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1
Ojemaye, Cecilia Yejide. "Identification and quantification of chemicals of emerging concern (persistent organic and inorganic pollutants) in some selected marine environments of cape town, South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7877.
Resumen
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe increasing evidence of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in water bodies is causing major concern around the world because of their toxicological effects upon humans and aquatic organisms. The release of wastewater to the aquatic environment is most likely to introduce some trace levels of organic contaminants, some of which may be toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine disruptors, as well as, persistent in the environment. These compounds are often persistent but not regularly monitored because they are mostly still excluded from environmental legislation. Their fate and persistence in the environment are not well understood.
2022-02-24
2
Ojemaye, Cecilia Yejide. "Identification and quantification of chemicals of emerging concern (persistence organic and inorganic pollutants) in some selected marine environments of Cape Town, South Africa". University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7697.
Resumen
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe increasing evidence of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in water bodies is causing major concern around the world because of their toxicological effects upon humans and aquatic organisms. The release of wastewater to the aquatic environment is most likely to introduce some trace levels of organic contaminants, some of which may be toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine disruptors, as well as, persistent in the environment. These compounds are often persistent but not regularly monitored because they are mostly still excluded from environmental legislation. Their fate and persistence in the environment are not well understood
3
Meziani, Amel. "Développement de méthodes d'extraction et de quantification de résidus de polluants et substances émergentes substances dans les eaux naturelles résiduaires par GCxμGC et GCxGC/HRMS". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR036.
Resumen
La pollution des eaux est une problématique majeure qui affecte tant les écosystèmes aquatiques que sur la santé humaine. Par conséquent, la prévention et la surveillance des pollutions constituent donc un enjeu prioritaire afin d’éviter la dissémination de ces polluants. Dans ce contexte, il est essentiel de recourir à la miniaturisation des systèmes et à des méthodes analytiques afin de surveiller en temps réel l'évolution de la pollution sur le terrain. Dans le cadre de ces travaux de thèse, tout d’abord, la préparation et l’évaluation de µ-colonnes de types multicanaux en GC a été réalisée. Des dépôts avec différentes phases stationnaires ont été effectués et des tests en GC unidimensionnel puis un système bidimensionnel « GC×µGC » avec un modulateur microfluidique ont été réalisés avec succès. Par la suite, une méthode d’extraction par sorption sur barreau magnétique (SBSE) suivi d’une thermo-désorption (TD) et d’une analyse non ciblée par spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (HRMS) a été développée. Afin de pallier les contraintes de la SBSE classique, de nouvelles phases ont été déposées sur les barreaux magnétiques visant ainsi à améliorer les rendements d’extraction des composés les plus polaires. Enfin, des extractions SBSE des polluants ont été effectuées sur des eaux naturelles provenant d’Algérie et de France suivies d’analyses non ciblées par TD-GC-HRMS OrbitrapTM. Des informations sur la qualité des eaux de surfaces en Algérie mais aussi en France quant au niveau de leur contamination ont pu être données et les différents polluants identifiés ont été ensuite classés selon des niveaux confiances basés sur une échelle d’identification récentesWater pollution is a major problem that affects both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the prevention and the control of the dissemination of contaminants in the environment has become a priority. To achieve that, the use of miniaturized analytical systems to control pollution in real-time on-site appears necessary. The evaluation of µ-columns with radially elongated pillars was performed using different stationary phases. Then the performances of the prepared µ-columns were evaluated on conventional GC and in a comprehensive two-dimensional system « GC×µGC » with a microfluidic modulator as a second columns. Afterwards, a stir bar sportive extraction (SBSE) method and a non-targeted analysis one using GC coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were developed. In order to overcome the limitations of SBSE and improve the extraction yields, new SBSE phases were used for the coating of the stir bar. Finally, SBSE extractions of contaminants were performed on naturel waters collected from Algeria and France followed by a non-target analysis using TD-GC-HRMS OrbitrapTM. Information on the quality of surface waters and the level of pollution were collected for both countries and the annotation of the identified compounds were then classified according to levels of confidence
4
Diamantini, Elena. "Catchment scale modelling of micro and emerging pollutants". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368591.
Resumen
The fate and transport of solutes introduced into a watershed and sampled at the catchment outlet depends on many environmental, chemical and hydro-climatological forces.Moreover, if the solutes are micro and emerging pollutants (i.e. pharmaceuticals), which are non-regulated contaminants not routinely monitored but often-detected in fresh waters, the description of the transport sources and routes becomes an interesting and challenging topic to investigate and describe, especially in conjunction with the well-known travel time transport approach at the catchment-scale. In fact, with the travel time approach to pharmaceuticals represents a framework that allows dealing in a unitary and simple way the main two mitigation mechanisms controlling them, which are dilution and biological decay. Moreover, possible consequences on the health of humans and of aquatic organisms have become issue of increasing concern by the scientific community worldwide. The topics have been extensively studied in the last decades, with some recent benchmark contributions. Nevertheless, there is still room for further development for emerging contaminant models and there is still the necessity of complementing the applications with measured data. This doctoral thesis aimed at contributing with new insights into the multi-faceted aspects of solute transport at catchment-scale, proposing novel solutions, with applications to real-world case studies and including a detailed description of the major aspects that influence the water quality dynamics in rivers. The thesis is divided into three interconnected and chronological subsequent parts. In the first part, a detailed description of three large European river basins are presented (i.e. Adige, Ebro and Sava), believing that an accurate analysis of existing information is therefore useful and necessary to identify stressors that may act in synergy and to design new field campaigns. In addition, a detailed data analysis of the main water quality variables is presented: advanced statistical analyses (i.e. Spearman rank correlation, Principal Component Analysis, andMann-Kendall trend tests) were applied to long-term time series of water quality data both in the Adige River Basin and in the Ebro and Sava catchments, aiming at providing an integrated and comparative analysis of recent trends, in order to investigate the relationships between water quality parameters and the main factors controlling them (i.e. climate change, streamflow, land use, population) in the Mediterranean region. These catchments are included into the EU project “Globaqua †, dealing with the analysis of the combined effect of several stressors on the freshwater ecosystems inMediterranean rivers. In fact, little attention has been paid to linkages between long-term trends in climate, streamflow and water quality in European basins; nevertheless, such analysis can represent, complementary to a deep knowledge of the investigated systems, a reliable tool for decision makers in river basin planning by providing a reliable estimate of the impacts on the aquatic ecosystem of the studied basins. In the second part, sampling campaigns performed in our study basin, the Adige catchment, are presented in detail. Special attention is also given to emerging pollutants, whose study on the occurrence patterns and spatiotemporal variability in the Adige River Basin has been conducted in conjunction with population patterns and touristic fluxes. In the third and last part, novel theoretical solutions of the well-known advection-dispersion-reaction (ADR) equation are presented. The theory was developed for both general water quality variables and pharmaceuticals, evidencing differences and analysing the main factors that influence water quality dynamics. An application is also proposed to the Adige catchment.
5
Diamantini, Elena. "Catchment scale modelling of micro and emerging pollutants". Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2870/1/Tesi_PhD_Diamantini_definitiva.pdf.
Resumen
The fate and transport of solutes introduced into a watershed and sampled at the catchment outlet depends on many environmental, chemical and hydro-climatological forces.Moreover, if the solutes are micro and emerging pollutants (i.e. pharmaceuticals), which are non-regulated contaminants not routinely monitored but often-detected in fresh waters, the description of the transport sources and routes becomes an interesting and challenging topic to investigate and describe, especially in conjunction with the well-known travel time transport approach at the catchment-scale. In fact, with the travel time approach to pharmaceuticals represents a framework that allows dealing in a unitary and simple way the main two mitigation mechanisms controlling them, which are dilution and biological decay. Moreover, possible consequences on the health of humans and of aquatic organisms have become issue of increasing concern by the scientific community worldwide. The topics have been extensively studied in the last decades, with some recent benchmark contributions. Nevertheless, there is still room for further development for emerging contaminant models and there is still the necessity of complementing the applications with measured data. This doctoral thesis aimed at contributing with new insights into the multi-faceted aspects of solute transport at catchment-scale, proposing novel solutions, with applications to real-world case studies and including a detailed description of the major aspects that influence the water quality dynamics in rivers. The thesis is divided into three interconnected and chronological subsequent parts. In the first part, a detailed description of three large European river basins are presented (i.e. Adige, Ebro and Sava), believing that an accurate analysis of existing information is therefore useful and necessary to identify stressors that may act in synergy and to design new field campaigns. In addition, a detailed data analysis of the main water quality variables is presented: advanced statistical analyses (i.e. Spearman rank correlation, Principal Component Analysis, andMann-Kendall trend tests) were applied to long-term time series of water quality data both in the Adige River Basin and in the Ebro and Sava catchments, aiming at providing an integrated and comparative analysis of recent trends, in order to investigate the relationships between water quality parameters and the main factors controlling them (i.e. climate change, streamflow, land use, population) in the Mediterranean region. These catchments are included into the EU project “Globaqua ”, dealing with the analysis of the combined effect of several stressors on the freshwater ecosystems inMediterranean rivers. In fact, little attention has been paid to linkages between long-term trends in climate, streamflow and water quality in European basins; nevertheless, such analysis can represent, complementary to a deep knowledge of the investigated systems, a reliable tool for decision makers in river basin planning by providing a reliable estimate of the impacts on the aquatic ecosystem of the studied basins. In the second part, sampling campaigns performed in our study basin, the Adige catchment, are presented in detail. Special attention is also given to emerging pollutants, whose study on the occurrence patterns and spatiotemporal variability in the Adige River Basin has been conducted in conjunction with population patterns and touristic fluxes. In the third and last part, novel theoretical solutions of the well-known advection-dispersion-reaction (ADR) equation are presented. The theory was developed for both general water quality variables and pharmaceuticals, evidencing differences and analysing the main factors that influence water quality dynamics. An application is also proposed to the Adige catchment.
6
Ricart, Viladomat Marta. "Effects of priority and emerging pollutants on river biofilms". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7881.
Resumen
L'activitat humana representa una de les majors causes d'entrada d'una gran varietat de substàncies en els ecosistemes fluvials. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball es investigar els efectes que els tòxics orgànics poden exercir en els biofilms fluvials. El riu Llobregat ha estat sotmès a fortes pressions, fet que l'ha portat a uns nivells molt elevats de contaminació. En aquest estudi s'ha observat una influència dels plaguicides presents al riu en la distribució de la comunitat de diatomees, així com efectes en el biofilm a nivell funcional i estructural. Experiments amb canals experimentals han mostrat que l'herbicida diuron i el bactericida triclosan poden ocasionar una cadena d'efectes en els biofilms, incloent efectes directes i també efectes indirectes en les relacions entre els components del biofilm. Experiments amb cultius algals han mostrat que aquests tòxics, aplicats en barreja, poden tenir una major toxicitat de la prevista pels models, resultant en efectes sinèrgics.Human activity is responsible for the entrance of many substances to the aquatic environment. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of organic toxicants on fluvial biofilms. The river Llobregat has been submitted to urban, industrial and agricultural pressures, and as such is a highly contaminated river. The diatom community was influenced by the presence of pesticides. Effects on both biofilm function and structure were attributed to the pesticides. Laboratory experiments with experimental channels have shown that the herbicide diuron and the bactericide triclosan may cause a chain of effects on biofilms, which include direct effects and indirect effects on the relationship between biofilm components. Experiments with algal cultures have shown that these toxicants, applied in mixtures, can have higher toxicity than the toxicity predicted by models, resulting in synergistic effects.
7
Grover, Darren. "Emerging pollutants : their analysis, occurrence and removal in aquatic environments". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/42968/.
Resumen
The input of emerging pollutants into the natural environment is of considerable concern due to their potential implications for the health and development of humans and wildlife. Knowledge of the occurrence and removal (by sewage treatment) of these chemicals is limited and there is a need for these to be investigated if the transport and fate of these chemicals is to be better understood. To develop our understanding, reliable, accurate and precise measurements of these compounds at the very low (often sub-nanogram) concentrations at which they may be found, and may still be toxic, is crucial. However, as a result of the increasing international concern, increasing research attention has led to a large number of analytical techniques described as being suitable for the analysis of these compounds; this fragmentation and lack of collaborative focus is likely to have resulted in a lack of refinement of the techniques employed. In this research, a number of these proposed analytical and sample pre-treatment techniques have been assessed, both by internal experimentation and through inter-calibration with collaborating laboratories, to identify which techniques are best suited to further development for research in this area, and have subsequently been optimised, to examine the removal efficacy of traditional and novel sewage treatment techniques, and to monitor EDC and Pharmaceutical concentrations in several UK rivers. Monitoring of the river Ray, Swindon, UK over a period of three years, using spot-sampling and 24-hour and 7-day integrated sampling, combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed mass spectrometric analyses, showed stable EDC and pharmaceutical levels, typical of comparable rivers throughout the EU, but with a significant reduction in concentrations after the installation of a granular activated charcoal plant at the Rodbourne Sewage Treatment Works (STW) of which the river Ray is a conduit. These results were in agreement with results from analyses biological assays, such as yeast estrogen screening performed independently by another laboratory.
8
MAGRI', DAVIDE. "Emerging pollutants in water: innovative approaches of study and treatment". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/939888.
Resumen
Water quality is one of the major challenges that human-ity has to face. Tackling the problem of pollution needs the use of all the resources and expertise available to fill the lack of knowledge and technology. Concern is grow-ing over the many emerging contaminants, including heavy metals ions and plastics, which are omnipresent and poorly managed. In this contest, the presence of micro- and nanoplastics in the marine environment is raising strong concerns. The lack of appropriate methodologies to collect the nanoplastics from water systems imposes the use of engi-neered model nanoparticles to explore their main charac-teristics and behaviour. In order to develop a nanoplastic model more reliable and realistic compared to the com-mon polystyrene nanospheres, in this thesis, laser abla-tion has been applied to induce the formation of plastic nanoparticles in water starting from a bulk polymer film. The process was performed on Polyethylene Tereph-thalate, a commercial polymer used to produce beverage bottles, widespread in the environment. PET nanoparti-cles with an average size <100 nm, were carefully charac-terized in terms of chemical/physical properties. Size, shape, surface chemistry and colloidal stability were ana-lyzed and compared with what expected from a real sam-ple. As the oral route has been defined as the main route for human exposure to nanoplastics, their biological in-teractions and the effects on single intestinal epithelial cells and on a model of intestinal barrier have been as-sessed. The aquatic environment exposes the nanoplastics to a great variety of substances and contaminants. The nanoplastics can therefore act as carriers for many toxic sub-stances with risks for aquatic organisms but also for hu-mans. The nanoplastic model was studied in presence of three model contaminants a pesticide, a drug and a heavy metal ion (glyphosate, levofloxacin and Hg2+ respec-tively). The binding capacity toward these contaminants, was demonstrated and characterized quantitatively and qualitatively. The synergic biological effect of the contam-inant-nanoplastic complexes was investigated in vitro on macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. The conven-tional toxicological assays have been implemented with a preliminary metabolomic analysis. Concerning heavy metal ions pollution, considerable at-tention is being devoted to the development of low-cost and environmentally safe materials for their removal from polluted waters. Several strategies have been ap-plied to solve the problem of toxic metal ions contamina-tion in water, where the development of nanotechnol-ogy, and in particular of novel metal oxide nano-sorbents provides a promising and efficient alternative. The appli-cation of these technologies is however limited by the dif-ficult management of nanomaterials in the environment.Therefore, the use of a bionanocomposite made of titan-ate nanosheets embedded in a silk fibroin matrix was pro-posed as eco-friendly approach for water treatment ap-plications. The nanocomposite has been characterized and its ion exchange performances have been analysed under various conditions. The nanocomposites capacity to efficiently retain and adsorbed ions, with no release of titanate nanosheets has been proved. By modifying the nanocomposite formulation, it was also possible to en-hance the materials selectivity towards the lead ions.
9
Hibberd, Andrew Peter. "Sampling, Analysis and Behaviour of Emerging Pollutants in the Aquatic Environment". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508966.
10
Newton, Seth. "Atmospheric Deposition of Legacy and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Northern Sweden". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-57027.
Resumen
Bulk atmospheric deposition samples using Amberlite IRA- 743 as an absorbent for hydrophobic pollutants were taken every two months for one year at two different locations in northern Sweden. A method was developed for the analysis of various legacy and emerging POPs in these samples based on GC-HRMS. Two current use pesticides and four flame retardants, which have scarcely or never been detected in the arctic, were detected in the samples: trifluralin, chlorothalonil, TBECH, HBB, BTBPE, and Dechlorane Plus. Legacy compounds including isomers of HCH, PCBs, DDT and metabolites, and chlordane related compounds were quantified in levels comparable to similar studies. The method showed reasonable recoveries for all compounds except endosulfan, HBB, BTBPE, lindane, and highly chlorinated PCBs. It is recommended that the method be optimized for the compounds with low recoveries if it is to be used again.
11
Buscaroli, Enrico <1988>. "Environmentally Friendly Tools for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants from Natural Matrices". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8151/7/TESI%20FINALE.pdf.
Resumen
In this work of thesis are contained four different projects on sustainable remediation techniques for the decontamination of natural matrices have been developed and valued. The original intent shared by these projects is to develop innovative solutions for emerging pollution cases. Porous synthetic silica materials, commonly used in catalysis, have been studied, valued and adapted for use in pollutant decontamination.
In the first project, synthetic high silica faujasite used for antibiotics sorption from waste waters was tested for regenerability and its reuse after solvent desorption or thermal regeneration. The tested high silica Y has been regenerated with thermal treatments; the most effective (and less costing) temperature and treatment time was determined and the regenerated zeolite was successfully reused. Another successful option, solvent desorption, was also validated.
In the second project, mineral oil contamination of recycled paper and paperboard – with particular attention to food-contact paperboard – was accounted. A hydrocarbon-specific sorbent material was developed, suitable to be used during industrial processes of paper recovery and recycling. The material, capable to retain up to 184% of its dry weight, was a modified mesoporous silica. Its capacity to adsorb and retain hydrocarbons from highly wet pulp were successfully tested in a pilot-scale plant, and the utilization of the said material was patented.
In the third project, a mild sediment washing technique in order to remove Cu and Zn from a contaminated sediment of a land reclamation consortium canal. In the study presented the treatment efficacy to remove heavy metals is assessed, as well as an aggregate structural stability evaluation post-treatment.
In conclusion, a multidisciplinary project on humic substances is introduced. Humic substances have been chemically grafted onto silica gel, in order to exploit their sorbent capacity to retain pollutants, or facilitate their degradation in water solutions.
12
Jiang, Yanan. "Emerging contaminants : environmental fate of artifical sweeteners". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1508.
13
Wakim, Lara Maria. "Caractérisation environnementale des sols : de nouvelles pistes pour expliquer la variabilité spatiale de la maladie de Crohn ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR089.pdf.
Resumen
La maladie de Crohn est une maladie inflammatoire chronique dont l'étiologie reste inconnue, et les facteurs environnementaux figurent parmi les causes potentielles. Parmi ces facteurs, la contamination des sols n'a jamais été étudiée, bien que de nombreuses substances polluantes qui y sont présentes aient été associées à la maladie dans des études épidémiologiques. La France dispose du plus grand registre de la maladie de Crohn au monde, EPIMAD, qui couvre quatre départements : le Nord, la Somme, le Pas-de-Calais et la Seine-Maritime, où des clusters spatiaux de sur- et de sous-incidence ont été identifiés. Ces clusters ouvrent la voie à des études environnementales.Ainsi, l'approche environnementale de la qualité des sols s'est imposée : les sols des clusters diffèrent-ils en termes de qualité ? Existe-t-il des variations de concentration de polluants entre les clusters à forte et à faible incidence ? Dans l'affirmative, quels sont les éléments ou les mélanges d'éléments en cause ? L'objectif de notre étude est donc de caractériser les sols à l'intérieur de ces clusters et de procéder à une vaste collecte de données des polluants potentiels présents afin de pouvoir comparer la qualité des sols des clusters.Cette thèse a adopté, dans un premier temps, une approche de réutilisation des données, caractérisant les sols sur la base de données existantes et affinant l'interprétation grâce à un indice composite, le "ratio moyen d'imprégnation" (RIM). Face à la rareté des données disponibles, deux vastes campagnes de prélèvements de sols ont été lancées au sein des clusters de la maladie. La première a eu pour objectif un screening des contaminants les plus retrouvés dans les sols. La seconde campagne a adapté une approche ciblée, visant les polluants montrant une potentielle association avec la maladie de Crohn dans la littérature. Ainsi, 14 molécules appartenant aux perturbateurs endocriniens, antibiotiques et médicaments les plus couramment utilisés chez l'Homme ont été mesurées dans les sols. La mesure de ces molécules dans cette matrice complexe n'étant pas normalisée, une méthode analytique a été développée pour détecter ces polluants, et les analyses des échantillons ont été effectuées conformément à ce protocole établi.Cette approche a permis de générer plus de 81 000 nouvelles données caractérisant les polluants des sols échantillonnés. Les bases de données existantes ont été utilisées pour caractériser le paysage physique des clusters et identifier les sources de contamination. Elles nous ont également permis de détecter une corrélation entre les métaux lourds présents dans les sols agricoles et l'incidence de la maladie de Crohn. Par ailleurs, sur le plan écologique, la détection d'hormones dans les zones forestières à des concentrations plus élevées que celles rapportées dans la littérature, constitue un résultat pionnier de cette thèse. A ce jour, sur la base des premières analyses et interprétations, les polluants émergents n'ont pas montré de différence significative entre les clusters de sur-incidence et de sous-incidence. Nous recommandons tout de même des études plus ciblées sur les polluants liés aux pratiques agricoles et leurs effets sur la maladie de Crohn, une voie d'investigation prometteuse dans notre étudeCrohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unknown etiology, and environmental factors are among the potential causes. Among these factors, soil contamination has never been studied, although many soil pollutants have been associated with the disease in epidemiological studies. France has the world's largest Crohn's disease registry, EPIMAD, which covers four departments: Nord, Somme, Pas-de-Calais, and Seine-Maritime, where spatial clusters of high- and low-incidence have been identified. These clusters open the door to environmental studies.Therefore, an environmental approach to soil quality has become necessary: do the soils in the clusters differ in terms of quality? Are there variations in pollutant concentrations between high and low-incidence clusters? If so, what are the elements or cocktail of elements involved? The objective of our study is to characterize the soils within these clusters and collect extensive data on potential soil pollutants to compare soil qualities between the clusters.This thesis initially adopted a data reuse approach, characterizing soils on the basis of existing data and refining interpretation using a composite index, the "mean impregnation ratio" (RIM). Given the scarcity of available data, two large-scale soil sampling campaigns were launched in the disease clusters. The first was aimed at screening for the contaminants most frequently found in soils. The second campaign adapted a targeted approach, targeting pollutants showing an association with Crohn's disease in the literature. Thus, 14 molecules belonging to the endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and drugs most commonly used in humans were measured in soils. As the measurement of these molecules within this complex matrix is not yet normalized, an analytical method was developed to detect these pollutants, and sample analyses were carried out in accordance with this established protocol.This approach generated more than 81,000 new data on the soil pollutants sampled. Existing databases were used to characterize the physical landscape of the clusters and identify sources of contamination. They also enabled us to detect a correlation between heavy metals in agricultural soils and the incidence of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, from an ecological point of view, the detection of hormones in forested areas at concentrations higher than those reported in the literature, constitutes a pioneering result of this thesis. To date, based on initial analyses and interpretations, emerging pollutants have shown no significant difference between over- and under-incidence clusters. We recommend more focused studies on pollutants related to agricultural practices and their effects on Crohn's disease, a promising avenue of investigation in our study
14
Hu, Jiangchuan. "Quantification of Carbonaceous Pollutants from On-Road Vehicles at Selected Inner-City Settings". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1338581858.
15
Chiaramonte, Gaetano. "Optimisation of titanium dioxide utilization in the process of photocatalysis of emerging pollutants". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Resumen
Emerging pollutants are those substances that may be candidates for future regulation on the basis of their (eco)toxicity, their potential effects on human health and the monitoring data on their presence and persistence in various environmental compartments. It is therefore a dynamic definition, which brings new substances or classes of substances, such as human and veterinary drugs, endocrine disruptors, perfluorinated compounds and others, to the attention of the planning and control bodies of the scientific and technical community. An antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, is considered in this study. The aim of this research is to investigate if it is possible to use and optimize the technique of heterogeneous photocatalysis, with titanium oxide TiO2 and sunlight as a possible removal method for contaminants. Titanium oxide is one of the most used and reliable photocatalysts in the world.
The tests were conducted with a Xenon lamp to simulate the spectrum of sunlight and a Mercury lamp emitting energy in the UV spectrum.
First, the photodegradation of Ciprofloxacin with titanium dioxide was analyzed.
Confirmed that the photocatalyst works in the ultraviolet range, research was carried out to improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst.
Two types of TiO2 optimization were carried out. The first type was to dope the photocatalyst with iron to try to lower the required activation energy. The second type was to add flouride glass (ZBLAN) to the photocatalyst to enable up-conversion of the light produced by the Xenon lamp.
It was found that it is possible to continue on the path of eliminating contaminants with green photocatalysis. There were good responses from the study on optimizing the photocatalyst; it is possible to improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst exposed to sunlight by doping with metals, or by adding luminescent material.
16
Law, Cheuk Fung Japhet. "Catalytic advanced oxidation processes for degradation of environmental emerging contaminants". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/610.
Resumen
In recent years, the increasing release of trace organic chemicals to the aquatic environment have been problematic to both the ecosystem and the human society. These trace organic chemicals, regarded as emerging contaminants, include different categories of chemicals, which are either deemed to be safe for human consumption or they are naturally occurring compounds. As a newly recognized class of emerging contaminant, artificial sweeteners are proven to be one of the most ubiquitous classes of emerging contaminants in environmental waters. Its transformation to different suite of TPs during water treatment processes generated more toxic influence than the parent compound is problematic. The realization of the widespread of emerging contaminants, together with their ambiguous fate and impact to the environment have led to the development of advanced oxidation processes that can effectively attenuate this wide range of contaminants. In this work, several catalytic advanced oxidation processes were studied. On one hand, it aimed to evaluate their effectiveness on the removal of the artificial sweetener - acesulfame; and on the other hand, to shed lights on the future development of catalytic advanced oxidation processes. In the first part of this thesis, the photo-Fenton treatment was evaluated on its potential to effectively remove acesulfame together with the produced transformation products, and the post-treatment toxicity screening. The photo-Fenton treatment was found to be effective in removing both the parent compound and the transformation products, without leading to an increase in toxicity, which is largely related to the effective removal of the transformation products. In attempt to reduce the reliance on UV irradiation, newly synthesized carbon and nitrogen co-doped TiO2-based photocatalyst was applied to capture the simulated sunlight for the degradation of acesulfame. The heterogenous photocatalytic treatment was found to involve several different oxidative reactive species for both degradation and transformation by using several scavengers to alter the degradation profile. Unexpected transformation product was also formed upon treatment in actual water matrix, suggesting the impact of water constituents to the transformation of emerging contaminants. Toxicity results indicated the inability to achieve detoxification, suggesting that a more effective degradation process was needed. To accelerate the degradation process, and enhance the performance at neutral pH, the use of redox mediators for Fenton/Fenton-like system was evaluated. Developed novel Fenton-like system involving copper(II) as transition metal ion, persulfate as oxidant and mercaptosuccinic acid as redox mediator led to effective removal of different contaminants. Elucidation of the proposed oxidation mechanism suggested the role of each components of the system, and the generation of different reactive species for degradation as indicated by the different acesulfame transformation profile obtained. The implementation of redox mediators to Fenton/Fenton-like system was beneficial and an effective approach. In short, this work presents several kinds of catalytic advanced oxidation process and shed lights on improving the degradation performance with directions for the future development of better and more effective water treatment processes.
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Lladó, Valero Jordi. "Adsorption of organic and emerging pollutants on carbon materials in aqueous media : environmental implications". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387438.
Resumen
In the last two decades an increasing presence of organic substances such drugs, pesticides, etc. has been detected in water which may affect the health of the organisms and the environment. Some of these contaminants remain in the water after the usual treatment in sewage plants. This fact makes evident the need of introduction of the tertiary treatments that allow the complete elimination of these substances.
This Doctoral Thesis researches for the elimination of different organic and emerging compounds present in water by means of the adsorption with new activated carbons. In particular, new carbon materials from different wastes, coal, synthetic materials, which have been produced and characterized, allow the adsorption of the organic compounds widely used in society. Different characteristics of the adsorbents (chemical composition, functional groups, texture, etc.) and of adsorbates (dimensions, hydrophobicity, pKa, functional groups, etc.) that influence on the adsorption process have been studied.
Moreover, in this work, an analysis and kinetic model have been proposed. The analytic model allow, by chemometrics, enhancing the quantification of two or more organic compounds in solution by spectroscopy UV-vis. The kinetic model proposed provides a better comprehension and interpretation, as a better prediction of the different parameters on the adsorption process.
In this sense, the following Thesis presents five works which have allowed a better comprehension of the adsorption process by means carbon materials from different origin. The first work, “highly microporous activated carbons from biocollagenic wastes as adsorbents or aromatic pollutants in water originating from industrial activities”, about the texture and chemical composition of activated carbon from biocollagenic wastes which have been studied in order to observe how these parameters affect on the adsorption of aromatic monosubstitued compounds. Moreover, different variables as temperature and activating agent are studied in the process of manufacture activated carbons.
The second work, “Removal of pharmaceutical and Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) compounds on carbon xerogels and activated carbons. NOM and textural properties influences”, shows the important role of pore size distribution in activated carbon which plays on the adsorption of different pharmaceuticals (salicylic acid, paracetamol, diclifenac, etc.) and iodinated contrast media (iohexol, iodixanol, iomeprol, etc) of different size. The influence of natural organic matter (NOM) in water is also studied in the adsorption of the all pollutants.
The adsorption of paracetamol, phenol and salicylicacid in different coal-based activated carbon is showed in the contain of the work “Removal of pharmaceutical pollutants in water using coal-based activated carbons”. In this work, the chemical characteristics on the surface of activated carbons are studied in order to observe the influence in the adsorption of different organic compounds; and also the influence of the pH water. The results showed an increase of adsorption of salicylates due to the presence of sulphur on the surface of the adsorbent.
The fourth work; “Multicomponent adsorption on coal-based activated carbons on aqueous media: new cross-correlation analysis method”, as a continuation of the previous work, shows a new chemometric technique that allows to analysis the binary and ternary solutions correctly by UV-vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the competitive effect between two or three molecules is studied on the adsorption process.
In the last work, “Role of activated carbon properties in atrazine and paracetamol adsorption equilibrium and kinetics”, a new kinetic model is proposed for the adsorption of paracetamol and atrazine using activated carbon from sewage sludge and two, commercial, activated carbons.En les darreres dues dècades s’ha detectat un increment de la presència de substàncies orgàniques com els fàrmacs, els pesticides,... en l’aigua que poden afectar la salut dels éssers vius i del medi ambient. Algun d'aquests contaminants romanen en les aigües després d’haver passat pels tractaments habituals en les plantes depuradores de tractament. Aquest fet fa evident la necessitat de la implantació de tractament terciaris que permetin la seva completa eliminació. La present Tesi doctoral estudia l’eliminació de diferents compostos orgànics i emergents presents en aigua mitjançant la tecnologia d’adsorció amb nous carbons activats. Concretament, s'han produït i caracteritzat nous materials carbonosos procedents de residus, carbó mineral, materials sintètics, ... que permeten adsorbir diferents compostos orgànics d'ampli us en la nostra societat. S'han estudiat les característiques dels adsorbents (composició química, grups funcionals, porositat) i dels adsorbats (dimensions, hidrofobicitat, pKa, grups funcionals...) que influeixen en el procés d’adsorció. A més a més, en aquest treball, s'han proposat dos nous models, un d'anàlisi i un altre cinètic. El model analític permet, mitjançant la quimiometria, millorar la quantificació de dos o més compostos orgànics presents en una mescla per espectroscòpia UV-vis. El model cinètic proposat proporciona una millor comprensió i interpretació, així com una millor predicció dels diferents paràmetres del procés d'adsorció. En aquest sentit, en la següent Tesi es presenten cinc treballs que han permès una millor comprensió del procés d’adsorció mitjançant materials carbonosos de diferents procedències. En el primer treball, “Highly microporous activated carbons from biocollagenic wastes as adsorbents or aromatic pollutants in water originating from industrial activities”, s'ha estudiat com afecta la textura i la composició química de carbons activats procedents de residus de pells en l'adsorció de compostos aromàtics monosubtituits. A més a més s’estudia com afecten diferents variables com temperatura i agent activant en el procés de fabricació dels carbons activats. El segon treball, “Removal of pharmaceutical and Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) compounds on carbon xerogels and activated carbons. NOM and textural properties influences”, posa de manifest el rellevant paper que juga la distribució de porus d’un carbó activat en l’adsorció de diferents fàrmacs (àcid salicílic, paracetamol, diclofenac, ...) i agents de contrast (iohexol, iodixanol, iomeprol,...) de diferent mida. També, s’ha estudiat la influència de la matèria orgànica present en l’aigua en l’adsorció de tots els contaminants. L’estudi de l’adsorció de paracetamol, fenol i àcid salicílic en diferents carbons activats procedents de carbó mineral es reflexa en el treball “Removal of pharmaceutical pollutants im water using coal-based activated carbons”. En aquest treball s'estudia la influència de les característiques químiques de la superfície dels carbons activats en l’adsorció dels diferents compostos orgànics, així com la influència del pH de les aigües. Els resultats van mostrar un augment de l’adsorció de salicilats degut a la presència de sofre en l'adsorbent. El quart treball, “Multicomponent adsorption on coal-based activated carbons on aqueous media: new cross-correlation analysis method”, és una continuació del treball anterior. En aquest cas, es presenta un nova tècnica quimiomètrica que permet analitzar correctament mescles binàries i ternàries per espectroscòpia UV-vis. A més s’estudia l’efecte competitiu entre dues o tres molècules en el procés d'adsorció. El cinquè i últim treball, "Role of activated carbon properties in atrazine and paracetamol adsorption equilibrium and kinetics", planteja un nou model cinètic per a l’adsorció de paracetamol i atrazina mitjançant carbó activat procedent de fangs de depuradora i dos carbons comercials.
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Fei, Yingheng y 费颖恒. "Adsorption of emerging environmental pollutants by marine sediment in relation to sediment organic diagensis". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48329782.
Resumen
Ever-growing discharges of various emerging chemical contaminants are imposing a great threat of pollution to the coastal environment. Adsorption by sediment plays an essential role in the transport and fate of pollutants in the aquatic system. The sorption of emerging contaminants onto sediment is believed to be largely dependent on the sediment organic matter (SOM). In the present study, laboratory experiments were carried out on the changes of the adsorption behavior of sediment during the sediment aging and diagenesis process. A few EDCs and antibiotics were selected as the model emerging compounds for the adsorption tests. The results demonstrated that both the quantity and the quality of the SOM affected the adsorption of the model pollutants, such as 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and bisphenol A (BPA), onto the marine sediment collected from Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. The adsorption isotherms can be well described by the linear partition model.
Natural and artificial sediment with a high SOM content was incubated for 4-6 months to simulate the natural diagenesis process. The most rapid degradation of labile SOM occurred in the first 1 month or so and afterward, SOM reduction became slower. Microbial activity played an important role in SOM degradation and transformation. A rapid initial bacterial growth was observed in the sediment, followed by a slow endogenous decay. The dynamics of biomass growth and decay first transformed the labile SOM into biomass and microbial byproducts. After the exhaust of readily biodegradable SOM, the biomass decay produced humic-like substances, resulting in more refractory and condensed SOM residues in the sediment.
More importantly, the degradation and transformation of SOM displayed a profound impact on the adsorption behavior of the sediment. For the selected EDCs and antibiotics, including BPA, EE2, nonylphenol (NP), phenanthrene (PHE) and tetracyclines (TCs), the adsorption capacity indicated by the partition coefficient, Kd, decreased at the beginning of SOM diagenesis. The Kd values for different chemicals recovered lately to different extents as the result of the SOM condensation and humification. All of the organic matter normalized partition coefficients, KOM, of the concerned pollutants increased considerably in the late phase of SOM diagenesis. Based on the experimental results, a general conceptual model was established to describe SOM diagenesis and its impact on chemical adsorption by the sediment. According to the model prediction, the SOM profile would become more dominated by the condensed and refractory fractions during sediment diagenesis with an increasing affinity and partition capacity for organic contaminants.
Moreover, the release of adsorbed contaminants from marine sediment in the simulated digestive fluids was investigated. In general, the presence of gastric pepsin and bile salts helped the desorption of hydrophobic pollutants from the sediment into the digestive solutions. The influence of the SOM diagenetic status on chemical desorption from the sediment varied between EDCs of different chemical properties. It is apparent that aged sediment could bring more emerging pollutants into the digestive system of receiving organisms, imposing a potential risk to human health through the food chain.published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
19
Yu, Ke y 余珂. "Exploring biodegradation of emerging pollutants using next generation sequencing and UPLC-MS-MS techniques". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/210615.
Resumen
This study was conducted to set up a systematic approach utilizing advantages of both wet lab and bioinformatic methodologies to study biodegradation abilities and microbial bacterial-functional relationship within bioremediation communities.
Firstly, 11pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)were selected as target chemicals for establishing an effective determination process in analyzing trace-level concentrations in the environment, and understanding the removal routes during pollutants removal process in wastewater treatment process using activated sludge. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to develop a rapid, sensitive and reliable method without solid phase extraction pre-concentration for trace analysis of 11 PPCPs in influent and effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Shorten the detection time and significant reduction of detection cost were achieved due to the omitting usage of solid phase extraction (SPE)process and avoiding the consumption of hydrophiliclipophilic balancced (HLB)cartridge.
Research on removal routes of ten selected PPCPs in activated sludge found activated sludge hardly removed carbamazepine. Biodegradation was the sole route to remove acyclovir, metronidazole, benzylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben and propylparaben. Both adsorption and biodegradation were involved in the removal of ranitidine and benzophenone-3, while fluoxetine could be totally removed by adsorption in activated sludge.
Secondly, as the target microbial community, activated sludge community was used to set up the global bioinformatic analysis process. Both metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches were processed to characterize microbial structure and gene expression of activated sludge community. The taxonomic profile showed thatactivated sludge was dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiaphyla. Gene expression annotation of nitrogen removal revealed that denitrification-related genes sequences dominated in both DNA and cDNA datasets while nitrifying genes were also expressed in relative high levels. Specially, ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamine oxidase demonstrated the high cDNA/DNA ratios, indicating strong nitrification activity. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria present mainly belonged to Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira species.
A fast method to construct local sub-databases has been established for the quick similarity search and annotation of huge metagenomic datasets. The conducted tests showed sub-database annotation pipeline achieved a speedup of ~150-385 times, and got exactly the same annotation results with those of the direct NCBI-nr database BLAST-MEGAN method. This approach provides a new time-efficient and convenient annotation similarity search strategy for laboratories without access to high performance computing facilities.
Thirdly, bisphenol A(BPA), which has a partially known biodegradation pathway and relevant bioremediating genes, was chosen as a model to establish a pipeline for systematical understanding the pathways and gene/bacteria relationships in an enriched microbial community. 11 new metabolites were detected during BPA degradation. Thereby, a novel pathway of degrading BPA metabolite was proposed. Sphingomonas strains were dominant taxa in initial degradation of BPA, while the other taxa were competing BPA metabolites during degradation. Metagenomic binning results showed a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, which was previously reported BPA mediator, was sharing by two Sphingomonas strains, showing the undergoing mechanism of competition of the two strains. The observations suggested bacterial specialization may occur in that community that each taxon was selected to degrade certain metabolite in a community economical way.published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
20
BASAGLIA, Giulia. "Development of advanced analytical methods for the determination of emerging pollutants in environmental waters". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2388815.
Resumen
This thesis work was focused on the analytical determination of emerging
pollutants in environmental water matrix, concerning preparative step and
analysis using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GCMS).
The emerging pollutants are so defined because they have been
recognized only recently as pollutants and regulatory and monitoring plans
are not yet implemented at Italian and European level. Pharmaceuticals
and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) are considered emerging
contaminants, they describe a large class of chemical contaminants that
can originate from human usage and excretions and veterinary
applications. There are a large number of different substances used as
medicines, during and after treatment, humans and animals excrete a
combination of intact and metabolised pharmaceuticals, many of which are
generally soluble in water and have been discharged to the aquatic
environment with little evaluation of possible risks or consequences to
humans and environment. In addition, the chemicals that are components
of personal care products (PCPs) number in the thousands, the world’s
people consume enormous quantities of skin care products, dental care
products, soaps, sunscreen agents, and hair styling products. PCPs
continuously enter the wastewater after their regular use during showering
or bathing. Recent studies indicate the potential widespread occurrence on
low-level concentrations (ng-μg/L) of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
Therefore, there’s critical need for efficient and reliable analytical methods
to address the occurrence concentrations, and fate of the PPCPs in
environment. GC-MS has been the basic tool for environmental analyses of
various organic pollutants and it has been the approach of this study choice
because of its superior separation and identification capabilities.
The activity has been concentrated on the development of sample
preparation procedures that could be fast, cost-effective and environmentfriendly
for the analysis of PPCPs. It’s known that sample pre-treatment
causes an analysis bottleneck that typically accounts for over 60% of the total analysis time. The work was focused on evaluation and optimization of
different extraction techniques for treatment of water matrix.
There are fundamentally two kinds of approach for parameters
optimization. One Factor At Time (OFAT) method involves the testing of
factors, or causes, one at a time instead of all factors are changed at once.
Even more people, prominent text books and academic papers currently
favour design of experiments (DOE) approach; it’s a statistically
multivariate method for screening and/or optimization of different factors at
the same time (multiple factors are changed at once). It shows several
relevant advantages over OFAT approach: it requires less runs for the
same (sometimes more) precision in effect estimation, it can estimate
interactions and it provides a knowledge (and optimal settings of factors) in
the whole experimental domain, where OFAT can miss them. For these
reasons this approach was chosen for several published works, using in
particular Central Composite Design (CCD) or Box-Behnken Design (BBD).
Two different extraction procedure have been studied: Solid Phase
Extraction (SPE) and Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME). The first
technique was evaluated in order to optimize extraction step of 25 PCPs,
including fragrances, PAHs, antioxidants, UV-filters, plasticizers, and
pesticides, from water, using OFAT approach. The optimized parameters
were different: SPE sorbent, type and volume of eluent, elution rate, and
evaporation procedure. The better recovery yield considering the totality of
PCPs were found extracting with a Strata-X SPE cartridge, using a volume
of 15 mL of Ethyl Acetate as solvent, operating with slow flow rate, and
evaporating at 40°C of temperature. Under these con ditions the procedure
achieves a recovery higher than 70% for most PCPs investigated (with
LOD ranged from 5 to 10 pg injected on GC), this result makes the
developed method suitable for comprehensive chemical profiling of PCPs in
various aqueous matrices. It is clear that higher recovery values can be
achieved only for selected PCPs using specific target-compound methods.
That it was done for method optimization for determination of two synthetic
phenolic antioxidants and their five main metabolites in water. This is the first published method dedicated solely to the determination of this
chemical class in water samples. The methodology was developed using
SPE approach with derivatization before GC-MS analysis. Extraction on 10
mg Oasis HLB cartridges provides a satisfactory enrichment factor for
environmental samples avoiding the need of solvent evaporation and
reducing SPE costs and organic solvent wastes. After extraction, polar
metabolites are derivatized with MTBSTFA to produce stable, less polar
analytes that are determined by GC-MS at low levels. The usage of two
surrogate internal standards results in a method providing good accuracy,
with relative recoveries between 80 and 110%, and limits of detection (2-44
ng/L). The application of the method to wastewater and river samples
showed BHT and BHT-Q as the compounds in higher concentrations in
wastewater (up to 800 ng/L) and the metabolites BHT-CHO and BHTCOOH
as the most resistant to water treatment, being at the 10-100 ng/L in
sewage and river samples. In this work the optimization was done with an
experimental design approach, using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). This
work was developed in collaboration with University of Santiago de
Compostela (E).
SPME technique was investigated in order to extract a mixture of several
PCPs, evaluating extraction time and temperature and desorption time and
temperature. A simple SPME method has been developed for the
simultaneous GC-MS determination of 23 PCPs (i.e. antioxidants, PAHs,
UV-filters, pesticides, fragrances, plasticizers, that display log Kow values >
3.2) at trace levels in water. An Inscribed Central Composite (CCI) design
approach was employed for investigate extraction temperature and time,
and desorption temperature and time. A direct immersion mode was used
for extraction from a fixed sample volume. The optimum SPME operating
conditions have been defined as: extraction time of 90 min at a temperature
of 80°C, desorption time of 11 min at 260°C. Under these conditions the
procedure provides low detection limits (<= ppb) and satisfactory
reproducibility (RSD%<=1%) for most of the PCPs investigated.
The analysis was then extended to more polar compounds, for a total of 21
PPCPs that display a range of log Kow between 1.2 and 6.4 (i.e. antiseptic,
antinflammatory drugs, estrogens, UV-filters) with the necessity of
derivatize the compounds before GC analysis. A on-fiber after extraction
approach was chosen for SPME derivatization, using silylation agent. The
derivatization can be performed in only 30.5 minutes with a very small
consumption of silylation reagent and without need of high temperature.
Under the optimized conditions of extraction, derivatization and desorption,
the procedure provides low detection limits (<= 1 ppb for the non polar
analytes and <=35 ppb for the derivatized ones) and satisfactory
reproducibility (RSD% <=10% or 20%) for most of the PPCPs investigated.
The PhD project, in his totality, was a logic progressive work, expanding the
study in term of kind of analytes studied, extraction techniques and
optimization approach. A preliminary and careful study was carried out in
order to properly understand the current situation and the possible research
developments of interest. The study was initially focused on less polar
analytes (PCPs), then extending to more polar ones (PPCPs). It was firstly
took in consideration the SPE technique, going to more innovative and
preferable on several points of view SPME. The expanded range (in
particular polarity range) of analytes makes necessary a derivatization step
before GC-MS analysis, for these reason the subsequent step was the
optimization of a method that includes SPME-derivatization. Also
considering the optimization approach, the work started using OFAT
optimization, this approach was left after the first work for the more
accurate and precise DOE.
These works led to development of multiresidual analytical method suitable
for the comprehensive analysis of this kind of pollutants in water matrix.
These methodologies may be the basis of water monitoring for temporal
and spatial changes.
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Dawson, Amanda. "Uptake dynamics and effects of traditional and emerging persistent environmental pollutants to the Antarctic keystone species, Antarctic krill". Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/373031.
Resumen
The schooling Euphausiid, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is considered a keystone species in the Southern Ocean due to its abundance, prominent role in nutrient cycling, and dependency of almost all Antarctic predatory species on this single species. It has often been postulated that polar species may be more sensitive to anthropogenic contaminants on account of their evolutionary isolation from exposure. Despite geographical isolation, anthropogenic contaminants have frequently been detected in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica biota, including, heavy metals, petroleum products, persistent organics pollutants (POPs) as well as microplastic (plastics <5 mm diameter) marine debris. This thesis examined the response of Antarctic krill exposed to two common pollutants; the POP compound para, para-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE), a metabolic by-product of the pesticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); and polyethylene (PE) microplastics.
To investigate the fate of microplastics ingested by a grazing crustacean of high dietary plasticity, commercial microplastic PE beads were offered to Antarctic krill as a proportion of their diet. Krill were exposed to either a low (20%) or high (80%) dose plastic diet for four days, after which the faecal pellets and internal body burdens were examined. Antarctic krill were found to mechanically alter ingested microplastic beads into irregular fragments and nanoplastics. The capacity for fragmentation was found to be dependent on the concentration ingested. Further, the krill displayed size dependant depuration of the altered beads. This is the first time pristine microbeads have been noted to be physically altered by ingestion. With regards to the fate of commercial PE beads ingested by Antarctic krill, it appears that larger microplastics are fragmented into pieces that are small enough to cross biological barriers after ingestion, or are egested as a mixture of irregular triturated particles. These findings suggest that the current literature, based on observations from laboratory-based feeding studies, may be oversimplifying the way in which zooplankton interact with microplastics.
To investigate the uptake and depuration kinetics, bioaccumulation potential and detrimental health effects of irregular triturated microplastics Antarctic krill were exposed to commercial microplastic PE beads in a range of concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80% plastic mixed diet). Toxicological endpoints of mortality and weight loss were both found to be non-sensitive for acute exposure in Antarctic krill. The depuration of particles large enough to be detected was found to be extremely fast, with krill eliminating 80% of their accumulated body burden in a matter of hours. Effective depuration was proposed to be the primary mechanism for mitigation of bioaccumulation and toxicity in krill, with bioaccumulation over 10 days of exposure found to be negligible. However, as uptake rates were similarly fast, and organisms in the marine environment are unlikely to experience microplastic free conditions to depurate their accumulated burden, chronic exposure over the lifetime of the organism with a continuous, yet variable, uptake and egestion is suggested to be a more likely scenario. Further, particles small enough to cross biological barriers were not quantified in this study, and the bioaccumulation potential of these particles remains to be evaluated.
To investigate sublethal p,p’-DDE exposure and identify potential biomarkers of sub cellular damage Antarctic krill were aqueously exposed to five treatments (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μg L-1) of p,p’-DDE. The response of enzymes with known roles in exogenous compound metabolism (glutathione S-transferase, GST and cytochrome P450 2B, CYP2B), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE) and oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase GPx) were quantified. CYP2B was not detectable in Antarctic krill. None of the enzymes detected induced linear concentration-dependant responses. GST was elevated at all exposure concentrations compared to the control, however no treatments were significantly different. GPx and GST followed similar trends throughout the treatment responses suggesting that an underlying biological factor may be influencing both enzymes. AChE activity was not correlated with p,p’-DDE exposure concentration, but all concentrations displayed lower activity than the solvent control however no treatment was significantly inhibited by p,p’-DDE in Antarctic krill. These findings did not provide evidence for an activated detoxification response to p,p’-DDE via the targeted biochemical pathways in Antarctic krill. These findings provide an important baseline for future work to establish the mechanisms of organochlorine toxicity and further our understanding of Antarctic krill detoxification capabilities.
Overall, the results of the work described in this thesis characterise several key interactions between anthropogenic pollutants and Antarctic krill. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for further investigation on the combined effect of p,p’-DDE and polyethylene microplastic stressors, as well as other microplastics and POPs in isolation and as mixtures, which may better reflect environmental conditions.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
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Venegas, Julianna Marie Cebollero. "Photochemistry studies in snow and ice quantification of hydroxyl radicals and degradation of persistent organic pollutants /". Click here for download, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1827193651&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sable, Shailesh Subhashrao. "Development of novel catalytic materials for removal of emerging organic pollutants by advanced oxidation processes (AOPS)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284945.
Resumen
L'objectiu principal del nostre treball és el desenvolupament de nous materials catalítics i mètodes prometedors, eficients i respectuosos amb el medi ambient, per la degradació i la mineralització de contaminants orgànics mitjançant Processos d'Oxidació Avançada (POA) per al tractament d'aigües residuals. Amb aquest propòsit, diverses famílies de catalitzadors han estat sintetitzades per diferents mètodes i s'ha evaluat la seva activitat catalítica en els processos d'oxidació avançada d'ozonització catalítica i el procés Fenton heterogeni, tant per al tractament de compostos farmacèutics emergents com l'àcid clofíbric (CFA) com compostos recalcitrants d'origen industrial com fenol, en condicions ambientals.
Entre tots els catalitzadors estudiats en el procés d'ozonització catalítica, el catalitzador d'òxid de Cu-Al preparat per un mètode de co-precipitació, ha mostrat una excel·lent activitat i estabilitat en l'ozonització catalítica de CFA, assolint un 82% i 96% de mineralització en 2 i 6 h, respectivament.
En quant al procés Fenton, catalitzadors d'òxid de Fe presentant fases d'hematita i maghemita, i a les que s'han afegit petites quantitats de Pd (Pd/FeOOH) han mostrat molt bons resultats en l'eliminació de CFA mitjançant un procés Fenton heterogeni.
En el procés combinat d'adsorció+oxidació, la zeolita ZSM5 contenint Fe i Pd (Pd/Fe-ZSM5) ha presentat una bona activitat en l'eliminació de fenol mitjançant adsorció i oxidació per un procés Fenton heterogeni.El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo es el desarrollo de nuevos materiales catalíticos y métodos prometedores, eficientes y respetuosos con el medio ambiente para la degradación y la mineralización de contaminantes orgánicos por medio de Procesos de Oxidación Avanzada (POA) para el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Con este propósito, varias familias de catalizadores han sido sintetizados por diferentes métodos y se ha evaluado su actividad catalítica en los procesos de oxidación avanzada de ozonización catalítica y el proceso Fenton heterogéneo, tanto para la eliminación de compuestos farmacéuticos emergentes como el ácido clofíbrico (CFA), como compuestos recalcitrantes de origen industrial, como fenol, en condiciones ambientales. Entre todos los catalizadores estudiados en el proceso de ozonización catalítica, el catalizador de óxido de Cu-Al preparado por un método de co-precipitación, ha mostrado una excelente actividad y estabilidad en la ozonización catalítica de CFA, alcanzando un 82% y 96% de mineralización en 2 y 6 h, respectivamente. En cuanto al proceso Fenton, catalizadores de óxido de Fe conteniendo fases de hematita y maghemita y a los que se le ha añadido pequeñas cantidades de Pd (Pd/FeOOH) han mostrado muy buenos resultados en la eliminación de CFA mediante un proceso Fenton heterogéneo. En el proceso combinado de adsorción+oxidación, la zeolita ZSM5 conteniendo Fe y Pd (Pd/Fe-ZSM5) ha presentado un buen desempeño en la eliminación de fenol mediante adsorción y oxidación por un proceso Fenton heterogéneo.
The main aim of our work is to develop new catalytic materials and promising, efficient and environmental-friendly methods for the degradation and mineralization of organic pollutants by means of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment. For this purpose various families of catalysts were synthesized by different methods and their potential catalytic activity have been evaluated in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) such as ozonation and Fenton-like process for treating emerging pharmaceutical compounds like clofibric acid (CFA) and recalcitrant compounds like phenol at ambient conditions. Among all the catalysts screened, the Cu-Al oxide catalyst prepared by a co-precipitation method, showed an excellent activity and stability in catalytic ozonation of CFA, achieving 82% and 96% mineralization in 2 and 6h, respectively. As for the Fenton process, catalysts containing Fe oxides presenting hematite and maghemite phases, and to which small amounts of Pd were added (Pd/FeOOH) have shown very good results in the removal of CFA by means of heterogeneous Fenton process. In the combined process of adsorption+oxidation, ZSM5 zeolite containing Fe and Pd (Pd/Fe-ZSM5) has presented good performance in the removal of phenol by adsorption and oxidation by heterogeneous Fenton-like process.
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Newton, Seth. "Legacy persistent organic pollutants and chemicals of emerging concern in Sweden : from indoor environments to remote areas". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97094.
Resumen
Bulk atmospheric deposition samples were taken every two months for a year in 2009-2010 at two sites in northern Sweden and analyzed for a suite of legacy and emerging persistent organic chemicals including legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs). To further investigate the urban occurrence and contribution to remote contamination of flame retardants, indoor air, ventilation system air, and dust were sampled in several microenvironments in Stockholm during the winter of 2012 for analysis of PBDEs, isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and NFRs. Outdoor air and soil samples were also sampled around the same time period for analysis of the same compounds. Five emerging pollutants were detected in atmospheric deposition: the current-use pesticides trifluralin and chlorothalonil; and the NFRs 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH), 1,2-bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and Dechlorane Plus (DP). A decrease in the fraction of the anti isomer of DP was observed at the more remote site, indicating isomer-selective degradation or isomerization during long range atmospheric transport. The more remote site also received more total deposition of organic pollutants despite its receiving less precipitation. Although PBDEs and emerging organic pollutants were detected, the bulk of the deposition consisted of PCBs and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) at both sites. Several NFRs were identified in indoor and ventilation air samples including TBECH, pentabromotoluene (PBT), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(pentabromodiphenyl)ethane (DBDPE), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB), and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (TBPH). There was no significant difference between concentrations of contaminants in ventilation system air and indoor air indicating that the flame retardants included in this study reach the outdoor environment via ventilation systems. Dust and outdoor air samples have only been analyzed for HBCDDs so far. HBCDD concentrations in apartments, offices, and schools were lower than reported concentrations for other countries in similar microenvironments. However, an enrichment of α-HBCDD compared to γ-HBCDD was observed in dust taken from near treated products in stores when compared to dust taken directly from those products. Very low concentrations of HBCDDs were detected in outdoor air.
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Parladé, Molist Eloi. "Microbial communities driving emerging contaminant removal. Impact of treated wastewater on the ecosystem". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/650400.
Resumen
Actualment, un dels nous reptes de la comunitat científica és fer front a l'increment de contaminants emergents als ambients naturals. La bioremediació s'ha perfilat com una bona alternativa per donar resposta a aquesta necessitat. El propòsit d'aquesta tesi ha estat estudiar les comunitats microbianes responsables de l'eliminació de contaminants emergents en diversos sistemes artificials, així com determinar l'impacte dels efluents resultants quan s'utilitzen com a aigua regenerada. Diferents tècniques moleculars i eines bioinformàtiques han permès caracteritzar els cultius d'enriquiment establerts, així com els bioreactors amb bacteris, algues i fongs, capaços d'eliminar contaminants.
Els generes bacterians Dehalogenimonas i Dehalobacterium s'han identificat com a responsables de la degradació d'organohalonenats en dos cultius d'enriquiment i la seva microbiota acompanyant ha estat estat avaluada per posar de manifest possibles sinèrgies. Paral·lelament, s'ha caracteritzat la comunitat desenvolupada en un fotobioreactor a escala pilot durant l'eliminació de contaminants i productes farmacèutics a partir d'aigües residuals urbanes. Pel que fa a compostos estrogènics, s'ha demostrat una millor capacitat d'eliminació per part dels cultius d'enriquiment de microorganismes fototròfics en comparació amb cultius purs. A més a més, s'ha relacionat la presència de cianobacteris filamentosos amb una recuperació ràpida i eficaç de la biomassa fotosintètica. D'altra banda, s'ha analitzat la dinàmica de bacteris i fongs, així com de Trametes versicolor inoculat en bioreactors continus i biopiles fúngiques utilitzats per tractar aigues residuals hospitalàries i llots de depuradora. Tant el fong inoculat com algunes de les comunitats bacterianes indígenes s'han correlacionat amb l'eliminació d'alguns grups de fàrmacs. Finalment, s'ha evaluat l'impacte dels efluent obtinguts a partir de diferents tractaments d'aigues residuals hospitalàries irrigant microcosmos que mimetitzàven el sòl. Els resultats obtinguts han posat de manifest que els efluents fúngics es comporten de manera similar als controls negatius sense productes farmacèutics.Rising awareness of pollutants not previously detected or monitored (emerging contaminants) has brought new challenges to the scientific community focused in environmental remediation. This thesis aimed to assess the microbial communities responsible of emerging contaminant removal in a variety of human-engineered systems as well as to evaluate the impact of the resulting effluents when they are used as reclaimed water. Molecular microbiology methods were used along with bioinformatic tools to assess the development of enrichment cultures and bioreactors driven by bacteria, algae and fungi, capable of pollutant removal. The bacterial genera Dehalogenimonas and Dehalobacterium were identified as the responsible of organohalide degradation in two enrichment cultures and their concomitant microbiota was assessed to denote putative synergies. The specialized community developed in a pilot-scale photobioreactor was also elucidated during urban wastewater treatment, with efficient removal of pollutants and pharmaceuticals. Efficiency of enrichment cultures, obtained from natural environments, over algal pure cultures was demonstrated in the removal of estrogenic compounds. Moreover, filamentous cyanobacteria were linked to a fast and efficient recovery of photosynthetic biomass. The dynamics of indigenous bacteria, fungi, and the inoculated strain of Trametes versicolor were assessed in continuous bioreactors and fungal biopiles treating hospital wastewater and sewage sludge, respectively. Both the inoculated fungus and some bacterial communities were correlated to the removal of pharmaceutical families. Finally, the effect of effluents obtained from fungal treatment over soil ecosystems were compared to conventionally-treated wastewater in laboratory model systems (microcosms), showing up a similar behavior to the negative controls that did not contain pharmaceuticals.
26
Xu, Jing. "Mechanisms of sorption and transformation of pollutants in the presence of iron species". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S121.
Resumen
Le fer est un métal abondant dans l'environnement. La présence d'espèces de fer dans l'environnement peut affecter un grand nombre de processus. Les contaminants peuvent être largement trouvés dans les systèmes environnementaux. Différentes espèces peuvent exister, y compris pour les polluants inorganiques et les polluants organiques. L'étude de la transformation et la mobilité de ces contaminants en présence d'espèces de fer aura sans doute des implications importantes sur l'environnement. Le mémoire de thèse est divisé en quatre chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous présenterons une synthèse bibliographique sur la contamination actuelle de l'arsenic et plusieurs contaminants émergents, la présence d'espèces de fer (fer dissous et oxydes de fer) dans l'environnement, et les interactions entre les contaminants et les espèces de fer. Le deuxième chapitre est une étude de l’adsorption de l’As(III) sur l'hydroxyde ferrique colloïdal et sa transformation sous lumière visible dans un système de fer(III)/ sulfite. Dans ce travail, l'oxydation de l’As(III) en As(V) dans un système de fer(III)/sulfite en utilisant la lumière du soleil ou d'une lampe à diode électroluminescente (λ = 404 nm) a été étudiée. Plusieurs types d’agents de piégeage des radicaux hydroxyles, d'azote et agents de complexation ont été utilisés pour l'étude du mécanisme d’oxydation. En comparant le a) le fer(III) avec l'irradiation et b) le fer(III)/sulfite sans irradiation, nos résultats montrent une amélioration significative de l’oxydation de l’As(III) à pH 6 dans un système de fer(III)/sulfite-visible correspondant à une constante de vitesse initiale de 0,196 min-1. L’étude du mécanisme a révélé que les voies de l'oxydation d’As(III) à pH neutre est assez complexe. En effet, les radicaux libres (principalement les HO•, SO4-• et SO5-•) et mécanismes de transfert ligand-métal charge entre As (III) et ferrique colloïdal hydroxyde (CFH) des particules sont impliqués. Le troisième chapitre est une étude de l'adsorption coopérative d'acide nalidixique (NA) et de l'acide niflumique (NFA) sur goethite. Dans ce travail, la cinétique d’adsorption de NA et NFA a été réalisée en single et binaire. Les résultats montrent que le qe de NA est 8 fois de NFA dans un système à seul composant. Dans le système binaire, qe de NA était légèrement plus grand que pour le système single, alors que l’adsorption de NFA était environ 4 fois plus grande que pour le système single, ce qui suggère que l'adsorption est coopérative ou une co-liaison a eu lieu entre NA et NFA. La désorption a confirmé qu'aucune transformation de NA ou NFA a eu lieu en présence de la goethite. Des expériences en infra-rouge (ATR-FTIR) et la modélisation de complexation multi-site (MUSIC) ont été également effectuées. L'adsorption de NA et NFA dans les deux systèmes de composants simples et binaires peut être décrit par MUSIC. Ensuite, le quatrième chapitre est une étude de l'adsorption de NA et NFA sur du sable recouvert de goethite (GCS) sous conditions hydrodynamiques contrôlées. L'étude cinétique et les isothermes d’adsorption ont confirmé l'effet de co-liaison de NA et NFA sur la surface de GCS. Le comportement de NA et de NFA dans la colonne a montré de différence significative en raison de la différence de capacité et des mécanismes d'adsorption. Dans le système binaire, le comportement d'une substance peut être affectée par la présence de l'autre substance, tandis que l'effet sur la NFA est beaucoup plus prononcée que celle de NA. La modélisation de la complexation de surface a été utilisée pour prédire les courbes de percée, mais un désaccord a été observée entre la modélisation et les données expérimentales. Le point de percée et la quantité d'adsorption sont surestimés par le modèle, ce qui pourrait du à des limitations cinétique d’origine chimiqueIron is an abundant metal in the environment. The occurrence of iron species in the environment can affect a wide range of processes. Contaminants can be widely found in the aqueous and solid phase environment. Their species are complex and diverse, including inorganic pollutants and organic pollutants. The studying on the mobility and redox transformation of these contaminants in the presence of iron spices and thereby the treatment methods have important environmental implications. This thesis includes 4 chapters. In the first chapter, we presented the bibliography on the current contamination situation of arsenic and several emerging contaminants, occurrence of iron species (dissolved iron and iron oxides) in the environment, and the interactions between contaminations and iron species. The second chapter is a study of the sorption of As(III) on colloidal ferric hydroxide and the transformation of As(III) under the visible light induced iron(III)/sulfite system. In this work, the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in an iron(III)/sulfite system under visible light using sunlight or a light-emitting diode lamp (λ = 404 nm) were investigated. Several kinds of free radical quenchers, nitrogen and complexation competing agent were used for mechanism study. Comparing to a) iron(III) system with irradiation of light and b) iron(III)/sulfite system without irradiation light, our results show a significant enhancement of As(III) oxidation efficiency at pH 6 in iron(III)/sulfite-visible light (LED) system, corresponding to an initial rate constant of 0.196 min−1. Mechanism investigation revealed that the pathways of As(III) oxidation at circumneutral pH is complicated that involved free radicals (mainly HO•, SO4−• and SO5−•) and ligand-to-metal charge transfer between As(III) and colloidal ferric hydroxide (CFH) particles. The third chapter is a study of cooperative adsorption of nalidixic acid (NA) and niflumic acid (NFA) on nano-size goethite. In this work, the adsorption of NA and NFA in single and binary component systems was conducted by kinetic adsorption experiments and batch experiments for macroscopic study. Results show that qe of NA is 8 times of NFA in the single component system. In the binary component system, qe of NA was slightly larger than for the single system, whereas NFA adsorption was about 4 times larger than for the single system, suggesting that cooperative adsorption or co-binding occurred between NA and NFA. Desorption experiment confirmed no transformation of NA and NFA occurred in the presence of goethite. Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform InfraRed (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and multi-site complexation (MUSIC) modeling was used for the microscopy study. The adsorption of NA and NFA in both single and binary component systems can be described by MUSIC modeling well. Afterwards, the fourth chapter is a study of the cooperative adsorption of NA and NFA onto goethite coated sand (GCS) under batch and flow through conditions. Batch experiments, including kinetic study, pH edges and isotherms, confirmed the co-binding effect of NA and NFA on GCS surface. The breakthrough behavior of NA and NFA in the column study showed significant difference in single component system due to the difference in adsorption ability and mechanisms. In binary component system, the breakthrough behavior of one substance can be affected by the presence of the other substance, while the effect on NFA is much pronounced than NA. Surface complexation modeling was used to predict the breakthrough behavior, however a disagreement was observed between modeling and experimental data in breakthrough point and adsorption amount, which might due to the chemical sorption kinetic limitation
27
Nordström, Amelie. "Method Development for Quantification of Different Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida) from the Baltic Sea". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-47426.
Resumen
Persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) tend to accumulate in biota and are transferred through the aquatic food web, which result in a high accumulation in marine mammals. In recent years various novel flame retardants (nBFRs), which have replaced the banned PBDEs, have also started to occur in the environment. These nBFRs have similar properties as PBDEs, such as long-range transport and accumulation in biota. The purpose with this study was to evaluate a method by using pre-packed silica columns for quantification of PCBs, DDT, PBDEs and nBFRs in seal blubber, in order to facilitate the pre-treatment and decrease the time. To elute the different POPs from the pre-packed silica column; hexane, toluene and dichloromethane were used in different stages. By using this method levels of PCB and DDT were determined. For DDT the concentration was 8.28 ng/g lipid and 8.94 ng/g lipid for the two samples that was analysed, and the analysis of the PCBs showed a higher trend for the higher chlorinated PCBs. As the pre-packed silica columns are a relative new method. Further studies are therefore needed on these columns to further improve the sample clean-up and fractionation of the different POPs in environmental samples.
28
Wluka, Ann-Kathrin [Verfasser], Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwarzbauer y Sven [Akademischer Betreuer] Sindern. "Screening analyses and selective quantification of organic pollutants in various matrices / Ann-Kathrin Wluka ; Jan Schwarzbauer, Sven Sindern". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1162499133/34.
29
Peng, Chiung-Yu. "Identification and quantification of volatile organic compound emissions from buildings and heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems". Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=yxIvAAAAMAAJ.
30
Giansiracusa, Sara. "Bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging contaminants in tuna species". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18305/.
Resumen
Environmental contamination of legacy contaminants has been of great concern worldwide because of their persistence and toxicity to humans and marine species. Only in the last decade, the presence and accumulation of emerging contaminants, and, consequently, their adverse effects in marine biota have been considered. The present research was performed to compare the different distribution of legacy contaminants (Pesticides, PCBs and PAHs) and emerging contaminants (UV filters and Fragrances) in the liver and muscle tissues of three tuna species living in different locations and with different behaviour and feed habits: Sarda sarda, Katsuwonus pelamis from the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Càdiz) and Thunnus thynnus from the Strait of Gibraltar. The extraction and quantitative determination of these contaminants from liver and muscle samples have been carried out by Accelerate Solvent Extraction and GC-MS/MS techniques, respectively. From the statistical analysis, significant differences have been found for Fragrances, Pesticides, PCBs and PAHs both among the three tuna species and between the two tissues. Post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between the three tuna species and the tissues, revealing that K. pelamis species differs significantly from the other two species, both in liver and muscle, and that legacy contaminants are responsible for significant differences between and within species. We also explored the similarities between concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in liver and muscle tissue found in samples of T. thynnus and K. pelamis in this study, compared to concentrations of PCBs and DDTs found in specimens of tuna collected in different geographical areas. As a result of the continuous exposure of the marine top predators, such as tuna species, to variable concentrations of emerging and legacy contaminants, their concentration in the marine environment must be constantly monitored.
31
Qian, Jiajie. "Nanofiber-enabled multi-target passive sampling device for legacy and emerging organic contaminants". Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6487.
Resumen
The widespread environmental occurrence of chemical pollutants presents an ongoing threat to human and ecosystem health. This challenge is compounded by the diversity of chemicals used in industry, commerce, agriculture and medicine, which results in a spectrum of potential fates and exposure profiles upon their inevitable release into the environment. This, in turn, confounds risk assessment, where challenges persist in accurate determination of concentrations levels, as well as spatial and temporal distributions, of pollutants in environmental media (e.g., water, air, soil and sediments).
Passive sampling technologies continue to gain acceptance as a means for simplifying environmental occurrence studies and, ultimately, improving the quality of chemical risk assessment. Passive samplers rely on the accumulation of a target analyte into a matrix via molecular diffusion, which is driven by the difference in chemical potential between the analyte in the environment and the sampling media (e.g., sorbent phase). After deployment, the target analyte can be extracted from the sampling media and quantified, providing an integrated, time-weighted average pollutant concentration via a cost-effective platform that requires little energy or manpower when compared to active (e.g., grab) sampling approaches. While a promising, maturing technology, however, limitations exist in current commercially available passive samplers; they are typically limited in the types of chemicals that can be targeted effectively, can require long deployment times to accumulate sufficient chemical for analysis, and struggle with charged analytes.
In this dissertation, we have designed a next-generation, nanofiber sorbent as a passive sampling device for routine monitoring of both legacy and emerging organic pollutant classes in water and sediment. The polymer nanofiber networks fabricated herein exhibit a high surface area to volume ratio (SA/V values) which shortens the deployment time. Uptake studies of these polymer nanofiber samplers suggest that field deployment could be shortened to less than one day for surface water analysis, effectively operating as an equilibrium passives sampling device, and twenty days for pore water analysis in soil and sediment studies. By comparison, most commercially available passive sampler models generally require at least a month of deployment before comparable analyses may be made.
Another highlight of the nanofiber materials produced herein is their broad target application range. We demonstrate that both hydrophobic (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, or POPs, like PCBs and dioxin) and hydrophilic (e.g., emerging pollutant classes including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) targets can be rapidly accumulated with our optimal nanofibers formulations. This suggests that one of our devices could potentially replace multiple commercial passive sampling devices, which often exhibit a more limited range of analyte targets.
We also present several approaches for tailoring nanofiber physical and chemical properties to specifically target particular high priority pollutant classes (e.g., PFAS). Three promising modification approaches validated herein include: (i) fabricating carbon nanotube-polymer composites to capture polar compounds; (ii) introducing surface-segregating cationic surfactants to target anionic pollutants (e.g., the pesticide 2,4-D and perfluorooctanoic acid or PFOA); and (iii) use of leachable surfactants as porogens to increase nanofiber pore volume and surface area to increase material capacity.
Collectively, outcomes of this work will guide the future development of next generation passive samplers by establishing broadly generalizable structure-activity relationships. All told, we present data related to the influence on the rate and extent of pollutant uptake in polymer nanofiber matrices as a function of both physical (specific surface area, pore volume, and diameter) and chemical (e.g., bulk and surface composition, nanofiber wettability, surface charge) nanofiber properties. We also present modeling results describing sampler operation that can be used to assess and predict passive sampler performance prior to field deployment.
The electrospun nanofiber mats (ENMs) developed as passive sampling devices herein provide greater functionality and allow for customizable products for application to a wide range of chemical diverse organic pollutants. Combined with advances in and expansion of the nanotechnology sector, we envision this product could be made commercially available so as to expand the use and improve the performance of passive sampling technologies in environmental monitoring studies.
32
AraÃjo, Sarah de Abreu Moreira. "Desenvolvimento e validaÃÃo de um mÃtodo analÃtico (SPEâHPLC) para determinaÃÃo de compostos emergentes em Ãguas superficiais". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11447.
Resumen
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorPoluentes orgÃnicos emergentes (POEs) ou simplesmente contaminantes emergentes referem-se a qualquer composto quÃmico presente numa variedade de produtos comerciais como medicamentos, produtos de uso veterinÃrio, embalagens de alimentos, produtos de higiene, agrotÃxicos, ou alguns microrganismo. Os POEs podem ser encontrados em matrizes ambientais e biolÃgicas, nÃo sÃo usualmente monitorados ou ainda nÃo possuem legislaÃÃo regulatÃria correspondente, e apresentam risco potencial à saÃde humana e ao meio ambiente. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido e validado um mÃtodo para a determinaÃÃo de cafeÃna, ciprofloxacina, 17β-estradiol, 17α-etinilestradiol e dietilestilbestrol, considerados interferentes endÃcrinos. O mÃtodo desenvolvido utilizou extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia acoplada a um detector de arranjo de diodos. Foram estabelecidas condiÃÃes cromatogrÃficas com eluiÃÃo por gradiente utilizando acetonitrila e Ãgua ultrapura pH 2,0. O planejamento fatorial realizado por SPE indicou que melhores respostas sÃo alcanÃadas quando utiliza-se o cartucho C18, 500 mL de volume de amostra, pH 3,0 e volume de eluiÃÃo igual a 2,0 mL de metanol 100%. As figuras de mÃrito de validaÃÃo do mÃtodo indicaram seletividade, sensibilidade, linearidade, precisÃo, exatidÃo e robustez satisfatÃrias para a maioria dos compostos estudados. Os limites de detecÃÃo (LD) variaram entre 0,283 e 1,543 μg/L (ppb) e os limites de quantificaÃÃo (LQ) variaram entre 0,944 e 5,142 μg/L (ppb). Foi proposta uma nova estratÃgia de controle de qualidade utilizando padrÃo surrogate, e estabelecido um fator de relaÃÃo (FR) a fim de corrigir as concentraÃÃes dos compostos de interesse em amostras reais. O mÃtodo validado foi aplicado nas anÃlises de Ãgua superficial dos aÃudes que fazem parte do abastecimento de Ãgua da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza/CE. Os compostos 17β-estradiol, 17α-etinilestradiol foram detectados numa concentraÃÃo mÃxima de 989 e 980 ng/L, respectivamente.
Emerging organic pollutants (EOP), or Emerging Contaminants, is a term that is used to refer any chemical compound insert in variety of comercial products such as medicines, veterinary products, food packaging, pesticides, or any microorganism. The EOP can be found in environmental and ecological arrays not usually monitore or government unregulated, and poses risks to human health na environment. The methodological approach of this thesis included a developed and validated method to determine caffeine, ciprofloxacin, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and diethylstilbestrol, considered endocrine disruptors. The method uses a Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and high performance liquid cromatography coupled to a diode array detector. Chromatografic conditions were established by gradiente elution using acetonitrile and ultrapure water (pH = 2). The experimental design performed by SPE showed that better responses are achieved when it is used the cartridge C18, 500 mL sample volume, pH 3,0 and 2,0 mL 100% methanol elution volume. The method validation parameters indicated satisfatory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Detection limits (DL) ranged from 0,283 to 1,543 μg/L (ppb) and quantification limits (QL) ranged from 0,944 e 5,142 μg/L (ppb). A new quality control strategy using surrogate standard was proposed, and a relation factors (RF) was established to correct of concentrations of compounds of interest in real samples. The validated method was applied to the analysis of surface waters reservoirs from water supply system in metropolitan region of Fortaleza. The compounds 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynyl estradiol was detected in a maximum concentration of 989 to 980 ng / L, respectively.
33
Zhou, Shangbo [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert y Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Identification and confirmation of the environmental risks of emerging pollutants in surface waters and sediments / Shangbo Zhou ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211345939/34.
34
Zhou, Shangbo Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert y Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Identification and confirmation of the environmental risks of emerging pollutants in surface waters and sediments / Shangbo Zhou ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1211345939/34.
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Eliasson, Anna. "A study of the performance of biochar as adsorbing agent in o‐DGT devices". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12793.
Resumen
A new complex aspect in the matter of water quality is the occurrence of emerging organic pollutants and contaminants in waste water. The currently low extent to which treatment of waste water is performed in Brazil, and in the world as a whole, there is a considerable need for development of cheap and accurate in-situ sampling methods for far-reaching studies of surface water quality. The lack of such methods today makes the maintenance and establishing of sanitary safety difficult. This diploma work gives a brief introduction to the basic principles of the passive sampling method known as Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films (DGT). A method that could be useful for such monitoring of quality in water bodies world wide. The aim of this study is to develop a method, for the detection of organic emerging pollutants and contaminants – i.e. compounds, which usually are present at very low concentrations when found in the environment as a result of human activity. More specifically, this work investigates the potential and usefulness of the application of DGT devices in detection of organic compounds that can affect human health and ecosystems, even at low concentrations, however, their effects still are in need of further investigations. This study focuses on both purely technical as well as practical points of views. The efficiency of organic DGT (o-DGT) with biochar as the adsorbing agent is examined targeting the detection of organic pollutants and contaminants in surface water. In this sense, the specific aim of the work is to evaluate the performance of biochar as adsorbing agent. This work showed that the performance of biochar as the adsorbing agent in binding layers in o-DGT sample devices can be considered as satisfactory since all compounds of interest in this study was successfully detected, quantified an identified. Further investigations in the future are needed to determine the effects of varying pH, temperature and ion concentration in the deployment media, as well as the properties of the binding layer in relation to concentration of biochar and the thickness of the layer. These in order to optimize the method for in-situ water sampling, aiming conventional use of biochar as the adsorbing agent in the future.
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Nascimento, Altina Lacerda. "Caracterização microbiológica, química e presença de poluentes orgânicos em amostras de lodo de esgoto de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-10052016-183111/.
Resumen
Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial agrícola do lodo de esgoto produzido no estado de São Paulo, bem como, verificar a possibilidade de interação entre a composição química e a abundância relativa de bactérias no lodo. Foram realizadas coletas de amostra de lodo de esgoto em 19 estações de tratamento de esgoto, em três épocas distintas. Nas amostras provenientes das três épocas foram determinados as concentrações dos 16 hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) listados como prioritários no monitoramento ambiental pela USEPA (acenafteno, acenaftileno, antraceno, benzo(a)antraceno, benzo(a)pireno, benzo(b)fluoranteno, benzo(ghi)perileno, benzo(k)fluoranteno, criseno, dibenzo(a,h)antraceno, fenantreno, fluoranteno, fluoreno, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pireno, naftaleno e pireno). Nas amostras da segunda época de coleta, além da presença de HPAs, determinou-se as concentrações de poluentes orgânicos emergentes (hormônios, produtos farmacêuticos e produtos de uso industrial), realizou-se a caracterização completa segundo a Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 (umidade, pH, N-Kjeldahl e inorgânico, carbono orgânico, cálcio, potássio, fósforo, magnésio, enxofre, boro, cobre, ferro, níquel, manganês, molibdênio, selênio, zinco, alumínio, arsênio, bário, cádmio, cromo, chumbo, mercúrio e sódio) e a caracterização da comunidade bacteriana através de metodologia independente de cultivo (sequenciamento illumina). Os macronutrientes em maiores concentrações no lodo de esgoto são: N > Ca > S > P > Mg > K. Os elementos inorgânicos Ni e Zn apresentaram concentração superior à máxima permitida para utilização agrícola pela resolução Conama 375/2006 em 1 e 3 amostras, respectivamente. A substância inorgânica que mais limita o enquadramento do lodo de esgoto como adubo orgânico (Instrução Normativa 27/2006) é o Hg. Os compostos benzilparabeno, bisfenol AF (BPAF), ácido perfluorooctanoico (PFOA) e tetrabromobisfenol A (TBBPA) não foram detectados. Por outro lado, cimetidina, metilparabeno, bisfenol A (BPA) e triclocarban foram detectados nas 19 amostras avaliadas. O composto presente em maior concentração é o triclocarban. As concentrações de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos são baixas, de acordo com a norma Europeia. Os filos Proteobacteria e Bacteroidetes estão presentes em maior abundância relativa. Existe uma comunidade bacteriana núcleo nas estações de tratamento de esgoto do estado de São Paulo, composta por 81 gêneros, presentes nas 19 ETEs avaliadas, dos quais, os que estão em maior abundância relativa são Treponema, Clostridium, Propionibacterium, Syntrophus e Desulfobulbus. A elevação do pH a valores próximos de 12 reduz a diversidade microbiana. Considerando a abundância relativa e a composição química do lodo de esgoto, as estações podem ser agrupadas em três grupos distintos, sendo que um deles é influenciado principalmente pelos teores de Ca, Zn e Cu, o outro pelos teores de Fe e S e o terceiro grupo que foi influenciado pelos demais fatores avaliados.The aim of this work was to evaluate the agricultural potential of sewage sludge produced in the São Paulo state - Brazil, as well as to verify the possibility of interaction between the chemical composition and sewage sludge bacterial abundance. Samples were collected from 19 wastewater treatment plants in three different periods. On the samples from the three times were determined the presence and concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAs) that are listed as priorities in environmental monitoring by the USEPA (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (ghi) perylene, benzo (k) fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz (a, h) anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene, naphthalene and pyrene). On the samples of the second collect time, besides HPAs, were determined the concentrations of emerging organic pollutants (hormones, pharmaceuticals and industrial products). It was performed the complete characterization according to CONAMA 375/2006 (moisture, pH, Kjeldahl and inorganic Nitrogen, organic carbon, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and sodium); and characterization of bacterial communities through cultivation-independent methods (Illumina sequencing). Macronutrients in higher concentrations in sewage sludge are: N > Ca > S > P > Mg > K. The inorganic elements Ni and Zn showed up in higher concentration than the maximum allowable for agricultural use by CONAMA Resolution 375/2006, at 1 and 3 samples, respectively. The inorganic element that most limits sewage sludge usage as organic fertilizer (MAPA, 2006) is the Hg. The compounds benzylparaben, bisphenol AF (BPAF), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were not detected. On the other hand, methylparaben, cimetidine, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclocarban were detected in all 19 samples. The compound present in highest concentration is triclocarban. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are low, according to the European standard. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla are present in greatest relative abundance. There is a bacterial core in the sewage sludge treatment plants of the São Paulo State, comprising 81 genera present in all WWTPs evaluated. Those who are at a higher relative abundance are Treponema, Clostridium, Propionibacterium, Syntrophus and Desulfobulbus. The elevation of pH to values close to 12 reduces the microbial diversity. Considering the relative abundance and chemical composition of sewage sludge, the stations can be grouped into three distinct groups, one of which is influenced mainly by Ca, Zn and Cu, the other by Fe and S and the third group that was influenced by the others evaluated factors.
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Reverté, Calvet Laia. "Integrating new immunoassays, biosensors and cytotoxicity assays in the detection and quantification of the emerging marine toxins tetrodotoxins and ciguatoxins". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667458.
Resumen
Degut al risc que suposa la presència de les toxines marines emergents tetrodotoxines (TTXs) i ciguatoxines (CTXs) en peix i marisc per a la seguretat alimentària i als consumidors, és realment necessari desenvolupar mètodes capaços de detectar aquestes toxines en menjar, i conseqüentment, garantir la protecció dels consumidors.
Per tal d’assolir aquest objectiu, aquesta tesi s’ha centrat principalment en el desenvolupament d’immunoassaigs, assaigs citotòxics i immunosensors per a la detecció de toxines marines emergents implicades en seguretat alimentària: TTXs i CTXs. Les eines bioanalítiques descrites són ràpides, assequibles econòmicament, sensibles i fiables i, a més a més, són prometedores com a eines de detecció precoç alternatives als mètodes de referència per al cribatge i quantificació de TTXs i CTXs en peix, marisc i microalgues.
El capítol 1 consisteix en una introducció general sobre l’estat actual de les toxines marines emergents TTXs i CTXs, i descriu la problemàtica derivada de la presencia d’aquestes toxines en peix i marisc per a la salut humana, així com també sobre la rellevància de desenvolupar mètodes per a la seva detecció.
El capítol 2 inclou els objectius generals i específics d’aquesta tesis.
El capítol 3 es comprèn de dues parts. La primera dóna una descripció detallada de les propietats químiques, els mecanismes d’acció i les implicacions en la salut humana de les toxines marines emergents, així com també els diferents mètodes bioquímics alternatius per a la seva detecció. En la segona part, es descriuen els avenços que ha representat la integració de materials biotecnològics en el desenvolupament d’immunosensors electroquímics per a la detecció de toxines.
El capítol 4 inclou 5 contribucions científiques. En el primer treball, es desenvolupa un immunoassaig basat en l’ús de monocapes autoensamblades (SAMs) per a la immobilització de TTX sobre plaques de maleimida, anomenat mELISA. S’ha avaluat l’aplicabilitat del mELISA per a l’anàlisi de mostres de peix globus. En el segon treball, es modifica el mELISA per tal de disminuir el temps i el cost de l’assaig i s’adapta per tal de quantificar el contingut en TTX de musclos i ostres. En el tercer treball, l’estratègia d’immobilització del mELISA basat en l’ús de SAMs es va utilitzar per al posterior desenvolupament d’un immunosensor electroquímic, i s’investiga la seva aplicabilitat per a l’anàlisi de peixos globus. En el quart treball, es desenvolupa un immunosensor basat en la tecnologia d’ones planes basat en la immobilització de TTX sobre plataformes de “nanoarrays”. L’aplicabilitat del biosensor per a l’anàlisi de peix globus també va ser estudiada. Finalment, el cinqué treball mostra la utilitat de combinar el mELISA com a eina de cribatge amb la cromatografia líquida acoblada a espectrometria de masses com a tècnica de confirmació per a la quantificació dels continguts de TTXs en peixos globus de l’oest de la costa Mediterrània.
El capítol 5 inclou 2 contribucions científiques. En la primera, es descriu una estratègia multidisciplinari que combina l’ús d’assajos cel·lulars (CBA), el bioassaig ratolí (MBA) i l’espectrometria de masses d’alta resolució (HRMS) per a la identificació i quantificació de CTXs en un tauró implicat en un cas d’intoxicació alimentària a Madagascar. El segon treball, demostra que l’assaig cel·lular Neuro-2a és apte per a la identificació i quantificació de la producció de CTXs i maitotoxines (MTXs) en extractes de Gambierdiscus australes de les Illes Macaronèsia.
Finalment, el capítol 6 resumeix les conclusions generals i el treball futur de la tesi.Considering the food safety risk emerging marine toxins such as tetrodotoxins (TTXs) and ciguatoxins (CTXs) present in seafood may pose to consumers, there is a real need to develop new methods capable of detecting these toxins in food, and thus, ensure consumers protection. To achieve this goal, this thesis has been mainly focused on the development of immunoassays, cytotoxic assays and immunosensors for the detection of emerging marine toxins implicated in seafood safety: TTXs and CTXs. The rapid, cost-effective, sensitive and reliable bioanalytical tools described herein are promising early warning tools alternative to the reference methods for the screening and quantification of TTXs and CTXs in fish, shellfish and microalgae. Chapter 1 consists of a general introduction about the current state of art of the emerging marine toxins TTXs and CTXs. This chapter describes the problematic issues derived from the presence of these toxins in seafood products for human health. It also describes how relevant is the development of methods for their detection. Chapter 2 includes the general and specific objectives of the thesis. Chapter 3 comprises two parts. The first one gives a detailed overview of the chemical properties, mechanisms of action, human health implications of several emerging marine toxins, and the different alternative biochemical methods for their detection. In the second part, the advances that offer the integration of bionanotechnology materials in the development of electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of toxins are described. Chapter 4 includes 5 scientific contributions. In the first work, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the use of self-assembled monolayers for the TTX immobilisation on maleimide plates (mELISA) is developed. The applicability of the mELISA to the analysis of puffer fish samples is evaluated. In the second work, the mELISA is modified in order to decreased the assay in time and cost and adapted to enable the quantification of TTXs in oysters and mussels. In the third work, the SAM-based immobilisation approach employed in the mELISA is used for the development of an electrochemical immunosensor, and the applicability of the later to the analysis of puffer fish is investigated. The fourth work describes the development of an optical planar waveguide immunosensor based on the immobilisation of TTX on nanoarrayed scaffolds. The applicability of the biosensor to the analysis of puffer fish is also studied. Finally, the fifth contribution shows the usefulness of combining the mELISA as screening tool with the LC-MS/MS analysis as confirmatory technique for the quantification of TTXs contents in puffer fish from the Western Mediterranean coast. Chapter 5 includes two scientific contributions. In the first one, a multi-disciplinary approach combining the use of cell-based assays (CBA), the mouse bioassay (MBA) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is described for the identification and quantification of CTXs in a shark implicated in a fatal food poisoning event in Madagascar. The second work demonstrates the suitability of the Neuro-2a CBA to identify and quantify the production of CTXs and maitotoxins (MTXs) in Gambierdiscus australes extracts from the Macaronesian Islands. Finally, Chapter 6 summarises the general conclusions and future work of the thesis.
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Silva, Alessandra Eugênio Carli da. "Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de ZnO obtidas por calcinação de nanofios eletrofiados para possivel aplicação como fotocatalisadores". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3743.
Resumen
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The presence of medicines in potable water is one of the biggest concernings in public health, once that there is not a lot knownledge about their chronical effects in a long term intake. The potential risk of contamination in the supplied water has motivated new researches aiming the increasing of the efficiency on removing these emerging pollutants. Among these researches the photocathalysis has widelly been studied due its efficiency on decontaminating chemical pollutants, effluents treatment and residual water purification. Photochemical processes presents positive results on the degradation of organic pollutants compounds and the possibility of obtaining photocataliysts in nanometric scales through the electrophase makes it even more efficient. In this work, by electrophase, was obtained a polimeric solution containing PBAT/ZnO, ZnO particlules with reduced scales. The charcterization of the synthetized material was made by X-Ray Difraction (XRD), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. From the obtained results it was possible to conclude that, the reduced distance between the needle and the collector and electric tension used during the electronspinning of ZnO/PBAT nanowires, influency on getting fibres with smaller diameters, from which there is a possibility of obtaining nanoparticles of ZnO, with mean diameter of 46,96 nm, in its crystalline characteristic phase and equivalent to the commercial material by the electrophased process, however, with the smaller particules, which suggests that with the increasing of the contact surface the compound to be oxidized, the phocatalysis process may be favored.
A presença de fármacos em água potável e de abastecimento é uma preocupação de saúde pública, visto que pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos crônicos do consumo ao longo prazo desses contaminantes. O potencial risco de contaminação da água de abastecimento, tem incentivado estudos com o objetivo de aumentar a eficiência na remoção desses poluentes emergentes. Dentre esses estudos, a fotocatálise vem sendo amplamente estudada devido a sua eficiência na descontaminação ambiental, redução, degradação, remediação ou transformação de resíduos químicos poluentes, tratamento de efluentes e purificação de águas residuárias. Os processos fotoquímicos apresentam bons resultados na degradação de compostos poluentes orgânicos e a possibilidade de obter fotocatalisadores em escala nanométrica através da técnica da eletrofiação pode torná-la ainda mais eficiente. Neste trabalho foi obtido através da eletrofiação de uma solução polimérica contendo PBAT/ZnO partículas de ZnO com escala reduzida. A caracterização do material sintetizado foi realizada por Microscopia Optica, Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Análise Térmica Gravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectrofotometria UV-Vis. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que, a diminuição da distância entre a agulha e o coletor e tensão elétrica utilizadas durante a eletrofiação dos nanofios de ZnO/PBAT, influencia na obtenção de fios com diâmetros menores e que a partir destas fibras há possibilidade de obtenção de nanopartículas de ZnO, com diâmetro médio de 46,69 nm, com fase cristalina característica e equivalente ao material comercial, porém com tamanho de partículas menores, o que sugere aumento da superfície de contato do material particulado com o composto a ser oxidado, favorecendo o processo de fotocatálise.
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Martins, Diana Filipa Brito. "Efeitos dos fármacos enquanto xenobióticos presentes no ambiente aquático ao nível das alterações tecidulares reportadas em peixes por vários estudos de toxicologia ambiental". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5330.
Resumen
Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências FarmacêuticasAtualmente a poluição e contaminação do meio aquático devido à crescente descarga de efluentes domésticos, industriais ou agrícolas, intencionais ou acidentais, é um assunto relevante de Saúde Pública, sendo alvo de vários estudos e debates na comunidade científica e civil. Os fármacos, em função do seu elevado consumo e ineficaz remoção pelas estações de tratamento de águas residuais, são continuamente libertados para o compartimento aquático sob a sua forma original ou de metabolito secundário. Os fármacos utilizados na saúde humana, prática veterinária e aquacultura, possuem características físico-químicas que lhes conferem elevada persistência ambiental exercendo, frequentemente, toxicidade em organismos não-alvo ao nível de vários níveis tróficos. A sua acumulação no ambiente aquático tem demonstrado ser capaz de induzir mudanças patológicas nos peixes, a mais numerosa classe de vertebrados deste compartimento. Assim, o estudo dos efeitos toxicológicos na saúde do ecossistema reveste-se de uma importância primordial, pelo que a caracterização e quantificação deste risco é fundamental. Os peixes são o alvo deste trabalho pois são considerados espécies sentinelas, sendo utilizados como indicadores primários da qualidade da água, permitindo uma avaliação dos efeitos causados pela exposição continuada e concentrações sub-letais de xenobióticos, em particular aos fármacos. A histologia é considerada uma ferramenta sensível e útil para a determinação do estado de saúde dos peixes, registando os efeitos da exposição aguda ou crónica destes organismos aos xenobióticos aquáticos. Neste trabalho fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos histopatológicos de alguns fármacos ao nível dos principais órgãos afetados nos peixes (e.g. fígado, rim e gónadas).
Nowadays, pollution and contamination of the aquatic environment as a consequence of human activities is a major concern in what regards public health, as shown by the increasing number of scientific studies and debate within the scientific community. Several drugs used in human health, in light of their intensive use and deficient treatment, are continuously discharged to the environment, ultimately ending in aquatic compartments, either in their native form or as metabolites. A relevant number of drugs used in human health, veterinarian medicine or aquaculture display physical and chemical characteristics that confer them high environmental persistence, which frequently results in toxicity phenomena in non-target organisms across several trophic levels. Their accumulation in aquatic environments has been increasingly associated with pathological alterations in fish, the most representative class of vertebrates in the aquatic environment. Thus, the toxicological impact of these molecules in aquatic and human health are of pivotal importance, with the characterization and quantification of these risks being essential. In this work the organisms under study will be fish, as they are used as early markers of water quality, hence allowing the evaluation of the effects triggered by xenobiotics, in particular pharmaceuticals. Histopatholoy is a sensitive and useful tool for determining the health status of fish, being used for following the effects of acute or chronic exposition of fish to aquatic xenobiotics. In this work, a literature review focusing on the histopathological effects of some drugs on fish will be presented, with particular emphasis on the most relevant organs affected (e.g. liver, kidney and gonads), with special emphasis on gills.
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Binti, Abu Samah Nurlin. "Design and applications of molecularly imprinted polymers for the separation of some pharmaceutical persistent pollutants". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461073.
Resumen
Desde hace unas décadas, los contaminantes farmacéuticos persistentes emergentes (EPPPs) han sido introducidos como un tipo de fuentes recalcitrantes de contaminantes en el agua. En este estudio, se ha realizado la síntesis y caracterización de polímeros con impresión molecular usando monómero funcional selectivo para la eliminación de diclofenaco e indometacina en medio acuoso a través del modo discontinuo. El siguiente procedimiento implicado fue la caracterización de la extracción en fase sólida molecularmente impresa usando monómero funcional selectivo para la eliminación y recuperación de diclofenaco e indometacina a partir de medios acuosos. A continuación, el experimento continuó con métodos analíticos para la aplicación de polímero impreso molecularmente usando monómero funcional selectivo para la recuperación de diclofenaco de agua y aguas residuales.
En el estudio cinético se observó más del 95% de la eliminación de DCF e IDM dentro de los 3 primeros minutos, con una concentración inicial de 5 mg L-1 de DCF e IDM, agitando y a 25ºC. Del estudio de adsorción usando un cartucho empaquetado con 10 mg de MIP-IDM y MIP-DCF, se obtuvo una elevada capacidad de adsorción, concretamente de 600 mg IDM/g MIP y 200 mg DCP/g de MIP. Se utilizó el diagrama de Scatchard para estudiar la homogeneidad de MIP-IDM y MIP-DCF, y los resultados obtenidos mostraron que el proceso de sorción para MIP-DFC es homogéneo, mientras para MIP-IDM es heterogéneo. Durante el estudio de saturación mediante flujo continuo, se identificaron las curvas de ruptura.
Para el estudio de selectividad, ambos MIPs se llevaron a cabo en modo “batch”. Se observó que el MIP preparado con AT como monómero se enlaza a moléculas de DCF. El desplazamiento en la señal observada se ha identificado como la interacción entre la amina del grupo AT con el ácido carboxílico del DCF. Se escogió el MIP-DCF para empaquetar en la columna de HPLC.
Para el estudio de los grupos funcionales de tres tipos diferentes de MIP-DCF (MIP-DCF original, MIP-DCF cargado y MIP-DCF eluido después de la 10ª regeneración) se utilizó Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR). El estudio de la morfología se llevó a cabo microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). La pre-polimerización se estudió mediante 1H NMR.
Se diseñaron tres disposiciones diferentes para aplicar los MIPs. En primer lugar, el modo de flujo continuo equipado con detección por espectrofotometría UV, en segundo lugar, la optimización de la extracción en fase sólida de impresión molecular (MISPE) utilizando muestras de agua real y en tercer lugar, utilizar la columna de MIP empaquetada en el equipo de cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detección de ultravioleta (HPLC-UV) para determinación simultánea. La eficiencia en la eliminación y recuperación de EPPPs mejora cuando el MIP se utiliza como medio para empaquetar la columna de HPLC.
En conclusión, el MIP funciona como un buen sorbente en la eliminación de DCF y IDM, y la tecnología de impresión molecular ha demostrado ser prometedora para la eliminación de EPPPs en agua.Since a few decades ago, Emerging Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants (EPPPs) have been introduced as one type of recalcitrant pollutant sources in water. In this study, synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer using selective functional monomer for diclofenac and indomethacin removal in aqueous media via batch mode has been done. Next procedure involved was the characterization of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction using selective functional monomer for removal and recovery of diclofenac and indomethacin from aqueous media. Then the experimental continued with analytical methods for application of molecularly imprinted polymer using selective functional monomer for diclofenac recovery from water and wastewater. From the kinetic study, more than 95% of removal was observed for DCF and IDM, with an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1 of DCF and IDM within 3 min, agitated at 25 oC. From the total adsorption study using a cartridge pre-packed with 10 mg of MIP-IDM and MIP-DCF a high adsorption capacity of 600 mg IDM/g MIP and 200 mg DCF/g MIP respectively, were obtained. Scatchard plots were determined to study the homogeneity properties of MIPs finding that MIP-DCF differs to MIP-IDM. Breakthrough curves have been identified during the saturation study using continuous flow mode. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) has been used in order to study the functional groups in three kinds of different MIP-DCF which were original MIP-DCF, MIP-DCF loaded and MIP- DCF eluting after 10 th times of regeneration. In order to study the morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. Pre-polymerization has been studied using 1H NMR. The shift in the signal observed has been identified with the interactions between amine of AT group with carboxylic acid on DCF. MIP-DCF was chosen for packing into the HPLC column. For the selectivity study, both MIPs were carried out in batch mode. The results show that MIP with AT as the monomer bind to DCF molecules. For application study, there were three methods has been designed in order to achieved the application objectives for this study. First, the continuous flow mode equipped to UV spectrophotometry detection; second, the optimization of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) using real water samples; and thirdly, the MIP packed column equipped to high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for simultaneous determination. MIP enhance the efficiency in removal and recovery of EPPPs when the MIP has been used as packing media in column. As conclusion, the developed MIP works as a good sorbent in DCF and IDM removal. The molecularly imprinted technology has shown to be a promising technology for the removal of EPPPs in water. As conclusion, the developed MIP works as a good sorbent in DCF and IDM removal.
41
Schwarz, Kerstin [Verfasser]. "Atmogenic pollutants as reactive tracers for identification and quantification of important transport processes in a karst area at the catchment scale / vorgelegt von Kerstin Schwarz". Tübingen : Inst. für Geowiss, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1005113343/34.
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Deyerling, Dominik [Verfasser], Karl-Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Schramm y Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Letzel. "Development and application of trace analysis for emerging organic pollutants in surface water / Dominik Deyerling. Betreuer: Karl-Werner Schramm. Gutachter: Thomas Letzel ; Karl-Werner Schramm". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080299408/34.
43
Fernández, Blanco Minerva. "Estudio de las interacciones de tensioactivos en la superficie de TiO2 y su aplicación en adsolubilización y fotocatálisis de compuestos orgánicos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455152.
Resumen
Los contaminantes en el agua han acarreado enfermedades en personas y animales a lo largo de la historia. Hoy en día se pueden encontrar diversos tipos de contaminantes en el agua proveniente de la actividad humana. Hasta ahora se creía que los tratamientos actuales en las plantas depuradoras de agua eran capaces de eliminarlos o retenerlos. Recientemente se ha conocido la existencia de un grupo de contaminantes, denominados Contaminantes Emergentes (CEs), que son capaces de atravesar estos tratamientos sin eliminarse.
Estos tienen su origen en diferentes ámbitos, generalmente en fármacos, pesticidas, alimentación y en productos utilizados para el cuidado personal. Debido a estar a concentraciones extremadamente bajas, han estado pasando desapercibidos. Son sustancias orgánicas parcialmente solubles en agua, y sus criterios de calidad ambiental aún no se han podido especificar [1,2]. Recientemente se ha incrementado la preocupación por las posibles consecuencias de su existencia, y se ha comenzado a controlar su presencia así como a estudiar sus posibles efectos negativos y medios de eliminación.
Actualmente, en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas, no se están realizando tratamientos específicos para la eliminación de los CEs, aunque algunos procesos muestran cierta capacidad de retención, como en tratamientos terciarios con carbón activo [3], oxidación química [4] o filtración por membranas [5]. Por otra parte, el uso de nanomateriales en tratamientos de aguas se perfila como una vía prometedora de depuración [6]. La utilización de nanoadsorbentes, la nanofiltración y los procesos avanzados de oxidación para la eliminación de productos farmacéuticos y productos de cuidado personal están mostrando resultados muy esperanzadores [7].
Desde este trabajo se pretende aportar una nueva solución en el tratamiento de aguas residuales para la eliminación de CEs. Para ello se ha estudiado el fenómeno de la adsolubilización, que consiste en incorporar compuestos orgánicos en bicapas de tensioactivos adsorbidos sobre una superficie.
Se han estudiado diferentes familias de tensioactivos para valorar la coordinación de los mismos con la superficie del adsorbente, su estabilidad, su capacidad de adsolubilización y su resistencia a la incidencia en tratamientos UV.
La superficie que se ha utilizado para generar las bicapas de tensioactivo ha sido el TiO2-P25, un nanomaterial con propiedades fotocatalíticas y de gran superficie específica[8]. Combinando las técnicas de adsorción, adsolubilización y las propiedades fotocatalítica del TiO2-P25, se han conseguido resultados interesantes en la eliminación de compuestos orgánicos parcialmente solubles en agua. Estos podrían ser extrapolados a tratamientos terciarios en procesos de tratamiento de aguas residuales para la eliminación de CEs.
[1] M. Kaštelan-Macan, M. Ahel, A.J.M. Horvat, D. Jabučar, P. Jovančić, Water Policy 9 (2007) 319–343.
[2] T. Eggen, M. Moeder, A. Arukwe, Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010) 5147–5157.
[3] S. Francisco de Aquino, E. Manfred Freire Brandt, C. Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo, (2013) 187–204.
[4] J. Rivera-Utrilla, M. Sánchez-Polo, M.Á. Ferro-García, G. Prados-Joya, R. Ocampo-Pérez, Chemosphere 93 (2013) 1268–1287.
[5] I. Muñoz, M.J. Gómez-Ramos, A. Agüera, A.R. Fernández-Alba, J.F. García-Reyes, A. Molina-Díaz, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 28 (2009) 676–694.
[6] A. Cincinelli, T. Martellini, E. Coppini, D. Fibbi, A. Katsoyiannis, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15 (2015) 3333–3347.
[7] H. Lu, J. Wang, M. Stoller, T. Wang, Y. Bao, H. Hao, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016 (2016) 1–10.
[8] D.C. Hurum, A.G. Agrios, K.A. Gray, T. Rajh, M.C. Thurnauer, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 4545–4549.Water pollutants have caused diseases in animals and people throughout history. Nowadays, various types of pollutants caused by human activity can be found in wastewater. Until now, it was believed current wastewater treatments were able to eliminate or retain all the pollutants. However, new types of contaminants, called emerging pollutants (EP), are able to pass through current water treatments without being confined or disposed. EP come mainly from drugs, pesticides, food and personal care products. Due to their extremely low concentrations, they have been unnoticed for years. They are organic partially water-soluble substances, and usually their environmental quality criteria has not yet been specified [1, 2]. Recently, concern about possible consequences of EP existence has increased, their presence has begun to be controlled and their possible negative effects and means of elimination started to be studied. At present, in wastewater treatment plants, there are no specific treatments to eliminate EP. Nevertheless, some current treatments show some ability to retain EP, as for example tertiary treatments with active carbon [3], chemical oxidation [4] or membrane filtration [5]. Moreover, the use of nanomaterials in wastewater treatments are emerging as a promising technique of depuration [6]. The use of nanoadsorbents, nanofiltration and advance oxidation processes to degrade pharmaceuticals and personal care products are showing very promising results [7]. The following study presents a new technique to improve the elimination of EP in wastewater treatments, based on the combination of adsolubilization and photocatalysis. It consists in incorporate organic compounds in surfactant bilayers, previously adsorbed on a polar surface, in order to be photocatalized later. Different families of surfactants have been studied in order to evaluate their coordination on the adsorbent surface, stability, adsolubilization ability and tolerance against UV treatments. The surface to generate the surfactant bilayer has been TiO2-P25, a nanomaterial with photocatalitic properties and high specific area [8]. Combining adsolubilization and photocatalitic properties of TiO2-P25 has provided promising results in removing partially water-soluble organic compounds as diclofenac, malachite green and 2-naphthol. This technique could be extrapolated to tertiary wastewater treatments in order to improve the elimination of EP. [1] M. Kaštelan-Macan, M. Ahel, A.J.M. Horvat, D. Jabučar, P. Jovančić, Water Policy 9 (2007) 319–343. [2] T. Eggen, M. Moeder, A. Arukwe, Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010) 5147–5157. [3] S. Francisco de Aquino, E. Manfred Freire Brandt, C. Augusto de Lemos Chernicharo, (2013) 187–204. [4] J. Rivera-Utrilla, M. Sánchez-Polo, M.Á. Ferro-García, G. Prados-Joya, R. Ocampo-Pérez, Chemosphere 93 (2013) 1268–1287. [5] I. Muñoz, M.J. Gómez-Ramos, A. Agüera, A.R. Fernández-Alba, J.F. García-Reyes, A. Molina-Díaz, TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem. 28 (2009) 676–694. [6] A. Cincinelli, T. Martellini, E. Coppini, D. Fibbi, A. Katsoyiannis, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15 (2015) 3333–3347. [7] H. Lu, J. Wang, M. Stoller, T. Wang, Y. Bao, H. Hao, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016 (2016) 1–10. [8] D.C. Hurum, A.G. Agrios, K.A. Gray, T. Rajh, M.C. Thurnauer, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 4545–4549.
44
Silva, Celyna Káritas Oliveira da. "Método inovador de ativação de oxidantes no tratamento de poluentes prioritários e emergentes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-19032018-081406/.
Resumen
O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento um novo material, diatomita modificada por ferro, como ativador dos oxidantes persulfato de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio para degradar poluentes prioritários (fenantreno e antraceno), diesel e o poluente emergente ácido perfluoroctanóico (PFOA). Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar esse novo método com métodos convencionais de ativação para esses oxidantes; e estudar, estatisticamente, a relação ótima entre a quantidade deste material e a concentração de oxidante para a degradação dos contaminantes. A diatomita bruta e as diatomitas modificadas (CAT-5 e CAT-20) foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas. Os principais resultados da caracterização mostraram que os materiais são amorfos e que a concentração de ferro foi 4%, 17% e 25% para diatomita bruta, CAT-5 e CAT-20, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que os materiais modificados apresentaram significativa atividade catalítica para ativar os oxidantes e degradar os poluentes, sendo a CAT-5 a mais reativa. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos utilizando 45 g L-1 de persulfato de sódio com 2,5 g de diatomita modificada (CAT-5), com degradação de 87% e 96% de fenantreno e antraceno, respectivamente, em 168 horas de tratamento. Para o tratamento de solo arenoso contaminado com diesel, os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando 41 g L-1 de persulfato de sódio e 1,56 g de CAT-5, obtendo decaimento de 91% de carbono total em 146 horas. A eficiência da decomposição de PFOA mostra que a reatividade dos sistemas seguiu a ordem: peróxido de hidrogênio em altas concentrações > peróxido de hidrogênio em paralelo com persulfato > persulfato alcalino, ambos ativados com CAT-5, atingindo 86%, 69% e 48%, respectivamente, após 6 horas de reação.The present work deals with the development of a new materials, modified diatomite by iron, as an activator of the oxidants sodium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide to degrade priority pollutants (phenantherene and anthracene), diesel and emerging pollutant perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The aims of this study were to compare this new method with traditional activation method for these oxidants; and to study, statistically, the optimal ratio between the quantity of the material and the concentration of oxidant to the degradation of contaminants. The raw and modified materials were characterized by different techniques. The main characterization results showed that materials are amorphous, and that the iron concentrations were 4,78%, 17,65% and 25% for the raw diatomite, CAT-5 and CAT-20, respectively. The results showed that the modified material showed significant catalytic activity to activate the oxidants and to degrade pollutants, with CAT-5 being the most reactive. Satisfactory results were obtained using 2,5 g of modified diatomite (CAT-%) with sodium persulfate at 45 g L-1, with degradation of 87% and 96% of phenanthrene and anthracene, respectively, in 168 hours of treatment. For the treatment of sandy soil contaminated with diesel, the best result was obtained using 41 g L-1 of sodium persulfate sodium and 1,56 g of CAT-5, resulting in a decrease of 91% of total carbon present in diesel. The PFOA decomposition efficiency for the systems shows that hydrogen peroxide at high concentrations > hydrogen peroxide-activated persulfate > alkaline-activated persulfate, both with CAT-5, achieving 83%, 69% and 48% , respectively, after 6 hours of reaction.
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Castro, J?nior Jos? Geraldo Mendes. "Estudo de eletrodegrada??o de poluentes emergentes em c?lulas eletroqu?micas do tipo eletr?lito polim?rico s?lido". UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1589.
Resumen
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Eletrodos de di?xido de chumbo (PbO2) suportados sobre tecido de carbono e tela de a?o inoxid?vel foram utilizados na degrada??o eletroqu?mica dos f?rmacos paracetamol (PCT) e dipirona (DPN), utilizando-se uma c?lula eletroqu?mica do tipo eletr?lito polim?rico s?lido (EPS) munida de eletrodos perme?veis a fluidos (EPFs). Todos os estudos foram conduzidos na condi??o de batelada empregando-se a ?gua livre de eletr?litos. Os estudos eletroqu?micos de degrada??o dos f?rmacos foram conduzidos em fun??o da densidade de corrente aparente (jap) (ex., 5, 10, 20, 100, 150 e 200 mA cm-2) e da concentra??o inicial (ex., 10, 30 e 50 mg L 1). As amostras tratadas foram analisadas pelas t?cnicas de espectrofotometria na regi?o do UVVis, cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia (CLAE) e demanda qu?mica de oxig?nio (DQO). Verificou-se para os diferentes casos envolvendo as baixas densidades de corrente que a remo??o das bandas de absor??o no UV-Vis, a remo??o da concentra??o dos f?rmacos (CLAE) e a redu??o da DQO (grau de mineraliza??o) n?o foram significativos. Contrariamente, no caso das elevadas densidades de corrente evidenciou-se uma significante melhora na degrada??o dos f?rmacos em decorr?ncia da atua??o do oz?nio gerado eletroquimicamente. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para baixas concentra??es dos f?rmacos. Redu??es superiores a 95 % de DQO para o PCT e superiores a 75 % para a DPN foram obtidas. Eletrodos de PbO2 dopados com n?quel (ex., Ni-PbO2) suportados sobre tecido de carbono e tela de a?o inoxid?vel foram confeccionados e caracterizados. A an?lise de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) revelou o aparecimento de defeitos superficiais, com a varia??o da concentra??o nominal do Ni no banho eletrol?tico utilizado no preparo do eletrodo por eletrodeposi??o. An?lises de difratometria de raios-X (DRX) corroboraram os resultados de MEV revelando, em alguns casos, picos mais alargados e de menor intensidade (ex., redu??o no tamanho m?dio dos cristalitos) com a varia??o da concentra??o nominal do Ni, indicando assim uma interfer?ncia no processo de eletrodeposi??o do PbO2. Curvas de polariza??o em condi??es quaseestacion?rias foram obtidas para o processo eletr?dico da rea??o de desprendimento de oxig?nio (RDO) sendo verificado que n?o houve influ?ncia significativa do dopante sobre esta rea??o, a qual ocorre em paralelo ao processo de degrada??o oxidativa dos f?rmacos. Verificou-se que a produ??o de oz?nio foi ligeiramente favorecida em algumas concentra??es do dopante e em altas densidades de corrente. No entanto, n?o foi verificada influ?ncia significativa sobre o grau de mineraliza??o dos f?rmacos PCT e DPN mediante uso de eletrodos dopados com Ni.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
Lead dioxide (PbO2) electrodes supported on carbon cloth and stainless-steel mesh substrates were used in the electrochemical degradation of the drugs paracetamol (PCT) and dipyrone (DPN), using a solid polymer electrolyte electrochemical cell (SPE) having fluid-permeable electrodes (FPEs). All studies were conducted in batch condition using the electrolyte-free water. The electrochemical degradation of the drugs was accomplished as a function of the apparent current density (ex., 5, 10, 20, 100, 150 and 200 mA cm-2) and the initial concentration (ex., 10, 30 and 50 mg L-1). The treated samples were analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry technique, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as well as the chemical oxygen demand (COD). For the different cases involving the application of low current density values, it was not verified significant changes accounting for the removal of the UV-Vis absorption band, the drug concentration (HPLC), and the COD decrease (ex., the degree of mineralization). In contrast, in the case of high current densities, a significant improvement in the degradation of the drugs was evidenced as a result of the influence of the electrochemically generated ozone. The best findings were obtained for low drug concentrations. Reductions of above 95% COD for PCT and above 75% for DPN were obtained. Nickel-doped PbO2 electrodes (ex., Ni-PbO2) supported on carbon cloth and stainlesssteel mesh were fabricated and characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the appearance of surface defects with a reduction in crystal size with the different Ni concentration in the electrolytic bath used to prepare the electrode by electrodeposition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes corroborated with the SEM results revealing the formation of broader peaks with lower intensity, in some cases, (ex., reduction in the average crystallite size) with the variation of the nominal dopant concentration in the electrolytic bath, thus indicating an interference in the electrodeposition process for PbO2. Quasi-stationary polarization curves were obtained for the electrode process of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and it was verified that there was no significant influence of the dopant on this reaction, which occurs in parallel to the process comprising the oxidative degradation of the drugs. It was found that the ozone generation was slightly favored in some concentrations of the dopant and in higher current densities. However, no significant influence was verified on the degree of mineralization of PCT and DPN by the use of Ni-PbO2 electrodes.
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Jimenez, Villarin Javier. "Assessing the degradation and transformation of emerging pollutants submitted to TiO2 photocatalysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques. Are we posing a new hazard to the environment?" Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404561.
Resumen
In the past 50 years there has been increasing interest and concern over pharmaceutical drugs and their presence in the environment, since they and/or their metabolites could induce toxicological effects and bacterial resistance in living organisms. Conventional sewage treatment plants are not able to efficiently remove these chemicals, reason why these compounds are being introduced into the aquatic environment at concentration levels of parts per-billion (ppb) and parts per-trillion (ppt). Although these concentrations are much lower than those used in medical applications, the related potential toxic effects are still poorly known and cannot be discarded. Heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process that can achieve complete oxidation and mineralisation of such organic compounds. TiO2 nanoparticles and nanofibers have been extensively investigated as the suspended semiconductors in common heterogeneous photocatalysis set-ups. However, the complete recovery of the semiconductor is still a major industrial challenge. That is the reason why their fixation onto an inner support represents a great alternative to overcome this problem.
The present PhD thesis has studied the degradation of four pharmaceutical drugs (ofloxacin, clofibric acid, diclofenac and ibuprofen) using two different set-ups (suspended and supported conditions) with three different TiO2 catalysts: synthesised TiO2 nanofibers and P25 nanoparticles and commercially available nanofibers, used as reference materials. Prior performing the photocatalytical process, all TiO2 samples were submitted to physical characterisation (BET surface area, X-Ray diffraction and SEM microscopy) showing significant differences between the synthesised and reference materials. Prepared TiO2 nanofibers, however, appeared to be the material with maximum adsorption capacity (derived from Langmuir’s isotherm) and appeared
to be slightly better at degrading the pharmaceuticals under study at a concentration of 10 µg L-1. Nevertheless, when the experiments were conducted under real conditions, none of all the studied catalysts could effectively degrade the studied compounds.
Additionally, this work has studied how one of the selected pharmaceuticals (ofloxacin) was degraded along the photocatalytical process by mass spectrometry techniques: (tandem) high-resolution mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry. Due to the vast amount of information generated by these cutting-edge instruments, different data treatment techniques were applied in order to achieve a fast
identification of the generated transformation products (TPs). The degradation of ofloxacin led to the formation of 59 TPs. Chemical structures of these TPs were hypothesised on the basis of their accurate mass and product ion spectra. However, due to the lack of standards of these TPs, these hypothesised structures could not be confirmed until ion mobility, in combination with theoretical calculations, was used. This technique not only rendered additional separation in the gas phase for some of the identified TPs but also provided a tool to support the complete elucidation of the chemical structures hypothesised.
Having detected and identified ofloxacin TPs, the investigation of this PhD thesis was centred on the study of their toxicological impact. Toxicity was assessed by two different end-points: luminescence, using the luminescent bacteria Vibrio-fischeri and cytotoxicity using three different human cell lines (HK-2, HepG2 and fibroblast cells). Both end-points clearly demonstrated that, even at low concentrations, the formation of these TPs led to a toxicity increase when compared to the parent drug ofloxacin. Even though this toxicity increase, complete detoxification was achieved by ensuring enough irradiation time and promoting the complete depletion of ofloxacin TPs. The individual toxicity of these TPs was then studied by fractionating the reaction crude with a semi- preparative HPLC column which restricted the number of toxic TPs. Due to the poor chromatographic resolution achieved, the chemical synthesis of the generated TPs seems to be the only option, to date, to study their individual toxicity.A lo largo de los últimos 50 años ha habido un creciente interés acerca de los fármacos y/o sus metabolitos ya que su presencia en el medio ambiente podría inducir efectos toxicológicos adversos y/o resistencia bacteriana. Puesto que los sistemas de depuradoras de aguas son incapaces de eliminarlos, éstos son introducidos y detectados en el sistema acuático. Aunque los niveles encontrados son mucho menores que las usadas en medicina, sus efectos adversos no pueden ser descartados. La fotocatálisis heterogénea mediante TiO2 es un proceso de oxidación avanzado que puede conseguir la completa oxidación y mineralización de estos compuestos en el agua. La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en la degradación de cuatro fármacos (ofloxacino, ácido clofíbrico, diclofenaco e ibuprofeno) con tres catalizadores de TiO2: nanofibras sintetizadas y materiales comerciales: en forma de nanopartícula y nanofibra. Las nanofibras preparadas mostraron una mayor capacidad de adsorción y degradación de los fármacos estudiados. A pesar de los buenos resultados obtenidos experimentando en agua sintética, todos los catalizadores bajaron su rendimiento al experimentar con matriz de agua real. Adicionalmente, se estudió cómo el ofloxacino se degradaba y transformaba a lo largo del proceso fotocatalítico mediante espectrometría de masas de alta resolución y de movilidad iónica. Se detectaron e identificaron 59 productos de transformación, los cuales fueron adicionalmente estudiados mediante la técnica de movilidad iónica acompañada de cálculos teóricos. Esta última combinación no solo demostró su poder separativo sino que proporcionó una herramienta para la confirmación de las estructuras químicas propuestas. Finalmente, se estudió la toxicidad asociada a los productos de transformación del ofloxacino, evaluada mediante dos targets: luminiscencia (Vibrio-fischeri) y citotoxicidad (células humanas). Ambos ensayos demostraron que la generación de estos productos de degradación incrementaba toxicidad. Aun así, la completa detoxificación se consiguió extendiendo el tiempo de fotocatálisis. A fin de estudiar su toxicidad individual, el crudo de reacción fue fraccionado mediante HPLC semipreparativo. Sin embargo, la baja resolución cromatográfica obtenida imposibilitó el estudio individual y limitó a una fracción este aumento de la toxicidad. Actualmente, la síntesis química, parece la única vía para posibilitar el estudio individual de los productos generados.
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Mate, Marin Ainhoa. "Multiscale approach to assess the DSM-flux capacity to mitigate impacts on the receiving waters : Quantification of overflow rates and interception of particulate pollutants from combined sewer overflows". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI008/document.
Resumen
Au cours des dix dernières années, les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne ont été encouragés à collecter des données sur le volume et la qualité de tous les effluents d'eaux urbaines ayant un impact environnemental significatif sur les milieux aquatiques récepteurs. Les méthodes de surveillance de ces flux nécessitent des améliorations, en particulier pour les déversoirs d’orage, structures complexes responsables en grande partie de la dégradation de la qualité des milieux récepteurs. Le DSM-flux (Dispositif pour la surveillance et maîtrise des flux d'eaux et polluants des réseaux d'eaux pluviales et unitaires) est un nouveau dispositif préfabriqué et pré-étalonné qui garantit les conditions hydrauliques appropriées permettant de mesurer les débits et volumes déversés ainsi que les concentrations et masses de polluants qui y sont transportés. Dans cette thèse, une relation permettant de mesurer le débit au passage du DSM-flux a été construite grâce à une étude expérimentale sur modèle physique réduit, puis validée pour plusieurs configurations d'écoulement à l'amont du dispositif. Quelles que soient les conditions hydrauliques en amont, les incertitudes relatives sont inférieures à 15% et 2% pour les débits et les volumes étudiés, respectivement, ce qui reste équivalent, voire mieux, par rapport aux incertitudes des méthodes actuelles les plus fiables. La méthode de mesure a été validée in situ sur un dispositif à grande échelle construit sur le terrain et fonctionnant en conditions réelles, ce qui montre la robustesse de la méthode. De plus, grâce à sa conception originale, le DSM-flux favorise l'interception d'une fraction des polluants particulaires. L’hydrodynamique de ce dispositif de mesure a été analysée ainsi que les conditions qui engendrent la décantation des polluants particulaires. En fonction des conditions d'écoulement, ce dispositif peut retenir 50% de la masse totale des matières solides fines en suspension transitant par le dispositif, mais pour des écoulements à débits élevés, cette efficacité est significativement réduite. Sa capacité de rétention a été aussi observée sur le terrain et une méthodologie a été élaborée pour quantifier son efficacité de rétention lors d'études futures. Mise à part sa performance hydraulique, du point de vue opérationnel, le dispositif présente d’autres avantages par rapport à d’autres dispositifs existants : (i) il est pré-étalonné et peut être installé à l’aval de déversoirs d’orage déjà existants, (ii) il peut s’insérer directement au sein du canal de décharge (installation d’un regard de visite équipé d’un DSM), (iii) sa performance hydraulique est indépendante des conditions de l’écoulement à l’amont et (iv) il s’agit d’un dispositif intégré de mesure de débits et de leur qualité simultanément, en plus d’intercepter une partie de polluants particulairesOver the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants
48
Silva, Salatiel Wohlmuth da. "Fotoeletrooxidação na degradação de nonilfenol etoxilado em águas residuárias". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96404.
Resumen
Os poluentes orgânicos emergentes (POE) são compostos químicos presentes numa variedade de produtos comerciais como medicamentos, produtos de higiene, agrotóxicos, surfactantes, dentre outros, podendo ser encontrados em matrizes ambientais e biológicas. Esses poluentes não são usualmente monitorados ou ainda não possuem legislação regulatória correspondente, mas apresentam risco à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Dentre esses POE, podemos destacar o nonilfenol etoxilado, um surfactante não-iônico utilizado no desengraxe alcalino da indústria de galvanoplastia. Esse surfactante possui uma recalcitrância e toxidade que aumenta com a diminuição do número de grupos etoxilados, processo que ocorre quando ele é biodegradado. Alguns dos produtos da biodegradação são o nonilfenol com 4, 3, 2 ou 1 grau de etoxilação e nonilfenol, este considerado disruptor endócrino imitando o hormônio natural 17β-estradiol. Tratamentos convencionais de efluentes e água não são eficientes para degradação completa desses compostos. O emprego de processos mais eficientes, como processos oxidativos e oxidativos avançados tais como a Eletrólise (E), Fotólise direta (F), Fotocatálise heterogênea (FH) e a fotoeletrooxidação (FEO), tecnologias limpas que utilizam o elétron e o fóton como reagentes, têm sido proposto como opção para a degradação desses compostos, evitando assim a contaminação dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma solução baseada na composição de um efluente industrial contendo nonilfenol etoxilado com 4 graus de etoxilação. Os ensaios de FEO foram realizados em triplicata, variando-se a densidade de corrente, potência de lâmpada e o tempo de tratamento. Além disso, foram realizados, para efeito de comparação e elucidação de mecanismos, ensaios de eletrólise, fotólise direta e fotocatálise heterogêna. As amostras coletadas antes e após os processos oxidativos foram caracterizadas por diferentes métodos analíticos e por toxicidade. Verificou-se que no tempo de tratamento de 240 minutos as diferentes configurações de FEO não foram suficientemente eficazes na degradação de todo o poluente que se encontra na solução inicial, entretanto, a configuração FEO3 não gerou metabólitos mais tóxicos, não apresentou diferença de germinação e de crescimento de raiz, não apresentando também citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade em alface e em cebola, apresentando toxicidade apenas em peixes em uma concentração de 70,71%, o que pode ser evitado com o aumentando do tempo de tratamento, à vista disso, o processo de FEO torna-se uma opção na degradação do nonilfenol etoxilado e de outros POE, evitando assim que esses atinjam os recursos hídricos.The emerging organic pollutants (POE) are chemical compounds present in a variety of commercial products such as medicines, toiletries, pesticides, surfactants, among others, can be found in environmental and biological matrices. These pollutants are usually not monitored or have no corresponding regulatory legislation, but present risk to human health and the environment. POE Among these, we highlight the nonylphenol ethoxylate, one non-ionic surfactant used in degreasing alkaline electroplating industry. This surfactant has a recalcitrance and toxicity increases with the decrease of the number of ethoxylate groups, a process which occurs when it is biodegraded. Some of the products of biodegradation are nonylphenol with 4, 3, 2 or 1 degree of ethoxylation of nonylphenol and this considered endocrine disruptor mimicking the natural hormone 17β -estradiol. Conventional treatment of sewage and water are not efficient for complete degradation of these compounds. The use of more efficient processes, such as oxidation and advanced oxidation processes such as direct photolysis (F), Electrolysis (E), heterogeneous photocatalysis (FH) and photoelectrooxidation (FEO), clean technologies that utilize the electron and photon reagents have been proposed as an option to the degradation of such compounds, thereby avoiding the contamination of water resources. This work was carried out with a solution based on the composition of an industrial effluent containing nonylphenol ethoxylate with 4 degrees of ethoxylation. FEO assays were performed in triplicate, by varying the current density lamp power and treatment time. In addition, we performed, for comparison and elucidation of mechanisms, testing electrolysis, photolysis and photocatalysis heterogenous. The samples collected before and after the oxidative processes were characterized by different analytical methods and toxicity. It was found that treatment time of 240 minutes, the FEO different configurations were not efficient enough to degrade any pollutants that is in the initial solution, however, the configuration FEO3 not more toxic metabolites generated no significant difference in seed germination and root growth, no significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity also in lettuce and onion, showing toxicity on fish only at a concentration of 70.71 %, which can be avoided by increasing treatment time, the sight, the process of FEO becomes an option in the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate and other POE, thus preventing it reaches the water.
49
Valls, Cantenys Carme. "Development of analytical methodologies for the determination of emerging contaminants and phosphorus compounds". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284742.
Resumen
The presence of anthropogenic chemical substances in water resources can affect the ecological balance of aquatic systems, as well as human health, and therefore it is necessary to control their presence in water bodies. The objective of this thesis is the development of analytical methodologies for the determination of phosphorus species and organic micropollutants in water samples. Firstly, two speciation methods for the determination of simple and condensate phosphorus oxoanions have been developed, using HPLC separation coupled to ICP-AES in one methodology and to ICP-MS in the other. Two analytical methodologies have been developed for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds using PDMS rod extraction. The determination was carried out by GC-MS for flame retardants and by HPLC-DAD for phenolic compounds. Finally, a multiresidue method based on SPE followed by LC-MS/MS have been developed for the determination of 35 analytes, including pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and pesticides, in water samplesLa contaminació de l’aigua per compostos d’origen antropogènic pot afectar tant al medi ambient com a la salut humana i per tant és necessari controlar-ne la presència. L’objectiu de la tesi és desenvolupar metodologies analítiques per a determinació de espècies de fòsfor i microcontaminants orgànics en mostres d’aigua. En primer lloc, s’han desenvolupat dos mètodes d’especiació per a la determinació de oxoanions de fòsfor simples i condensats, mitjançant separació per HPLC acoblada a ICP-AES en un mètode, i a ICP-MS en l’altre. També s’han desenvolupat dos mètodes utilitzant extracció amb cordó de PDMS per a la determinació de compostos que actuen com a disruptors endocrins. La determinació es va portar a terme per GC-MS per als retardants de flama bromats i per HPLC-DAD per als compostos fenòlics. Finalment es va desenvolupar un mètode multiresidu basat en SPE seguit de LC-MS/MS per a la determinació de 35 analits, incloent compostos farmacèutics, inhibidors de la corrosió i plaguicides
50
Laurencé, Céline. "Analyse prédictive du devenir des médicaments dans l'environnement". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1094.
Resumen
Les substances pharmaceutiques sont classées comme contaminants environnementaux émergents et suscitent une attention croissante du fait de leurs effets potentiellement néfastes sur les écosystèmes. Après excrétion ou élimination inappropriée, les médicaments vont se retrouver dans les eaux de surface, souterraines voire de consommation. De nombreuses études écotoxicologiques ont pour objet la mesure de leurs impacts sur les écosystèmes. Pour autant, ces études portent essentiellement sur le médicament lui-même alors que nombre d'entre eux sont susceptibles de se transformer dans l'environnement selon des processus biotiques (microorganismes) et/ou abiotiques (traitements chimiques, photodégradation). Les produits de transformations (PTs) ainsi formés vont d'une part, progressivement remplacer le médicament parent dans l'environnement, et d'autre part y exprimer une écotoxicité potentielle. Face à ce problème, nous nous proposons à partir d'un médicament largement utilisé, de procéder à la synthèse de ses PTs plausibles et à la mise au point de méthode de détection dans des matrices complexes. L'accès aux PTs suivra une approche pluridisciplinaire faisant appel à la bioconversion, l'électro-Fenton et l'oxydation électrochimique. L'analyse comparative des composés obtenus par ces différentes approches permettra de sélectionner les PTs les plus probablesPharmaceuticals as well as personal care products are classified as emerging pollutants of increasing concern due to possible negative impacts on ecosystems. They are constantly introduced in sewage treatment plants either through excretion, or disposal by flushing of unused or expired medication, or directly within the sewage effluents of plants or hospitals. They end up in surface and ground waters and can even be found in drinking water. Many studies report on adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Pharmaceuticals have complex chemical structures capable of reacting in an aqueous medium under the action of chemical, biological or physical agents. Thus, the transformation products (TPs) gradually replace the parent drug in the environment. In addition these transformation products constitute markers of past or current presence of the drug in the environment. Faced with this problem, we believe it is necessary to synthesize the transformation products of the parent compounds to development their detection. The proposed method consists, firstly, to prepare the largest number of (TPs) of a particular drug using three complementary approaches : bioconversion, electro-Fenton and electrochemical oxidation. A second step is to identify the structures which are the most likely present in the environment. Expected advances are the development of a predictive methodology applicable to the study of any molecule involved in environmental risk