Artículos de revistas: "PSNP"

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Sarma, Devojit Kumar, Ruchi Dubey, Ravindra M. Samarth, Swasti Shubham, Pritom Chowdhury, Manoj Kumawat, Vinod Verma, Rajnarayan R. Tiwari y Manoj Kumar. "The Biological Effectsof Polystyrene Nanoplasticson Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes". Nanomaterials 12, n.º 10 (11 de mayo de 2022): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101632.

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Environmental exposure to microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) is an increasing concern from human health perspectives. Little information on the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of NP particles in human cells is available. We aimed to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) at different concentrations (2000μg/mL, 1000μg/mL, and 500μg/mL) by using chromosomal aberration (CA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays (CBMN) on human peripheral lymphocytes. Dose-dependent hemolytic activity and cell viability were observed against the PSNPs exposure. Increased chromosomal aberrations, such as chromosomal breaks and dicentric chromosomes, and an increase in nucleoplasmic bridge (NBP) formation and nuclear budding (NBUD) were observed. The frequency of mitotic index (MI) decreased significantly in the PSNP-exposed groups from lower to higher concentrations. A significant increase in micronuclei (MN) formation and cytostasis% and a dose-dependent reduction in nuclear division index (NDI) in PSNP-exposed groups indicated oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and genomic instabilities due to PSNP exposure in human lymphocyte cells. This study highlights the importance of understanding the toxic mechanisms and associated chronic and acute health effects on humans due to exposure to this pervasive environmental pollutant.

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Negera Feyisa, Mebratu. "The effect of the productive safety net programme on household food consumption and dietary diversity in Ethiopia". African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2021.16(4).19.

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This study empirically investigates the effect of the productive safety net programme (PSNP) on household food consumption and dietary diversity in Ethiopia. The study applied random effects with instrumental variables to estimate the effect of PSNP membership. The results of the study indicate that, although PSNP membership improves household food consumption, it reduces the household dietary diversity score. Household food consumption and dietary diversity are also significantly influenced by sex, age, education status of household head, household size, livestock ownership, distance to the nearest market and participation in non-farm activities. The findings of this study suggest that PSNP membership should be reinforced by building household awareness of the benefits of consuming a variety of foods. In addition, PSNP membership should be designed to endow the households to accumulate essential assets, especially livestock.

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Cabeza, Javier A., Israel Fernández, Pablo García-Álvarez, Rubén García-Soriano, Carlos J. Laglera-Gándara y Rubén Toral. "Stannylenes based on pyrrole-phosphane and dipyrromethane-diphosphane scaffolds: syntheses and behavior as precursors to PSnP pincer palladium(ii), palladium(0) and gold(i) complexes". Dalton Transactions 50, n.º 44 (2021): 16122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt02967c.

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Lavers, Tom. "Food security and social protection in highland Ethiopia: linking the Productive Safety Net to the land question". Journal of Modern African Studies 51, n.º 3 (8 de agosto de 2013): 459–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x13000402.

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ABSTRACTWhile much recent research has focused on the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), this is by no means the only social protection policy in rural Ethiopia. Drawing on a very different rationale to the PSNP, the Ethiopian government also justifies state land ownership as a form of social protection for smallholders. This paper examines the links between these policies through a case study of an extremely food-insecure site. The paper concludes that while the PSNP and land policy together provide minimal security for landholders, land shortages and the problematic nature of agricultural production are such that there is little chance that the PSNP and its complementary programmes can achieve food security. As a result, the PSNP is used to support failing agricultural policies, limiting urban migration in the interests of political stability. These findings highlight the importance of situating safety net programmes within the socioeconomic context which generates insecurity.

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Kim, Taehyung, Ha Na Hyun, Roun Heo, Keonwook Nam, Kyungjik Yang, Young Min Kim, Yoon Suk Lee et al. "Dual-targeting RNA nanoparticles for efficient delivery of polymeric siRNA to cancer cells". Chemical Communications 56, n.º 49 (2020): 6624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc01848a.

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A new dual-targeting polymeric siRNA nanoparticle (Dual-PSNP) was developed. The Dual-PSNP showed significantly enhanced cancer-specific intracellular delivery, gene regulation efficacy, and apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity through additive receptor-mediated interactions of the two ligands.

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Lavers, Tom. "Social protection in an aspiring ‘developmental state’: The political drivers of Ethiopia’s PSNP". African Affairs 118, n.º 473 (15 de abril de 2019): 646–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adz010.

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ABSTRACT Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is among the largest social protection programmes in Africa and has been promoted as a model for the continent. This article analyses the political drivers of the programme, arguing that elite commitment to the PSNP needs to be understood in the context of shifts within Ethiopia’s political settlement and the government’s evolving development strategy. While food security had long been a priority for the ruling party, the 2002/03 food crisis—coming on the back of a series of other political shocks—was perceived as an existential crisis for the ruling coalition, prompting the incorporation of the PSNP into the existing rural development strategy. Foreign donors provided policy ideas and pushed for reform, but it was not until incentives flowing from the political settlement were favourable that elite commitment was secured. Even then, longstanding ideological commitments shaped the productive focus of the programme, ensuring consistency with the development strategy. While the removal of the PSNP is now unthinkable, the extent to which this represents a broader commitment to social protection remains an open question.

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Hu, Enzhu, Siyao Shang, Zhongtian Fu, Xin Zhao, Xiangli Nan, Yichun Du y Xijuan Chen. "Cotransport of naphthalene with polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNP) in saturated porous media: Effects of PSNP/naphthalene ratio and ionic strength". Chemosphere 245 (abril de 2020): 125602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125602.

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Chen, Changchong, Zhili Wang, Yuewu Zhao, Yi Cao, Pi Ding, Hui Liu, Na Su y Renjun Pei. "A folic acid modified polystyrene nanosphere surface for circulating tumor cell capture". Analytical Methods 11, n.º 44 (2019): 5718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02090j.

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Liu, Jianguo, Ailing Zhang, Heng Song, Qingxiao Tong, Chen-Ho Tung y Wenguang Wang. "Iron(II) hydrides bearing a tetradentate PSNP ligand". Chinese Chemical Letters 29, n.º 6 (junio de 2018): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.059.

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CHOUDHARY, M. K., PRASHANT SINGH y K. P. SINGH. "POLYSTYRENE NANOPARTICLES BASED IMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF β-GALACTOSIDASE USING QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE". Nano LIFE 03, n.º 01 (marzo de 2013): 1340010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984413400102.

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An immunoassay has been developed for the detection of bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) through β-Galactosidase (β-Gal). For developing an immunoassay on piezoelectric quartz crystal a polystyrene nanoparticle (PSNP) surface was developed by anchoring synthesized PSNPs (60 ± 5 nm) via self-assembled monolayer of p-aminothiophenol patterned on gold-coated quartz crystal. In order to make immunoassay specific to β-Gal, antibody specific to β-Gal (anti-β-Bal) was captured through physical attraction. On exposing this immunoassay to the β-Gal antigen (3.03 ng/ml), a strong detecting signal was observed, with simultaneous detachment of antibody from immunoassay as antigen–antibody complex. No appreciable change in the frequency shift, Δf, of quartz crystal was observed upon exposure to nonspecific Brucella antigen, confirming the specific behavior of immunoassay.

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Bishop, Carly y Dorothea Hilhorst. "From food aid to food security: the case of the Safety Net policy in Ethiopia". Journal of Modern African Studies 48, n.º 2 (19 de mayo de 2010): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x10000248.

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ABSTRACTEthiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is an attempt to bring food security to 5 million people by providing them with social security to close the yearly hunger gap, coupled with development projects to lift them permanently out of poverty. The programme is an example of the new policy arrangements that aim to link relief to social security and development. This paper analyses the early implementation of the PSNP in two villages of the Amhara Region. The paper shows how the programme was in practice interpreted and used by local authorities to realise a related programme of voluntary resettlement, and how this locally changed the objective from helping the most vulnerable people, to reserving the benefits of the programme for the more affluent and economically potent households. It shows how local responses to food security policies were informed by institutional patterns, discourses about food insecurity and the articulation of policy with adjacent or past policy practices.

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Bestgen, Sebastian, Nicholas H. Rees y Jose M. Goicoechea. "Flexible and Versatile Pincer-Type PGeP and PSnP Ligand Frameworks". Organometallics 37, n.º 21 (23 de octubre de 2018): 4147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00698.

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Cabeza, Javier A., Pablo García-Álvarez y Carlos J. Laglera-Gándara. "The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020, n.º 10 (18 de febrero de 2020): 784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201901248.

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Cabeza, Javier A., Pablo García-Álvarez y Carlos J. Laglera-Gándara. "The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020, n.º 10 (3 de marzo de 2020): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202000187.

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Zhang, Yangyang, Yuanyuan Luo, Xuetao Guo, Tianjiao Xia, Tiecheng Wang, Hanzhong Jia y Lingyan Zhu. "Charge mediated interaction of polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP) with minerals in aqueous phase". Water Research 178 (julio de 2020): 115861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115861.

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Anato, Anchamo, Kaleab Baye y Barbara Stoecker. "Determinants of depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers: a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia". BMJ Open 12, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2022): e058633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058633.

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ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the determinants of depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted.SettingTen randomly selected rural kebeles of Meket district of Ethiopia.ParticipantsA random sample of 232 mothers with infants 5–10 months was included in this study.Data analysisForward multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe factors significantly associated with increased odds of maternal postpartum depressive symptoms were: moderate (adjusted OR (AOR) 4.44, 95% CI 1.34 to 14.72) and severe (AOR 12.98, 95% CI 5.24 to 32.14) household food insecurity; infant underweight (AOR 2.99, 95% CI: 1.21 to 7.37) and infant acute respiratory infection (ARI) (AOR 7.0, 95% CI: 3.09 to 15.99). Maternal education, workload and age, household socioeconomic status, distance to the health facility, and child stunting, diarrhoea and fever were not significantly associated with postpartum depressive symptoms in adjusted logistic regression.ConclusionHousehold food insecurity, infant ARI and infant underweight had significant associations with postpartum depressive symptoms. Therefore, interventions that address infant nutrition and health and household food insecurity within the framework of the productive safety net programmes (PSNPs) as well as programmes focused on preventing, detecting and solving maternal mental health challenges may be helpful to improve maternal mental well-being and promote graduation from the PSNP.

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Hailu, Aregash Getachew y Zerihun Yohannes Amare. "Impact of productive safety net program on food security of beneficiary households in western Ethiopia: A matching estimator approach". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 1 (21 de enero de 2022): e0260817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260817.

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From various Ethiopian government food security strategies, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) is one of the strategies to improve households’ consumption. As a result, the government needs to know the outcome of the program intervention for further decisions in similar poverty reduction strategies. This study examined the impact of Productive Safety Net Program intervention on food security of rural households in rural western Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey data were gathered from a total of randomly selected 188 beneficiary and non-beneficiary sample households. Key informants interviews and focus group discussions were employed to triangulate household survey results. A Chi-square test was employed to compare the households’ food security status. The propensity score matching method was used to evaluate the impact of a Productive safety net on beneficiary households’ food security status. In this study, the Productive Safety net program has significantly increased households’ calorie intake. The beneficiaries’ households were more food secure than non-beneficiary households by 68% and54% respectively. The mean energy available for the beneficiary and non-beneficiary households is 2488.500 and 2153.394 kcal, respectively. Estimates of the average treatment effect of the treated indicated that a Productive safety net program can impact households food security by 2519.29348 kilocalories, higher in the kernel matching method. This is an encouraging indicator for Programme implementers and funding agents. Therefore, channeling further efforts on this indicator is important for a more pronounced impact of the Programme. Given a certain level of variations of different program impact studies, this study recommends further research with greater scope and at different locations on the impact of PSNP and related Food Security Programs on households’ food security status.

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Eerdekens, Marielle, Sylvia Engelen y Lizandra Marcondes. "Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Post-Surgical Neuropathic Pain (PSNP): Capsaicin 8% vs. Pregabalin". Pain Management Nursing 23, n.º 2 (abril de 2022): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2022.02.061.

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Vinci, Vincenzo y Keetie Roelen. "The relevance of institutions and people’s preferences in the PSNP and IN‐SCT programmes in Ethiopia". International Social Security Review 73, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 139–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/issr.12230.

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Zhang, Lu, Xinyi Qin, Min Liu, Ziwei Xu y Guangzhong Liu. "DNN-m6A: A Cross-Species Method for Identifying RNA N6-methyladenosine Sites Based on Deep Neural Network with Multi-Information Fusion". Genes 12, n.º 3 (28 de febrero de 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030354.

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As a prevalent existing post-transcriptional modification of RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a crucial role in various biological processes. To better radically reveal its regulatory mechanism and provide new insights for drug design, the accurate identification of m6A sites in genome-wide is vital. As the traditional experimental methods are time-consuming and cost-prohibitive, it is necessary to design a more efficient computational method to detect the m6A sites. In this study, we propose a novel cross-species computational method DNN-m6A based on the deep neural network (DNN) to identify m6A sites in multiple tissues of human, mouse and rat. Firstly, binary encoding (BE), tri-nucleotide composition (TNC), enhanced nucleic acid composition (ENAC), K-spaced nucleotide pair frequencies (KSNPFs), nucleotide chemical property (NCP), pseudo dinucleotide composition (PseDNC), position-specific nucleotide propensity (PSNP) and position-specific dinucleotide propensity (PSDP) are employed to extract RNA sequence features which are subsequently fused to construct the initial feature vector set. Secondly, we use elastic net to eliminate redundant features while building the optimal feature subset. Finally, the hyper-parameters of DNN are tuned with Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization based on the selected feature subset. The five-fold cross-validation test on training datasets show that the proposed DNN-m6A method outperformed the state-of-the-art method for predicting m6A sites, with an accuracy (ACC) of 73.58–83.38% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 81.39–91.04%. Furthermore, the independent datasets achieved an ACC of 72.95–83.04% and an AUC of 80.79–91.09%, which shows an excellent generalization ability of our proposed method.

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Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel, Jeremy Lind y John Hoddinott. "Implementing Social Protection in Agro-pastoralist and Pastoralist Areas: How Local Distribution Structures Moderate PSNP Outcomes in Ethiopia". World Development 50 (octubre de 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.04.005.

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Cabeza, Javier A., Pablo García-Álvarez y Carlos J. Laglera-Gándara. "Front Cover: The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 10/2020)". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020, n.º 10 (3 de marzo de 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202000186.

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Patel, Ketan, Anand Patil, Miten Mehta, Vikram Gota y Pradeep Vavia. "Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) Rich, Paclitaxel Loaded Self Nanoemulsifying Preconcentrate (PSNP): A Safe and Efficacious Alternative to Taxol^®". Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 9, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 1996–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2013.1710.

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Abdulahi Mohamed, Abduselam. "Impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) on the Household Livelihood: The Case of Babile District in Somali Regional State, Ethiopia". International Journal of Economy, Energy and Environment 2, n.º 2 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeee.20170202.12.

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Sen, Surojit, Sunayana Rathi, Jagajjit Sahu, Subhash C. Mandal, Supratim Ray, Petr Slama y Shubhadeep Roychoudhury. "In Silico Mining and Characterization of High-Quality SNP/Indels in Some Agro-Economically Important Species Belonging to the Family Euphorbiaceae". Genes 14, n.º 2 (27 de enero de 2023): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020332.

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(1) Background: To assess the genetic makeup among the agro-economically important members of Euphorbiaceae, the present study was conducted to identify and characterize high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and their comparative distribution in exonic and intronic regions from the publicly available expressed sequence tags (ESTs). (2) Methods: Quality sequences obtained after pre-processing by an EG assembler were assembled into contigs using the CAP3 program at 95% identity; the mining of SNP was performed by QualitySNP; GENSCAN (standalone) was used for detecting the distribution of SNPs in the exonic and intronic regions. (3) Results: A total of 25,432 potential SNPs (pSNP) and 14,351 high-quality SNPs (qSNP), including 2276 indels, were detected from 260,479 EST sequences. The ratio of quality SNP to potential SNP ranged from 0.22 to 0.75. A higher frequency of transitions and transversions was observed more in the exonic than the intronic region, while indels were present more in the intronic region. C↔T (transition) was the most dominant nucleotide substitution, while in transversion, A↔T was the dominant nucleotide substitution, and in indel, A/- was dominant. (4) Conclusions: Detected SNP markers may be useful for linkage mapping; marker-assisted breeding; studying genetic diversity; mapping important phenotypic traits, such as adaptation or oil production; or disease resistance by targeting and screening mutations in important genes.

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Tilahun, Abineh y Bogale Teferie. "The Roles of Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) On the Practices of Soil and Water Conservation in the Case of Sekela District, Amhara State, Ethiopia". International Journal of Geography and Geology 4, n.º 4 (2015): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.10/2015.4.4/10.4.78.88.

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Brugos, Javier, Javier A. Cabeza, Pablo García-Álvarez, Enrique Pérez-Carreño y Diego Polo. "Synthesis and some coordination chemistry of the PSnP pincer-type stannylene Sn(NCH2PtBu2)2C6H4, attempts to prepare the PSiP analogue, and the effect of the E atom on the molecular structures of E(NCH2PtBu2)2C6H4 (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn)". Dalton Transactions 47, n.º 13 (2018): 4534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt04561a.

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Berlie, Arega Bazezew. "The Role of Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Improving Female-Headed Households' Food Security: The Case of Enebsie Sar Midir District of The Amhara Region, Ethiopia". Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 34, n.º 1 (2018): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eas.2018.0003.

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Ray, Suman, Paramita Das, Asim Bhaumik, Arghya Dutta y Chhanda Mukhopadhyay. "Covalently anchored organic carboxylic acid on porous silica nano particle: A novel organometallic catalyst (PSNP-CA) for the chromatography-free highly product selective synthesis of tetrasubstituted imidazoles". Applied Catalysis A: General 458 (mayo de 2013): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2013.03.024.

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Wang, Zhepeng, Angus M. A. Reid, Peter W. Wilson y Ian C. Dunn. "Identification of the Core Promoter and Variants Regulating Chicken CCKAR Expression". Genes 13, n.º 6 (18 de junio de 2022): 1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13061083.

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Decreased expression of chicken cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) attenuates satiety, which contributes to increased food intake and growth for modern broilers. The study aims to define the core promoter of CCKAR, and to identify variants associated with expression activity. A 21 kb region around the CCKAR was re-sequenced to detect sequence variants. A series of 5′-deleted promoter plasmids were constructed to define the core promoter of CCKAR. The effects of sequence variants located in promoter (PSNP) and conserved (CSNP) regions on promoter activity were analyzed by comparing luciferase activity between haplotypes. A total of 182 variants were found in the 21 kb region. There were no large structural variants around CCKAR. pNL−328/+183, the one with the shortest insertion, showed the highest activity among the six promoter constructs, implying that the key cis elements regulating CCKAR expression are mainly distributed 328 bp upstream. We detected significant activity differences between high- and low-growth associated haplotypes in four of the six promoter constructs. The high-growth haplotypes of constructs pNL−1646/+183, pNL−799/+183 and pNL−528/+183 showed lower activities than the low-growth haplotypes, which is consistent with decreased expression of CCKAR in high-growth chickens. Lower expression of the high-growth allele was also detected for the CSNP5-containing construct. The data suggest that the core promoter of CCKAR is located the 328 bp region upstream from the transcription start site. Lower expression activities shown by the high-growth haplotypes in the reporter assay suggest that CSNP5 and variants located between 328 bp and 1646 bp upstream form a promising molecular basis for decreased expression of CCKAR and increased growth in chickens.

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Pietraszko, A., M. Paściak y M. Wołcyrz. "Local order in the PSN, PST and PSNT ferroelectric relaxors". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (23 de agosto de 2005): c400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305083066.

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Dytko, Jan. "Pozycja prawna Parlamentu Studentów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". Studia Iuridica, n.º 89 (2 de mayo de 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2022-89.2.

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The Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland (PSRP) is a representative institution of the higher education community. It brings together representatives of student self-governments of all universities – regardless of their profile and level of education. It is an association type organization with legal personality. The scope of activity of the PSSP and the competences of its bodies result from the Act on Higher Education and Science and its statute, which becomes effective after approval by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. This body finances the activities of the PSRP in the form of an entity grant, and at the same time is a supervisory body over the activities of the Parliament. By referring to the Law on Associations, the supervisory body shall use the means of supervisory intervention appropriate for associations. The type of the applied supervisory measure is determined by the degree of violation of the law or the statute by the PSRP or its bodies. If the violation is gross or persistent, without positive prognosis, Parliament is subject to judicial interference. The aim of this work is to present the functioning of the PSRP, with particular emphasis on the competences of its various bodies and the supervision of their activities, as well as the judicial control of these activities, with reference to the provisions of the Law on Associations.

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Pietraszko, Adam, Bożena Hilczer y Claude Caranoni. "The Space Group Symmetry of PSN, PST and PSNT Ferroelectric Relaxors in the Superparaelectric Phase". Ferroelectrics 298, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150190490423615.

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Kato, Takashi, Kazuya Kawashima, Masami Miwa, Yoshifumi Mimura, Masanori Tamaoki, Hiroshi Kouchi y Norio Suganuma. "Expression of Genes Encoding Late Nodulins Characterized by a Putative Signal Peptide and Conserved Cysteine Residues Is Reduced in Ineffective Pea Nodules". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, n.º 2 (febrero de 2002): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.2.129.

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Five nodulin genes, PsN1, PsN6, PsN314, PsN335, and PsN466, with reduced expression in ineffective nodules on the pea (Pisum sativum) mutant E135 (sym13) were characterized. They encode small polypeptides containing a putative signal peptide and conserved cysteine residues and show homology to the nodulins PsENOD3/14 and PsNOD6. For each gene, multiple bands were detected by genomic Southern analysis. Northern analysis showed that all five genes were expressed exclusively in nodules and that their temporal expression patterns were similar to that of the leghemoglobin (Lb) gene during nodule development. Their transcripts were localized predominantly from the interzone II–III to the distal part of nitrogen-fixing zone III in effective nodules, resembling the Lb gene. However, transcripts in ineffective E135 nodules were localized in narrower regions than those in the effective nodules. These results indicate that these nodulins are abundant in pea nodules and that their successive expression during nodule development is associated with nitrogen-fixing activity.

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Bruce, Sonya. "PSNH bankruptcy". Electricity Journal 2, n.º 4 (mayo de 1989): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(89)80016-8.

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Pham, Thu Thao y Shin-ichi Yusa. "Thermo-Responsive Polyion Complex of Polysulfobetaine and a Cationic Surfactant in Water". Polymers 14, n.º 15 (3 de agosto de 2022): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153171.

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Poly(4-((3-methacrylamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)butane-1-sulfonate) (PSBP) was prepared via controlled radical polymerization. PSBP showed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solutions, which could be controlled by adjusting the polymer and NaCl concentrations. Owing to its pendant sulfonate anions, PSBP exhibited a negative zeta potential of −7.99 mV and formed a water-soluble ion complex with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) via attractive electrostatic interaction. A neutral PSBP/CTAB complex was formed under equimolar concentrations of the pendant sulfonate group in PSBP and the quaternary ammonium group in CTAB. Transmittance electron microscopic images revealed the spherical shape of the complex. The stoichiometrically neutral-charge PSBP/CTAB complex exhibited UCST behavior in aqueous solutions. Similar to PSBP, the phase transition temperature of the PSBP/CTAB complex could be tuned by modifying the polymer and NaCl concentrations. In 0.1 M aqueous solution, the PSBP/CTAB complex showed UCST behavior at a low complex concentration of 0.084 g/L, whereas PSBP did not exhibit UCST behavior at concentrations below 1.0 g/L. This observation suggests that the interaction between PSBP and CTAB in the complex was stronger than the interpolymer interaction of PSBP.

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Golomb, Beatrice A., Myrna Cortez-Perez, Beth A. Jaworski, Sarnoff Mednick y Joel Dimsdale. "Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm: Validity of a Brief Schedule of Use". Violence and Victims 22, n.º 1 (febrero de 2007): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a006.

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The Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) is a validated behavioral measure of aggression in response to provocation. Canonically, multiple sessions continue until performance asymptotes, requiring significant time. We sought to examine whether use of the PSAP-first-session (“PSAP-FS”) had acceptable construct validity for group data, potentially expanding the settings in which the PSAP may be useful. One hundred male and female young adult subjects completed the PSAP-FS and additional behavioral measures of aggression, and provided information related to risk factors. The PSAP-FS correlated significantly with known risk factors of aggression. The PSAP-FS, which measures aggression in the present, correlated well with measures of recent aggression and less strongly with life history of aggression. The PSAP-FS had satisfactory validity properties for use where group-level data are of interest.

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Chaiyasut, Chaiyavat, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Netnapa Makhamrueang, Periyanaina Kesika, Sasithorn Sirilun y Sartjin Peerajan. "PREPARATION AND STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF PERILLA FRUTESCENS SEED OIL POWDER". Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21672.

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Objective: The present study deals with the preparation and stability assessment of Perilla frutescens seed oil powder (PSOP) by spray drying technique.Methods: Perilla oil emulsion was prepared with various combinations of emulsifiers and maltodextrin powder. The emulsion was dried in a spray dryer, and dried samples were packed and stored at 4, 25, and 40°C for 3 months. The changes in acid and peroxide value the fatty acid content of PSOP during storage were assessed. PSOP samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopic analysis to examine the size and shape of the particle.Results: About 9.52% of PSOP yield was obtained while 5% of whey protein was used as an emulsifier. The moisture content of the PSOP was 2.06 ± 0.23-3.08 ± 0.13%. The acid and peroxide values were increased from 1.49 ± 0.09 to 3.71 mg KOH/g of PSOP, 4.10-7.18 mEq/kg of PSOP, while stored in aluminum foil and kept at 40°C. About 39.97, 26.68, 24.78, and 7.47% of linolenic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids were found in PSOP, respectively.Conclusion: The study revealed that spray-dried PSOP was stable when stored in the absence of light and air at low temperature. The spray-dried PSOP is the best candidate for pharmacological and food applications.

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He, Yachao, Xiaoqun Zhang, Ivana Flais y Per Svenningsson. "Decreased Prosaposin and Progranulin in the Cingulate Cortex Are Associated with Schizophrenia Pathophysiology". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 19 (10 de octubre de 2022): 12056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231912056.

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Prosaposin (PSAP) and progranulin (PGRN) are two lysosomal proteins that interact and modulate the metabolism of lipids, particularly sphingolipids. Alterations in sphingolipid metabolism have been found in schizophrenia. Genetic associations of PSAP and PGRN with schizophrenia have been reported. To further clarify the role of PSAP and PGRN in schizophrenia, we examined PSAP and PGRN levels in postmortem cingulate cortex tissue from healthy controls along with patients who had suffered from schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. We found that PSAP and PGRN levels are reduced specifically in schizophrenia patients. To understand the role of PSAP in the cingulate cortex, we used an AAV strategy to knock down PSAP in neurons located in this region. Neuronal PSAP knockdown led to the downregulation of neuronal PGRN levels and behavioral abnormalities. Cingulate-PSAP-deficient mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired prepulse inhibition, as well as intact locomotion, working memory, and a depression-like state. The behavioral changes were accompanied by increased early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1) and activity-dependent cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) levels in the sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus, regions implicated in circuitry dysfunction in schizophrenia. In conclusion, PSAP and PGRN downregulation in the cingulate cortex is associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology.

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40

Shirai, M., K. Matsukawa, N. Nishiura y I. Ninomiya. "Effects of baroreceptor reflex on efferent pulmonary sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized cat". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1995): R1078—R1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.4.r1078.

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We analyzed the baroceptor reflex effect on efferent pulmonary sympathetic nerve activity (PSNA) in anesthetized cats. PSNA was recorded from the central end of the cut nerve bundle, which was isolated from the lobar artery supplying the diaphragmatic lobe. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and aortic blood pressure (AP) were also simultaneously measured. There were grouped discharges synchronous with cardiac cycle and its respiratory modulation in PSNA. In a given cardiac cycle, the discharge patterns differed between the pulmonary and renal nerves. Average sympathetic nerve activity and AP obtained from 100 consecutive cardiac cycles showed that the baroreceptor reflex delay time on the pulmonary nerve (266 ms) was longer than that on the renal nerve (195 ms). The data indicate nonuniformity in the cardiac-related PSNA and RSNA. The grouped PSNA disappeared with hexamethonium bromide, indicating that PSNA originates from postganglionic efferent fibers. To examine the baroreflex response of PSNA, AP was increased by 70 mmHg with phenylephrine and decreased by 70 mmHg with nitroprusside. PSNA changed inversely to the changes in mean aortic pressure (MAP). In the delta MAP-delta PSNA curve, delta PSNA reached the maximum level (74%) and the noise level at -56 +/- 4 and 58 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively. The mean slope of the curve was 1.5 +/- 0.1%/mmHg. RSNA also responded inversely to the MAP change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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41

Hua, Shao-Bing, Shyam K. Dube y Shain-dow Kung. "Molecular evolutionary analysis of the psbP gene family of the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex in Nicotiana". Genome 36, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 1993): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-066.

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Photosystem II psbP protein of the oxygen-evolving complex is involved in the photosynthetic oxygen evolution in plants. Four psbP polypeptides were detected in Nicotiana tabacum on a two-dimensional gel by immunostaining the proteins with antiserum against the pea psbP Comparison of the protein patterns of psbP from N. tabacum and its ancestral parents, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis, indicated that each of the ancestral parents has contributed a pair of psbP proteins. This was supported by Southern hybridization results, which suggested that psbP in Nicotiana is encoded by a gene family consisting of four members in N. tabacum and two members each in N. glauca, N. langsdorffii, N. sylvestris, and N. tomentosiformis. A scheme of molecular evolution of the psbP genes in Nicotiana is also proposed.Key words: molecular evolution, Nicotiana, oxygen evolution, photosystem II.

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42

Whitehead, James R. "A Study of Children’s Physical Self-Perceptions Using an Adapted Physical Self-Perception Profile Questionnaire". Pediatric Exercise Science 7, n.º 2 (mayo de 1995): 132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.7.2.132.

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This project was a study of the validity and reliability of adapted versions of Fox and Corbin’s (10) Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) and Perceived Importance Profile (PIP) for use with seventh- and eight-grade students. The Children’s PSPP and PIP (C-PSPP and C-PIP) questionnaires were completed by 505 students. Results supported the reliability and the construct and concurrent validity of the C-PSPP scales. Factorial validity of the C-PIP was not demonstrated. Similar to Fox and Corbin’s (10) results, regression analysis revealed that a large proportion of the variance in general physical selfworth (PSW) was explained by the C-PSPP scales. The hypothesis that PSW mediates between general self-worth (GSW) and the four C-PSPP scales in a hierarchical arrangement was also supported. Failure to psychologically discount the importance of perceived incompetence in specific areas impacted global self-worth. Correlations with physical fitness test scores provided evidence of concurrent validity of the C-PSPP scales.

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Taniguchi, Miho, Hiroaki Nabeka, Kimiko Yamamiya, Md Sakirul Islam Khan, Tetsuya Shimokawa, Farzana Islam, Takuya Doihara et al. "The expression of prosaposin and its receptors, GRP37 and GPR37L1, are increased in the developing dorsal root ganglion". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 8 (11 de agosto de 2021): e0255958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255958.

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Prosaposin (PSAP), a highly conserved glycoprotein, is a precursor of saposins A–D. Accumulating evidence suggests that PSAP is a neurotrophic factor, as well as a regulator of lysosomal enzymes. Recently, the orphan G-protein-coupled receptors GPR37 and GPR37L1 were recognized as PSAP receptors, but their functions have not yet been clarified. In this study, we examined the distribution of PSAP and its receptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) during development using specific antibodies, and showed that PSAP accumulates primarily in lysosomes and is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of satellite cells. Later, PSAP colocalized with two receptors in satellite cells, and formed a characteristic ring shape approximately 8 weeks after birth, during a period of rapid DRG development. This ring shape, which was only observed around larger neurons, is evidence that several satellite cells are synchronously activated. We found that sortilin, a transporter of a wide variety of intracellular proteins containing PSAP, is strongly localized to the inner side of satellite cells, which contact the neuronal surface. These findings suggest that PSAP and GPR37/GPR37L1 play a role in activating both satellite and nerve cells.

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Mazur, Andrzej, Jarosław E. Król, Jerzy Wielbo, Teresa Urbanik-Sypniewska y Anna Skorupska. "Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii PssP Protein Is Required for Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Polymerization". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 15, n.º 4 (abril de 2002): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.4.388.

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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii produces an acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) that is important for the induction of nitrogen-fixing nodules on clover. Recently, three genes, pssN, pssO, and pssP, possibly involved in EPS biosynthesis and polymerization were identified. The predicted protein product of the pssP gene shows a significant sequence similarity to other proteins belonging to the PCP2a family that are involved in the synthesis of high-molecular-weight EPS. An R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii TA1 mutant with the entire coding region of pssP deleted did not produce the EPS. A pssP mutant with the 5′ end of the gene disrupted produced exclusively low-molecular-weight EPS. A mutant that synthesized a functional N-terminal periplasmic domain but lacked the C-terminal part of PssP produced significantly reduced amounts of EPS with a slightly changed low to high molecular form ratio. Mutants affected in the PssP protein carrying a stable plasmid with a constitutively expressed gusA gene induced nodules on red clover that were not fully occupied by bacteria. A mutant with the entire pssP gene deleted infected only a few plant cells in the nodule. The pssP promoter-gusA reporter fusion was active in bacteroids during nodule development.

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Hasan, Nur Fitrianingsih, Christin Nandari Dengen y Dony Ariyus. "Analisis Histogram Steganografi Least Significant Bit Pada Citra Grayscale". Digital Zone: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 11, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/digitalzone.v11i1.3413.

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Kesadaran pentingnya keamanan data pada era digital saat ini ditandai dengan berkembangnya aplikasi keamanan data. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan analisis histogram terhadap suatu aplikasi keamanan data. Tujuan dari analisa ini adalah mengetahui perubahan histogram yang dilakukan penyisipan pesan. Hasilnya penyisipan pesan pada citra menggunakan Least Significant Bit secara visual tidak terlihat perubahan. Analisis histogram menunjukkan perubahan grafik terlihat lebih signifikan pada file gambar .tif, .png dan .jpg sementara .bmp tidak signifikan. Jumlah karakter yang disisipkan mempengaruhi grafik histogram. Stego image yang dihasilkan memenuhi syarat imperceptibility. Dibuktikan dari nilai PSNR yang dihasilkan yaitu PSNR >40db. Perubahan ekstensi image menjadi salah satu faktor hasil nilai PSNR. Dibuktikan dengan ekstensi image .bmp memiliki nilai MSE paling rendah dan PSNR paling tinggi yaitu, MSE=0,66141 dan PSNR=49,9601. Kata kunci: Histogram, Steganografi, LSB, Grayscale, PSNR Abstract Awareness of the importance of data security in the current digital era is marked by the development of data security applications. In this study a histogram analysis of a data security application will be performed. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the histogram changes made by message insertion. The result is the insertion of messages in the image using Least Significant Bit visually does not change. Histogram analysis shows that graph changes are more significant in .tif, .png and .jpg image files while .bmp is not significant. The number of characters inserted affects the histogram graph. The resulting stego image meets the requirements of imperceptibility. Proven from the PSNR value generated is PSNR>40dB. The change in image extension is one of the factors resulting from the PSNR value. Evidenced by the extension .bmp image has the lowest MSE value and the highest PSNR, namely, MSE=0.66141 andPSNR=49.9601. Keywords: Histogram, Steganography, LSB, Grayscale, PSNR.

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Shirai, M., K. Matsukawa, N. Nishiura, A. T. Kawaguchi y I. Ninomiya. "Changes in efferent pulmonary sympathetic nerve activity during systemic hypoxia in anesthetized cats". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1995): R1404—R1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.6.r1404.

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Changes in efferent sympathetic nerve activity to the pulmonary vessels during systemic hypoxia have yet to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the pulmonary sympathetic nerve activity (PSNA) changes in response to acute systemic hypoxia before and after sinoaortic denervation plus vagotomy in anesthetized cats. The denervation was performed to estimate the central nervous system-mediated peripheral chemoreceptor- and baroreceptor-independent PSNA change. PSNA was recorded from the central end of the cut nerve bundle, which was isolated from the lobar artery supplying the diaphragmatic lobe. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were also measured simultaneously. The animals were submitted to approximately 3-min periods of graded hypoxia (16, 12, 8, 5, and 3% O2 inhalations). PSNA did not change from normoxia down to an arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) of approximately 45 Torr (with 12-21% O2 inhalations). Below this level, PSNA began to increase, and markedly so (approximately 2.5-fold) at a PaO2 of approximately 15 Torr (with 3% O2). The hypoxic PSNA increase was significantly larger than that for RSNA, with a PaO2 of less than approximately 30 Torr (with 3-8% O2). Particularly at a PaO2 of approximately 15 Torr, the magnitude of the PSNA increase was two times greater than that for RSNA. After denervation, the hypoxic PSNA increase was significantly attenuated at a PaO2 of approximately 25 to approximately 45 Torr (with 5-12% O2), but the attenuation was very small; therefore most of the PSNA increase persisted. The hypoxic RSNA increase, in contrast, was mostly abolished after denervation. The data indicate that the neural reflex effect of systemic hypoxia on PSNA is significantly greater than that on RSNA and suggest that the hypoxic PSNA increase is mostly mediated by central mechanisms, whereas that for RSNA is chiefly caused by peripheral chemoreceptors.

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47

Haniastuti, Tetiana, Tira Aisah Puspasari, Enggardini Rachma Hakim y Regina TC Tandelilin. "Potential Effect of Giant Freshwater Prawn Shell Nano Chitosan in Inhibiting the Development of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis Biofilm In Vitro". International Journal of Dentistry 2023 (10 de febrero de 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8890750.

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An oral biofilm comprises a variety of bacteria including Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis that cause human infections, such as caries and periodontitis. Thus, biofilm management plays an important part in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Nano chitosan is a bioactive material that has antimicrobial activities. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of nano chitosan synthesized from giant freshwater prawn shells (PSNC) on S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilm development. PSNC was prepared from the extracted chitosan of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) shells using the ionic gelation method. The effect of PSNC on S. mutans ATCC 25175 and S. sanguinis ATCC10556 biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet assay. Both bacteria were inoculated in the presence of various concentrations (5, 2.5, and 1.25 mg/ml) of PSNC for 24 h and 48 h. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to visualize and study the biofilm architectural features. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit prior to CLSM observation to monitor the viability of the biofilm. The results showed that PSNC exposure for 24 h and 48 h inhibited the formation of S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilms. The biofilm formation inhibition percentage increased with an increase in the PSNC concentration ( p < 0.05 ). The highest inhibitory activity was shown at 5 mg/ml PSNC ( p < 0.05 ). Those findings were confirmed by the subsequent findings using the CLSM and SEM analyses. The biofilm architecture was strongly disrupted upon treatment with PSNC. After exposure to 5 mg/ml PSNC, the number of bacteria significantly decreased. The remaining bacteria were seen as individual cells, showing damaged cells. In conclusion, PSNC inhibits the development of S. mutans and S. sanguinis biofilm in vitro, indicating the potential of PSNC in clinical application for oral bacterial infection, prevention, and treatment.

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Liamasov, A. K., M. A. Biriulin y K. E. Denisov. "Underground tunnel type PSPP". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 808, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/808/1/012007.

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Maharani, Tamara, Muhammad Agus Zainuddin y Sritrusta Sukaridhoto. "PENGUKURAN PSNR PADA TRANSMISI VIDEO DI KANAL TERAHERTZ MENGGUNAKAN QAM MODULATION". KLIK - KUMPULAN JURNAL ILMU KOMPUTER 7, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/klik.v7i2.319.

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In the current era of communication has various challenges that include the intensity of information exchange more often, the amount of information carried and the speed in exchanging information. Communication is not only in the form of text and sound but also in the form of pictures and videos. This study tries to use digital data in the form of video with the aim of providing a view of the PSNR measurement simulation. The method used is modulation of QAM 64, 256, 1024 and 4096 through terahertz channels (0.1-10 THz). Simulation results show that in QAM 64 the PSNR value is 35.2 dB to 36.6 dB. The PSNR value decreases as the M-ary increases. PSNR at 256 QAM ranges from 25.9 to 26.5 dB. PSNR in QAM 1024 is stable at magnitude 16.3 to 16.5. Whereas PSNR in QAM 4096 ranged from 15.0 to 15.25. From this study shows the greater the value of PSNR, the quality of information sent is increasingly similar. In addition, the higher the M-ary, the data carried will also be large so as to speed up the transmission time.Keywords: Terahertz, QAM, PSNR, Video, Simulation Di era saat ini komunikasi memiliki berbagai tantangan yang meliputi intesitas pertukaran informasi yang lebih sering, besarnya informasi yang dibawa dan kecepatan dalam bertukar informasi. Komunikasi tidak hanya berupa text dan suara namun juga berupa gambar dan video. Penelitian ini mencoba menggunakan data digital berupa video dengan tujuan memberikan pandangan tentang simulasi pengukuran PSNR. Metode digunakan yaitu modulasi QAM 64, 256, 1024 dan 4096 melalui kanal terahertz (0.1-10 THz). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan pada QAM 64 nilai PSNR sebesar 35.2 dB hingga 36.6 dB. Nilai PSNR menurun seiring bertambahnya M-ary. PSNR pada QAM 256 di rentang 25.9 hingga 26.5 dB. PSNR pada QAM 1024 stabil di besaran 16.3 sampai 16.5. Sedangkan PSNR pada QAM 4096 di rentang 15.0 hingga 15.25. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan semakin besar nilai PSNR maka kualitas informasi yang dikirimkan semakin mirip. Selain itu semakin tinggi M-ary maka data yang dibawa pun juga ikut besar sehingga mempercepat waktu transimisi. Kata kunci: Terahertz, QAM,PSNR, Video, Simulasi

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Evidente, Virgilio Gerald H., Charles H. Adler, Marwan N. Sabbagh, Donald J. Connor, Joseph G. Hentz, John N. Caviness, Lucia I. Sue y Thomas G. Beach. "Neuropathological findings of PSP in the elderly without clinical PSP: Possible incidental PSP?" Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 17, n.º 5 (junio de 2011): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.017.

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