Artículos de revistas: "Quantification of emerging pollutants"

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Kumar, Vinay, Munish Sharma, Sonica Sondhi, Komalpreet Kaur, Deepak Sharma, Shivali Sharma y Divya Utreja. "Removal of Inorganic Pollutants from Wastewater: Innovative Technologies and Toxicity Assessment". Sustainability 15, n.º 23 (28 de noviembre de 2023): 16376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316376.

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In the past decade, a sudden increase in the number and kind of emerging water contaminants has been observed. The emerging contaminants can be categorized as organic or inorganic. Organic contaminants have been known for years, and techniques for their detection and remediation have been developed. However, inorganic pollutants are much more common. This is because they are detected in very low or negligible concentrations and are equally toxic as organic pollutants at higher concentrations. To boost the research on inorganic pollutant contamination, advancements in detection and quantification techniques are required. The presented paper discusses major inorganic pollutants such as metals and their salts, inorganic fertilizers, sulfides, acids and bases, and ammonia and oxides of nitrogen. In addition, it discusses the inorganic toxicants’ toxicity to organisms and the environment, upgraded quantification methods, and advancements in inorganic toxicant mitigation. Moreover, the major bottlenecks in the quantification and removal of inorganic pollutants are discussed at the end.

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Paoletti, Elena, Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Chris Andersen, Algirdas Augustaitis, Marco Ferretti, Nancy Grulke, Madeleine S. Günthardt-Goerg et al. "Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems — Emerging Research Needs". Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.52.

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Outcomes from the 22ndmeeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems “Forests under Anthropogenic Pressure Effects of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Urban Development”, September 1016, 2006, Riverside, CA, are summarized. Tropospheric or ground-level ozone (O3) is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major interest. Challenging issues are how to make O3standards or critical levels more biologically based and at the same time practical for wide use; quantification of plant detoxification processes in flux modeling; inclusion of multiple environmental stresses in critical load determinations; new concept development for nitrogen saturation; interactions between air pollution, climate, and forest pests; effects of forest fire on air quality; the capacity of forests to sequester carbon under changing climatic conditions and coexposure to elevated levels of air pollutants; enhanced linkage between molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, and morphological traits.

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Bellver-Domingo, A., R. Fuentes y F. Hernández-Sancho. "Shadow prices of emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plants: Quantification of environmental externalities". Journal of Environmental Management 203 (diciembre de 2017): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.025.

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Vojinovic-Miloradov, Mirjana, Maja Turk-Sekulic, Jelena Radonic, Natasa Milic, Nevena Grujic-Letic, Ivana Mihajlovic y Maja Milanovic. "Industrial emerging chemicals in the environment". Chemical Industry 68, n.º 1 (2014): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121110028v.

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In the recent time, considerable interest has grown concerning the presence of the emerging industrial chemicals, EmIC. They are contaminants that have possible pathway to enter to the environment and they are dominantly released by industrial and anthropogenic activities. EmIC are applied in different fields using as industrial chemicals (new and recently recognized), global organic contaminants (flame retardant chemicals), pharmaceuticals (for both human and animal uses), endocrine-modulating compounds, biological metabolites, personal care products, household chemicals, nanomaterial (energy storage products, lubricants), anticorrosive and agriculture chemicals and others that are applied to a wide variety of everyday items such as clothing, upholstery, electronics and automobile interiors. NORMAN (Network of reference laboratories for monitoring of emerging environmental pollutants) has established an open, dynamic, list of emerging substances and pollutants. EmIC have been recently detected in the environment due to their long-term presence, pseudo-persistence and increased use. Improvements in sophisticated analytical methods and time integrative passive sampling have enabled the identification and quantification of EmIC, in very low concentrations (ppb, ppt and lower), which likely have been present in all environmental mediums for decades. Passive technology is an innovative technique for the time-integrated measurement of emerging contaminants in water, sediment, soil and air. Passive samplers are simple handling cost-effective tool that could be used in environmental monitoring programmes. These devices are now being considered as a part of an emerging strategy for monitoring a range of emerging industrial chemicals and priority pollutants in the aquatic environment. EmIC are substances that are not included in the routine monitoring programmes and whose fate, behaviour and (eco)toxicological effects are still not well understood. Emerging pollutants have no regulatory standards based on peer-reviewed science. EmIC might jeopardize aquatic environment. The first screening analyses of emerging industrial and priority organic contaminants in the Danube surface water, in the vicinity of Novi Sad, have been done and approximately more than 140 compounds have been registered. The new sampling campaign, screening and target analyses are in progress.

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Barreca, Salvatore, Maddalena Busetto, Luisa Colzani, Laura Clerici, Valeria Marchesi, Laura Tremolada, Daniela Daverio y Pierluisa Dellavedova. "Hyphenated High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques for the Determination of Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances in Lombardia Region in Italy, Profile Levels and Assessment: One Year of Monitoring Activities During 2018". Separations 7, n.º 1 (11 de marzo de 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7010017.

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In this research paper, we report a hyphenated technique based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of twelve Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances in surface and groundwater samples from Lombardia Region during the monitoring activities in 2018 as new emerging and toxic pollutants. A green analytic method, developed by using an online Solid Phase Extraction coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS and previously validated, was applied for 4992 determinations conducted on 416 samples from 109 different sampling stations. Among the results, PFOS, PFOA, PFBA, PFBS, PFPeA and PFHxA were identified as the most abundant analytes detected. PFASs concentrations, in most cases, were below the limits of quantification and, in the cases where the limits of quantification have been exceeded, the values found were lower than Italy directive. PFOS is an exception and in fact this compound was detected in 76% of analyzed samples (surface and ground waters). Solid phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry has proved to be a very good Hyphenated techniques able to detect low concentrations of pollutants in surface and groundwater samples.

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Quintelas, C., A. Melo, M. Costa, D. P. Mesquita, E. C. Ferreira y A. L. Amaral. "Environmentally-friendly technology for rapid identification and quantification of emerging pollutants from wastewater using infrared spectroscopy". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 80 (noviembre de 2020): 103458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2020.103458.

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Câmara, José S., Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda, Jorge Freitas, Rayco Guedes-Alonso, Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera y Rosa Perestrelo. "Emerging Contaminants in Seafront Zones. Environmental Impact and Analytical Approaches". Separations 8, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8070095.

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Some chemical substances have the potential to enter the coastal and marine environment and cause adverse effects on ecosystems, biodiversity and human health. For a large majority of them, their fate and effects are poorly understood as well as their use still unregulated. Finding effective and sustainable strategies for the identification of these emerging and/or anthropogenic contaminants that might cause polluting effects in marine environments to mitigate their adverse effects, is of utmost importance and a great challenge for managers, regulators and researchers. In this review we will evaluate the impact of emerging contaminants (ECs) on marine coastal zones namely in their ecosystems and biodiversity, highlighting the potential risks of organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Emerging microextraction techniques and high-resolution analytical platforms used in isolation, identification and quantification of ECs will be also reviewed.

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Setyobudi, Roy Hendroko, Shazma Anwar, Iswahyudi Iswahyudi, Syarif Husen, Damat Damat, Marchel Putra Garfansa, Praptiningsih Gamawati Adinurani et al. "Identification and Quantification of Microplastics Contamination in Potato from Malang Raya, Indonesia". BIO Web of Conferences 104 (2024): 00036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410400036.

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The presence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soil has the potential to contaminate plants and agricultural products with negative impacts on humans and living creatures. Therefore, identifying and quantifying MPs in potato farms is essential to evaluate. This study aims to estimate MPs pollutants in potato farms. This study found that potato farm components (potato seedlings, soil, organic fertilizer, potato, irrigation water and potato chips) had a total MPs content of 104 particles. The higher abundance of MPs 2.83 mL–1 was recorded in Pujon Kidul irrigation water and lower abundance of MPs 0.03 g–1 was noted in Potato chip – “OK” brand. Considering size of microplastic the maximum size of MPs 5.449 mm was calculated in Pujon Kidul irrigation water and minimum size of MPs 0.172 mm was noted in Pujon Kidul 3rd growing media. The colors of MPs identified are transparent, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. In addition, the MP’s shape was 68.2 % of fibre, 26.9 % of filament, 3.8 % fragment, and 1.1 % of granules in potato farm components. The emerging pollutants must be addressed because microplastic degradation causes them to spread more widely, accumulating over tens to hundreds of years as a hidden danger.

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Leston, Sara, Andreia Freitas, João Rosa, Ana Sofia Vila Pouca, Jorge Barbosa, Patrick Reis-Santos, Vanessa F. Fonseca, Miguel A. Pardal y Fernando Ramos. "Pharmaceuticals in Coastal Waters: An UHPLC-TOF-MS Multi-Residue Approach". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 10 (12 de mayo de 2023): 5975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13105975.

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Anthropogenic chemical contamination represents a key stressor of natural environments with pharmaceuticals comprising a particular group of emerging pollutants with the potential to induce biological responses in non-target organisms. Therefore, an analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS) was developed for estuarine and seawaters, targeting 63 globally used pharmaceuticals (including amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and venlafaxine included in the Surface Water Watch List) from 8 therapeutic groups: antibiotics, analgesic, NSAIDs, antidepressants, β-blockers, lipid regulators, anticonvulsants and antihypertensive drugs. The method presents high selectivity and sensitivity, with the limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 8.92 ng/L and the limits of quantification from 0.02 to 29.73 ng/L. Considering precision, the highest value was achieved for amoxicillin (20.9%) and the lower for ofloxacin (2.6%), while recoveries ranged from 80.6 to 112.6%. Overall, the quantification method was highly efficient for multi-residues quantification in such complex environmental samples.

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Dias, Rita, Diogo Sousa, Maria Bernardo, Inês Matos, Isabel Fonseca, Vitor Vale Cardoso, Rui Neves Carneiro et al. "Study of the Potential of Water Treatment Sludges in the Removal of Emerging Pollutants". Molecules 26, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2021): 1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041010.

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Presently, water quantity and quality problems persist both in developed and developing countries, and concerns have been raised about the presence of emerging pollutants (EPs) in water. The circular economy provides ways of achieving sustainable resource management that can be implemented in the water sector, such as the reuse of drinking water treatment sludges (WTSs). This study evaluated the potential of WTS containing a high concentration of activated carbon for the removal of two EPs: the steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). To this end, WTSs from two Portuguese water treatment plants (WTPs) were characterised and tested for their hormone adsorbance potential. Both WTSs showed a promising adsorption potential for the two hormones studied due to their textural and chemical properties. For WTS1, the final concentration for both hormones was lower than the limit of quantification (LOQ). As for WTS2, the results for E2 removal were similar to WTS1, although for EE2, the removal efficiency was lower (around 50%). The overall results indicate that this method may lead to new ways of using this erstwhile residue as a possible adsorbent material for the removal of several EPs present in wastewaters or other matrixes, and as such contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) targets.

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Kraševec, Ida y Helena Prosen. "Solid-Phase Extraction of Polar Benzotriazoles as Environmental Pollutants: A Review". Molecules 23, n.º 10 (29 de septiembre de 2018): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102501.

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Polar benzotriazoles are corrosion inhibitors with widespread use; they are environmentally characterized as emerging pollutants in the water system, where they are present in low concentrations. Various extraction methods have been used for their separation from various matrices, ranging from classical liquid–liquid extractions to various microextraction techniques, but the most frequently applied extraction technique remains the solid-phase extraction (SPE), which is the focus of this review. We present an overview of the methods, developed in the last decade, applied for the determination of benzotriazoles in aqueous and solid environmental samples. Several other matrices, such as human urine and plant material, are also considered in the text. The methods are reviewed according to the determined compounds, sample matrices, cartridges and eluents used, extraction recoveries and the achieved limits of quantification. A critical evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of the published methods is given.

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Rosso, Beatrice, Barbara Bravo, Elena Gregoris, Carlo Barbante, Andrea Gambaro y Fabiana Corami. "Quantification and Chemical Characterization of Plastic Additives and Small Microplastics (<100 μm) in Highway Road Dust". Toxics 11, n.º 11 (17 de noviembre de 2023): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110936.

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Road dust is one of the environment’s most important microplastic and plastic additive sources. Traffic vehicles and the wear of tires can release these emerging contaminants, which can be resuspended in the air and washed off by stormwater runoff. In this study, a concurrent quantification and chemical characterization of additives, plasticizers, natural and non-plastic synthetic fibers (APFs), and small microplastics (SMPs, <100 µm) in samples of highway road dust (HWRD) was performed. The sampling procedure was optimized, as well as pretreatment (extraction, purification, and filtration) and analysis via micro-FTIR. The average length of the SMPs was 88 µm, while the average width was 50 µm. The highest abundance of SMPs was detected in HWRD 7 (802 ± 39 SMPs/g). Among the polymers characterized and quantified, vinyl ester and polytetrafluoroethylene were predominant. APFs’ average particle length was 80 µm and their width was 45 µm, confirming that both of these emerging pollutants are less than 100 µm in size. Their maximum concentration was in RD7, with 1044 ± 45 APFs/g. Lubricants and plasticizers are the two most abundant categories, followed by vulcanizing agents, accelerators, and pre-vulcanizing retarders derived mainly from tires. A potential relationship between APFs and SMPs in the different seasons was observed, as their concentration was lower in summer for both and higher in winter 2022. These results will be significant in investigating the load of these pollutants from highways, which is urgently necessary for more accurate inclusion in emission inventories, receptor modeling, and health protection programs by policymakers, especially in air and water pollution policies, to prevent risks to human health.

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Ghita, Gina, Mihaela Ilie, Georgeta Tudor, Miruna Arsene, Lucian Luminarioiu, Marius Raischi y Ionut Petrache. "Investigations Regarding The Contamination with Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Representative Rivers and Lakes in Romania". E3S Web of Conferences 437 (2023): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343702008.

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The presence of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants in the aquatic environment is generally related to anthropogenic activities such as domestic, industrial and hospital wastewater discharges and landfills. Special attention should be paid to the contamination of surface waters, as they are partly used for drinking water supply, since they directly collect partly untreated wastewater from wastewater treatment plant. Within this paper, the identification, quantification and distribution of pharmaceutical micropollutants, from different complex environmental matrices, respectively: surface water, sediment and biota in the river basins of Arges-Vedea, Buzau-Ialomita and Dobrogea-Litoral and of the Danube River, were achieved. Also, preliminary investigations were carried out regarding the contamination of lakes with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) the metropolitan area of the municipality of Bucharest. Among the pharmaceutical micropollutants identified in the Arges-Vedea river basin, the most frequently detected was paracetamol with a frequency of 69% and antibiotics with a frequency of 65.52%, in the Dobrogea-Litoral basin paracetamol was detected with a frequency of 74.2% and antibiotics with a frequency of 54.84%, while antibiotics were identified in all surface water samples and paracetamol with a frequency of 80% in the Buzau-Ialomita river basin. Considering the contamination of sediments with pharmaceutical residues, these were identified in all studied areas and in biota samples (fish) up to 18.21 ng/g were detected. The preliminary identification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from Lakes Plumbuita, Carol, Morii, Alexandru Ioan Cuza (IOR), Herastrau and Tei indicated the frequent presence of several items, such as paracetamol, tinidazole, carbamazepine, moxifloxacin, clarithromycin, and caffeine.

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Wiest, Laure, Antoine Gosset, Aurélie Fildier, Christine Libert, Matthieu Hervé, Elisabeth Sibeud, Barbara Giroud et al. "Occurrence and removal of emerging pollutants in urban sewage treatment plants using LC-QToF-MS suspect screening and quantification". Science of The Total Environment 774 (junio de 2021): 145779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145779.

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Assress, Hailemariam Abrha, Hlengilizwe Nyoni, Bhekie B. Mamba y Titus A. M. Msagati. "Target quantification of azole antifungals and retrospective screening of other emerging pollutants in wastewater effluent using UHPLC –QTOF-MS". Environmental Pollution 253 (octubre de 2019): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.075.

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Cerasa, Marina, Simona Teodori y Loris Pietrelli. "Searching Nanoplastics: From Sampling to Sample Processing". Polymers 13, n.º 21 (23 de octubre de 2021): 3658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213658.

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Nanoplastics (NPs) are considered emerging pollutants, namely unregulated contaminants whose toxic effect on humans and the environment has been demonstrated or suspected. They are the result of the physical fragmentation of the plastics that over time reach smaller dimensions (<100 nm). The issues related to the characterization and quantification of NPs in the environmental matrices are mainly related to the infinitepsimal size, to the fact that they are found in bulk, and to the different physico-chemical forms in which the same polymer can evolve over time by degradation. To deal with the study of a new class of pollutants it is necessary to assess the entire analytical method, carefully considering every single step (sampling, cleanup, qualitative, and quantitative analysis) starting from the validation method in the laboratory. This paper reviews the analytical method steps, focusing on the first ones, which the current literature often underestimates: laboratory tests, sampling, and sample processing; in fact, most errors and the quality of the analyses often depend on them. In addition, all newly introduced sample processing methods were examined.

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Binetti, Rita, Paola Calza, Giovanni Costantino, Stefania Morgillo y Dimitra Papagiannaki. "Perfluoroalkyl Substance Assessment in Turin Metropolitan Area and Correlation with Potential Sources of Pollution according to the Water Safety Plan Risk Management Approach". Separations 6, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations6010017.

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Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a huge class of Contaminants of Emerging Concern, well-known to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. They have been detected in different environmental matrices, in wildlife and even in humans, with drinking water being considered as the main exposure route. Therefore, the present study focused on the estimation of PFAS in the Metropolitan Area of Turin, where SMAT (Società Metropolitana Acque Torino S.p.A.) is in charge of the management of the water cycle and the development of a tool for supporting “smart” water quality monitoring programs to address emerging pollutants’ assessments using multivariate spatial and statistical analysis tools. A new “green” analytical method was developed and validated in order to determine 16 different PFAS in drinking water with a direct injection to the Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) system and without any pretreatment step. The validation of this analytical method resulted in really low Quantification Limits (5 ng L−1), in satisfying recoveries (70%–102%) and in a good linearity (R2 = 0.99) for every compound. Among the results, only 4 compounds and only 6% of the samples showed a pollution level higher than the limits of and Quantification (LOQ). Finally, the correlation study between the assessment findings and the industrial sites which serve as potential sources of pollution in the monitored area was carried out.

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Burcea, Alexandru, Ioana Boeraş, Claudia-Maria Mihuţ, Doru Bănăduc, Claudiu Matei y Angela Curtean-Bănăduc. "Adding the Mureş River Basin (Transylvania, Romania) to the List of Hotspots with High Contamination with Pharmaceuticals". Sustainability 12, n.º 23 (7 de diciembre de 2020): 10197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310197.

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Background: The Mureș River Basin is a long-term heavily polluted watershed, in a situation of climate changes with decreasing water flow and related decreasing dilution capacity. Here, a mixture of emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals were targeted to reveal potential risks regarding the natural lotic ecosystems. Due to the continuous discharge into the environment, pharmaceuticals are gaining persistent organic pollutant characteristics and are considered emerging pollutants. Based on the hazard quotient, this research highlights the dangerous concentrations of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, furosemide, and enalapril in river water. Results: High levels of four pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, furosemide, and enalapril) and some of their derived metabolites (enalaprilat, carboxyibuprofen, 1-hydroxyibuprofen, and 2-hydroxyibuprofen) were reported in our study in the Mureș River Basin. Overall, pharmaceutical concentrations were found to be highest in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, median downstream of the WWTP, and lowest upstream of the WWTP, as was expected. For all pharmaceutical compounds tested, we recorded concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in at least one of the sites tested. Carbamazepine exhibited the highest mean values upstream, downstream, and at the WWTP. As expected, the highest concentrations for all the studied pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the WWTP effluent. All Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were below one (on a logarithmic scale in base 10), with the highest values in the WWTP and the lowest in the river upstream of the WWTP. The HQ intervals were in the same range for furosemide, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen at each of the three different sites: upstream WWTP effluent, and downstream. The interval for enalapril stands out as having the lowest HQ at all three sites. Conclusions: Based on these results, the large and complex hydrographical system Mureș River Basin was transformed from a grey area, with little information about pharmaceutical contamination, to a hotspot in terms of contamination with emerging pollutants. Pharmaceutical compound concentrations were found to be the highest in WWTP effluents. The WWTP effluent concentrations were among the highest in Europe, indicating that treatment plants are the primary source of water pollution with pharmaceuticals compounds. The detected levels were higher than the safety limit for carbamazepine and ibuprofen. The determined HQ values imply that the measured levels do pose a threat to the environment for the studied pharmaceuticals. Based on the obtained results, human communities can assess, monitor, predict, and adapt in time to these already-present regional challenges and risks for sustainable use of natural resources, including water and associated products and services.

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Pereira, André M. P. T., Andreia Freitas, Angelina Pena y Liliana J. G. Silva. "Analysis of Antibiotics in Bivalves by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry". Antibiotics 12, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2023): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050913.

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The presence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems mostly originates from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and such a situation can be responsible for significant negative impacts on natural ecosystems, such as estuarine and coastal areas. Bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals, namely antibiotics, in exposed organisms is known to have remarkable effects on different trophic levels of non-target organisms such as algae, invertebrates and vertebrates, including the emergence of bacterial resistance. Bivalves are a highly appreciated seafood product, as they are fed by filtering water, and can bioconcentrate chemicals, being ideal for biomonitoring environmental health hazards in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. To use this sentinel species, an analytical strategy was developed to be used in accessing antibiotics, from human and veterinary medicine, and evaluate their occurrence as emerging pollutants in aquatic environments. The optimized analytical method was fully validated according to the European requirements defined by the Commission Implementing Regulation 2021/808. The validation comprised the following parameters: specificity, selectivity, precision, recovery, ruggedness, linearity, and the decision limit CCα, as well as the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ). The method was validated for 43 antibiotics to allow their quantification in both contexts, environmental biomonitoring and food safety.

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Merlo, Francesca, Federica Maraschi, Davide Piparo, Antonella Profumo y Andrea Speltini. "Simultaneous Pre-Concentration and HPLC-MS/MS Quantification of Phycotoxins and Cyanotoxins in Inland and Coastal Waters". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 13 (3 de julio de 2020): 4782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134782.

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The purpose of this study was to set up a sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of phycotoxins and cyanotoxins—Emerging pollutants with different structures and harmful properties (hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity)—In environmental waters. Due to the low concentrations detected in these samples, a pre-concentration step is required and here it was performed in a single step with a commercial cartridge (Strata™-X), achieving enrichment factors up to 200 and satisfactory recovery (R = 70–118%) in different aqueous matrices. After solid-phase extraction (SPE), toxins were separated and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Heated ElectroSpray Ionisation Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HESI-MS/MS) in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. An analytical evaluation of the proposed method was done based on the analytical figures of merit, such as precision and trueness, linearity, selectivity, and sensitivity, and it turned out to be a robust tool for the quantification of ng L−1 levels, phycotoxins and cyanotoxins in both freshwater and saltwater samples.

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Martínez-Orgániz, Ángeles, José Elías Becerril Bravo, María Llompart, Thierry Dagnac, J. Pablo Lamas, Lúa Vázquez y Laura Sampedro-Rosas. "Emerging pollutants and antibiotics removed by conventional activated sludge followed by ultraviolet radiation in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Mexico". Water Quality Research Journal 56, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2021.013.

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Abstract Different groups of emerging pollutants (EPs) were identified (drugs, pesticides, hormones, illicit drugs, and fire retardant), and the removal of four antibiotics was determined (sulfamethoxazole 62.2–94.4%, ciprofloxacin 71–83.1%, norfloxacin 82–89%, and ofloxacin 78–97.9%) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Acapulco, Gro. Mexico. The compounds were extracted from influent and effluent samples by solid phase extraction (SPE). The identification of non-target EPs was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The antibiotic quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Most of the non-target compounds were detected only in the influent samples. Antibiotics levofloxacin and nalidixic acid, the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and oxycarbamazepine, the local anesthetic lidocaine, and the pesticide tridemorph were the main EPs not removed by the WWTP. In this study, it was shown that the Aguas Blancas WWTP does not manage to remove 100% of the various EPs identified in the effluent, although the elimination degree is high in most cases, despite being one of the model plants in Mexico.

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Serra-Clusellas, Anna, Luca Sbardella, Pol Herrero, Antoni Delpino-Rius, Marc Riu, María de Lourdes Correa, Anna Casadellà, Núria Canela y Xavier Martínez-Lladó. "Erythromycin Abatement from Water by Electro-Fenton and Peroxyelectrocoagulation Treatments". Water 13, n.º 8 (20 de abril de 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081129.

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Electro-Fenton (EF) and peroxyelectrocoagulation (PEC) processes were investigated to mineralize 10 mg L−1 erythromycin from ultrapure water, evaluating the influence of the anode material (BDD and Fe), current density (janode) (5 mA cm−2 and 10 mA cm−2), oxygen flowrate injected to the cathode (0.8 L min−1 O2 and 2.0 L min−1 O2) and pH (2.8, 5.0 and 7.0) on the process efficiency and the electricity costs. 70% mineralization was reached after applying 0.32 A h L−1 under the best operational conditions: PEC treatment at 5 mA cm−2, 2.0 L min−1 O2 and pH 2.8. The electricity consumption of the electrochemical cell under these conditions was approximately 0.3 kWh m−3. Early-stage intermediates produced from erythromycin degradation were identified and quantified throughout the treatment and a potential erythromycin degradation pathway was proposed. The most appropriate operational conditions tested with synthetic solutions were applied to treat a real effluent from the tertiary treatment of an urban wastewater treatment plant. All emerging compounds listed in the EU Decision 2018/840 (Watch List 2018) were determined before and after the PEC treatment. All listed pollutants were degraded below their quantification limit, except estrone and 17-α-ethinylestradiol which were 99% removed from water. Electricity consumption of the electrochemical cell was 0.4 kWh m−3. Whilst awaiting future results that demonstrate the innocuity of the generated byproducts, the results of this investigation (high removal yields for emerging pollutants together with the low electricity consumption of the cell) indicate the promising high potential of PEC treatment as a water treatment/remediation/regeneration technology.

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Gómez-Ramírez, Pilar, Guillermo Blanco y Antonio Juan García-Fernández. "Validation of Multi-Residue Method for Quantification of Antibiotics and NSAIDs in Avian Scavengers by Using Small Amounts of Plasma in HPLC-MS-TOF". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n.º 11 (6 de junio de 2020): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114058.

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Pharmaceuticals are still considered emerging pollutants affecting both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Scavenging bird species may be exposed to veterinary drugs when they feed on livestock carcasses provided at supplementary feeding stations, as these are often stocked with ailing and/or recently medicated animals. Because those animals may be a source of several different pharmaceutical compounds, analytical methods to evaluate residue levels and exposure potential should enable detection and quantification of as many different compounds as possible, preferably from small sample volumes. Four different extraction methods were tested to conduct HPLC-MS-TOF analysis of some of the most common veterinary drugs used in livestock in Spain. The method deemed most viable was a simple extraction, using methanol and 100 µL of plasma, that allowed quantification of seven antibiotics (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, sulfadiazine) and five nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (meloxicam, flunixin, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, phenylbutazone). The method was then applied to analysis of 29 Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) nestling samples, wherein enrofloxacin and tolfenamic acid were most commonly detected (69% and 20%, respectively). To our knowledge, this is the first study including NSAIDs in the exposure assessment of different classes of veterinary pharmaceuticals in live avian scavengers.

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Cheng, Kun, Xiangrui Xu, Liqiang Cui, Yunpeng Li, Jufeng Zheng, Wenao Wu, Jianfei Sun y Genxing Pan. "The role of soils in regulation of freshwater and coastal water quality". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, n.º 1834 (4 de agosto de 2021): 20200176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0176.

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Water quality regulation is an important ecosystem service function of soil. In this study, the mechanism by which soil regulates water quality was reviewed, and the effects of soil management on water quality were explored. A scientometrics analysis was also conducted to explore the research fields and hotspots of water quality regulation of soil in the past 5 years. This review found that the pollutants entering the soil can be mitigated by precipitation, adsorption and desorption, ion exchange, redox and metabolic decomposition. As an optimal substrate, soil in constructed wetlands has perfect performance in the adsorption and passivation of pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in water, and degradation of pesticides and emerging contaminants. Mangrove wetlands play an important role in coastal zone protection and coastal water quality restoration. However, the excessive application of agricultural chemicals causes soil overload, which leads to the occurrence of agricultural non-point source pollution. Under the dual pressures of climate change and food insecurity in the future, developing environmentally friendly and economically feasible sustainable soil management measures is crucial for maintaining the water purification function of soil by relying on the accurate quantification of soil function based on big data and modelling. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

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Bognár, Szabolcs, Predrag Putnik, Ivana Maksimović, Branko Velebit, Marina Putnik-Delić y Daniela Šojić Merkulov. "Sustainable Removal of Tolperisone from Waters by Application of Photocatalysis, Nanotechnology, and Chemometrics: Quantification, Environmental Toxicity, and Degradation Optimization". Nanomaterials 12, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234199.

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Environmental pollution is an emerging global issue. Heterogenous photocatalytic degradation, which belongs to the advanced oxidation processes, is a promising sustainable technique for the removal of harmful pollutants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) from natural resources (surface and underground waters), as well as wastewaters. In our study, we examined the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation (with TiO2 and ZnO as photocatalysts) of tolperisone hydrochloride (TLP) and the effect of TLP and its degradation intermediates on germination, photosynthetic capacity, and biomass production of wheat. According to the UFLC-DAD and LC–ESI–MS results, we found that the complete degradation of TLP can be reached after 60.83 min of UV irradiation using TiO2 as a photocatalyst. Furthermore, we determined that germination, biomass production, and chlorophyll b (Chl b) were not related to the percentage of TLP after irradiation. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) (r = −0.61, p ≤ 0.05), Chl a+b (r = −0.56, p ≤ 0.05), and carotenoid (car) (r = −0.57, p ≤ 0.05) were strongly inversely (negatively) correlated with TLP, while Chl a+b/car (r = 0.36, p ≤ 0.05) was moderately (positively) related.

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Iancu, Vasile-Ion, Niculescu Marcela, Diana Puiu, Toma Galaon, Jana Petre y Luoana Florentina Pascu. "Determination of Hypoglycemic Agents in Surface Water Samples Using SPE-LC-MS/MS Method". Revista de Chimie 71, n.º 7 (4 de agosto de 2020): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.7.8252.

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Antidiabetic compounds are a class of emerging contaminants in environment, for which there are no regulations in the world environmental legislation. These compounds are among the most widely used drugs in the world due to the large number of patients with diabetic conditions. The presence of these pollutants in the environment is insufficiently studied, so efficient analytical methods are needed to allow their detection at trace levels (ng/L). For the simultaneously quantification of the five antidiabetics (glyburide, metformin, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride) and one bio-degradation product (guanyl urea) in surface water samples a SPE-LC-MS/MS (solid phase extraction -liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection) method was validated using real river water samples. The compounds were separated on C18 LC column in 9 minutes at 300C using a gradient of mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Good performance parameters were obtained using the method: low limits of quantification (LOQs 0.1-2.4 ng/L), precision (repeatability 3.5-7.2% and reproducibility 6.5-12.7%) and determination coefficients (higher than 0.99). The most contaminated river was represented by Ialomita, which had a total concentration of antidiabetics of 112.1 ng/L in the downstream point, followed by the Siret and Dambovita rivers, which had a total concentration of antidiabetics of 66.3 ng/L and 57.3 ng/L, respectively, also in the downstream points.

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Sharifi, Hamze y Hossein Movahedian Attar. "Identification, Quantification, and Evaluation of Microplastics Removal Efficiency in a Water Treatment Plant (A Case Study in Iran)". Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (enero de 2022): 117862212211349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221134945.

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Microplastics (MPs) are among the emerging pollutants that recently attracted the researcher’s attention around the world. These particles can absorb other chemicals, and microbial contaminants and enter them into the food chain, and environment. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of MPs in raw and treated drinking water and evaluate the MPs removal efficiency in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in Iran. MPs particles were counted at different stages of DWTP, using a scanning electron microscope after the initial preparation steps include filtration, and chemical digestion, and then examined for the nature of the particles using a micro-Raman spectrometer. The concentration of MPs in influent, clarifier’s effluent, and DWTP’s effluent were 1597.7 ± 270.3, 676.2 ± 69.0, and 260.5 ± 48.9 MPs/L, respectively. The total efficiency of the DWTP in MPs removal was 83.7%, which the clarification and filtration stage removed 57.7%, and 26.0% of total MPs, respectively. The most abundant polymers identified were PP, PE, and PET. Despite the effective removal of MPs in the DWTP, on average 2.25 × 1011 ± 4.23 × 1010 MPs are daily discharged into the water distribution system through the effluent of this DWTP.

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Miloloža, Martina, Dajana Kučić Grgić, Tomislav Bolanča, Šime Ukić, Matija Cvetnić, Vesna Ocelić Bulatović, Dionysios D. Dionysiou y Hrvoje Kušić. "Ecotoxicological Assessment of Microplastics in Freshwater Sources—A Review". Water 13, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010056.

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High living standards and a comfortable modern way of life are related to an increased usage of various plastic products, yielding eventually the generation of an increased amount of plastic debris in the environment. A special concern is on microplastics (MPs), recently classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). This review focuses on MPs’ adverse effects on the environment based on their bioactivity. Hence, the main topic covered is MPs’ ecotoxicity on various aquatic (micro)organisms such as bacteria, algae, daphnids, and fish. The cumulative toxic effects caused by MPs and adsorbed organic/inorganic pollutants are presented and critically discussed. Since MPs’ bioactivity, including ecotoxicity, is strongly influenced by their properties (e.g., types, size, shapes), the most common classification of MPs types present in freshwater are provided, along with their main characteristics. The review includes also the sources of MPs discharge in the environment and the currently available characterization methods for monitoring MPs, including identification and quantification, to obtain a broader insight into the complex problem caused by the presence of MPs in the environment.

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Guedes-Alonso, Rayco, Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera y José Juan Santana-Rodríguez. "Simultaneous Determination of Hormonal Residues in Treated Waters Using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/210653.

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In the last years, hormone consumption has increased exponentially. Because of that, hormone compounds are considered emerging pollutants since several studies have determinted their presence in water influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, a quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of oestrogens (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and diethylstilbestrol), androgens (testosterone), and progestogens (norgestrel and megestrol acetate) has been developed to determine these compounds in wastewater samples. Due to the very low concentrations of target compounds in the environment, a solid phase extraction procedure has been optimized and developed to extract and preconcentrate the analytes. Determination and quantification were performed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method developed presents satisfactory limits of detection (between 0.15 and 9.35 ng·L−1), good recoveries (between 73 and 90% for the most of compounds), and low relative standard deviations (under 8.4%). Samples from influents and effluents of two wastewater treatment plants of Gran Canaria (Spain) were analyzed using the proposed method, finding several hormones with concentrations ranged from 5 to 300 ng·L−1.

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Choi, Younghun, Ji-Ho Lee, Kyunghyun Kim, Hyunsaing Mun, Naree Park y Junho Jeon. "Identification, quantification, and prioritization of new emerging pollutants in domestic and industrial effluents, Korea: Application of LC-HRMS based suspect and non-target screening". Journal of Hazardous Materials 402 (enero de 2021): 123706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123706.

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Yu, Jiajie, John Kiwi, Ivica Zivkovic, Henrik M. Rønnow, Tianhe Wang y Sami Rtimi. "Quantification of the local magnetized nanotube domains accelerating the photocatalytic removal of the emerging pollutant tetracycline". Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 248 (julio de 2019): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.02.046.

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Kotowska, Urszula, Justyna Kapelewska, Adam Kotowski y Ewelina Pietuszewska. "Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Hormones and Other Emerging Contaminants in Groundwater Using Ultrasound-Assisted Emulsification Microextraction with Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet Followed by GC-MS Detection". Water 11, n.º 8 (8 de agosto de 2019): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081638.

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Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet (USAEME-SFOD) has been applied to isolate hormones and other emerging contaminants from groundwater samples. Simultaneously with the extraction process, derivatization in the matrix was carried out using acetic anhydride. Quantification of studied organic pollutants was done through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hormones included β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and diethylstilbestrol (DES). Other compounds belonged to groups of pharmaceuticals (diclofenac (DIC)), antiseptics (triclosan (TRC)), preservatives (propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP)), sunscreen agents (benzophenone (BPH), and 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)camphor (3MBC)), repellents (N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET)), industrial chemicals (bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4OP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4NP)). A non-toxic and inexpensive 1-undecanol was successfully used as the extraction solvent. Volume of extractant and derivatization agent, ionic strength, and time of extraction were optimized. Very low limits of detection (LoD) ranging from 0.01 to 5.9 ng/L were obtained. Recoveries ranged from 90% to 123%, with relative standard deviation being lower than 17%. The developed procedure was used to determine target compounds in groundwater collected at municipal waste landfills as well as in groundwater from wells distant from sources of pollution.

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Bianchi, Viviane Do Nascimento, Marcos Roberto de Araujo Silva, Marcus Augusto Lamim, Clovis Lucio Da Silva y Elizabete Campos De Lima. "Solid phase extraction using molecular imprinting polymers (MISPE) for the determination of estrogens in surface water by HPLC". Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, n.º 3 (2 de mayo de 2017): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1991.

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Estrogens are emerging pollutants and traditional sewage treatments unable to remove them. They are harmful to human health and to the environment. It is therefore important to evaluate the presence and concentration of estrogens in water bodies and environmental matrices. This work presents the development and application of a methodology for the determination of E1, E3, EE2 and E2 in surface waters using solid phase extraction with molecular imprinting polymers (MISPE) followed by identification and quantification by HPLC-DAD. Acetonitrile and water deionized acidified with phosphoric acid pH 3 (1:1, v/v), a flow rate of 1.0 ml min-1, at 40°C and an injection volume of 5 µL. The method was validated according to the protocol ICH Q2R. Reproducibility and repeatability tests resulted in a smaller variation coefficient of 10%; the calibration curves in the concentration ranged from 1 to 20 mg L-1, with return linearity values greater than 0.99. The limits of detection and quantification were less than 1 mg L-1 and the method was satisfactory for specificity and selectivity tests using caffeine, which is often found in water bodies receiving effluent, and DES, an estrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Selected samples underwent clean-up and pre-concentration treatments using solid phase extraction with commercial phase (C18) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE). The analysis of MISPE extracts indicate that it is possible to obtain results with greater sensitivity and precision for analyses of complex environmental matrices, demonstrating that the developed method can be applied in complex environmental matrices.

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NARVAEZ, John F. y Claudio JIMÉNEZ. "PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES, EFFECTS AND RISKS". Vitae 19, n.º 1 (27 de abril de 2012): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.10865.

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have become an environmental problem in recent years. Their physicochemical properties and persistence in the environment have allowed the distribution of degradates and parent compounds in water, soil, air and food. The widespread use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in hospitals, domestic residences, agricultural and industrial facilities has increased their discharge into the water bodies, and its toxicity has started to manifest in different biological components of ecosystems. The development of methods for sample treatment and instrumental analysis techniques has enabled the separation, identification and quantification of active ingredients and degradates with higher environmental impact, at concentrations of parts per billion or even parts per trillion. In addition, in vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated their ecotoxicity in water, driving them to the classification of emerging organic pollutants, whose waste is indeterminate. Although their adverse effects are still unknown, they could have strong implications for global public health. This review presents the dynamics and the development of research over the past ten years about the presence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics, antihypertensives, antibiotics and other drugs in water bodies. Similarly, it described the impact of pharmaceutical activity, hospital services and domestic effluents on water quality.

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Kim, Soyoun, Yejin Hyeon y Chanhyuk Park. "Microplastics’ Shape and Morphology Analysis in the Presence of Natural Organic Matter Using Flow Imaging Microscopy". Molecules 28, n.º 19 (3 de octubre de 2023): 6913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196913.

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Ubiquitous microplastics in urban waters have raised substantial public concern due to their high chemical persistence, accumulative effects, and potential adverse effects on human health. Reliable and standardized methods are urgently needed for the identification and quantification of these emerging environmental pollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, we introduce an innovative rapid approach that employs flow imaging microscopy (FlowCam) to simultaneously identify and quantify microplastics by capturing high-resolution digital images. Real-time image acquisition is followed by semi-automated classification using customized libraries for distinct polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics. Subsequently, these images are subjected to further analysis to extract precise morphological details of microplastics, providing insights into their behavior during transport and retention within WWTPs. Of particular significance, a systematic investigation was conducted to explore how the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in WWTPs affects the accuracy of the FlowCam’s measurement outputs for microplastics. It was observed that varying concentrations of NOM induced a more curled shape in microplastics, indicating the necessity of employing pre-treatment procedures to ensure accurate microplastic identification when utilizing the FlowCam. These observations offer valuable new perspectives and potential solutions for designing appropriate treatment technologies for removing microplastics within WWTPs.

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Méndez, Gabriela, Leslie Morales, Elena Coyago y Valeria Garzón. "Molecular identification of a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from Machángara river (Quito-Ecuador) tolerant to carbamazepine". Bionatura 8, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.02.5.

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Carbamazepine is a molecule used to treat specific pathologies; however, it has become an emerging contaminant that is dangerous to the environment. In marine species and humans, it causes cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive disorders, and infertility. Thus, this pollutant has been subjected to conventional wastewater treatment, achieving low purification. In Ecuador, only some studies are related to emerging contaminants, and these show quantification but not treatment. Therefore, the implementation of biological techniques is necessary. In this sense, the research aimed to identify a bacteria in water samples from the Machangara River with carbamazepine tolerance. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics identified bacteria. The results indicated the presence of several microorganisms, including molecularly identified Pseudomonas putida. This was tolerant to carbamazepine concentrations of 15, 50, and 100 mg/L, with higher growth at the first concentration. This information can be valuable in wastewater treatment investigations. Keywords: carbamazepine, degradation, Machangara river, Pseudomonas putida.

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Sébastian, C., C. Becouze-Lareure, G. Lipeme Kouyi y S. Barraud. "Event-based quantification of emerging pollutant removal for an open stormwater retention basin – Loads, efficiency and importance of uncertainties". Water Research 72 (abril de 2015): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.014.

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Kalaboka, Maria, Christoforos Chrimatopoulos, Cristina Jiménez-Holgado, Vasiliki Boti, Vasilios Sakkas y Triantafyllos Albanis. "Exploring the Efficiency of UHPLC-Orbitrap MS for the Determination of 20 Pharmaceuticals and Acesulfame K in Hospital and Urban Wastewaters with the Aid of FPSE". Separations 7, n.º 3 (4 de septiembre de 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7030046.

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Aside from the classical residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) in the environment has become a subject of increasing concern due to their harmful impact on the aquatic environment. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are major sources of environmental pollution. Therefore, data concerning their existence is required. In this study, twenty compounds representative of different drug groups considered ECs and belonging to antibiotics, antipsychotics, anti-inflammatory drugs plus acesulfame K were selected to be accurately detected and quantified with UHPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap MS in hospital and urban WWTP effluents. Chromatographic parameters (column efficiency, mobile phase, etc.), as well as mass spectrometry conditions concerning ionization mode and Orbitrap analysis (ESI options, mass resolving power, AGC target, tube lens, injection time), were evaluated. Moreover, a novel fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) method based on fiber glass coated with PEG300 was employed as sample preparation process. Experimental parameters affecting extraction and desorption steps such as sample pH, extraction time, ionic strength, elution time and solvent have been optimized. The optimized methodology was validated providing excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), and low detection and quantification limits up to 3.1 and 9.3 ng/L, for carbamazepine, respectively. Relative recoveries ranged from 81.1% to 114.0%, while a medium matrix effect for most of the target compounds occurred. Applying the above analytical method in effluents of WWTPs from NW Greece, nine compounds were quantified with concentrations that varied from 55.4 to 728.4 ng/L.

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Cunsolo, Serena, John Williams, Michelle Hale, Daniel S. Read y Fay Couceiro. "Optimising sample preparation for FTIR-based microplastic analysis in wastewater and sludge samples: multiple digestions". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413, n.º 14 (23 de abril de 2021): 3789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03331-6.

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AbstractThe lack of standardised methodologies in microplastic research has been addressed in recent years as it hampers the comparison of results across studies. The quantification of microplastics in the environment is key to the assessment of the potential eco-toxicological impacts that this new category of emerging pollutants could have on terrestrial and aquatic species. Therefore, the need for protocols that are robust, simple and reliable together with their standardisation are of crucial importance. This study has focused on removal of organic matter with Fenton reagent from wastewater and sludge samples. This step of analysis was optimised by implementing a multi-digestion treatment on these samples that have high concentration of complex mixtures of organic matter, which interfere with microplastic enumeration. Moreover, this study targeted the detection of microplastics in the sub-hundred-micron size range due to the potential higher risks associated with smaller-sized particles and the limited data available from previous wastewater research. To show the validity of the method, triplicate samples of raw sewage, final effluent and sludge were independently spiked with two different sizes and types of microplastic polymers. Due to the various analytical stages required for the isolation of microplastics, time is a limiting factor in sample processing. The sequential digestion with Fenton reagent represents an inexpensive and time-efficient procedure for wastewater research providing effective degradation of organic material. These advantages over other currently available methods mean the method is suitable for analysis of large numbers of samples allowing robust monitoring data sets to be generated.

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Reichwaldt, Elke S. y Anas Ghadouani. "Can mussels be used as sentinel organisms for characterization of pollution in urban water systems?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, n.º 7 (8 de julio de 2016): 2679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2679-2016.

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Abstract. Urbanization strongly impacts aquatic ecosystems by decreasing water quality and altering water cycles. Today, much effort is put towards the restoration and conservation of urban waterbodies to enhance ecosystem service provision, leading to liveable and sustainable cities. To enable a sustainable management of waterbodies, the quantification of the temporal and spatial variability of pollution levels and biogeochemical processes is essential. Stable isotopes have widely been used to identify sources of pollution in ecosystems. For example, increased nitrogen levels in waterbodies are often accompanied with a higher nitrogen stable isotope signature (δ15N), which can then be detected in higher trophic levels such as mussels. The main aim of this study was to assess the suitability of nitrogen stable isotopes as measured in mussels (Mytilus edulis), as an indicator able to resolve spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen pollution in an urban, tidally influenced estuary (Swan River estuary in Western Australia). Nitrogen concentrations were generally low and nitrogen stable isotope values of nitrate throughout the estuary were well within natural values of uncontaminated groundwater, organic nitrate from soils, or marine-derived sources, indicating groundwater inflow rather than pollution by human activity was responsible for differences between sites. The δ15N signature in mussels was very stable over time within each site which indicated that mussels can be used as time-integrated sentinel organisms in urban systems. In addition, our study shows that the nature of the relationship between δ15N in the mussels and the nitrate in the water can provide insights into site-specific biogeochemical transformation of nutrients. We suggest that mussels and other sentinel organisms can become a robust tool for the detection and characterization of the dynamics of a number of emerging anthropogenic pollutants of concern in urban water systems.

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Tay, Yong Ying, Xuan Hao Lin y Sam Fong Yau Li. "Nanogel for Selective Recognition of Nanoparticles in Water Samples". Chemosensors 11, n.º 1 (16 de enero de 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010072.

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Nanoparticles (NPs) represent emerging pollutants that still pose analytical challenges for their detection in environmentally relevant samples due to their extremely low concentrations, high colloidal background, and the need to perform speciation analysis. They are also one of the interfering matrices during the analysis of metal ions and contaminants in water samples. Currently, conventional analytical techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) are used for the detection of NPs, but such techniques require bulky instrumentation and are difficult to be automated for online analysis. In this study, we aim to develop a nanoparticle-imprinted hydrogel (NPIH, NANOGEL) to detect and capture NPs in water samples. The principle of the Nanogel originates from the well-known concept of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Cadmium sulfide/Selenide/Zinc sulfide core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were used as the template NP, creating specific pore cavities in the Nanogel that can selectively bind to certain analytes. Quantification of NPs detected in water samples was then made possible by transducing this selective detection process into an analytical signal using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The Nanogel was shown to demonstrate good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability in terms of its performance. The high selectivity of the Nanogel was determined to be attributed to the size of cavities and their surface characteristics. Ionic interference was present and, heavy metal cations showed an affinity for the NANOGEL synthesized; however, they were demonstrated to be minimized by the selection of porogenic solvents during the synthesis of NANOGEL. We believe that the Nanogel would provide a highly selective and sensitive approach for the detection of NPs in aqueous samples and the removal of NPs from contaminated water resources. It will serve useful in environmental applications.

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Nkosi, Simphiwe Dineo, Soraya Phumzile Malinga y Nonhlangabezo Mabuba. "Microplastics and Heavy Metals Removal from Fresh Water and Wastewater Systems Using a Membrane". Separations 9, n.º 7 (30 de junio de 2022): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9070166.

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Water pollution, resulting from the degradation of plastics into microplastics, exposes humans and other living organisms to contaminated drinking water. Microplastics are capable of adsorbing toxic heavy metals which are carcinogenic and may affect the reproductive functions of living organisms. Hence, this study focuses on the characterization and quantification of microplastics in water to raise the awareness and propose a method of dealing with this emerging pollutant in various aqueous environments. The microplastics were separated from water using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and PVDF modified with carbon nano-onions (CNOs). The PVDF exhibited the highest concentration of microplastics in the wastewater influent (140 ± 1.85 MP/L) compared to the effluent (8.8 ± 2.10 MP/L), tap water (6.5 ± 5.77 MP/L), and lake water (10 ± 2.65 MP/L). The stereo microscope displayed red, blue, and black colored plastics. The morphological properties were determined using SEM. ATR-FTIR, equipped with Spectrum 10 Spectroscopy Software was used to establish the presence of high-density polyethylene (50%), poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (16.6%), nylon 12 (16.6%), and cellulose (16.6%) in the influent. The quantification of heavy metals extracted from the microplastics indicated that the concentrations of As (1.759 to 8.699 mg/L), Cu (83.176 mg/L) and Zn (0.610 mg/L) were above the acceptable limits. Our work is beneficial for the development of a microplastics monitoring protocol for various municipalities. Water treatment plants may also include the treatment of microplastics in the influent and monitor the effluent before the water is released back into the environment.

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Röhler, Laura, Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pawel Rostkowski, Roland Kallenborn y Martin Schlabach. "Non-target and suspect characterisation of organic contaminants in ambient air – Part 1: Combining a novel sample clean-up method with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, n.º 3 (9 de febrero de 2021): 1697–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1697-2021.

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Abstract. Long-term monitoring of regulated organic chemicals, such as legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in ambient air provides valuable information about the compounds' environmental fate as well as temporal and spatial trends. This is the foundation to evaluate the effectiveness of national and international regulations for priority pollutants. Extracts of high-volume air samples, collected on glass fibre filters (GFF for particle phase) and polyurethane foam plugs (PUF for gaseous phase), for targeted analyses of legacy POPs are commonly cleaned by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in extracts clean from most interfering compounds and matrices that are suitable for multi-quantitative trace analysis. Such standardised methods, however, severely restrict the number of analytes for quantification and are not applicable when targeting new and emerging compounds as some may be less stable under acid treatment. Recently developed suspect and non-target screening analytical strategies (SUS and NTS, respectively) are shown to be effective evaluation tools aimed at identifying a high number of compounds of emerging concern. These strategies, combining highly sophisticated analytical technology with extensive data interpretation and statistics, are already widely accepted in environmental sciences for investigations of various environmental matrices, but their application to air samples is still very limited. In order to apply SUS and NTS for the identification of organic contaminants in air samples, an adapted and more wide-scope sample clean-up method is needed compared to the traditional method, which uses concentrated sulfuric acid. Analysis of raw air sample extracts without clean-up would generate extensive contamination of the analytical system, especially with PUF matrix-based compounds, and thus highly interfered mass spectra and detection limits which are unacceptable high for trace analysis in air samples. In this study, a novel wide-scope sample clean-up method for high-volume air samples has been developed and applied to real high-volume air samples, which facilitates simultaneous target, suspect and non-target analyses. The scope and efficiency of the method were quantitatively evaluated with organic compounds covering a wide range of polarities (logP 2–11), including legacy POPs, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), chlorinated pesticides and currently used pesticides (CUPs). In addition, data reduction and selection strategies for SUS and NTS were developed for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separation with low-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC-LRMS) data and applied to real high-volume air samples. Combination of the newly developed clean-up procedure and data treatment strategy enabled the prioritisation of over 600 compounds of interest in the particle phase (on GFF) and over 850 compounds in the gas phase (on PUF) out of over 25 000 chemical features detected in the raw dataset. Of these, 50 individual compounds were identified and confirmed with reference standards, 80 compounds were identified with a probable structure, and 774 compounds were assigned to various compound classes. In the dataset available here, 11 hitherto unknown halogenated compounds were detected. These unknown compounds were not yet listed in the available mass spectral libraries.

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Evagelista, Patrícia Alexandre, Franz Zirena Vilca, Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato y Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo. "Optimization of a methodology for simultaneous determination of four antidepressants present in fresh water by high efficiency liquid chromatography". Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 24 (4 de diciembre de 2020): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117062663.

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The occurrence of emerging contaminants is a growing concern in the environmental scenario due to their potential risks to ecosystems. The technologies employed in the treatment of sewage in Brazil are not efficient in removing micropollutants, especially persistent ones. Antidepressants (a class of drugs belonging to emerging contaminants) can reach the environment through the disposal of domestic and industrial effluents. These substances were detected in studies with surface waters, being able to cause changes and accumulate in aquatic organisms. The occurrence and impacts of this class of pollutant are still poorly studied in the country. Thus, there is a need to carry out environmental monitoring. To meet such a goal, scientific advances must be developed, especially those related to the development of analytical skills, equipment, and methods with the necessary sensitivity to research in the different sources of contamination. Accordingly, with the development of analytical techniques, it is possible to determine antidepressant drugs in environmental and / or biological matrices in increasingly small concentrations. Consequently, optimization of current techniques and proposing new ones are crucial before any other actions. The aim of this study was to validate a rapid methodology for determining the presence of four antidepressants - fluoxetine, citalopram, venlafaxine, and sertraline - in fresh water through high performance liquid chromatography. The method involved solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridge and quantification by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector with C8 column. No chromatographic interference was observed in the retention time of the antidepressants in this study at the selected wavelength of 235 nm. The study matrix did not interfere in the analyses. Linearity was adequate for the range from 0.5 to 10 µg mL-1, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.03 to 0.09 µg mL-1 and 0.10 to 0.27 µg mL-1 respectively. Accuracy was assessed by testing sample fortification at three concentration levels and estimated by relative standard deviation (RSD). RSD values below 15% were obtained. The recovery interval ranged from 49 to 102%. The analytical method was validated and considered satisfactory for the simultaneous determination of antidepressants in freshwater samples using a C8 column.

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Quintanilla-Villanueva, Gabriela Elizabeth, Donato Luna-Moreno, Edgar Allan Blanco-Gámez, José Manuel Rodríguez-Delgado, Juan Francisco Villarreal-Chiu y Melissa Marlene Rodríguez-Delgado. "A Novel Enzyme-Based SPR Strategy for Detection of the Antimicrobial Agent Chlorophene". Biosensors 11, n.º 2 (9 de febrero de 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11020043.

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Chlorophene is an important antimicrobial agent present in disinfectant products which has been related to health and environmental effects, and its detection has been limited to chromatographic techniques. Thus, there is a lack of research that attempts to develop new analytical tools, such as biosensors, that address the detection of this emerging pollutant. Therefore, a new biosensor for the direct detection of chlorophene in real water is presented, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and using a laccase enzyme as a recognition element. The biosensor chip was obtained by covalent immobilization of the laccase on a gold-coated surface through carbodiimide esters. The analytical parameters accomplished resulted in a limit of detection and quantification of 0.33 mg/L and 1.10 mg/L, respectively, fulfilling the concentrations that have already been detected in environmental samples. During the natural river’s measurements, no significant matrix effects were observed, obtaining a recovery percentage of 109.21% ± 7.08, which suggested that the method was suitable for the fast and straightforward analysis of this contaminant. Finally, the SPR measurements were validated with an HPLC method, which demonstrated no significant difference in terms of precision and accuracy, leading to the conclusion that the biosensor reflects its potential as an alternative analytical tool for the monitoring of chlorophene in aquatic environments.

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Quénel, Philippe, Jade Vadel, Céline Garbin, Séverine Durand, Olivier Favez, Alexandre Albinet, Christina Raghoumandan, Stéphanie Guyomard, Laurent Yves Alleman y Fabien Mercier. "PM10 Chemical Profile during North African Dust Episodes over French West Indies". Atmosphere 12, n.º 2 (19 de febrero de 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020277.

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The French West Indies are periodically affected by North African dust episodes (NADE) resulting in PM10 concentrations exceeding air quality standards. The aim of the present study was to decipher the PM10 chemical profile during NADE over Guadeloupe. PM10 samples were collected daily at a rural site and an urban site during five episodes between April and October in 2017. During these events, the median PM10 mass concentrations were, on average, 2 to 5 times higher than in the post-episode baseline period. Sampled filters were analyzed for their quantification of chemical constituents including carbonaceous fractions (elemental and organic carbon, EC/OC), anions/cations and levoglucosan, 51 elements, and 57 selected organic species. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was conducted to identify the specific chemical profile of PM10 during NADE: 16 elements were identified as the most discriminant between the NADE and the control samples with mass concentration levels twice as high during a NADE. Among them, only two (Mn and V) are classified as emerging pollutant while no limit values exist for the other ones. The extensive characterization of the NADE PM10 chemical profile we performed is a key step to assess the chemical exposure of French West Indies populations during such events.

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Rodríguez-Maese, Rogelio, Verónica Rodríguez-Saldaña, Laura Ferrer y Luz O. Leal. "The Role of Automation in the Analysis of Manganese in Environmental Water Samples". Water 16, n.º 12 (11 de junio de 2024): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16121659.

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Manganese is considered an emerging pollutant and it is perceived as a potential threat to human health and aquatic ecosystems. The need to determine and monitor the presence of Mn in environmental water requires increasingly precise and accurate chemical analytical techniques that provide reliable information to take timely measures in the event of potential environmental contingencies. The automation by flow analysis technique has allowed analytical procedures to isolate and preconcentrate manganese in environmental water samples. Additionally, it brings forth benefits such as greatly enhancing the sample processing capacity and a reduced time and reagent usage, leading to cost savings and minimized waste production, thereby aligning with the principles of green chemistry. In this review, a recent report of some flow analysis techniques (FIA, rFIA, SIA, MSFIA, LOV, and MPFS) is presented, highlighting the trend of automation, whose portability and miniaturization allow for complete in situ analysis. There are two remarkable analytical features from the studies evaluated here, which are sample throughput and accuracy, with a maximum processing time of 120 samples h−1 and an accuracy of 98%. The implementation of flow analysis techniques offers several advantages, such as miniaturization and portability. The discussed methodologies achieved limits of quantification as low as 0.26 µg L−1, enabling environmental monitoring that can easily detect the reference value of 0.05 mg L−1, established by the WHO and the EPA.

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Wells, Martha J. M., Lorien J. Fono, Marie-Laure Pellegrin y Audra Morse. "Emerging Pollutants". Water Environment Research 79, n.º 10 (septiembre de 2007): 2192–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143007x218719.

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Wells, Martha J. M., Marie-Laure Pellegrin, Audra Morse, Katherine Y. Bell y Lorien J. Fono. "Emerging Pollutants". Water Environment Research 80, n.º 10 (octubre de 2008): 2026–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143008x328897.

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Wells, Martha J. M., Audra Morse, Katherine Y. Bell, Marie-Laure Pellegrin y Lorien J. Fono. "Emerging Pollutants". Water Environment Research 81, n.º 10 (10 de septiembre de 2009): 2211–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143009x12445568400854.

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