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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Pteropus giganteus"

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Publicado: 18 de mayo de 2024

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1

Aung, Moe Moe y Than Than Htay. "Dietary analysis of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (Brunnich, 1782) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Myanmar through the analysis of faecal and chewed remnants". Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, n.º 8 (26 de junio de 2019): 13977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4972.11.8.13977-13983.

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The diet of Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus in southern Myanmar was analyzed from June 2017 to April 2018. Food resources were identified by collecting faeces, food remnants, and rejecta pellets beneath day roosts. Pteropus giganteus consumed fruits, flowers, and leaves of 14 species of plants. Six species of fruits were found in the faeces below the day roosts, 13 species of fruits and two species of leaves in the rejecta, and seven species of fruits and one species of leaf at the day roost. These observations indicate that P. giganteus is a phytophagous bat with rapid intestinal passage.

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2

Epstein, Jonathan H., Vibhu Prakash, Craig S. Smith, Peter Daszak, Amanda B. McLaughlin, Greer Meehan, Hume E. Field y Andrew A. Cunningham. "HenipavirusInfection in Fruit Bats (Pteropus giganteus), India". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, n.º 8 (agosto de 2008): 1309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1408.071492.

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3

Sundar, K. S. Gopi y Swati Kittur. "An observation of homosexual fellatio in the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)". Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, n.º 8 (26 de mayo de 2020): 15945–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5893.12.8.15945-15946.

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Sexual behaviours and especially homosexual interactions are poorly documented in the Indian Flying fox Pteropus medius (formerly P. giganteus). Here we describe one observation of homosexual behaviour from Rajasthan, India.

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4

MOGHE, M. A. "Development and placentation of the Indian fruit bat. Pteropus giganteus giganteus (Brünnich)." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 121, n.º 3 (21 de agosto de 2009): 703–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1951.tb00765.x.

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5

Karim, K. B. y Kunwar P. Bhatnagar. "Observations on the chorioallantoic placenta of the Indian flying fox, Pteropus giganteus giganteus". Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 178, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1996): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(96)80110-5.

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6

Wood, William F., Allyson Walsh, John Seyjagat y Paul J. Weldon. "Volatile Compounds in Shoulder Gland Secretions of Male Flying Foxes, Genus Pteropus (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera)". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, n.º 9-10 (1 de octubre de 2005): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-9-1019.

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Abstract The shoulder gland secretions of captive males of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), the little golden-mantled flying fox (P. pumilus), the island flying fox (P. hypomelanus), and the large flying fox (P. vampyrus) were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty-five compounds, including hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and amides, were identified among the four species. Many of these compounds, such as squalene, cholesterol, and C5-C16 straight- and branched-chain carboxylic acids, are typical of tetrapod epidermal products. Aldehydes, which were detected in all four Pteropus species, and some straight- and branched-chain ketones, which were detected in P. hypomelanus and P. pumilus, are known from other mammalian skin glands. Acetophenone, 4-acetoxyacetophenone, and 4-hydroxyacetophenone were observed in P. pumilus; the last compound comprised 37.1% of the total ion current. 2,3-Butanediol, a prominent component (5.2-19.3%) in the secretions of P. giganteus, P. hypomelanus, and P. pumilus, and C10 and C12 isopropyl esters and C10-C14 1-methylbutyl esters, observed in P. hypomelanus and P. vampyrus, have not previously been reported from vertebrates. α-Methyl-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol and dihydro-5-phenyl-2(3H)-furanone, from P. giganteus and P. pumilus, are new natural products. 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene, another new natural product, and five C5 compounds exhibiting a similar isoprenoid structure were observed in P. giganteus. Striking contrasts were observed in the chemical profiles of the species we examined, with even general chemical classes differentially represented among them.

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7

KUMAR, RAM, DEEP NARAYAN PRASAD y VADAMALAI ELANGOVAN. "Diurnal reproductive behaviour of Indian flying fox, Pteropus giganteus". ASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 12, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2017): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/tajas/12.2/134-137.

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8

Raymond, James T., M. Randy White, Thomas P. Kilbane y Evan B. Janovitz. "Pulmonary Blastomycosis in an Indian Fruit Bat (Pteropus Giganteus)". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879700900117.

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9

Baskaran, S., A. Rathinakumar, J. Maruthupandian, P. Kaliraj y G. Marimuthu. "The effect of daytime rain on the Indian Flying Fox (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae Pteropus giganteus)". Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, n.º 2 (26 de febrero de 2016): 8499. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1959.8.2.8499-8502.

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<p>Excessive water loss during the day due to heat stress in bats of the genus <em>Pteropus</em> appears to be inevitable, because these bats are exposed to direct sunlight. Rain also affects the rest pattern of the Indian Flying Fox <em>Pteropus giganteus </em>during the day. When rain occurred during the day, most of the bats hung in a slanting position and did not exhibit any movements. After rain, they licked both ventral and dorsal surfaces of the wing membrane and scratched their body with their thumb claws. They also licked the water droplets that remained on the leaves and branches of the tree. Even though their rest had been affected by the rain the bats utilized the water droplets to quench their thirst, cool their body and clean their fur. The construction of water reservoirs near <em>Pteropus </em>roosts will help to assure their long-term conservation.</p><div> </div>

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10

Tiwari, Nabina, Narayan Prasad Koju, Pushpa Raj Acharya y Man Kumar Dhamala. "Diet composition of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Kathmandu valley". Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 7 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v7i0.34412.

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The composition of diet reflects the food availability and food preference by wildlife in their respective habitat. Flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) is the largest bat species that inhabit the urban area of Kathmandu Valley. The diet composition of Flying fox and their conservation threat was studied from January to April 2018. Bats roosting at Kesharmahal, Kathmandu and Sallaghari, Bhaktapur were selected for the study. The diet consumed was explored by micro-histological analysis from fresh fecal samples (guano) and bolus collected from the roost site. The samples were collected by spreading plastic sheets of 2m × 2m for a whole day. The droppings from bats were collected on 50 mL vials with 70% alcohol. Altogether 140 samples were collected. The collected droppings were used to micro histological slides where the seeds were isolated and identified using a hand lens. The pollens presence in slides were observed under the compound microscope and tallied with the reference slides for identification. Altogether 17 and 10 different plant families were identified from dropping of bats from Kesharmahal and Sallaghari, respectively. Among them, Moraceae and Myrtaceae were common diets in bats of both locations. Our result shows P. giganteus consumes food from the Myrtaceae, Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Apiaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae, Proteaceae and Anacardiaceae families in Kathmandu Valley. P. giganteus mostly depend on foods present nearby the roost and also flies far away in search of food, which is comparatively minimal.

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11

Neuweiler, Gerhard. "Verhaltensbeobachtungen an einer indischen Flughundkolonie (Pteropus g. giganteus Brünn).1". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 26, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2010): 166–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1969.tb01944.x.

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12

Islam, Ausraful, Andrea Mikolon, Matthew Mikoleit, Dilruba Ahmed, Salah Udddin Khan, M. A. Yushuf Sharker, M. Jahangir Hossain et al. "Isolation of Salmonella Virchow from a Fruit Bat (Pteropus giganteus)". EcoHealth 10, n.º 4 (18 de octubre de 2013): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10393-013-0866-y.

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13

A.V., Dorlikar. "Ultrastructural Characterization of Somatotrophs in Female Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus giganteus (Brünnich) During Reproductive Cycle". International Journal of Zoological Investigations 9, n.º 2 (2023): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2023.v09i02.015.

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14

Baki, M. A., H. Al-Razi y S. M. I. Alam. "Mating behaviour of the Indian flying fox (Chiroptera) in southern Bangladesh". TAPROBANICA 7, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2015): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v7i1.165.

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Bangladesh is inhabited by 38 species of bats (Order Chiroptera) of which three are frugivorous. One of the latter is the Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus, a common species in the country. The Indian flying fox is widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia from Pakistan to China and as far south as the Maldives Islands. Although the IUCN deems it as a species of Least Concern the population trend is decreasing.

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15

Bhandarkar, Sudhir y Gopal Paliwal. "Ecological notes on roosts of Pteropus Giganteus (Brunnich, 1782) in eastern Vidarbha, Maharashtra". ESSENCE International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation 9, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31786/09756272.18.9.1.110.

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16

Crossland, Nicholas A., Ibne Ali, Christine Higbie, Jonathan Jackson, Gordon Pirie y Rudy Bauer. "Neurologic amebiasis caused byBalamuthia mandrillarisin an Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, n.º 1 (enero de 2016): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638715614346.

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17

Hossain, MB, MN Islam, AH Shaikat, MG Yasin, MM Hassan, SKMA Islam, A. Rahman, MA Mamun y SA Khan. "Biochemical profile of wild-captured Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh". Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 11, n.º 1 (19 de enero de 2014): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.17095.

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Bats of the genus Pteropus (P.) under the class Mammalia are important ecologically as pollinators, but little is known about their basic physiology. For this, serum biochemical values of healthy wild captured frugivorus bats (P. giganteus) were determined for providing baseline information and health care assessments in zoological setting. Ninety clinically healthy large frugivorous bats were captured from the wild and anesthetized for 2 hours following capture for blood collection from brachial vein. Serum glucose, total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), urea, uric acid, calcium and phosphorus were determined using biochemical analyzer. No major differences were observed in the serum biochemical values between male and female bats, juvenile and adults or fair and good health-state bats except significant variation in the AST (p < 0.05), ALP (p < 0.05) and CPK (p < 0.05) between adult and juvenile bats, calcium (p< 0.01) and phosphorus (p < 0.01) between the good and fair health-state bats. The values from this study can be used to create reference intervals of serum biochemistry of bat found in Indian subcontinent, and they can make up the first comprehensive biochemical study for this highly endangered species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v11i1.17095 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2013). 11 (1): 75-79

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18

Yadav, Pragya D., Jonathan S. Towner, Chandrashekhar G. Raut, Anita M. Shete, Stuart T. Nichol, Devendra T. Mourya y Akhilesh C. Mishra. "Detection of Nipah Virus RNA in Fruit Bat (Pteropus giganteus) from India". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, n.º 3 (5 de septiembre de 2012): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0416.

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19

Kryštufek, Boris. "Distributional status of the Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus in Sri Lanka". Acta Chiropterologica 7, n.º 1 (junio de 2005): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/1733-5329(2005)7[174:dsotif]2.0.co;2.

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20

Murugavel, Baheerathan, Almut Kelber y Hema Somanathan. "Eclipsed: Emergence-return activity of two pteropodid bat species during lunar eclipse". Barbastella 14, n.º 1 (2022): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14709/barbj.14.1.2021.14.

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Lunar eclipses are known to influence flight activity of tropical bats at foraging sites. However, little is known about the onset and offset of flight activity from the roost during lunar eclipses compared to other full moon nights. Emergence from and return to the roost were observed during a total lunar eclipse at a colony of the fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii and during a partial lunar eclipse at a Pteropus giganteus colony in southern India. In addition, on the same partial eclipse night, a single male P. giganteus was tracked using GPS telemetry. Flight activity in both species was compared between the eclipse night and other full moon nights. In both cases, bats emerged before the eclipse and fewer R. leschenaultii individuals returned to the roost during the hours of the total eclipse, compared to the corresponding hours during other full moon nights. No such difference in return activity was observed in the P. giganteus colony or in the GPS tracked individual between the partial eclipse and other nights. This is the first attempt to study temporal flight activity of bats during lunar eclipses at their roosting sites. More roosting site observations, especially on species that roost in the open, are required to understand the effects of lunar eclipses on bat activity.

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21

Mahmood-Ul-Hassan, Muhammad, Tayiba L. Gulraiz, Shahnaz A. Rana y Arshad Javid. "The Diet of Indian Flying-Foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in Urban Habitats of Pakistan". Acta Chiropterologica 12, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2010): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811010x537927.

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22

Maruthupandian, Jayabalan y Ganapathy Marimuthu. "Cunnilingus Apparently Increases Duration of Copulation in the Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 3 (27 de marzo de 2013): e59743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059743.

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23

Koju, Narayan P. y Mukesh K. Chalise. "A brief study on bats of Pokhara Valley". Journal of Science and Engineering 1 (1 de febrero de 2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v1i0.22491.

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There is very less information on bats in Nepal. Pokhara valley provides suitable habitat for both microchiroptera and mega-chiroptera. This valley has variable topographical features and climatic conditions, which is favorable for bats. A two week long observation was carried out on bats and their roosting sites in December 2010 and February 2011. Eleven roosting sites were observed and three species of bat were captured from different roosting sites. Mist net and Gully net were used to capture the bats. Bats in Chamero Gupha were counted and found to have density of 94.57 per sq. meter; population of Pteropus giganteus was counted in Radha Krishna Tole.

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24

Melville, D. F., E. G. Crichton y S. D. Johnston. "Semen collection, ejaculate characteristics and in vitro manipulation of spermatozoa from six species of captive flying-fox (Pteropus spp.)". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, n.º 8 (2015): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd13391.

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Seminal characteristics are described in six Pteropus species including the critically endangered P. rodricensis. Spermic ejaculates (~40 μL) were collected using electro-ejaculation on 406 of 413 attempts. All flying-fox species had mean percentages of acrosome- and plasma-membrane (PM)-intact spermatozoa of >66% and >73%, respectively; the predominant sperm abnormalities found across all species were damaged, folded or missing acrosomes, bent midpieces and coiled tails. Seminal pH ranged from a low of 7.5 in P. giganteus to a high of 8.2 in P. alecto with the other species in between. Electro-ejaculates recovered in short succession from P. alecto revealed no differences in sperm quality, allowing spermatozoa to be utilised for multi-treatment experiments that evaluated the effects of transportation, incubation temperature and in vitro physico-chemical environments on acrosome and PM integrity. Pteropus alecto spermatozoa were successfully held at ~27°C and 37°C for up to 6 h before a reduction in PM integrity (P = 0.003) was observed. Acrosome and PM integrity decreased (P < 0.000) when P. alecto spermatozoa were incubated at 37°C for 30 min in a Tris–citrate buffer of pH 9.0 but remained stable at pH 5.0 to 8.0. Pteropus alecto mean (± s.e.m.) seminal osmolality was 307.0 ± 2.5 mOsm kg–1; nevertheless, spermatozoa were tolerant of media ranging from 160 to 1190 mOsm kg–1 but exposure to media of ≤160 mOsm kg–1 resulted in increased acrosome damage (P < 0.000).

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25

McLaughlin, Amanda B., Jonathan H. Epstein, Vibhu Prakash, Craig S. Smith, Peter Daszak, Hume E. Field y Andrew A. Cunningham. "PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY AND HEMATOLOGIC VALUES FOR WILD-CAUGHT FLYING FOXES (PTEROPUS GIGANTEUS) IN INDIA". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 38, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2007): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2007)38[446:pbahvf]2.0.co;2.

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26

Mourya, Devendra, Pragya Yadav, Anakkathil Sudeep, Mangesh Gokhale, Shailesh Pawar, Anita Shete, Deepak Patil et al. "Circulation of Nipah virus in Pteropus giganteus bats in northeast region of India, 2015". Indian Journal of Medical Research 147, n.º 3 (2018): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1488_16.

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27

Srinivasulu, C. y Bhargavi Srinivasulu. "Highway development affects the population of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (Brunnich, 1782)". Zoos' Print Journal 19, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2003): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.19.1.1329.

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28

Yadav, Pragya, Prasad Sarkale, Deepak Patil, Anita Shete, Prasad Kokate, Vimal Kumar, Rajlaxmi Jain et al. "Isolation of Tioman virus from Pteropus giganteus bat in North-East region of India". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 45 (noviembre de 2016): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.09.010.

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29

Noureen, Sajida, Muhammad Sajid Nadeem, Mirza Azhar Beg y Maqsood Anwar. "Seasonal variation in the reproductive tract of the Indian flying fox, Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich, 1782)". Animal Biology 64, n.º 4 (2014): 343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002450.

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Seasonal variation in the reproductive tract of Pteropus giganteus was studied at 13 sites of the Pothwar Plateau and Islamabad Capital Territory. Ninety-three dead specimens were collected from roosts, orchards and home-based small cultivations of fruit trees. In males, seasonal differences in testis length, testis width, cauda epididymidis length and penis length were recorded. Positive correlations were found between body weight, body length and all parameters of male reproductive tract. Significant monthly variations in testes conditions (viz. flaccid and turgid) were observed. In females, seasonal variation in reproductive tract weight, ovary length, ovary width, uterus length and uterus width were seen. In females, a strong relationship of body weight with total body length and female reproductive tract parameters were found. In flying foxes’ population of Pothwar, first mating was observed in December-January and second in June-July, suggesting two mating seasons in winter and summer.

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30

Kumar, Ram, Deep Narayan Prasad y Vadamalai Elangovan. "The Effect of Seasonal Changes on Emergence Behaviour of the Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society 72, n.º 1 (3 de septiembre de 2018): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12595-018-0269-8.

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31

Sarkar, Saurav K. y Ashim K. Chakravarty. "Analysis of immunocompetent cells in the bat, Pteropus giganteus: Isolation and scanning electron microscopic characterization". Developmental & Comparative Immunology 15, n.º 4 (septiembre de 1991): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(91)90034-v.

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32

Singh, Jungveer y Rajwinder Singh. "Roosting preference and relation of abiotic factors on population of Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera: pteropodidae) in Ludhiana". Agricultural Research Journal 58, n.º 6 (2021): 1108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2021.00155.1.

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33

Prajapati, Jamuna, Mukesh Kumar Chalise y Dikpal Krishna Karmacharya. "Habitat and Behavioral Observation of Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (BRÜNNICH, 1782) in Sallaghari, Bhaktapur, Nepal". Journal of Natural History Museum 31, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v31i1.39376.

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The study on Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), the most diverse group of mammals, was conducted from17th September, 2016 to 3rd March, 2017 at Sallaghari, Bhaktapur to collect baseline information on habitat, behavior, population and threats. The population structure and estimated populations along with their habitat using direct observation and the branch estimation method were assessed. The general behaviour of the individual animal was observed and recorded using focal animal sampling over a 10 minute periods either in the morning or evening. Local people and members of the Nepal Army were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires in order to assess threats. Most flyng fox were found roosting in tall Eucalyptus spp. trees and the highly branched Populus spp. Resting was observed as the most the dominant behavior among male, female and young individuals during the study period. Highest populations (n=1421) were observed in September 2016 and lowest (n=36) in February 2017. Habitat destruction, lack of food, urbanization and electrocution were the major threats to P. giganteus. The population is decreasing compared to previous studies. Electrocution and persecution by humans are the major causes of accidental death each year. Therefore, in order to conserve and save this species, habitat and afforestation along with awareness programs should be implemented urgently.

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34

SHINDO, Junji, Ayumi OKADA, Natsuki HAMA, Ken YOSHIMURA y Ikuo KAGEYAMA. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Lingual Papillae in the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus)". Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 14, n.º 2 (2009): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.14.111.

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35

G Y Nasrath, Dayananda. "Survey on Population Density of Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus Giganteus) in Different Roosting Sites in and Around Shivamogga, Karnataka". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, n.º 4 (5 de abril de 2024): 898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24408161313.

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36

Acharya, Pushpa Raj y Kishor Pandey. "Understanding bats as a host of different viruses and Nepal's vulnerability on bat viruses". Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, n.º 2 (28 de diciembre de 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i2.33899.

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Bats maintain and transmit many viruses (Filoviruses, Rubulaviruses, Henipaviruses, Lyssaviruses, and Coronaviruses etc.); most of them are pathogenic to human but bats act as reservoir host without causing any pathogenesis. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a twenty-first-century awakening for the human world that signifies the zoonotic viral challenge. Bats fauna are suspected to originate viral outbreaks through solid evidence that is lacking worldwide. The bats like Pteropus giganteus, Rousettus leschenaultii, Eonycteris spealea, Rhinolophus sinicus, R. affinis, R. ferremequinum, Nyctalus noctula, and Scotophillus sp. are reported for viral evidence that are also extended to Nepal's geography. Bats bush-meat culture persist in Chepang community of Nepal indicates a high risk of a zoonotic viral outbreak in the future. Though Nepal has no evidence of any viral outbreak until the COVID-19 pandemic situation, precaution is warned for bat conservation and bat roost management to ensure bat virus safety.

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37

Gulraiz, Tayiba Latif, Arshad Javid, Syed Makhdoom Hussain, Muhammad Shahbaz y Irfan Irfan. "Microbial Analysis of Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) Ejecta Collected from Two Public Parks in Lahore, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Zoology 49, n.º 1 (2017): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.289.295.

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GULRAIZ, Tayiba Latif, Arshad JAVID, Muhammad MAHMOOD-Ul-HASSAN, Azhar MAQBOOL, Sana ASHRAF, Makhdoom HUSSAIN y Sharoon DAUD. "Roost characteristics and habitat preferences of Indian flying fox(Pteropus giganteus) in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan". TURKISH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 39 (2015): 388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1401-71.

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39

Walton, R. y B. J. Trowbridge. "The use of radio-tracking in studying the foraging behaviour of the Indian Flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)". Journal of Zoology 201, n.º 4 (20 de agosto de 2009): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05081.x.

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40

Epstein, Jonathan H., Phenix-Lan Quan, Thomas Briese, Craig Street, Omar Jabado, Sean Conlan, Shahneaz Ali Khan et al. "Identification of GBV-D, a Novel GB-like Flavivirus from Old World Frugivorous Bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh". PLoS Pathogens 6, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2010): e1000972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972.

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41

Prem Anand, A. Alwin y K. Sripathi. "Digestion of cellulose and xylan by symbiotic bacteria in the intestine of the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 139, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2004): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.07.006.

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42

Manandhar, Sandhya, Sanjan Thapa, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Rabindra Jyakhwo, Wendy Wright y Achyut Aryal. "Population Status and Diurnal Behaviour of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich, 1782) in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal". Proceedings of the Zoological Society 71, n.º 4 (26 de mayo de 2017): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12595-017-0219-x.

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43

Dhivahar, J., Ameer Khusro, Paul Agastian y S. Suthakar Isaac. "Isolation and Characterization of Hyper-Xylanase Producing Bacillus spp. from Faeces of the Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus)". Acta Chiropterologica 21, n.º 1 (5 de octubre de 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/15081109acc2019.21.1.019.

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44

Elangovan, Vadamalai. "Impact of reproduction on roost selection of the Indian flying fox, Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825)". Barbastella 16, n.º 1 (marzo de 2024): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14709/barbj.16.1.2023.05.

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A thorough knowledge of ecology and behaviour is a clear requirement for proper conservation and management of a species. The Indian flying fox, Pteropus medius (formerly P. giganteus Brünnich, 1782), lives gregariously in large trees and spends a considerable time at day roosts. The roost sites play vital roles in survival, reproduction and population persistence. This study describes changes in roost selection, colony size and behaviours of P. medius during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons in a large colony at Mohanlal Ganj, Lucknow (India). The colony size was significantly lower during the summer non-reproductive season (486.5 ± 121.1 SD) than during the spring (1942 ± 488.8 SD) and monsoon (2367.7 ± 277 SD) reproductive seasons. The number of roost trees utilised and roost site selection differed across the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The bats occupied the southern periphery of the sampled garden during the non-reproductive period (summer), whereas they shifted to the central and northern parts of the garden during the reproductive seasons and winter periods. The reproductively active individuals secluded themselves from the reproductively inactive colony members. The selection of secluded roost sites during the reproductive period demonstrates the need for social exclusion, less disturbance, and reduced mate competition. The higher population size during the reproductive period might be due to the immigration of bats, most probably male individuals, facilitating gene flow from nearby populations and thus increasing genetic diversity and species resilience.

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Hahn, Micah B., Jonathan H. Epstein, Emily S. Gurley, Jonathan A. Patz, Mohammad S. Islam, Stephen P. Luby y Peter Daszak. "The Role of Landscape Composition and Configuration on Pteropus giganteus Roosting Ecology and Nipah Virus Spillover Risk in Bangladesh". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, n.º 2 (5 de febrero de 2014): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0256.

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46

Win, Sein Sein y Khin Mya Mya. "The diet of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich. 1782) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Myanmar - conflicts with local people?" Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, n.º 9 (26 de julio de 2015): 7568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o4178.7568-72.

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47

Dey, Somenath, Utpal Singha Roy y Sanjib Chattopadhyay. "Distribution and abundance of three populations of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) from Purulia district of West Bengal, India". TAPROBANICA: The Journal of Asian Biodiversity 5, n.º 1 (20 de junio de 2013): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tapro.v5i1.5664.

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48

Dey, Somenath, Utpal Singha Roy y Sanjib Chattopadhyay. "DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THREE POPULATIONS OF INDIAN FLYING FOX (Pteropus giganteus) FROM PURULIA DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA". TAPROBANICA 5, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2013): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.91.

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The present study was carried out to monitor three roost sites of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) populations during the period November 2010 to October 2011 near Purulia, West Bengal, India. At all three sites, bats were found to occupy different tree species (Eucalyptus sp., Dalbergia latifolia, Tamarindus indica and Terminalia arjuna) outside villages for day roost sites in close proximity to water bodies. Behavioural observations were made based on all occurrence method where all behaviours observed for duration of 30 minutes was noted during each census for the entire study period. Favourable roosting conditions were found to support higher bat abundance. Moreover, bat abundance and ambient temperature were found to be negatively correlated, and mass die–offs and population decline were recorded in the hotter months of the year (April–July). Study of bat guano revealed aspects of their feeding habits and their pivotal role as seed dispersers. Information from local villagers affirmed that the bat populations occurring at the roost sites are more than a century old and are regarded as sacred. Moreover, no direct conflicts were recorded between the bats and villagers during the present study. According to the villagers bat populations are declining due to road expansion, cutting of trees and hunting by outsider nomads; these aspects need serious attention from the authorities concerned.

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Kaur, Gagandeep y Rajwinder Singh. "Analysis of Chemical Pollutants using Non-Invasive Approach in Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) in Selected Regions of Punjab". Environment and Ecology 42, n.º 1 (enero de 2024): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/auya2089.

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Present study was conducted to estimate heavy metals, macro and micro nutrients along with pesticide residues in fecal pellets of Pteropus giganteus fruit bat at three different sites, Chatpat Bani (district Pathankot) site I, village Katani Kalan (district Ludhiana) site II and village Longowal (district Sangrur) as site III. Among heavy metals, Cr predominates (17.35-26.30 ppm) followed by Pb (7.17-10.03 ppm) from three selected sites. Comparatively, higher levels of Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni heavy metals were recorded at site III, whereas As at site II, respectively. Among macro nutrients, K (7653.50-16927.17 ppm) and Mg (3249.33-3516.10 ppm) predominates in three sites. Comparatively higher levels of Mg, Ca and Na macro nutrients were recorded at site III whereas K and P at site I, respectively. Among micro nutrients, Fe (682.88-2069.45 ppm) and Zn (79.18-126.02 ppm predominates in three selected sites. Comparatively higher levels Fe, Zn and Mn micro nutrients were recorded at site II, B at site III and Cu at site I, respectively. Interestingly, contamination of pesticide residues in faecal pellets was found negligible as GLC showed values below detectable limits i.e., <0.05 ppm in all selected locations, which is a positive sign that exposure of bats to different pesticides is negligible in these areas due to less usage of pesticides or excretion by body. In present study, all elements were under permissible limits which are required for growth and reproduction except Mg and K which are good indicator of assessment of environment.

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Pham, Michael N., Todd K. Shackelford, Lisa L. M. Welling, Alyse D. Ehrke, Yael Sela y Aaron T. Goetz. "Oral Sex, Semen Displacement, and Sexual Arousal: Testing the Ejaculate Adjustment Hypothesis". Evolutionary Psychology 11, n.º 5 (diciembre de 2013): 147470491301100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491301100515.

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Male Indian Flying Foxes ( Pteropus giganteus) that spend more time performing oral sex on a female also spend more time copulating with her. In humans, men who spend more time copulating with their regular partner also perform more “semen-displacing” copulatory behaviors (e.g., deeper, more vigorous penile thrusting). We investigated whether men who spend more time performing oral sex on their regular partner also spend more time copulating with her and perform more semen-displacing copulatory behaviors. We proposed and tested the ejaculate adjustment hypothesis for men's copulatory behaviors: Men adjust their copulatory behaviors to increase their sexual arousal and consequent ejaculate quality, thereby increasing their chances of success in sperm competition. Two hundred and thirty-three men in a committed, heterosexual relationship responded to questions about their copulatory behavior and sexual arousal during their most recent sexual encounter with their long-term partner. The results indicated that men who spend more time performing oral sex on their partner also spend more time copulating with her, perform more semen-displacing copulatory behaviors, and report greater sexual arousal. We discuss limitations to the current research and highlight the heuristic value of sperm competition theory for understanding human sexual behaviors.

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