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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Psychology of femininity"

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Publicado: 26 de julio de 2024

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1

Hristova, Gergana Nikolova. "Masculinity and femininity". Postmodernism Problems 14, n.º 1 (5 de abril de 2024): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46324/pmp2401116.

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The article examines the different interpretations of masculinity and femininity within the contexts of sociology, cultural studies, and psychology. In sociology, gender roles are considered to be socially constructed and variable, with feminist studies emphasizing the social construction of femininity in the context of gender inequality. In cultural studies, Hofstede views masculinity and femininity as cultural dimensions that influence societal attitudes and behavior. Overall, gender is interpreted as a complex of biological, social, and psychological aspects, which are expressed on a continuum and are often subject to social and cultural reconstruction. In psychology, these characteristics are associated with social and behavioral aspects, rather than with biological sex alone. Gender schema theory highlights that individuals can exhibit both masculine and feminine traits. Psychoanalysis introduces concepts of gender identity and the role of parents in the gender socialization of children.

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2

Greene, Katherine S. y Malcolm D. Gynther. "Another Femininity Scale?" Psychological Reports 75, n.º 1 (agosto de 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.163.

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The construction and validation of the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity is described. An initial sample of 32 male and 63 female undergraduates indicated the frequency of engaging in 91 “feminine” behaviors. The 59 items which showed good internal consistency as well as differentiation between genders were retained. Test-retest reliability over a 2-wk. period was .90. Convergent and discriminant validities were examined by comparing our results with those obtained from the Hyperfemininity Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Responses of women in traditional and nontraditional majors were significantly different, indicating good within-sex validity. Finally, a principal components analysis identified six primary factors, accounting for 60% of common variance.

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3

Bear, Julia B. y Linda Babcock. "Negotiating Femininity". Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, n.º 2 (21 de diciembre de 2016): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684316679652.

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According to gender role congruity theory, women, compared to men, underperform in masculine negotiations because these negotiations are incongruent with women’s gender role. Based on this framework, we developed two gender-relevant primes—a masculine-supplement prime and a feminine-complement prime—that address role incongruity and should improve women’s economic performance by either supplementing masculinity or complementing femininity. In Study 1, physicians ( N = 78; 50% women) in an executive education program engaged in a masculine-supplement prime, which involved recalling agentic behavior; in Study 2, undergraduate students ( N = 112; 50% women) completed a feminine-complement prime, which involved imagining negotiating for a friend. In Study 3, a community sample ( N = 996; 46% women) completed an online experiment with the primes. Results from the three studies showed that these primes improved women’s economic performance and eliminated the gender gap in negotiation. Perception of fit partially explained the efficacy of the masculine-supplement prime for women, though not the feminine-complement prime. We build on past research concerning situational moderators by investigating gender role congruity from an intrapsychic perspective. We also make a practical contribution; these primes can be used by women to improve economic performance in gender role incongruent negotiations. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .

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4

Brazelton, Elizabeth W., Katherine S. Greene y Malcolm Gynther. "FEMININITY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS IN COLLEGE WOMEN". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 1996): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.4.329.

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This study evaluated the relationships among femininity, depression, and stress. One hundred eighty-six college females were given the Beck Depression Inventory, the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and the Psychological Distress Inventory. Positive correlations were found between femininity and depression. Lower femininity and lower depression scores tended to be associated with reports of high stress. Further work is needed to clarify the relationships among these important variables.

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5

Phifer, Jennifer A. y David Lester. "Femininity and Abortion Attitudes". Psychological Reports 87, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2000): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.956.

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6

PHIFER, JENNIFER A. "FEMININITY AND ABORTION ATTITUDES". Psychological Reports 87, n.º 7 (2000): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.87.7.956-956.

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7

Arden, Margaret. "Femininity Grows Up". British Journal of Psychotherapy 1, n.º 3 (marzo de 1985): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1985.tb00910.x.

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8

Parker, Richard. "Masculinity, Femininity, and Homosexuality:". Journal of Homosexuality 11, n.º 3-4 (28 de enero de 1986): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j082v11n03_10.

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9

Lieven, Theo, Bianca Grohmann, Andreas Herrmann, Jan R. Landwehr y Miriam van Tilburg. "The effect of brand design on brand gender perceptions and brand preference". European Journal of Marketing 49, n.º 1/2 (9 de febrero de 2015): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2012-0456.

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Purpose – This research aims to examine the impact of brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) on brand masculinity and femininity perceptions, consumer preferences and brand equity. Design/methodology/approach – This research empirically tests the relation between brand design elements, brand masculinity and femininity and brand preferences/equity in four studies involving fictitious and real brands. Findings – Brand design elements consistently influenced brand masculinity and femininity perceptions. These, in turn, significantly related to consumer preferences and brand equity. Brand masculinity and femininity perceptions successfully predicted brand equity above and beyond other brand personality dimensions. Research limitations/implications – Although this research used a wide range of brand design elements, the interactive effects of various design elements warrant further research. Practical implications – This research demonstrates how markers of masculinity and femininity that are discussed in the evolutionary psychology literature can be applied to the brand design of new and existing brands. Originality/value – This research considers the impact of multiple brand design elements (logo shape, brand name, type font and color) and involves a wide range of brands and product categories.

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10

Seidenberg, Robert. "Psychoanalysis and femininity, Part I." Psychoanalytic Psychology 8, n.º 1 (1991): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0085142.

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11

Seidenberg, Robert. "Psychoanalysis and femininity, Part II." Psychoanalytic Psychology 8, n.º 2 (1991): 225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0085144.

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12

Seidenberg, Robert. "Psychoanalysis and femininity, Part III." Psychoanalytic Psychology 8, n.º 3 (1991): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0085147.

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13

Seibert, Scott y Leopold Gruenfeld. "Masculinity, Femininity, and Behavior in Groups". Small Group Research 23, n.º 1 (febrero de 1992): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496492231006.

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14

Lippa, Richard A. "On Deconstructing and Reconstructing Masculinity–Femininity". Journal of Research in Personality 35, n.º 2 (junio de 2001): 168–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2307.

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15

Delatte, Joseph G. "Significance of Femininity in Human Figure Drawings of Girls". Psychological Reports 56, n.º 1 (febrero de 1985): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.165.

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The relationship between self-esteem of adolescent girls and the femininity of their human figure drawings was studied. 36 drawings were rated for femininity and these ratings were correlated with their scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale .31 ( p < .03, one-tailed test).

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16

Błoch, Bogusława y Katarzyna Serafińska. "Dynamics of perceiving oneself on femininity and masculinity dimensions in diverse contexts". Polish Psychological Bulletin 41, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 2010): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-010-0020-4.

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Dynamics of perceiving oneself on femininity and masculinity dimensions in diverse contexts The article is about issues related to gender perceived as a result of social context and thus fits in the current, processual gender paradigm. Two studies have been conducted verifying hypotheses about perceiving oneself on the femininity and masculinity dimensions in various types of contexts. Expectations were that generic contexts would make perceiving oneself within the psychological gender dimensions more dynamic. Women were expected to perceive themselves as more feminine and less masculine in contexts matching their gender, i.e. "feminine", comparing to "masculine", and men were expected to perceive themselves as more masculine and less feminine in "masculine" contexts comparing to "feminine" contexts. Research results do not confirm the above hypotheses and indicate dynamism in perceiving oneself on femininity and masculinity dimensions. However, the dynamism is perceived only on dimensions inconsistent with biological gender - situation affects women's perceiving of themselves on the masculinity dimension and men's - on femininity dimensions.

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17

Shea, Munyi, Y. Joel Wong, Kimmy K. Nguyen y Serani Baghdasarian. "College Women’s Subjective Femininity Stress, Gender Solidarity, and Psychological Help-Seeking Intentions". Counseling Psychologist 45, n.º 3 (abril de 2017): 438–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000017701820.

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Female gender has been consistently associated with positive psychological help-seeking attitudes and behaviors; however, surprisingly few empirical studies have examined how femininity-related variables impact women’s help-seeking decision making. Informed by the theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), the purpose of this study was (a) to investigate the associations between two femininity constructs—subjective femininity stress and gender solidarity—and psychological help-seeking intention, and (b) to explore the mediating roles of help-seeking attitudes and social stigma using structural equation modeling. Participants were 451 college-enrolled women in Southern California. Results revealed that all the mediation relationships involving help-seeking attitudes and stigma were significant. Subjective femininity stress was positively related to help-seeking intention via help-seeking attitudes, but was negatively related to intention via social stigma. Gender solidarity was positively related to help-seeking intention via positive attitudes and reduced social stigma. Implications for future research, prevention programs, and practice are discussed.

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18

Ławiak, Alicja. "The Image of Femininity and Masculinity as a Result of the Socialization Process in Contemporary World". Studia Edukacyjne, n.º 50 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/se.2018.50.28.

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The main purpose of this paper are gender stereotypes, which determine an image of femininity and masculinity in contemporary culture. The paper considers the consequences of compartmentalization. The author presents her own research about the stereotypes which create an image of femininity and masculinity in contemporary culture. The text concerns the problem of specific developmental limitations, which are hidden behind the aforementioned compartmentalization. The author based her research and theoretical inspiration on social psychology and social pedagogy (interconnected via socialization).

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19

Shin, Kyoung Ho, Jang Ae Yang y Carla E. Edwards. "Gender role identity among Korean and American college students: Links to gender and academic achievement". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, n.º 2 (1 de marzo de 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.2.267.

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Gender role identity (androgyny, masculinity, femininity), and its link to gender and academic achievement were examined across a sample of Korean and American college students. Results indicate that the androgyny group represented the largest proportion in the American sample, while the femininity group was the largest in the Korean sample. Korean students with masculinity achieved the highest score in Korean Sooneung Examination, followed by the androgyny group. In contrast, American students in the femininity group scored highest in the American College Testing examination. Academic performance in Korean male students differed across socioeconomic status but that of the American male students was influenced more by gender role identity than by socioeconomic status.

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20

Johnson, H. Durell, Renae Mcnair, Alex Vojick, Darcy Congdon, Jennifer Monacelli y Janine Lamont. "CATEGORICAL AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF SEX-ROLE ORIENTATION: DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATIONS WITH YOUNG ADULTS'REPORTS OF WELL-BEING". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2006): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.1.59.

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Previous research suggests many of the qualities necessary for successful well-being are masculine in nature. However, masculinity and femininity have been considered related constructs as opposed to being distinctly different sex-role characterizations. Therefore, this study examined the hypothesized associations between sex-role orientation and reports of well-being by looking at the combined and separate contributions of masculinity and femininity reports. Responses from 286 college undergraduates to the BEM Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and measures of well-being (i.e., loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale, revised by Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980), personal discomfort (Personal Discomfort Subscale of the Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Social Introversion-Extroversion Scale, Graham, Schroeder, & Lilly, 1971), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg, 1965), and social anxiety and avoidance (Social Anxiety and Social Avoidance Scale, Franke & Hymel, 1984) indicated both categorical and continuous measures of sex role were associated with well-being. Examination of sex-role categories revealed participants with masculine and androgynous orientations reported higher well-being scores than did those with feminine and undifferentiated orientations. Further, examination of separate femininity and masculinity scores indicated that masculinity was positively – and femininity was negatively – associated with participant reports of well-being. Findings are discussed in terms of considering masculinity and femininity as separate measures of sex-role orientation when examining the association between sex roles and well-being.

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21

Breucker, Marie-Noëlle. "La temporalité au féminin : une représentation paradoxale". Psychologie clinique et projective 1, n.º 1 (1995): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clini.1995.1632.

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Marie-Nöelle Breucker, The temporality of femininity : a paradoxical representation. When dealing with the articulation between temporality and femininity, the question of the origin of temporality arises, which contains a part of inescapable violence in the process of integrating the "infans". The conflictual nature of conscious, preconscious and unconscious representations of time attest to the paradoxical nature of its experience. But is there a temporal paradox of femininity ? This could be considered from two perspectives: the femininity of bisexuality and psychofemininity. Puberty gives us an example of the confrontation of cyclical time and the necessary inscription within the arrow of time. This specificity of femininity can be found as an evocation in fairytales and as a repetition in the transference that occurs during psychoanalytic treatment. This is how the inescapableness of the féminin superego and masochism, the immoderateness of narcisism and the unbearableness of anxiety and castration can be seen. Key-words : Temporality, Femininity, Representation, Psychoanalytic treatment, Fairy tale.

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22

Hirokawa, Kumi, Akihiro Yagi y Yo Miyata. "AN EXAMINATION OF MASCULINITY-FEMININITY TRAITS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND STRESS-COPING SKILLS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, n.º 8 (1 de enero de 2004): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.8.731.

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This study examined the relationships of masculinity-femininity with stress-coping skills (Ozeki, 1993) and with communication skills, measured by the Social Skills Inventory (SSI: Riggio, 1986). Participants were 916 (353 males, 563 females) undergraduate students, mean age 18.7 years, in Japanese universities. The following 5 types were studied: the masculine type, the feminine type, the androgynous type, the undifferentiated type, and the midmost type. Results showed that masculinity was strongly and linearly associated with the dependent variables, and femininity showed low correlation coefficients after controlling the masculinity, especially for males. For females, the androgynous type had better communication skills and active coping skills than did the other types. The androgynous type had cumulative effects of masculinity and femininity.

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23

Zheng, Lijun y Yong Zheng. "The Relationship of Masculinity and Femininity to the Big Five Personality Dimensions Among a Chinese Sample". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 39, n.º 4 (30 de mayo de 2011): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.4.445.

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The aim in this study was to examine the relationship of masculinity and femininity to the Big Five personality dimensions in a Chinese context. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and IPIP Big Five factor markers (Goldberg, 2001), we assessed data from an Internet survey of 322 heterosexual men, 253 homosexual men, 942 heterosexual women, and 288 homosexual women in China. Controlling for age and education, masculinity was strongly predicted on extraversion, conscientiousness, intellect, and, to a lesser degree, on agreeableness, and femininity was predicted strongly on agreeableness across gender, sexual orientation, and occupation. The predictions of masculinity and femininity on emotional stability were very small, which may be a feature unique to Chinese culture.

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24

Greene, Katherine S. y Malcolm D. Gynther. "Predictor-Criterion Relationships as a Function of Item Compatibility". Psychological Reports 77, n.º 2 (octubre de 1995): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.2.363.

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This study examined which of two measures of femininity would better predict women's responses to an adjective checklist. It was confirmed for a sample of 150 undergraduate women that a femininity scale which focuses on “internal” states was superior to one which concentrates on external behavior in predicting “internal” criteria. What role item overlap plays has yet to be determined.

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25

Steele, Sarah M., Bethany G. Everett y Tonda L. Hughes. "Influence of Perceived Femininity, Masculinity, Race/Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual-Minority Women". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, n.º 1-2 (6 de enero de 2017): 453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516683176.

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Sexual-minority women (SMW) are believed to experience comparable or higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) than heterosexual women. In this study, we expand upon existing research by examining the intersectional relationships among self-perceptions of femininity and masculinity, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and IPV. Data are obtained from the most recent wave of the longitudinal Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study that included a diverse sample of SMW ( N = 608). We use multivariate generalized linear models to investigate self-perceptions of femininity and masculinity, race/ethnicity, and SES differences in multiple types of IPV, including moderate IPV, severe IPV, and a sexual-minority-specific measure of IPV, threat of “outing” one’s partner. Results suggest no differences across self-perceptions of femininity and masculinity in SMW’s reporting of victimization but clear differences based on race/ethnicity and SES. Implications for providing support to SMW who experience IPV and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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26

Brazelton, Elizabeth W., Katherine S. Greene, Malcolm Gynther y Jennifer O'Mell. "Femininity, Bulimia, and Distress in College Women". Psychological Reports 83, n.º 1 (agosto de 1998): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.1.355.

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This study investigated differences in the scores on perceived Distress and Bulimia among college women with varying scores on the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity. Distress was assessed using The Psychological Distress Inventory and Bulimia was measured using the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale. Women who reported low numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors scored lower on the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale than women reporting moderate to high numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors. Distress scores were not significantly different between women scoring high and low on Bulimic Cognitive Distortions, and Bulimic Cognitive Distortion scores did not vary as a function of scores on Distress and Femininity. A multiple regression indicated that one factor of the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity, Social Connectedness, made a significant contribution to the prediction of Bulimia scores.

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27

Woo, Matthew y Tian P. S. Oei. "Empirical Investigations of the MMPI-2 Gender-Masculine and Gender-Feminine Scales 1Dr Matthew Woo, Principal Psychologist, is now at the Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539 747." Journal of Individual Differences 29, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.1.1.

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Abstract. The present study examined the validity of two Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) scales - Gender Masculine (GM) and Gender Feminine (GF) - in discriminating between the gender types - Masculine (High GM/Low GF); Feminine (Low GM/High GF); Androgynous (High GM/High GF) and Undifferentiated (Low GM/Low GF), in cross-national clinical samples. The study consisted of 70 Singaporean and 107 Australian psychiatric patients. Significant pairwise comparisons were found for Undifferentiated-Stereotyped Masculinity, Undifferentiated-Androgynous, Stereotyped Femininity-Stereotyped Masculinity, and Stereotyped Femininity-Androgynous on both measures of psychological well-being for both countries, but not for comparisons between the Stereotyped Masculinity-Androgynous and Undifferentiated-Stereotyped Femininity categories. Independent dimensions of masculinity and femininity - the GM and GF scales - were, therefore, found to distinguish between two of the four sex-type categories on measures of psychological well-being. The current findings indicate that the GM and GF scales seem effective in differentiating between Masculine and Feminine traits, however they seem less effective in differentiating between the four gender types.

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Green, Melinda A., Christopher M. Davids, Anna K. Skaggs, Cori M. Riopel y Jada J. Hallengren. "Femininity and Eating Disorders". Eating Disorders 16, n.º 4 (4 de julio de 2008): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10640260802115829.

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29

Baldwin, Robert O. "Femininity-Masculinity of Blacks and Whites over a Fourteen-Year Period". Psychological Reports 60, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.2.455.

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From 1973 through 1986 black and white college students took the Gough Femininity Scale. 1528 black females were not different from 936 white females, nor were 664 black males different from 554 white males. There were no apparent trends of increasing or decreasing femininity or masculinity, nor decreasing differences between men and women over the length of the study. Scores from 1973 through 1986 were not different from Gough's 1952 standardization sample.

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30

Martin, Harry J. y Nerella V. Ramanaiah. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the BEM Sex-Role Inventory". Psychological Reports 62, n.º 2 (abril de 1988): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.62.2.343.

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Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses of the long and short versions of Bern's Masculinity and Femininity scales were conducted using two samples. The long-form Femininity Scale contained a number of items that did not load properly on the hypothesized factor. The short form of the inventory was more homogeneous than the long form and provided a better fit to the data than both two- and four-factor models of the long form.

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31

Allen, Jill y Sarah J. Gervais. "The Femininity–Money Incongruity Hypothesis". Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, n.º 4 (24 de julio de 2017): 407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684317718505.

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Women are often stereotyped as poorly equipped to deal with money matters, compared to men, yet very little research has examined the underpinnings and consequences of such gender stereotypes. Drawing on descriptive and prescriptive elements of women’s social roles, we empirically examined the gendered nature of money stereotypes. Specifically in the current work, we introduced and investigated the femininity–money incongruity hypothesis, which suggests that when the concepts of femininity and money are both cognitively activated, money will become a liability for women, causing decrements in cognitive functioning. We first probed the role of gender identity and benevolent sexism beliefs in women’s endorsement of money–gender stereotypes. In two subsequent experiments, we tested the hypothesis that simultaneously activating money and femininity would lead to decrements in cognitive functioning. Converging results across studies suggest that money is incompatible with the stereotypic female gender identity, and this incongruity has detrimental cognitive costs for women as they navigate gender roles. Implications of societal challenges imposed on women by gender stereotypes regarding money matters at work and in relationship contexts and proposed interventions are discussed. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317718505

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32

McCreary, Donald R. "The male role and avoiding femininity". Sex Roles 31, n.º 9-10 (noviembre de 1994): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544277.

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33

Stoppard, Janet M. y Kim J. Paisley. "Masculinity, femininity, life stress, and depression". Sex Roles 16, n.º 9-10 (mayo de 1987): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00292483.

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34

Jacobs, Marti G. y Malcolm D. Gynther. "Friendships, Femininity, and Reaction to Affective Arousal". Psychological Reports 79, n.º 1 (agosto de 1996): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.1.183.

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This study examined relations between college women's scores on femininity and their same-sex friendships and how these women's perceptions were influenced by induction of success or failure. 200 undergraduate women described themselves and their best friends on the dominance and submissiveness scales of the Interpersonal Adjective Scales and also completed the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and a biographical information sheet. Mean ratings of dominance were above average both for self and best-friend ratings, but these two dominance ratings were not significantly correlated. However, women viewed themselves as similar to their best friends on submissiveness characteristics. Highly feminine women described themselves as more dominant than less feminine women. Highly feminine women also experienced less anxiety and fatigue as measured by the Profile of Mood States in response to failure induction than less feminine women. Both sets of results are contrary to expectations, but the behavioral definition of femininity was different from that used earlier.

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35

Schredl, Michael, Olaf Lahl y Anja S. Göritz. "Nightmare Frequency and Femininity/Masculinity". Perceptual and Motor Skills 111, n.º 1 (agosto de 2010): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.pms.111.4.60-64.

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36

Melia, Yvonne. "Feminine and masculine personality traits: Reflections on opportunities and challenges to a career in clinical psychology". Clinical Psychology Forum 1, n.º 285 (septiembre de 2016): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2016.1.285.20.

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In this paper I will reflect on traditional ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ traits. I will discuss the potential import of such traits to the profession of clinical psychology, considering the opportunities and challenges masculinity and femininity present across the career pathway, including entry to the profession and progression into leadership positions.

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37

Lueptow, Lloyd B. "Conceptions of Femininity and Masculinity: 1974–1983". Psychological Reports 57, n.º 3 (diciembre de 1985): 859–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3.859.

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Comparing ratings of “typical” personality and self on 20 sex-related personality traits by 1115 male and 1510 female college students across the years 1974-77-80-83 shows that strength of rating on all traits increased but especially so on sex-typed ratings. This pattern of increased stereotyping holds even when demographic factors are controlled.

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38

BRAZELTON, ELIZABETH W. "FEMININITY, BULIMIA, AND DISTRESS IN COLLEGE WOMEN". Psychological Reports 83, n.º 5 (1998): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.83.5.355-363.

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39

Elm, Malin Sveningsson. "Exploring and negotiating femininity". YOUNG 17, n.º 3 (15 de julio de 2009): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/110330880901700302.

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40

Torki, Mostafa A. "Achievement Motivation in College Women in an Arab Culture". Psychological Reports 56, n.º 1 (febrero de 1985): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.267.

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The present study was designed to explore the achievement motivation and fear of success in the Arab culture. Research was carried out in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar and Iraq on achievement motivation of men and women. The relationship between femininity and fear of success was studied. There were no differences in achievement motivation of Arab men and women in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar, and Iraq. There was no correlation between femininity and fear of success. The Kuwaiti women showed less fear of success than American women. Factors in the Arab culture which affect achievement motivation were discussed.

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41

Gray, Alan W. y Lynda G. Boothroyd. "Female Facial Appearance and Health". Evolutionary Psychology 10, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2012): 147470491201000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470491201000108.

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The current study addressed whether rated femininity, attractiveness, and health in female faces are associated with numerous indices of self-reported health history (number of colds/stomach bugs/frequency of antibiotic use) in a sample of 105 females. It was predicted that all three rating variables would correlate negatively with bouts of illness (with the exception of rates of stomach infections), on the assumption that aspects of facial appearance signal mate quality. The results showed partial support for this prediction, in that there was a general trend for both facial femininity and attractiveness to correlate negatively with the reported number of colds in the preceding twelve months and with the frequency of antibiotic use in the last three years and the last twelve months. Rated facial femininity (as documented in September) was also associated with days of flu experienced in the period spanning the November-December months. However, rated health did not correlate with any of the health indices (albeit one marginal result with antibiotic use in the last twelve months). The results lend support to previous findings linking facial femininity to health and suggest that facial femininity may be linked to some aspects of disease resistance but not others.

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42

Taher, Naeema S. "SELF-CONCEPT AND MASCULINITY/FEMININITY AMONG NORMAL MALE INDIVIDUALS AND MALES WITH GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, n.º 4 (1 de enero de 2007): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.469.

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This study aimed at identifying self-concept and masculinity/femininity in 102 normal males and a similar number of individuals with Gender Identity Disorder using the Tennessee Self-Concept scale (Farag & Al-Qurashi, 1999) and the MMPI subscale of Masculinity/Femininity (Hana, Ismail, & Milaika, 1986). Results showed that (a) there are significant differences in self-concept in favor of normal individuals; (b) individuals with Gender Identity Disorder scored significantly higher on clinical measures including neurosis, psychosis, personal disorder, defensive positiveness, and lower on personality integration, (c) normals scored significantly higher on masculinity measures than did males with Gender Identity Disorder.

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43

Grinnell, James P. "Effects of Leaders' and Evaluators' Sex on Sex-Role Stereotyping of Charismatic Leaders". Psychological Reports 91, n.º 3_suppl (diciembre de 2002): 1247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1247.

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This study extends research on sex and leadership by examining the relation between evaluators' and leaders' sex and the sex-role stereotyping of charismatic leaders. A total of 219 students (110 men and 109 women) from a large northeastern university rated charismatic leaders depicted in vignettes using the revised Bem Sex-Role Inventory; overall, the leaders were rated higher on masculinity than femininity. Analysis by sex of evaluator and leader showed masculinity was higher in all cases except when male charismatic leaders were evaluated by women. In this case, the results support an androgynous view, i.e., high on both masculinity and femininity.

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44

Feather, N. T. "Masculinity, femininity, self-esteem, and subclinical depression". Sex Roles 12, n.º 5-6 (marzo de 1985): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00288171.

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45

Helgeson, Vicki S. "Prototypes and dimensions of masculinity and femininity". Sex Roles 31, n.º 11-12 (diciembre de 1994): 653–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01544286.

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46

Pascale, Melissa y David Lester. "The Blame Attributed to Rape Victims". Psychological Reports 84, n.º 3 (junio de 1999): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.880.

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47

Ringrose, Jessica, Deborah Tolman y Marisa Ragonese. "Hot right now: Diverse girls navigating technologies of racialized sexy femininity". Feminism & Psychology 29, n.º 1 (14 de noviembre de 2018): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353518806324.

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In this paper, we draw upon group interviews in London and New York City to explore how differently classed and racialized groups of teen girls navigate media constructions of hot, sexy, femininity. We explore how cultural ideals of sexiness are shifting to include more skin shades and larger body parts in specific proportions which align to new sexualized and racialized ideals of femininity. Some celebrities embody these new forms of what is termed racial mobility, but these ambiguous mixtures still relate to a standard that references normative white, middle-class femininity. All girls found navigating the contradictory and impossible ideals of sexy femininity challenging, but white girls had internalized the norms and technologies of “perfectibility” the most, and believed that achieving sexy femininity would bring them confidence. In contrast, racially marginalized girls were much more critical of normative ideals of sexiness. Black girls had a heightened awareness of how their bodies were consistently read as either not sexy enough or hypersexualized and they discussed the dangers this posed to them in both their school communities and in other public spaces. Overall, our findings demonstrate how diverse girls must undertake very different forms of work to navigate and manage expectations around racialized and classed sexiness.

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48

Silver, Donald. "Freud, Gisela, Silberstein, and the repudiation of femininity". Psychoanalytic Inquiry 11, n.º 4 (enero de 1991): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07351699109533870.

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Munroe, Robert L., Ruth H. Munroe, John Harrelson y Thanh Bui. "Masculinity—Femininity in East African Dreams and Personality". Journal of Social Psychology 134, n.º 1 (febrero de 1994): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9710893.

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50

Udry, J. Richard y Kim Chantala. "Masculinity-Femininity Guides Sexual Union Formation in Adolescents". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203258840.

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