, al igual que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, clozier y Cholley. Por otra parte, el texto està consagrado a los autores, que aseguran una circulación del saber, de las filtraciones y de las reconfiguraciones, y que yo defino como los « passeurs », los « tiers » y los « pivots ». Para terminar, la parte 3 permite abordar dos escenas privilegiadas del encuentro franco-alemàn: la sección, Paisaje de los Congresos Internacionales de geografìa y el anàlisis del espacio cercano efectuado en geomorfologìa, via las excursiones internacionales y el estudio de cuardernos de campo

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This study investigated the historical process of Agrarian Reform in High Hinterland of Paraíba in the period 1985-2012, showing the process of occupation of the backcountry, highlighting the importance of cotton activity not only for the economy, but also for maintenance of working relationships not typically capitalist, serving as a damper for conflicts between landowners and peasants in this region. As it is located in a region full semiarid Paraiba this research has its area of concentration of study in Brazil Regional History. The work shows the first phase of the fights in public areas and the process of formation of the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT) in High Hinterland of Paraíba. Another aspect studied is the second phase of the struggles that took place in private areas and the creation and operation of the Central Associations of Paraiba backwoods settlements of Upper (CAAASP), identifying the major changes that have occurred in the lives of peasants as well as the impacts of these changes in the region. The story of this journey was systematized, bringing an overview of the processes, facts and achievements of the people in the struggle for land and the land in this region in search of better living conditions . To rescue the history of the struggle for land in High Hinterland of Paraíba this work becomes an invitation to the academic community for further research, both on the topic of Agrarian Question and the Field of Social Movements, how about a multitude of issues relevant to life rural communities in the region.
Este trabalho investigou o processo histórico de Reforma Agrária no Alto Sertão da Paraíba no período entre 1985 a 2012, mostrando o processo de ocupação do espaço sertanejo, destacando a importância da atividade algodoeira não só para a economia, como também para manutenção das relações de trabalho não tipicamente capitalistas, servindo de amortecedor para os conflitos entre os latifundiários e os camponeses nessa região. Como se trata de uma região localizada em pleno Semiárido paraibano esta pesquisa tem sua área de concentração de estudo na História Regional do Brasil. O trabalho mostra a primeira fase das lutas em áreas públicas e o processo de formação da Comissão da Pastoral da Terra (CPT) no Alto Sertão paraibano. Outro aspecto pesquisado é a segunda fase das lutas que se deu em áreas privadas e a criação e atuação da Central das Associações dos Assentamentos do Alto Sertão Paraibano (CAAASP), identificando-se as principais mudanças que ocorreram na vida dos camponeses, bem como, os impactos dessas mudanças na região. A história desse percurso foi sistematizada, trazendo uma visão geral dos processos, fatos e conquistas do povo na luta pela terra e na terra, nessa região, na busca de melhoria das condições de vida. Ao resgatar a história da luta pela terra no Alto Sertão Paraibano, este trabalho torna-se um convite à comunidade acadêmica para novas investigações, tanto sobre o tema da Questão Agrária e dos Movimentos Sociais do Campo, como sobre uma infinidade de questões pertinentes à vida das comunidades rurais nessa região.

The general topic discussed in this dissertation is the question of limits as perceived and delimited by humans. More specifically it aims to investigate the concept of ecotones as it has emerged in the theory of landscape ecology and design, that is, as a zone of transition between two adjacent ecological systems of distinct characteristics; and accordingly it aims to transfer the ecotone concept to the anthropogenic urban environment and investigate its respective implications. In this manner an urban ecotone could be defined as the transition area between at least two adjacent distinct urban fabric / biomes / biotopes of differentiated characteristics (morphological, socio-economic, typological etc), where this ecotonal space is characterized by a pronounced edge effect, in terms of intensity and diversity and a set of defined spatial {length, shape) and time {rhythm, history) characteristics restricted to the ecotonal area but ultimately linked to the adjacent patches · internal dynamics. Due to these intrinsic characteristics it can be sustained that urban ecotones, if managed properly, they can play a key role in maintaining territorial integrity (ecological, functional) and in achieving resilience and long term sustainable yields. Similarly when thought out as reprogrammable urban /territorial interfaces, a direct simile to the membrane function found in organisms and ecosystems, urban ecotones can provide the base for a paradigm shift in our contemporary perspective on cities and their functioning. A shift from a confrontational and fragmented discourse towards a synergetic and cooperational model that highlights the latent complexity present in most urban regions and adapts a proactive stance towards the problematic socio-environmental crisis most contemporary cities face today. In this sense anthropogenic transformations of the territory are understood as a direct product of the social metabolism of each territory. This approach requires apart from a traditional morphological analysis an additional phenomenological approach where the interrelation and compatibilization of anthropogenic and natural activity and dynamics can only be achieved if the necessary conceptual and design tools are developed. For this purpose a case study was selected in order to apply and test the aformentioned concepts. Thus, the selection of the urban region of Thessaloniki corresponds to a series of selection criteria linked to its special characteristics as a coastal mediterranean city with a long and continuous historic course of respective succesion phases that have given rise to heterogeneous urban forms and situations. The thesis is structured in two volumes. The first one deals with all the theoretical and bibliographical research related to the topic in question as well as corresponding analysis results and conclusions. The second volume is thought out as an analysis atlas of the case-study of the urban region of Thessaloniki, following a multi-scalar perspective: On a first level it opts for a territorial / regional analys is on the limits of the administrative region of Central Macedonia, studying the wider regional mosaic structure and respectively identifying the distinct bioregions, diverse territorial situations, landscapes and ecotones encountered within the region. On a second level, the analysis focuses on the urban region of Thessaloniki, selecting six ecotones each one corresponding to respective city limits in distinct historic periods of the city's history and serving as key spatial indicators of past and present processes and dynamics. The timely coincidence of this research work with the Revision of the Regulatory Plan ofThessaloniki renders this research as relevant and useful in providing additional insights and alternatives on the table. On a more general level, the results produced are expected to be extrapolable and applicable to other cases of urban regions, whether within the mediterranean context or not.

This thesis examines the opportunities and constraints facing the implementation of Transit Oriented Development (TOD). TOD consists of concentrated, mixed use development within walking distance of a commercial core and a transit stop that provide the focal point for the community and connect the resident to the region. Despite the fact that many planners accept TOD as a useful form of development, TOD has experienced barriers to its implementation. Neither the barriers to implementation, nor the opportunities for overcoming them have been sufficiently researched. This case study of land use planning at the four east Vancouver station areas of Joyce, 29th Avenue, Nanaimo and Broadway of the 'Expo' Advanced Light Rapid Transit (ALRT) line, known locally as 'SkyTrain', addresses this deficiency. Planning literature, planning documents, interviews with seven Vancouver planners, zoning and land use maps, and a land use survey provided the data from which conclusions were drawn. The research suggests that the major barriers to TOD implementation along the Vancouver 'Expo' line were poor transit routing, difficulties in assembling large parcels of land, lack of coordination between public entities, separated regional land use and transportation planning, inadequate political commitment to design and mitigation measures, the setting of goals for the station areas that are not TOD goals and the intrusive nature ALRT due to its elevated guideway. Many of these barriers correspond with those identified by the TOD literature as existing in other cities, but significant barriers that were identified in the case study but not by the literature include the intrusive nature of the ALRT technology due to its elevated guideway, the decision making process that had the province make decisions (e.g. the type of rapid transit technology to be used) without local input, and the absence of sustained implementation. Opportunities for overcoming barriers to TOD include creating more participatory decision making processes that ensure decisions that affect local communities are made at the municipal and regional, rather than provincial, level, the creation of a directly elected agency responsible for both land use and transportation planning, increased coordination between public agencies, and the creation of TOD guidelines.

This thesis examines British Columbia's proposals for constitutional reform i n the dramatic and tumultuous years leading up to the patriating of the Canadian Constitution in 1982. Of critical interest is the province's pursuit of regional status within the federation — a concept that evolved in scope and complexity under the auspices of successive Social Credit governments. Their goal was to restructure the Canadian state by enhancing Confederation's regional biases in BC's favour. The BC government, in an elaborate list of constitutional proposals released in 1978, called for the extensive reform of national political institutions — designed to improve, to a substantial degree, the status and influence of the province at the federal centre (through, among other things, a reformed Senate with provincially-controlled representation) . In the heated environment of federal-provincial relations that prevailed after the 1976 separatist victory in Quebec, the BC government argued that Canada consisted of five distinct regions, with BC being one of the five (the others were Ontario, Quebec, the Prairies , and the Atlantic). The province's quest for regionhood — and its concomitant demands for the devolution of federal powers — was partly a reaction to the centralist policies of the federal Liberal government under Pierre Trudeau. BC' s proposals signalled the end of constitutional conservatism in the province, but the proposals were marred by their architects' reliance on BC-style pragmatism (eg., provincebuilding). Another central focus is the role of myths and myth-making in Canadian constitutional politics. This thesis contends that BC's quest for regional status was flawed by its attempt to invoke myths about its distinctiveness from the top down. Its demand for regional status was seriously hurt by the lack of historic, grassroots support among the province's citizenry for such a concept. The importance of myths becomes evident when one looks at how myths have been nurtured by nationalists in Quebec. The gestation period for such myths is often generations-long; the fact BC's pursuit of regionhood ultimately failed during the constitutional negotiations of 1980-81 proves that myths — crucial to any society's understanding of itself and its history — cannot be invented out of thin air.

This thesis analyses the processes and content of South African television policymaking between 1990 and 2011 in relation to the regional/local (sub-national) TV question. Analysis is provided of the possible reasons for the gaps between policy intent and policy implementation on regional/local television matters, and the possible impact of these gaps on pursuit and realisation of public interest objectives. The thesis is based on a research case study of a single case: the regional/local question in South African TV policymaking in the early democratic era. Data were extracted from primary South African TV policy documents produced in the period 1990 to 2011 and from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders directly involved in TV policymaking. The collected data were qualitatively analysed across four periods: 1990 to October 1996; November 1996 to 2001; 2002 to 2006; and 2007 to 2011. Two theoretical frameworks were deployed in the data analysis. An adapted form of Kingdon’s (1995) “policy streams” framework – a framework for analysing deliberative public policymaking in democratic states – was used to organise the data collected for each of the four periods of study and to analyse the patterns, and potential causalities, in TV policymaking in each period in relation to the various South African regional/local TV policy matters. A second framework, a social responsibility-oriented, democratic citizenship-focussed public interest media policy framework derived from the work of Feintuck and Varney (2006), was used to evaluate the degree to which public interest objectives were achieved via South African TV policymaking in relation to the regional/local question. The research found that South African television policymaking between 1990 and 2011 failed to adequately answer the regional/local TV question. Via the research project’s application of the adapted Kingdon (1995) framework to the data collected, evidence was found of ruptures in deliberation in the TV policymaking space – instances which steered policymaking activity away from full, multi-stakeholder deliberation, narrowed the scope of consideration of policy options, and led to ad hoc policymaking, policy confusion and policy missteps. Via application to the data of the public interest framework derived from Feintuck and Varney (2006), the research found that sub-national TV delivery on the key public interest objectives of access, diversity and stewardship was not effectively pursued in TV policymaking, and that pursuit of the central public interest principle of democratic citizenship was not adhered to. The research also found that there were apparent causal links between non-deliberative, ad hoc policymaking and failure to effectively pursue the public interest. The value of the research project, and of this thesis, lies to some extent in the application of an innovative political science-oriented framework (adapted from Kingdon, 1995) to uncover the patterns and some of the potential causalities in TV policymaking in relation to a specific subset of TV policy matters (sub-national TV deliverables). Also of value is the application of a second conceptual framework to the data – a social responsibility-oriented public interest framework based on the work of Feintuck and Varney (2006) – to the outcomes of the policymaking. Third, this thesis offers a longitudinal perspective on early-democratic-era South African policymaking on a matter (television) central to the democratic transformation project, thus providing insights into several of the political, socio-cultural and economic discourses/arguments (and the tensions within and among the discourses/arguments) which were prominent in the first two decades of South Africa’s democratisation.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系專班
100
The operating room is not only an important space of the hospital but also a place which can be used by whole departments. So its environmental quality is crucial to hospital quality of care. And its unique operational characteristics of clean environment and year-round, engineering modifications is a tough challenge to the Public Works Unit for the hospital. In this study, we use quantitative analysis mode failure mode and effects analysis to analyze the operating room works in various stages of assessment, and to quantify the impact of its failure mode of the operating room project before the problem is effectively resolved, so that the operating room project quality to meet the modern demands for medical services. We use articles review and expert interviews to develop a 165 failure mode (122 are design and planning stage,43 are construction stage), and to prepare the operating room project failure mode and effects analysis table and set out 38 key control items and 43 control items by FMEA risk priority index calculation and analysis. The design and planning stage accounted for 65.4% of the above control items, showing the operating room engineering quality focus in its planning and design stage. Case check the operating room works the focus control project 8, 5, control items, project planning and design stage prior to review and check on quality control focus to the operating room works. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis FMEA assessment methods applying to the function-oriented and functional complicated operating room works, there will have too much details and problems difficult clarified, expert commentaries is not easy to view, the expert questionnaire, individual experts Comment on the three factor scores vary hugely difficult to generalize.So FMEA applied to the industry risk analysis with functional complexity, you have to analyze all the details of the work and problem review, the process is complicated and difficult. The proposal according to the construction project characteristics, only review and analysis for high-risk projects, and changed to a sort of simple two-factor or simplify Comment pitch. Although Failure mode and effects analysis applied to engineering assessment have operational problems, they are regarded as a good quality control tool and using it well can also exert their effects.

Diese Dissertation über Epistemologie der Geographie befasst sich mit dem Problem, wie sich französische und deutsche Geographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf das Konzept der Landschaftskunde stützten, sei es um Ihre Forschungsdisziplin zu definieren, sei es bei ihrer praktischen Arbeit als Geographen. Im Rahmen der histoire croisée von Michael Werner versuche ich, die Wissenszirkulation zwischen französischen und deutschen Geographen aufzuzeigen. Zu diesem Zweck verflechte ich die semantischen, terminologischen, bibliographischen, institutionalen und thematischen Analysen zum Thema Landschaft. Ich betone dabei die Spannungsfelder, die Ähnlichkeiten und die Zusammenhängen zwischen Landschaftskunde, Länderkunde und géographie régionale. Der erste Teil stellt zunächst den Kontext der deutsch-franösischen Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Landschaftskunde dar. Dafür untersuche ich die landschaftlichen Begriffe, ihre problematischen Übersetzungen, ihre semantischen Entwicklung und ihre Rezeption durch geographischen Zeitschriften. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Akteure und die verschiedenen möglichen Optionen, die der Landschaftsbegriff in Deutschland und in Frankreich für die Definition der Geographie bietet. Einerseits interessiere ich mich für die akademischen Geographen: Auf deutscher Seite Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz und besonders Passarge, auf der französischen Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier und Cholley. Andererseits werden die Menschen, die das Wissen übermitteln, betrachtet und typisiert, als « passeurs » / « Übermittler » (wie die Redakteure der bibliographischen Notizen), als « tiers » / « Dritte » (wie belgische oder amerikanische Geographen, die das französische und deutsche geographische Material weiterverarbeiten) und als « pivot » / « Schlüsselfiguren » (wie Davis, im Spiegel dessen die französischen und deutschen Geographen die Methodologie, Praxis und Definition der Geogaphie erörtern). Der dritte Teil analysiert schließlich, wie geographische Begriffe und Arbeitspraktiken bei wichtigen Zusammentreffen von Geographen thematisiert wurden: der Landschaftsbegriff bei den internationalen geographischen Kongressen und die Feldforschungen in der Geomorphologie bei internationalen Exkursionen. Grundlage der letzteren Analyse ist die Untersuchung von Notizbüchern der Teilnehmer.
Cette thèse en épistémologie de la géographie vise à savoir dans quelle mesure et comment les géographes français et allemands de la première moitié du XXe siècle s’appuient sur la géographie du paysage pour définir leur discipline et/ou pour la pratiquer. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’« histoire croisée » développée par Michael Werner, on examine les modes de circulation des savoirs entre géographes français et allemands, en menant des approches terminologiques, bibliographiques, sémantiques, institutionnelles et thématiques sur un ensemble de lectures croisées concernant la question du paysage et celle de la géographie du paysage. On insiste sur les mises en tension, les similitudes et les articulations entre géographie du paysage et géographie régionale. La partie 1 présente le contexte des relations franco-allemandes concernant la géographie du paysage, d’où l’étude des concepts paysagers, les problèmes de leur traduction et de leur évolution sémantique ainsi que de leur réception dans les revues de géographie. La partie 2 centre l’analyse sur les acteurs et sur les possibles options offertes par le concept de paysage, en Allemagne comme en France, pour définir la géographie. L’accent est mis d’une part sur les géographes académiques : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz et surtout Passarge, ainsi que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier et Cholley. D’autre part, cette partie est consacrée à des auteurs qui assurent une circulation des savoirs, des filtrages ou une reconfigurations, et que je définis comme des « passeurs », des « tiers » et des « pivots ». Enfin, la partie 3 permet d’aborder deux scènes privilégiées de la rencontre franco-allemande : la section Paysage des Congrès internationaux de géographie et l’analyse paysagère effectuée en géomorphologie, via les excursions internationales et l’étude des carnets de terrain.
In this doctoral thesis of epistemology of geography, I would like to know how French and German geographers in the first half of the XXe century use landscape geography to define and / or to practice geography. In the methodology of histoire croisée developed by Michael Werner, I’m trying to show the knowledge circulation between French and German geographers. In this aim I study the crossing approaches of landscape concept in the semantic, terminological, bibliographical, institutional and thematic fields focusing on the strained relationships, the similarities and links between the landscape geography and the regional geography. The first part deals with the context of the French-German relationships regarding the landscape geography, hence the study of landscape concepts, its translation problem and its semantical evolution as well as its reception in geographical reviews. The second part focuses upon actors and the possible given options in France and Germany through the landscape concept to define geography. The emphasis is put on academic geographers on one hand : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz and mostly Passarge in Germany, as well as Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier and Cholley in France. On the other hand, I emphasize geographers who ensure a knowledge circulation of landscape geography and that I see as « passeurs », « tiers » and « pivots ». At least, the third part analyses two priviledged scenes of the French-German meetings : the landscape session at the International Geographical Congress, and the landscape on the field of geomorphology thanks to international excursions and notebooks.
História cruzada (histoire croisée) entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães na primeira metade do século XX: a geografia da paisagem (Landschaftskunde) em questão. Nesta tese, na epistemologia da geografia, eu quero saber como os geógrafos franceses e alemães da primeira metade do século XX contam como base na geografia da paisagem para definir a geografia e / ou praticá-la. A geografia da paisagem, que tem o objetivo principal do conceito de paisagem, é tanto uma metodologia que uma prática. Usando a estrutura da história cruzada, desenvolvida por Michael Werner, eu tento mostrar a circulação de conhecimentos entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães: por isso cruzo dados da semântica, terminologia, bibliografias, institucional e temática da paisagem . Parte 1 discute o contexto das relações franco-alemãs sobre a geografia da paisagem, por isso estudo os conceitos de paisagem, os problemas de tradução e seu desenvolvimento semântico, bem como a sua recepção através de revistas de geografia. Parte 2 foco a análise sobre os atores e as opções disponíveis na Alemanha como na França, para definir o conceito de paisagem na geografia. A ênfase é colocada sobre aqueles que fornecem a circulação do conhecimento: os « intermédiarios » (« passeurs »), « o terceiro » (« tiers »), « o pivô » (« pivot »). Por fim, a Parte 3 permite abordar duas cenas previlegiadas pelo o encontro franco-alemão : a paisagem ao Congresso Internacional de Geografia e a geomorfologia através excursaos internacionais e estudo dos cadernos de campo.
Histoire Croisée entre géografos Franceses y Alemanes en la primera mitad del siglo XX : la geografìa de dicho paisaje ( Landschaftskunde). Esta tesis en Epistemología de la Geografìa apunta a saber en qué medida y cómo los geógrafos franceses y alemanes de la primera mitad del Siglo XX se apoyan en la geografìa del paisaje para definir su disciplina y/o para practicarla. Utilisando la metodología de la Histoire croisée desarrollada por Michael Wener, se examina los modos de circulación del saber entre los geógrafos franceses y alemanes, valiendose de aproximaciones terminológicas, bibliogràficas, semànticas, institucionales y temàticas sobre un conjunto de lecturas cruzadas concernientes al tema del paisaje y al de la geogafìa del paisaje. Se insiste sobre las tensiones, las similitudes y las articulaciones entre geografìa del paisaje y geografìa regional. La parte 1 presenta el contexto de las relaciones franco-alemanas que conciernen la geografìa del paisaje; de ahí el estudio de los conceptos destinados a producir un efecto de paisaje natural, los problemas de su traducción y de su evolución semàntica, al igual que la recepción en las revistas de geografìa. La parte 2 centra el anàlisis sobre los actores y sobre las posibles opciones ofrecidas por el concepto de paisaje tanto en Alemania como en Francia para definir la geografìa. El énfasis por una parte, està puesto en los geógrafos académicos: Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz y sobre todo, Passarge, al igual que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, clozier y Cholley. Por otra parte, el texto està consagrado a los autores, que aseguran una circulación del saber, de las filtraciones y de las reconfiguraciones, y que yo defino como los « passeurs », los « tiers » y los « pivots ». Para terminar, la parte 3 permite abordar dos escenas privilegiadas del encuentro franco-alemàn: la sección, Paisaje de los Congresos Internacionales de geografìa y el anàlisis del espacio cercano efectuado en geomorfologìa, via las excursiones internacionales y el estudio de cuardernos de campo.

Étude sur les systèmes d'exploitation et les problématiques de l'agriculture que rencontre la Mauritanie. Elle démontre que l'irrigation semble être une solution aux problèmes de l'agriculture régionale en permettant notamment une relance de la production.

Il commercio dei prodotti agroalimentari ha assunto oggi una dimensione globale, che pone una serie di questioni su cui è necessario riflettere. Una di queste riguarda la sicurezza alimentare intesa nell'accezione di food safety, ossia come il diritto di ogni individuo a consumare cibo sano e sicuro. La sicurezza alimentare implica l'assenza di elementi estranei che sono riconducibili ai residui dei trattamenti antiparassitari, veterinari, contaminanti ambientali o ancora l'assenza di adulterazioni nel processo di produzione, che possono comportare un rischio per la salute dei consumatori. La tesi analizza le principali dinamiche internazionali relative all'attuale commercio dei prodotti agroalimentari, focalizzando l'attenzione sulla questione della sicurezza alimentare, che da un lato deve garantire senza compromessi la tutela di tutti i consumatori, e dall'altro però, le misure adottate non devono costituire inutili ostacoli commerciali per le imprese alimentari esportatrici. L'analisi inizia dagli accordi nati nell'ambito della WTO, con la firma del Trattato di Marrakech nel 1994, con lo scopo di favorire gli scambi commerciali internazionali attraverso una maggiore armonizzazione delle differenti normative di riferimento. Per quanto riguarda specificamente la sicurezza alimentare si fa riferimento all'Accordo SPS sulle misure sanitarie e fitosanitarie e al Codex Alimentarius, che hanno lo scopo di creare un sistema di norme internazionali valido all'interno dei paesi membri della WTO per tutelare la salute dei consumatori e garantire pratiche eque nel commercio degli alimenti. Dal contesto multilaterale della WTO si procede ad analizzare il ruolo degli accordi bilaterali o regionali, nati in seguito alla crisi del multilateralismo, iniziata con il round di Doha nel 2001e dovuta principalmente all'eterogeneità delle posizioni dei Paesi membri. In particolare nell'ambito degli accordi bilaterali si fa riferimento al partenariato transatlantico sul commercio e gli investimenti (TTIP) recentemente negoziato tra UE e USA, e fermo per ora a tale fase. Si tratta di un accordo di libero scambio volto ad abbattere molte barriere commerciali esistenti tra le due sponde dell'Atlantico, con particolare riferimento a quelle non tariffarie consistenti in divergenze normative che ostacolano le esportazioni, tra cui vanno sicuramente ricomprese le misure sanitarie e fitosanitarie, che si sono rivelate le questioni maggiormente dibattute nel corso delle trattative del TTIP, offrendo lo spunto per analizzare in chiave comparatistica le due diverse tradizioni giuridiche di food safety, delineate attraverso la tematica degli OGM, dove emerge la distanza dell'approccio giuridico tra le due potenze transatlantiche. L'uso delle moderne tecniche di ingegneria genetica in campo alimentare è stato uno dei temi particolarmente discussi nell'ambito delle negoziazioni; gli OGM erano già stati oggetto di una controversia tra Europa e USA nell'ambito della WTO. In ogni caso il TTIP, nonostante il suo fallimento, segna comunque la volontà delle due potenze di trovare una base normativa comune. L'ultima parte della tesi riguarda invece l'evoluzione della sicurezza alimentare in Cina, che grazie alla rapida crescita economica degli ultimi anni, si attesta ad essere una delle potenze protagoniste degli scambi commerciali mondiali, completando in tal modo il quadro internazionale di riferimento. L'introduzione nel 2009 della prima legge sulla sicurezza alimentare, poi modifica nel 2015, rappresenta un primo avvicinamento ai sistemi normativi occidentali. L'analisi delle diverse normative di food safety nel contesto europeo, statunitense e cinese mostra come la globalizzazione economica abbia determinato anche una globalizzazione giuridica o meglio un progressivo allineamento dei diversi sistemi normativi. La necessità di facilitare gli scambi commerciali per competere a livello mondiale ha favorito l'avvicinamento dei vari ordinamenti giuridici. Pertanto si assiste a una sorta di "contaminazione legislativa" estranea alla politica commerciale comune della WTO, ferma da tempo ad una fase di completa stagnazione. In particolare per quanto riguarda il settore alimentare si auspica che il progressivo avvicinamento dei sistemi normativi sul tema della sicurezza alimentare possa favorire la nascita di una food law unitaria a livello globale, che sappia rispondere alle esigenze economiche - commerciali della libera circolazione dei prodotti, e contemporaneamente garantire la tutela di tutti i consumatori, assicurando un elevato livello di qualità e sicurezza.