Literatura académica sobre el tema "Pruning residual"

Network pruning has been widely used to reduce the high computational cost of deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs). The dominant pruning methods, channel pruning, removes filters in layers based on their importance or sparsity training. But these methods often give limited acceleration ratio and encounter difficulties when pruning CNNs with skip connections. Block pruning methods take a sequence of consecutive layers (e.g., Conv-BN-ReLu) as a block and remove entire block each time. However, previous methods usually introduce new parameters to help pruning and lead additional parameters and extra computations. This work proposes a novel multi-granularity pruning approach that combines block pruning with channel pruning (BPCP). The block pruning (BP) module remove blocks by directly searches the redundant blocks with gradient descent and leaves no extra parameters in final models, which is friendly to hardware optimization. The channel pruning (CP) module remove redundant channels based on importance criteria and handles CNNs with skip connections properly, which further improves the overall compression ratio. As a result, for CIFAR10, BPCP reduces the number of parameters and MACs of a ResNet56 model up to 78.9% and 80.3% respectively with <3% accuracy drop. In terms of speed, it gives a 3.17 acceleration ratio. Our code has been made available at https://github.com/Pokemon-Huang/BPCP.

The agricultural sector and its related production chains are good sources of residual biomass. Olive and vineyard pruning residues are present in high quantities in Italy. The limited bulk and energy densities of these biomass materials affect the harvesting and logistic costs, limiting energy and environmental sustainability. Pelletisation is the most efficient process for increasing bulk and energy densities. This study evaluates the pelletisation process of olive and vineyard prunings, pure, or blended with variable quantities of spruce sawdust. A 15 kW pelletisation system was chosen, in line with production at the farm level. The most important quality parameters of the produced agripellets were analyzed. The results of this investigation suggest that blending could valorize other biomass materials less suitable for pelletisation and reach the pellet quality required by Italian technical standards. The addition of pruning residues to spruce sawdust leads to an improvement in durability. Spruce sawdust pellets have a durability value of 78.4%. Adding 20% of olive prunings (S80O20) increases this value to 92.2, while adding 20% vineyard prunings (S80V20) increases this value up to 90.3. The addition of 20% of pruning residues significantly increased the length and decreased fines.

Abstract Anecdotal evidence gathered from pruning crew observations indicates that there may be enhanced branch growth at the new crown base in young pruned coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) trees compared to unpruned trees. This has the potential to reduce the quality and value of the stem above the pruned portion of the bole. An analysis of the size of branches in the remaining crown on pruned trees and matched unpruned trees of the same size at the time of pruning indicates that residual branches do not increase in diameter or length in response to light and moderate pruning. However, with a severe pruning there was a modest increase in branch length. Residual branch size in response to pruning 4 yr after treatment appears to offer no real risk in degrading quality of the unpruned portion of the stem as a cost for increasing the quality of the pruned stem. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):185–188.

An aggregate of 82 American elms in Syracuse New York and Washington D.C. naturally infected with Dutch elm disease were given therapy by pruning infected limbs, injection of benzimizol fungicides, or combinations of these treatments. Pruning alone was applied only when there was a distance of 3 m or more from the last visible streak to the distal cut. Pruning without injection was successful in each of 10 current year infections, but in none of 3 residual infections. Fungicide injection without pruning succeeded in 76% of current year and 33% of residual infections. Fungicide injection plus pruning was successful therapy for 100% of the current year and 71% of the residual infections. Each of five "incurable" trees showed no further symptoms after fungicide was injected directly into infected wood in a large limb or the bole as well as into the root collars. Relatively massive injection of fungicide in trees with root graft-transmitted DED did not succeed.

Network pruning reduces the number of parameters and computational costs of convolutional neural networks while maintaining high performance. Although existing pruning methods have achieved excellent results, they do not consider reconstruction after pruning in order to apply the network to actual devices. This study proposes a reconstruction process for channel-based network pruning. For lossless reconstruction, we focus on three components of the network: the residual block, skip connection, and convolution layer. Union operation and index alignment are applied to the residual block and skip connection, respectively. Furthermore, we reconstruct a compressed convolution layer by considering batch normalization. We apply our method to existing channel-based pruning methods for downstream tasks such as image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation. Experimental results show that compressing a large model has a 1.93% higher accuracy in image classification, 2.2 higher mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) in semantic segmentation, and 0.054 higher mean Average Precision (mAP) in object detection than well-designed small models. Moreover, we demonstrate that our method can reduce the actual latency by 8.15× and 5.29× on Raspberry Pi and Jetson Nano, respectively.

Waste management is a current and transversal problem in all production areas, including agriculture. Within this economic activity, wine production generates a large amount of waste, namely, that resulting from the winemaking activity itself, such as pomace and grape stalks, and waste resulting from the management of the vineyards, with operations such as vine pruning. The management of vine pruning residuals has traditionally been conducted by burning leftovers on-site, without any use for the energy produced. This research analyzed the potential for the valorization of residual biomass resulting from vine pruning by creating a business model based on value chains of local scale. For this analysis, several samples of residues resulting from the “Loureiro” vine variety planted in Ponte de Lima (northern Portugal) were collected and characterized. The objective of the small-scale business model created, in addition, to solving the environmental problems related to the disposal of waste from agricultural activities, a value chain can be established, contributing to increasing the income of the farmers while introducing a circular bioeconomy and sustainable rural development practices.

The production of residual biomass, such as vine pruning, presents environmental problems since its elimination is usually carried out through the uncontrolled burning of the remaining materials and with the emission of greenhouse gases without any counterpart. The use of these residues to produce biochar presents several advantages. In addition to the more common energy recovery, other conversion ways allowing new uses, such as soil amendment and carbon sequestration, can be analyzed as options as well. In the present study, vine pruning biomasses are characterized to evaluate the behavior of the different constituents. Then, the different possible applications are discussed. It is concluded that materials resulting from the pruning of vineyards have excellent characteristics for energy recovery, with an increment of more than 50% in the heating value and almost 60% in the carbon content when carbonized. This recovery procedure contributes to creating new value chains for residual materials to promote sustainable practices in the wine sector.

The global need to transition to renewable and decentralized systems entails agricultural systems as producers of residual biomass. Avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) are one of the main woody crops cultivated in Mexico, with over 150,000 hectares grown in the country. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the use of avocado pruning residues as an energy input, focusing on the revalorization of biomass and the generation of economic benefits for small producers in the region. For that purpose, we developed allometric equations to calculate biomass availability from pruning residues, evaluated their thermochemical properties, and proposed technological alternatives for their energy use. Two allometric equations for pruning residues as a function of tree height and crown diameter were obtained: one for light and minor maintenance pruning (R2 = 0.63) and one for rejuvenation pruning (R2 = 0.86). From these equations, we estimate the mean amount of biomass generated from light and rejuvenation pruning to be 42.7 and 25.1 kg per tree and year, respectively, which amounts to 1324 and 780 kg ha−1 DM (dry matter), with an energy potential of 26.2 and 15.4 GJ ha−1. The thermochemical analysis shows that a higher proportion of leaves generates a higher ash content, which reduces the quality of the residues as a fuel. Avocado pruning residues have high potential for energy use and could be implemented in the industrial and residential sectors, generating a complementary source of income for producers.

Abstract Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) is a fast-growing, deciduous conifer that is often managed for timber production in the inland Northwest. No previous study has documented the response of this species to artificial pruning. Trees pruned as part of a pruning cost study in 1992 were followed for 10 years to assess growth and epicormic sprout response. Trees were pruned to two heights: 2.4 and 5.5 m in three stands in western Montana. Epicormic sprouting occurred in a majority of trees in the first 2 years after pruning, but subsequently many sprouts died so that by year 10, only approximately 30% of trees had sprouts. Volume increment was adversely affected by more severe pruning among smaller trees pruned to the shorter lift. The volume increment of the trees that received the 5.5 m lift was generally unaffected, but trees receiving the 2.4 m lift were more sensitive to pruning. Initial tree diameter and residual crown length were important variables in predicting the 10-year volume increment in pruned trees. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):228–232.

Una gran cantidad de biomasa residual con posible uso energético e industrial puede ser extraida de las operaciones de gestión de los árboles ornamentales de las ciudades. La rentabilidad del aprovechamiento de estos recursos está condicionada por la cantidad de biomasa existente en los ecosistemas urbanos. Esta investigación se ha centrado en la cuantificac ión directa e indirecta de los residuos biomásicos de la poda de árboles urbanos ornamentales. Las especies estudiadas fueron Morus alga, Platanus hispanica, Sophora japonica, Phoenix camariensis dactilifera las cuales son ampliamente utilizadas como vegetación ornamental en los países mediterráneos. Modelos matemáticos para la predicción de la cantidad residual de poda disponible han sido desarrollados para cada especie a partir de parámetros dendrométricos de fácil medición, tales como diámetro del tallo a altura del pecho, diámetro de copa o altura total, resultando coeficientes de determinación entre 0.67 y 0.96. Estas ecuaciones pueden ser utilizadas para los inventarios urbanos y la aplicación de los modelos logísticos. Por otra parte, se han analizado técnicas de escaneado con láser terrestre (TLS) para mejorar las estimaciones de los parámetros dedrométicos de árboles existentes, y relacionarlos también con esta bi0omasa residual obtenida. Para ello se han calculado los volúmenes aparentes de la copa con 4 métodos diferentes: global convex hull para la nube de puntos que forma toda la copa, convex hull por capas de 5 cm de altura en el plano XY, triangulación por secciones planas XY y discretización de la nube de puntos en los pequeños elementos de volumen (voxel). Finalmente, la biomasa residual de cada especie fue clasificada y caracterizada de acuerdo con las normas UNE incluyendo análisis de las dimensiones de los materiales obtenidos, densidad, humedad, poder calorífico, contenido de carbono, nitrógen o y azufre. Modelos para la predicción del poder calorífico superior a partir de la composición el
Sajdak, M. (2012). INDIRECT METHODS FOR RESIDUAL BIOMASS MEASUREMENT COMING FROM PRUNING OPERATIONS OF URBAN FORESTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/17940
Palancia

To prevent the most severe impacts of climate change the European Union has set itself targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities. The mission is to transform Europe into a highly energy-efficient, low carbon economy, by reducing emissions from the main sectors (power generation, industry, transport, buildings and construction, as well as agriculture) in the order of 40% by 2030 and 60% by 2040. Energy production from renewable sources is one of the main pillars in the European ("Europe 2020", the new climate-energy package for 2030 and "Energy Roadmap 2050"), national (the "Strategy National Energy Strategy "(SEN)," National Action Plan for Renewable Energy "(PAN) and" Action Plan for Energy Efficiency "(PAEE)) and regional ("Burden Sharing "energy Plan and the Region of Veneto) climate and energy policy. In rural areas, priority could be given in Italy to energy from sustainable biomass resources due to their concomitant positive effects in terms of sustainable forest and waste-management, with due regard to local/regional environmental conditions and constraints. My scientific research aim at developing an innovative technological solution for small farm business that leads to improve their competitiveness through the reduction of fixed costs associated to waste disposal and energy supply and thorough an additional income resulting from feed-in tariff mechanism. For this reason we create a partnership between the Department of Industrial Engineering (DII) and the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems (DTG) and the company farm "Pronto Giardino snc". The project, called "VERAGRI - Renewable Energy - "Generatore Tristadio a scarti verde per aziende agricole", was funded under Measure 124 (Cooperation for development of new products, processes and technologies in the agriculture, food and forestry - action challenges - EC Reg 1698/2005 - PSR Veneto - DGR 745 of 15/03/2010). The project has concerned the study, the evaluation and the implementation of an innovative prototype of gasification system for energy self- sufficiency and environmental impact reduction of the company farm through the enhancement of green waste resulting from the activities of pruning and mowing. The Phd thesis has been divided into a first part on the European, national and regional framework about promotion of renewable energy sources evaluating the potential related to the exploitation of energy from residual biomass. The second part describes in detail the stages of development and construction of the prototype, highlighting, for each of those, the objectives and the results obtained. Finally, the third part analyzes the cost-effectiveness related to the realization of cogeneration system fueled by residual biomass. The Chapter 2 - "Energy Policy and development scenarios" analyzes the European and National strategy in order to promote resource efficiency and renewable energies. It examines in depth the proposed tools to achieve the expected results for 2020, 2030, and 2050. These targets impact on regional policy as a result of the D.M. March 15, 2012 (called "Burden Sharing") , which divides at the regional level the national target of 17 % of consumption of renewable energy sources on gross final energy consumption. The chapter ends with the description of the methodology used to elaborate the trend scenario, energy efficiency scenario and renewable energy scenario. These scenarios were developed for Veneto Region for the purposes of the Regional Energy Plan; a tool to plan energy policy and identify the actions to achieve the goals set in the Burden Sharing. The Chapter 3 - "Energy potential of residual biomass" analyzes the biomass energy potential at regional and provincial level, focusing on residual ligneous biomass coming from forestry, agriculture and urban waste. For each sector was estimated provincial and regional availability of residual biomass and quantified the potential energy resulting from their exploitation both in terms of primary energy produced and in terms of percentage of gross final consumption covered. The Chapter 4 - "The project VERAGRI - Development of a prototype of gasifier fueled by residual biomass" deals in detail the stages of the development of the micro-CHP prototype. The project activities have concerned the analysis of the physical-chemical properties of biomass samples resulting from the activities of pruning, the choice of the process of energy conversion and the design and construction of the gasification reactor and of the auxiliary systems (the filtration system, the pre-treatment system, the electricity and thermal energy generator, the cooling system and the management system). For each element of the system have been highlighted the problems and technical solutions envisaged. In the final part of the chapter is presented the economic scheme of the project VERAGRI and an analysis of the legislation regarding the future commercialization. Finally, Chapter 5 "Economic Analysis and Renewable Incentives" analyzes in detail the financial aspects relating to investments incurred for the installation of the prototype. Once verified compliance with the requirements for access to the incentive system provided by D.M. July 6, 2012, it analyzed the payback time, the cash flows and the Net Present Value (NPV) for the micro-CHP system, comparing them with products currently available on the market. The economic analysis has also allowed to highlight some of the factors essential for a profitable investment.
Le strategie di mitigazione ed adattamento al cambiamento climatico adottate dall'Unione Europea mirano alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra in atmosfera causate dall'attività antropica ed in particolare dalla produzione e dall'impiego di energia. L'obiettivo europeo è quello di trasformare l'economia europea in un'economia competitiva capace di gestire in modo sostenibile ed efficiente le risorse naturali. L'aumento di produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili è uno dei pilastri su cui si fonda la strategia europea ("Europa 2020", il nuovo pacchetto clima-energia per il 2030 e "Energy Roadmap 2050"), la strategia nazionale ("Strategia Energetica Nazionale" (SEN), "Piano di Azione Nazionale per le Energie Rinnovabili" (PAN) e "Piano di Azione per l'Efficienza Energetica" (PAEE)) e quella regionale ("Burden Sharing" e Piano Energetico della Regione del Veneto). In particolare, nelle zone rurali italiane colpite dall'attuale crisi del settore primario, la priorità dovrebbe essere data all'energia sostenibile da biomasse nella misura in cui associa effetti positivi in termini di gestione forestale e dei rifiuti e/o sottoprodotti, nel dovuto rispetto delle condizioni ambientali locali e dei relativi vincoli. L'oggetto della ricerca scientifica del dottorato è stato lo sviluppo di una soluzione tecnologica innovativa adatta al contesto della piccola azienda agricola, con l'obiettivo di migliorare la competitività aziendale sia attraverso la riduzione dei costi fissi legati allo smaltimento degli scarti agricoli e all'approvvigionamento energetico (energia elettrica e combustibili fossili) sia attraverso la generazione di un reddito aggiuntivo grazie al sistema di incentivazione nazionale per la produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili. Con questa finalità è stato progettato e realizzato un prototipo di sistema di gassificazione (finanziato dalla Regione Veneto - finanziato nell'ambito della misura 124 - Cooperazione per lo sviluppo di nuovi prodotti, processi e tecnologie nel settore agricolo, alimentare e forestale - azione nuove sfide) che ha visto la collaborazione del Dipartimento di Fisica Tecnica (ora Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale - DII), del Dipartimento di Tecnica e Gestione dei Sistemi Industriali (DTG) e dell'azienda florovivaistica "Pronto Giardino snc". Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in una prima parte di inquadramento generale delle politiche europee, nazionali e regionali in tema di promozione delle fonti rinnovabili analizzando, in particolare, il potenziale connesso alla valorizzazione energetica delle biomasse residuali. La seconda parte, invece, descrive in dettaglio le fasi di progettazione e costruzione del prototipo, presentando per ciascuna di esse gli obiettivi ed i risultati ottenuti. Infine la terza parte analizza la convenienza economica connessa alla realizzazione dell'impianto a biomassa residuale. In particolare, il capitolo 2 - "Politiche energetiche e scenari di sviluppo" descrive la strategia e la politica europea e nazionale in tema di uso efficiente delle risorse e sviluppo delle fonti rinnovabili. Analizza quali sono gli strumenti a disposizione delle amministrazioni per conseguire i risultati attesi per il 2020, 2030 e 2050. Obiettivi che si ripercuotono sulla politica regionale a seguito del D.M. 15 marzo 2012 ("Burden Sharing"), il quale ripartisce a livello regionale l'obiettivo nazionale del 17% di consumo di fonti rinnovabili sui consumi finali lordi. Nella parte conclusiva del è descritta la metodologia usata per creare gli scenari tendenziali, di efficienza energetica e di sviluppo delle fonti rinnovabili elaborati per conto dell'Unità di Progetto Energia della Regione del Veneto ai fini della redazione del Piano Energetico Regionale, strumento di pianificazione ed indirizzo in materia energetica che individua le azioni per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi posti nel Burden Sharing. Il capitolo 3 - "Valorizzazione energetica della biomassa residuale" analizza il potenziale di valorizzazione energetica delle biomasse a livello regionale e provinciale, focalizzando l'attenzione sulle biomasse residuali di natura ligno-cellulosica originate nel settore forestale, agricolo ed urbano. Per ciascun settore è stata calcolata la disponibilità regionale e provinciale di biomassa residuale e quantificato il potenziale derivante dalla loro valorizzazione energetica sia in termini di energia primaria prodotta che di quota di consumi finali lordi coperti. Il capitolo 4 - "Il progetto VERAGRI - Sviluppo di un prototipo di gassificatore alimentato a biomassa residuale" descrive in dettaglio le fasi di realizzazione del prototipo di micro-cogeneratore. Le attività previste hanno riguardato l'analisi delle proprietà chimico-fisiche dei campioni di biomassa raccolti nell'azienda agricola, la scelta del processo di valorizzazione energetica, il dimensionamento e la costruzione del reattore di gassificazione, del sistema di filtraggio, del sistema di pre-trattamento della biomassa residuale, del sistema di produzione di energia termica ed elettrica, del sistema di raffreddamento e del sistema di gestione. Per ogni elemento del sistema sono state evidenziate le problematiche e le soluzioni tecniche adottate. Nella parte finale del capitolo è presentato il quadro economico complessivo relativo al progetto VERAGRI e un'analisi della normativa in vista della futura commercializzazione. Il capitolo 5 - "Analisi economica e strumenti di incentivazione" valuta in dettaglio l'aspetto finanziario connesso all'investimento sostenuto per l'installazione del prototipo. Verificata la rispondenza ai requisiti per l'accesso al sistema di incentivazione previsto dal D.M. 6 luglio 2012, sono analizzati i tempi di ritorno, i flussi di cassa attualizzati, il Valore Attuale Netto (VAN) riferiti al micro-cogeneratore, confrontandoli con i prodotti attualmente disponibili in commercio. L'analisi economica ha inoltre permesso di evidenziare quali siano i fattori essenziali per un investimento redditizio.

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti
Banca: Jairo Augusto Campos de Araújo
Banca: Emerson Fachini
Resumo: A necessidade de se estudar a utilização do resíduo de podas de árvores é de grande importância ambiental para solucionar os problemas de resíduos sólidos gerados nas áreas urbanas junto com os resíduos de lixos domésticos. O estudo deste material foi avaliado com base no desenvolvimento de mudas de ipê-amarelo [Tabebuia Chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) standl.] cultivados em diferentes substratos e com 2 tipos de água para irrigação. O experimento foi instalada no setor de plasticultura do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. Foram realizados 2 experimentos, avaliados conjuntamente com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, de 8 substratos, 2 qualidades de águas e 4 repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas. Cada parcela foi composta por 30 plantas (5 linhas de 6 plantas), sendo consideradas como úteis, as 3 linhas de 4 plantas centrais da parcela. Para estudar o desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo, foram avaliadas a altura da parte aérea das plantas (H), diâmetro do colmo (D), matéria seca (MS) e composição química. As características de desenvolvimentos foram avaliadas aos 21, 42, 63 e 84 dias após a emergência das plantas. Da análise dos resultados concluiu-se que os substratos estudados promoveram diferenças significativas para altura média das plantas, diâmetro médio de colmo, acúmulo de matéria seca e teores de nutriente nas folhas em todos os períodos de avaliação. Houve interação positiva entre substrato e água de irrigação, para altura média das plantas e diâmetro médio de colmo aos 42, 63 e 84 dias após emergência e em todos nutrientes foliar. Os substratos 3 (5% composto lixo + 95% composto de poda, 4 (10% composto de lixo +90% composto de poda) e 5 (20% de composto de lixo + 80% composto de poda) e a água residuária apresentaram os melhores resultados no desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo.
Abstract: The need to study the use of waste pruning of trees is of great importance to solve the environmental problems of solid waste in the urban areas along with the waste of household waste. The study of these materials was evaluated with the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe [Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Sandl.] in mixtures of different substrates and types of water for irrigation. The experiment was installed at the Department of Rural Engineering of de São Paulo University State, Campus of Jaboticabal. Two experiments were conducted, evaluated together with experimental design in randomized blocks of 8 substrates, 2 qualities of water and 4 repetitions, totaling 64 parcels. Each parcel was composed of 30 plants (5 rows of 6 plants) and is regarded as useful, the 3 lines of 4 plants of the central plot. Eight substrates were tested, resulting from the combination of commercial substrate, composed of household waste and composed of pruning of trees with 2 types of irrigation water (clean water and residuary) and 4 repetitions. To observe the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe, were evaluated the height of the shoots of plants, diameter of the stem, dry material and leaf analysis. The characteristics were evaluated at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days after the emergency. The analysis of results allowed to conclude that the substrates studied promoted significant differences in average height of the plants, stem diameter, dry material and leaf analysis in all periods of assessment. The interaction between substrate and water for irrigation were to average height and diameter of the plant stem at 42, 63 and 84 days after emergency and in all of leaf analysis nutrients. The substrates 3, 4 and 5 with residuary water showed the best results in the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe.
Mestre

A partir do consenso já existente, de que o desenvolvimento urbano é responsável, em parte, pelo desequilíbrio ambiental predominante nas cidades mais populosas, nas quais a administração dos resíduos gerados torna-se um grande desafio, este estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de desenvolver um modelo de gerenciamento para os resíduos de poda de árvores de espaços públicos, visando a utilização do material podado, considerado de boa qualidade, o que minimizaria a disposição de resíduos em aterros sanitários. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo diferenciado do ponto de vista de legal, gerencial, tecnológico e econômico, que pudesse servir de base à pesquisa e gerar estratégias para beneficiar o meio ambiente. A Unidade de Conservação, que pertence à Fundação Parques e Jardins da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, localizada na Taquara, foi analisada no Estudo de Caso. As espécies arbóreas que produzem maior volume de poda nessa seção foram selecionadas de modo que fosse possível o seu aproveitamento econômico-ecológico. Concluiu-se que há uma inviabilidade para segregação dos resíduos de poda por parte da Fundação Parques e Jardins e que os mesmos poderiam ser transferidos diretamente para o aterro receptor, em fase de encerramento de atividades, sem custos excedentes. Foi feita uma apreciação especial do Centro de Tratamento de Resíduos Sólidos de Gericinó, por ser grande receptor dos resíduos produzidos nas operações de manejo da área em evidência. Foi elaborada a proposta de criação de uma Usina Verde nas áreas já desativadas do aterro, como forma complementar ao processo de revitalização da área aterrada após o término de suas atividades. Esta ação contemplaria a região com um bosque, onde seriam absorvidos todos os produtos dos resíduos de poda. Haveria, também, a probabilidade de utilização operacional dos catadores nas etapas de obtenção de compostos orgânicos, cobertura morta e equipamentos paisagísticos entre outros.
Its agreeded that the urban development is responsable for the enviromental disequilibrium that predominates in the most populous cities, where the administration of residues becomes a great challenge. This study was made in order to develop a model of urban residues pruning trees management in public places, intending to use of the pruned material which is considered in good conditions. It would also minimize the residues deposit in sanitary landfills. For this, a differentiated model was developed through legal, managemental, tecnological, and economical point of view, which could serve as a reserch base and benefit the enviroment. The Conservation Unit which belongs to the Rio De Janeiro City hall Parks and Gardens Foundation, that is located in Taquara, was analized in the case study. The tree species that produce greater volume of pruning had been selected in this section so that that it was possible the economic and ecological exploitation. It was concluded that it is unviable for the Gardens Foundation to segregate the pruning residues it self, and that, the residues could be transferred directly to its final destination, in closing of activities phase, without extra cost. A special appreciation of the Solid Waste Treatment Center located in Gericinó was done, because of the fact that it is a great receiver for residues produced in the area in evidence handling operations. It was elaborated a proposal of creation of a Green Work in the landfill disactivated areas, as a complementary form to the area filled with earth revitalizating process, after the activity end. This action would comtemplate the regions with a urban forest, where all the pruning residues products would be absorbed. Theres also a operational use probability for the landfill workers in the organic composite attainment stages, death covering and landscaping equipament, among others.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A necessidade de se estudar a utilização do resíduo de podas de árvores é de grande importância ambiental para solucionar os problemas de resíduos sólidos gerados nas áreas urbanas junto com os resíduos de lixos domésticos. O estudo deste material foi avaliado com base no desenvolvimento de mudas de ipê-amarelo [Tabebuia Chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) standl.] cultivados em diferentes substratos e com 2 tipos de água para irrigação. O experimento foi instalada no setor de plasticultura do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias – UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. Foram realizados 2 experimentos, avaliados conjuntamente com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, de 8 substratos, 2 qualidades de águas e 4 repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas. Cada parcela foi composta por 30 plantas (5 linhas de 6 plantas), sendo consideradas como úteis, as 3 linhas de 4 plantas centrais da parcela. Para estudar o desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo, foram avaliadas a altura da parte aérea das plantas (H), diâmetro do colmo (D), matéria seca (MS) e composição química. As características de desenvolvimentos foram avaliadas aos 21, 42, 63 e 84 dias após a emergência das plantas. Da análise dos resultados concluiu-se que os substratos estudados promoveram diferenças significativas para altura média das plantas, diâmetro médio de colmo, acúmulo de matéria seca e teores de nutriente nas folhas em todos os períodos de avaliação. Houve interação positiva entre substrato e água de irrigação, para altura média das plantas e diâmetro médio de colmo aos 42, 63 e 84 dias após emergência e em todos nutrientes foliar. Os substratos 3 (5% composto lixo + 95% composto de poda, 4 (10% composto de lixo +90% composto de poda) e 5 (20% de composto de lixo + 80% composto de poda) e a água residuária apresentaram os melhores resultados no desenvolvimento das mudas de ipê amarelo.
The need to study the use of waste pruning of trees is of great importance to solve the environmental problems of solid waste in the urban areas along with the waste of household waste. The study of these materials was evaluated with the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe [Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Sandl.] in mixtures of different substrates and types of water for irrigation. The experiment was installed at the Department of Rural Engineering of de São Paulo University State, Campus of Jaboticabal. Two experiments were conducted, evaluated together with experimental design in randomized blocks of 8 substrates, 2 qualities of water and 4 repetitions, totaling 64 parcels. Each parcel was composed of 30 plants (5 rows of 6 plants) and is regarded as useful, the 3 lines of 4 plants of the central plot. Eight substrates were tested, resulting from the combination of commercial substrate, composed of household waste and composed of pruning of trees with 2 types of irrigation water (clean water and residuary) and 4 repetitions. To observe the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe, were evaluated the height of the shoots of plants, diameter of the stem, dry material and leaf analysis. The characteristics were evaluated at 21, 42, 63 and 84 days after the emergency. The analysis of results allowed to conclude that the substrates studied promoted significant differences in average height of the plants, stem diameter, dry material and leaf analysis in all periods of assessment. The interaction between substrate and water for irrigation were to average height and diameter of the plant stem at 42, 63 and 84 days after emergency and in all of leaf analysis nutrients. The substrates 3, 4 and 5 with residuary water showed the best results in the development of seedlings of yellow-ipe.

A falta de modelos eficientes para a gestão dos resíduos da arborização urbana tem contribuído para agravar os problemas ambientais, sociais e econômicos resultantes da disposição inadequada desses materiais. Por suas características, esses materiais apresentam potencial para serem aproveitados em pequenos objetos de madeira (POM), composto orgânico, lenha, carvão vegetal, entre outros. Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar, caracterizar e elaborar um modelo de gestão para os resíduos da arborização urbana, utilizando como estudo de caso a cidade de Piracicaba - SP. Para quantificação realizou-se o acompanhamento da poda de 10 espécies de maior freqüência na arborização: espirradeira (Nerium oleander L); ficus-benjamim (Ficus benjamina L); ipê (Tabebuia sp).; canelinha (Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez); oiti (Licania tomentosa Benth.); chapéu de sol (Terminalia catappa L).; quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.); resedá (Lagerstroemia indica); falsochorão (Schinus molle L).; sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), com medições de CAP, área de copa, altura, intensidade de poda, motivo da poda e foram pesados os resíduos conforme a classe diamétrica (0 a 8 cm; 8,1 a 15 cm; 15,1 a 25 cm e acima de 25 cm). Foram testados modelos empíricos para predição de biomassa de resíduos - Spurr, Log Spurr e Schumacher-Hall. As características básicas dos resíduos foram determinadas de acordo com as normas: ABNT NBR 14660:2004 (teor de umidade), ABNT NBR 11941:2003 (densidade básica) e ABNT NBR 14984:2003 (densidade aparente) e sistema CIELAB 1976 (cor). Para desenvolvimento de POM utilizou-se métodos básicos de design: análise de requisitos e similares; elaboração de croquis e projetos; execução de protótipos. Foram realizados ensaios de carbonização e análise imediata do carvão (ABNT NBR 8112:1986). A compostagem foi realizada de acordo com Pereira Neto (1996) e análises da composição química e da qualidade do composto. A elaboração do modelo de gestão foi baseada em princípios de produção mais limpa e de gestão integrada. Os resultados demonstram que a cidade gera cerca de 180 toneladas de resíduos da arborização urbana por mês, sendo 69% composto por ramos e galhos finos de até 8 cm de diâmetro. O modelo que apresentou melhor ajuste para estimativa de resíduos foi o de Log Spurr e Schumacher-Hall. A diversidade de desenhos e cores, com predominância das amareladas; a disponibilidade de espécies com alta, média e baixa densidade, permitem o aproveitamento em POM. Ipê, canelinha, chapéu-de-sol e sibipiruna são mais apropriadas para a produção de carvão, por apresentarem um teor de cinzas menor que 5%, carbono fixo 70-80%, material volátil 25-35% e umidade inferior a 5%. Quanto a compostagem, os resíduos apresentam elevada relação C/N(41/1) e recomenda-se o uso fontes ricas em nitrogênio acelerar o processo de compostagem. Com relação ao modelo de gestão para os resíduos de poda considera-se que um plano adequado deve prever soluções nas três linhas de ação: redução da geração, valorização e disposição, organizadas na forma de programas com uma ou mais atividades integradas. É premente a necessidade da criação de políticas ambientais que norteiem o sistema de arborização e gerenciamento dos resíduos, que podem estar interligados ao conceito de floresta urbana de produção.
The lack of efficient models for the waste management of urban arborization has contributed to aggravate the environmental, social and economic problems generated by the inadequate disposal of these materials. Because of its characteristics these materials present a great potential to make the most of in furnishing, handcraft products, composting, firewood, vegetal coal among other uses. This study aimed at diagnosing these residues and at elaborating a management model, using as a case study the city of Piracicaba/SP. For the quantification of the different types of residues the research was conducted and consisted in the accompaniment of the pruning of 10 species of higher frequency in the arborization: espirradeira (Nerium oleander L); ficus-benjamim (Ficus benjamina L); ipê (Tabebuia sp).; canelinha (Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez); oiti (Licania tomentosa Benth.); chapéu de sol (Terminalia catappa L).; quaresmeira (Tibouchina granulosa Cogn.); resedá (Lagerstroemia indica); falsochorão (Schinus molle L).; sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), with measurements of the circumference at breast height (CBH), treetop area, height, intensity of pruning, reason of the pruning and besides that the wastes were weighted according to the diameter class (0 to 8 cm; 8,1 to 15 cm; 15,1 to 25 cm and above 25 cm). Empirical models for biomass prediction used had also been tested such as Spurr, Log Spurr and Schumacher-Hall. The basic characteristics of the residues had been determined according to the norms: ABNT NBR 14660:2004 (humidity grade), ABNT NBR 11941:2003 (basic density) and ABNT 14984:2003 (apparent density) and system CIELAB 1976 (color). For the development of small wooden objects basic methods of design had been used: analysis of requirements and similars; elaboration of croquises and projects; prototyping execution. Assays of carbonization and immediate analysis of the coal (ABNT NBR 8112:1986) have been conducted. Composting was carried through in accordance with methods recommended by Pereira Neto (1996) and the chemical composition and organic compost quality were analysed. The elaboration of the management model was based on principles of cleaner production and solid waste integrated management. The results show that the city of Piracicaba generates around 180 tons of residues of the arborization per month, where 69% composed by branches and twigs up to 8 cm of diameter. The model that presented the best adjustment for the generation estimate was the Spurr and Schumacher-Halls. The diversity of designs and colors, with predominance of yellowish tones; the availability of species with high, medium and low density, allow the exploitation in small wooden objects. Ipê, canelinha, chapéu de sol and sibipiruna are more appropriate for the production of coal, by presenting a grade of ashes smaller than 5%, 70-80% of fixed carbon, 25-35% of volatile material and humidity smaller than 5%. Concerning the composting, the residues of the arborization present a high relation C/N (41/1) and its recommended the use of residues of other sources of nitrogen to speed up the composting process. As regards the model of management it is considered that an adequate plan must foresee solutions in three lines of action: reduction of the generation, valuation and disposal, organized in programs with one or more integrated activities. Theres urgency in the creation ofenvironmental politicies to guide the arborization system and waste management, which could be linked to the concept of urban forest of production.

The enzymatic browning and melanogenesis are associated respectively with the most of qualitative and economical losses during post-harvest processing in agro-food industry and human skin disorders in cosmetic field. The main responsible is tyrosinase or polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1), a copper-containing oxidoreductase that catalyses two different enzymatic reactions involving polyphenolic substrates and oxygen and producing dark pigments. Recently, the research of new eco-friendly systems for controlling PPO activity is focused on innovative non-thermal technologies and bioactive compounds to replace the conventional thermal treatments and traditional additives. All of these have critical points related not only to organoleptic and nutritional qualities of agro-food products and stability in cosmetic formulations but also to human health after topical, oral or parenteral exposure. In this regards, the goal of this study is to evaluate, by in vitro and in vivo assays, the anti-browning performances of a UV-A LED technology (first contribution) and two natural extracts obtained from agro-food by-products such as citrus hydrosols (CIHs; second contribution) and agricultural wastes like vineyard pruning residues (VPRs; third contribution). In the first contribution, after fixing the optimal operational conditions of a UV LED illuminator prototype (2.43·10-3 Wm-2 irradiance) in accordance with number of LED diodes, voltage, and distance from sample, the UV-A light (390 nm) treatment at 25 °C over increasing time periods up to 60 min was applied on fresh-cut apples (Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, and Fuji) and pears (Abate Fétel and Decana). The total colour change (ΔE) and its percent reduction (%RΔE) were measured using a colorimeter and the greatest performances were observed in apples with higher %RΔE values than pears (58.3% vs. 25.5% on average after 60 min exposure, respectively). Moreover electrophoretic and zymographic techniques on the commercial mushroom tyrosinase (TYR) and PPO extracted from irradiated Golden Delicious apple slices confirmed the inhibitory effects of UV-A light on PPO activity. The anti-browning effectiveness of UV-A LED technology was related to irradiance, exposure time, and fruit type and cultivar. In the second contribution, three kinds of hydrosols, which have been obtained by subjecting citron, lemon, and orange peels to steam distillation (CH, LH, and, OH respectively), were spectrophotometrically assessed for anti-TYR activity in the presence of (+)–epicatechin and L-DOPA as the model phenolic substrates of plant enzymatic browning and human skin melanogenesis, respectively. All of the CIHs showed a mixed-type inhibition at varying levels in the 21.8–68.9 % range, depending on substrate type and concentration. The gas chromatography analysis (GC) of their terpene contents indicated that some known TYR inhibitors including myrcene, sabinene, geraniol and citral were present in CIHs. The third contribution investigate the anti-browning and antioxidant potentials of some grape juices obtained by cold-pressing the berries collected from the VPRs of Barbera (B) and Merlot (M) cultivars during 2013 (1) and 2014 (2) seasons. Among the VPRs, Merlot wastes spectrophotometrically exhibited a greater uncompetitive inhibition towards TYR activity than those of Barbera (68.2% and 67.8% for M1 and M2, respectively; 56.3% and 58.8% for B1 and B2, respectively), in the presence of catechol substrate, as confirmed also by gel diffusion assay. The zymographic techniques on the isoforms isolated from TYR and some plant PPOs (Fuji and Golden Delicious apples; Abate Fétel pears; Bintje potatoes) as well as in vivo trials on several fresh-cut fruits (Fuji, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith apples; Abate and Decana pears) vegetables (Bintje potatoes; eggplants), and dried apple slices (Golden Delicious) demonstrated that the inhibitory performances were related mainly to enzyme source. In this regards, this chemical treatment with VPRs was not effective on pear PPO. However, the VPRs showed not only anti-browning but also whitening and antioxidant capacities that were associated mainly with their high organic acids and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) contents detected by HPLC analysis. Overall this research confirms that the inhibitory effectiveness is a function of PPO source and inhibitor type and dose. The UV-A LED technology, CIHs, and VPRs are eco-friendly, safe, and inexpensive systems for effectively inhibiting PPO activity, thus preserving the enzymatic browning in agro-food and cosmetic industries. Moreover, these natural extracts, whose anti-browning performances depends mainly on their bioactive compounds contents, suggest a possible recycling use with high value added of these agro-food by-products.
L’imbrunimento enzimatico dei prodotti agro-alimentari in post-raccolta e le problematiche associate alla melanogenesi nel settore cosmetico comportano consistenti perdite qualitative ed economiche. Il principale responsabile di entrambi questi fenomeni è la tirosinasi o polifenol ossidasi (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1), una ossido riduttasi contenente un ione rame all’interno del sito attivo, che catalizza due differenti reazioni enzimatiche di ossidazione di substrati polifenolici e quindi rende possibile la successiva formazione di composti scuri. Negli ultimi anni, lo studio di nuovi sistemi ecocompatibili per il controllo dell’attività enzimatica si è focalizzato sulle tecnologie non-termiche e sugli inibitori di origine naturale da proporre in alternativa ai convenzionali trattamenti termici ed ai tradizionali additivi chimici. Un impulso alla ricerca in questa direzione è stato dato dalla dimostrazione del loro impatto negativo non solo sulla qualità organolettica e nutrizionale dei prodotti agro-alimentari e sulla stabilità delle formulazioni cosmetiche, ma anche sulla sicurezza in seguito ad ingestione o contatto. Partendo da questi presupposti il progetto di ricerca alla base di questa tesi di dottorato vuole valutare, attraverso saggi in vitro e in vivo, l’efficacia anti-imbrunimento di tre possibili sistemi alternativi: una tecnologia UV-A basata su fonte di luce a LED (primo contributo) e due estratti naturali ottenuti da sottoprodotti agro-industriali, gli idrosol degli agrumi (CHIs; secondo contributo) e gli scarti di potatura del vigneto (VPRs; terzo contributo). Nel primo contributo, il trattamento basato su luce UV-A, alla lunghezza d’onda di 390 nm, è stato applicato, a temperature ambiente, in intervalli fino un’ora complessiva, su fette di mela (Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji) e pera (Abate Fétel, Decana), utilizzando un prototipo di illuminatore a LED, dove alcuni parametrici fisici, quali numero di diodi, voltaggio e distanza dal campione, sono stati impostati in modo tale da garantire il massimo irraggiamento (2.43·10-3 Wm-2). La variazione totale di colore (ΔE) e la sua riduzione percentuale (%RΔE) sono state misurate utilizzando un colorimetro; le mele trattate mostravano una maggiore percentuale di riduzione del colore rispetto alle pere (rispettivamente 58.3% e 25.5% in media, dopo un irraggiamento di 60 minuti). Le ottime potenzialità inibitorie del trattamento con luce UV-A nei confronti dell’attività PPO sono state confermate anche dalle prove elettroforetiche e zimografiche eseguite su una tirosinasi commerciale di origine fungina (TYR) e sulla PPO estratta dalle fette di mela Golden Delicious dopo l’irraggiamento. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, l’efficacia anti-imbrunimento di questa tecnologia non termica, basata su luce UV-A con fonte a LED dipende non solo da tempo e intensità di irraggiamento, ma anche da tipo e cultivar di frutti utilizzati. Nel secondo contributo, l’inibizione tirosinasica da parte di tre diversi tipi d’idrosol, co-prodotti durante distillazione in corrente di vapore delle bucce di cedro, arancia e limone (CH, LH, OH, rispettivamente), è stata determinata spettrofotometricamente, utilizzando (+)–epicatechina e L-DOPA come substrati fenolici rappresentanti, rispettivamente, l’imbrunimento enzimatico delle piante e la melanogenesi della pelle. Tutti gli idrosol di agrumi testati mostravano un’inibizione enzimatica di tipo misto (tra 21.8 e 68.9 %), in base al tipo e alla concentrazione di substrato fenolico utilizzato. L’analisi gas cromatografica (GC) degli idrosol di agrumi ha permesso di individuare tra i terpeni alcuni noti inibitori dell’enzima TYR, quali mircene, sabinene, geraniolo e citrale. Il terzo contributo esamina le potenzialità anti-imbrunimento e antiossidante di alcuni centrifugati di bacche d’uva provenienti dagli scarti di potatura del vigneto di due diverse cultivar, Barbera (B) e Merlot (M), durante le stagioni di vendemmia dell’anno 2013 (1) e 2014 (2). Tra gli scarti di diradamento, quelli di Merlot inibivano maggiormente l’attività dell’enzima commerciale TYR, quantificata allo spettrofotometro in presenza del substrato catecolo, rispetto a quelli di Barbera (68.2% e 67.8% per M1 e M2, rispettivamente; 56.3% and 58.8% per B1 e B2, rispettivamente) mostrando un’inibizione di tipo acompetitiva; i risultati spettrofotometrici sono stati confermati anche dai test su piastra. Le tecniche zimografiche applicate sulle isoforme enzimatiche isolate da TYR e da alcune PPO vegetali (mele Fuji e Golden Delicious; pere Abate Féte; patate Bintje) così come le prove in vivo, condotte su diverse fette di frutta (mele Fuji, Golden Delicious e Granny Smith; pere Abate e Decana) verdura (patate Bintje; melanzane) e su fette essiccate di mela Golden Delicious, hanno dimostrato che il grado d’inibizione dipende principalmente dall’origine dell’enzima. Infatti, questo trattamento chimico non si è rivelato efficace nei confronti della PPO di pera. Tuttavia, lo studio effettuato sugli scarti di potatura di vigneto ha messo in luce le loro potenzialità non solo come agenti anti-imbrunimento, ma anche come sbiancanti e antiossidanti; le loro molteplici proprietà possono essere correlate al loro alto contenuto in acidi organici ed epigallocatechin gallato (EGCG). Nel complesso, questa ricerca dimostra come l’efficacia inibitoria sia legata principalmente non solo all’origine della PPO, ma anche alla dose e al tipo di inibitore applicato. La tecnologia UV-A con fonte a LED, gli idrosol di agrumi e gli scarti di potatura del vigneto rappresentano sistemi sicuri, economici ed a basso impatto ambientale per controllare l’imbrunimento enzimatico nel settore agro-alimentare e cosmetico. Inoltre, questi estratti naturali, ricchi in composti bioattivi con forti proprietà inibitorie, suggeriscono un possibile impiego alternativo che potrebbe conferire un interessante valore aggiunto a questi sottoprodotti della filiera agro-industriale.

A small scale innovative gasifier plant has been installed and operated at University of Florence facilities during a joint collaboration project with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The plant comprises of innovative features, most important of those is the reactor capability to generate high quality gas in comparison to other fixed bed downdraft design. Different test run have being practiced feeding the system with different kind of biomass, including compacted agricultural residues, in order to evaluate the technical feasibility and the system performance on low intrinsic value feedstock.

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Química e Biológica
O continente europeu é considerado o maior produtor mundial de vinho e apresenta uma grande biodiversidade de castas e alto potencial de mercado. No entanto, ao longo dos diferentes estágios do processo de produção de vinho, muitos resíduos são gerados (resíduo de poda de videira-VPR, engaço e bagaço) e geralmente não são utilizados, sendo descartados. Portugal gera anualmente cerca de 178 mil toneladas de resíduos. O interesse em redirecionar o uso desses materiais lignocelulósicos tem aumentado devido à superprodução, grande disponibilidade e baixo custo. A utilização da biomassa lignocelulósica derivada da indústria vinícola poderá beneficiar economicamente os produtores, causando impacto benéfico ao meio ambiente. Esses subprodutos podem ser submetidos a pré-tratamentos (físicos, químicos e biológicos), para fracionamento e conversão a diferentes compostos com alto interesse industrial, reduzindo o desperdício do agronegócio e aumentando o lucro industrial. Os VPR, além de fonte de açúcar, possuiem alto valor nutritivo, servem como fonte compostos fenólicos, capazes de ser fracionados e aproveitados na bioconversão e na obtenção de produtos com alto valor agregado por fermentação seguindo um conceito de biorrefinarias. Poucos trabalhos foram feitos em relação a este conceito direcionado às podas de videira, portanto, diferentes fatores ainda precisam ser estudados e otimizados. A necessidade de desenvolver um pré-tratamento adequado para o fracionamento de VPR foi recentemente identificada, com o objetivo de aumentar a suscetibilidade durante a sacarificação enzimática ou reduzir a produção de inibidores para o processo de fermentação. Neste contexto, este projeto otimizou o fracionamento de VPR através de pré-tratamentos hidrotérmicos que é um tratamento suave e consiste no uso de água e altas temperaturas para fracionamento de biomassa lignocelulósica e para a produção de diferentes produtos com interesse industrial seguindo o conceito de biorrefinaria. Portanto, neste trabalho foi aplicada a auto-hidrólise em dois estágios sequenciais (severidade de 4,60) para melhorar a suscetibilidade do material liginocelulósico à hidrólise enzimática, onde se obtiveram 99 % de conversão de glicose, atingindo 96 % de bioetanol após 48 h de sacarificação e 8h de fermentação separada e 83 % em sacarificação e fermentação simultânea, recuperando 13,1kg de etanol/ 100 kg de VPR nas melhores condições. Através dos pré-tratamentos de auto-hidrólise foi possível obter 13,6 kg/100 kg de VPR de xiloligossacarídeos, 3,1 kg/100 kg de compostos fenólicos, 13,1kg/100 kg de etanol e 27,0 kg/100 kg de lignina em quatro correntes separadas. Além disso, nesta tese estudou-se o potencial bioativo das podas de videira, otimizando a extração de compostos fenólicos através de soluções hidroalcoólicas em diferentes métodos (aquecimento convencional-CHE, micro-ondas assistido - MAE e aquecimento ómico-OH em duas intensidades distintas- campo elétrico baixo - LEF e campo elétrico intermédio - IEF). Bem como, a caracterização dos extratos obtidos In nitro, capacidade antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana e efeito antiproliferativo em linhas celulares cancerígenas. No tratamento CHE foi possível observar que as melhores condições de extração foram 46 % de etanol/água, 80 °C durante 120 minutos. Entretanto, o tratamento MAE mostrou ser mais eficiente, devido à redução do tempo de extração comparando com o CHE. Os extratos obtidos através da extração MAE apresentaram também melhores resultados em comparação com a autohidrólise, embora este tratamento mostre maiores concentrações de compostos fenólicos totais. Quanto aos tratamentos por OH, foi possível observar maiores concentrações de apigenina, acido elágico e quercetina comparando com os outros tratamentos, além de identificar a presença da hisperedina que não foi identificada nos extratos obtidos pelos tratamentos por auto-hidrólise, CHE e MAE. Devido ao seu potencial bioativo, os extratos obtidos por OH foram testados, avaliando a capacidade de inibir o crescimento microbiano em fungos e a citotoxicidade dos extratos em células tumorais humanas de mama, hepatocelular e colo retal, bem como em células não-carcinogénicas de cólon retal mostrando resultados positivos quanto às duas atividades estudadas. Estes resutados mostraram que VPR apresenta grande potencial de valorização, e que através de pretratamentos, se pode direcionar as diferentes frações extraídas, para produção de diferentes produtos que abrangem diversos setores industriais. Desta forma, a valorização deste resíduo pode contribuir para alcançar modelos econômicos mais sustentáveis e circulares, dando origem a modelos de produção altamente competitivos que impactariam positivamente o cenário econômico.
The European continent is considered the world's largest producer of wine and features a large biodiversity of grape varieties and high market potential. However, throughout different stages of wine production process many wastes are generated (Vine Pruning residue, Stalks and Grape Marc) and usually are not used, being discarded. Portugal annually generates approximately 178 thousand tons of waste. In this context, the interest in redirecting the use of these lignocellulosic materials has increased due to overproduction, great availability and low cost. The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass derived from the wine industry will benefit economically the producers, while causing beneficial impact to the environment. These byproducts can be submitted to pretreatments (physical, chemical and biological), for its fractionation and conversion to different compounds with high industrial interest, reducing the waste of agribusiness and increasing industrial profitability. The Vine Pruning Residue (VPR) besides being a source of sugar, has high nutritional value, serves as a source phenolic compounds, is capable of being fractionated and used in bioconversion and in obtaining products with high added value per conversion following the concept of biorefinery. Few works have been done in relation to this concept directed to vine pruning, therefore different factors still need to be studied and optimized. The need to develop adequate pretreatment for VPR fractionation has recently been identified, with the aim of increasing susceptibility during enzymatic saccharification or reducing the production of inhibitors for the fermentation process. In this context, this project optimized VPR fractionation through hydrothermal pretreatments, which is a mild treatment and consists of the use of water and high temperatures for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation and for the production of different products with industrial interest following the concept of biorefinery. Therefore, in this work, two sequential stages autohydrolysis (severity of 4.60) were applied to improve the susceptibility of lignocellulosic material to enzymatic hydrolysis, where 99% glucose conversion was obtained, reaching 96% bioethanol after 48h saccharification, and 8h of separate fermentation and 83 % in saccharification and simultaneous fermentation, recovering 13.1kg of ethanol 100kg of VPR under the best conditions. Through the autohydrolysis pretreatments it was possible to obtain 13.6 kg/100kg of xyloligosaccharides VPR, 3.1 kg/100kg of phenolic compounds, 13.1 kg/100kg of ethanol and 27.0 kg/100 kg of lignin in four separate streams.ln addition, this thesis studied the bioactive potential of vine pruning, optimizing the extraction of phenolic compounds through hydroalcoholic solutions in different methods (conventional heating - CHE, assisted microwave - MAE and ohmic - OH heating at two different intensities- low electric field extraction - LEF and intermediate electric field extraction - IEF). Moreover, the characterization of the obtained extracts was done in vitro in terms of antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative effect on cancer cells. In the CHE treatment it was possible to observe that the best extraction conditions were 46 % ethanol/water, 80°C for 120 minutes. However, MAE treatment proved to be more efficient due to the reduction of extraction time compared to CHE. Extracts obtained by MAE also showed better results compared to auto-hydrolysis, although this treatment shows higher concentrations of total phenolic compounds. Regarding the treatments by OH, it was possible to observe higher concentrations of apigenin, ellagic acid and quercetin compared to the other treatments, besides identifying the presence of hesperidin that was not identified in the extracts obtained by the treatments by autohydrolysis, CHE and MAE. Due to their bioactive potential, the extracts obtained by OH were tested for their ability to inhibit microbial growth in fungi and the cytotoxicity of the extracts in human tumor breast, hepatocellular and colon rectal and non-carcinogenic colon rectal cells was evaluated, showing positive results for both activities studied.The results obtained in this study showed that vine pruning is a waste with great valorization potential which, through pretreatment, can direct the different fractions extracted to the production of different products that cover different industrial sectors. Thus, VPR valorization may contribute to achieving more sustainable and circular economic models, giving rise to highly competitive production models that would positively impact the economic scenario.
Este trabalho foi realizado durante uma bolsa de estudos apoiada pela Cooperação Internacional Programa Ciência sem fronteiras na Universidade do Minho, financiado pelo CNPq- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico do CNPq, agência do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação do Brasil. This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UlD/B10/04469/2019, the MultiBiorefinery project (POCI-01-0145- FEDER-016403) and the BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.

This chapter presents the assessment of the availability for residential heating of residual biomass from cork and holm oaks in a 12,188 ha agroforest area in Portugal. First, the above-ground biomass of evergreen oaks using very high spatial resolution satellite images was determined, followed by the definition of different scenarios for residues removal from the stands. The useful energy potential of the firewood that can be collected from the study area under the various silviculture scenarios was determined considering different energy conversion technologies: open fireplaces (still popular in Portugal) and more efficient closed burning appliances. Additionally, emissions of airborne pollutants from combusting all the available residual biomass in the study area were determined. Depending on the percentage of residues collected when the trees are pruned and on the conversion technologies used, the energy potential of evergreen oak firewood ranged from 5.0 × 106 MJ year−1 to 7.5 × 107 MJ year−1. Heavier pruning combined with the use of open fireplaces generates less useful heat and much higher emissions of pollutants per unit useful energy produced than lighter pruning combined with a more efficient technology. This case study illustrates the need to promote the transition from inefficient to more efficient and cleaner technologies.

The cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum.) is a native fruit tree which has, in the past years, acquired great social and economic importance for the regional farmers. The nutrient-rich and often wasted cupuassu tree fruit shell residues can contribute to the improvement of the low fertility soil of Amazonia. A trial was carried out on a small holder’s cupuassu plantation in Central Amazonia to ascertain the effect of organic fertilization on the recovery of soil fertility and plant nutrition by using material from cupuassu shell residues and Inga edulis pruning (branches and leaves). The fertilization with cupuassu rinds + Inga prunings improved soil fertility, mainly by the increase of K and Ca in the soil, but only with liming, which appears to favor the mineralization of these nutrients. At the 0–10 cm depth, the Ca level increased about 50% compared to the control and the K level increased 75% compared to the cupuassu shell treatments. The significant increase of about 30% in N absorption by trees in the plots without liming shows that the application of green manure can increase the mineralization of N in Oxisols. These results show that the organic residue sources used can result in a nutrient-bearing organic fertilizer and become a low-cost alternative for recycling cupuassu processing residues.

Biomass from agricultural residue has significant potential as renewable energy resource. Therefore, cost-efficient processing and supply of agricultural residues are important to strategically plan and utilize this energy resource. This chapter describes the agricultural pruning to energy (PtE) value chains and presents the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA)-based cost assessment results, focusing on almond and peach tree pruning data obtained from Spain during 2015–2016. Along the main life cycle stages of PtE system, costs of harvesting, off-farm storage, transport, biomass loss, and management of biomass supply chain were considered. In terms of functional unit cost, the life cycle cost (LCC) was calculated to be about 126 €/t for almond PtE and 115 €/t for peach PtE value chain. In both cases, the harvesting stage was found to be cost at hot stage followed by the storage stage. The cost at harvesting stage was about 83% (of 126 €/t) and 82% (of 115 €/t) in the case of almond and peach cases, respectively. Similarly, the share of operational cost was about 74% and 76% for almond and peach cases, respectively. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the performance of logistics operations and management of such PtE initiatives.

Abstract Path-tracking control of wheeled mobile robot (WMR) has gained a lot of research attention, primarily because of its wide applicability — for example intelligent wheelchairs, exploration-assistant remote WMR. Recent increase in remote and autonomous operations/requirements for WMR has led to more and more use of IoT devices within the control loop. Consequently, providing interfaces for malicious interactions through false data injection attacks (FDIA). Moreover, optimization-based FDIAs have been shown to cause catastrophic consequences in feedback control systems while by-passing any residual-based monitoring system. Since these attacks target system measurement process, this paper focuses on the problem of improving the resiliency of dynamical observers against FDIA. Specifically, we propose an attack-resilient pruning algorithm which attempts to exclude compromised channels from being processed by the observer. The proposed pruning algorithm improves attack-localization precision to 100% with high probability, which correspondingly improves the resiliency of the underlying UKF to FDIA. The improvements due to the developed resilient pruning-based observer is validated through a numerical simulation of a two-layer path-tracking control platform of differential-driven wheeled mobile robot (DDWMR) under FDIA.

Dynamical systems are typically governed by a set of linear/nonlinear differential equations. Distilling the analytical form of these equations from very limited data remains intractable in many disciplines such as physics, biology, climate science, engineering and social science. To address this fundamental challenge, we propose a novel Physics-informed Spline Learning (PiSL) framework to discover parsimonious governing equations for nonlinear dynamics, based on sparsely sampled noisy data. The key concept is to (1) leverage splines to interpolate locally the dynamics, perform analytical differentiation and build the library of candidate terms, (2) employ sparse representation of the governing equations, and (3) use the physics residual in turn to inform the spline learning. The synergy between splines and discovered underlying physics leads to the robust capacity of dealing with high-level data scarcity and noise. A hybrid sparsity-promoting alternating direction optimization strategy is developed for systematically pruning the sparse coefficients that form the structure and explicit expression of the governing equations. The efficacy and superiority of the proposed method have been demonstrated by multiple well-known nonlinear dynamical systems, in comparison with two state-of-the-art methods.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, when exposed to the sun, use solar energy for operation, processing, and communication, and with excess energy they charge their batteries. However, when satellites are in an area with no sunlight, called eclipse areas, they operate using only their battery power. The batteries have limitations on the amount of recharges/discharges, also known as the depth of discharge (DOD) cycle. Therefore, this restricts the useful life of the batteries themselves and also of the satellites.In this paper, we propose two different efficient routing methods for LEO satellite networks, which optimize traffic in order to reduce the DOD of satellites. We improved the Energy and Capacity Aware Routing (ECARS) metric, existing in the literature, by adding the Energy Routing prUning ( DOD and Energy Routing penAlty ( DOD methods. These proposed methods prune and penalize, respectively, the links whose satellites have reached a certain minimum battery charge threshold. With this procedure, we avoid over discharging the satellites’ battery, and thus, the lifetime is extended.Simulations results show that ERU DOD and ERA DOD can increase the satellites’ batteries lifetime by more than 54% and 10%, respectively. Moreover, the average residual energy obtained when comparing our ERU DOD and ERA DOD proposals with the ECARS proposal, resulted in gains greater than 113% and 29%, respectively.

The use of aluminum alloys in the design of naval structures offers the benefit of light-weight ships that can travel at high-speed. However, the use of aluminum poses a number of challenges for the naval engineering community including higher incidence of fatigue-related cracks. Early detection of fatigue induced cracks enhances maintenance of the ships and is critical for preventing the catastrophic failure of the hull. Furthermore, monitoring the integrity of the aluminum hull can provide valuable information for estimating the residual life of hull components. This paper presents a model-based damage detection methodology for fatigue assessment of hulls that are instrumented with a long-term hull monitoring system. At the core of the data driven damage detection approach is a Bayesian model updating algorithm enhanced with systematic enumeration and pruning of candidate solutions. The Bayesian model updating approach significantly reduce the computational effort by systematically narrowing the search space using errors functions constructed using the estimated modal properties associated with the condition of the structure. This study proposes the use of the Bayesian model updating technique to detect damage in an aluminum panel modeled using high-fidelity finite element models. The performance of the proposed damage detection method is tested through simulation of a progressively growing fatigue crack introduced in the vicinity of a welded stiffener element. An experimental study verifies the accuracy of the proposed damage detection method using an aluminum plate excited with a controlled excitation in the laboratory.

In decontamination pilot projects conducted by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), many different techniques were tested to determine their applicability to remediate areas evacuated after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident following the Great Tohoku earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011. In addition to buildings, roads and farmland, the forest adjacent to living areas was one of the main decontamination targets. The projects evaluated the radioactive contamination of trees and the effectiveness of decontaminating a highly contaminated evergreen forest. This forest was located 1.3 km southwest of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and is dominated by Japanese cedar trees and fir trees. As the first step, three Japanese cedar trees and three fir trees were cut down and the distributions of radioactive cesium (Cs) were measured in each. The total concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in the leaves and branches were about 1 MBq/kg for both cedar and fir trees, and were appreciably higher than in the bark for cedar. The concentrations in the outer part of the trunks (under the bark) were lower, on the order of 10 kBq/kg, and those in the core of the trunks were lower than 1 kBq/kg for both kinds of trees. The observation that the Cs concentrations are higher in the outer part of trees, is compatible with the assumption that radio-Cs was mostly adsorbed on the surface of trees and partly penetrated into the trunks through the bark. Evolution of air dose rates in a 100 × 60 m pasture adjacent to the forest was monitored during decontamination of the forest and of the pasture itself. The dose rates in the pasture decreased drastically after stripping contaminated topsoil from the pasture and decreased slightly more after stripping contaminated topsoil of the forest floor and pruning the trees. Cutting down and removing 84 trees in the outermost area (10-m width) of the forest also slightly decreased these dose rates. After decontamination, the residual dose rates around the highly contaminated forest were mostly attributed to radioactive Cs existing in or on trees and topsoil in the untouched forest beyond the decontaminated area.