Literatura académica sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Musakwa, Mercy T. y Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Causality Between ICT, Financial Development And Economic Growth In Kenya". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 24, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2024): 182–201. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2024-0022.
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Abstract Research background The growing importance of information and communication technology (ICT) in every facet of life motivated this study to examine the association between ICT, financial development and economic growth. Purpose The purpose of the study is to establish if there is a causal relationship among ICT, financial development and economic growth using annual data from 1990 to 2021. Research methodology The study used ARDL bounds test for cointegration and the error correction model (ECM) – based Granger causality technique to examine the causal relationship between the three variables. Three proxies for ICT: the number of fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, the number of individuals using the internet as a percentage of the total population, and the number of cellular subscriptions per 100 people were used. Results The study found the causality between ICT, financial development and economic growth to vary depending on the ICT proxy used. A unidirectional causal flow from ICT to economic growth was found to predominate in the long run when two out of three ICT proxies were considered. The study also found bidirectional causality between ICT and financial development to dominate in the short run when two out of three ICT proxies were considered and a unidirectional causal flow from ICT to financial development in the long run when all three ICT proxies were considered. Novelty The study departs from the current literature on the causal relationship between ICT, financial development and economic growth by employing three proxies of ICT, namely the number of telephone subscriptions per 100 people, the number of cellular subscriptions per 100 people and the number of individuals using the internet as a percentage of the total population.
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COELHO, W. F., L. CALVETTI, C. BENETI y P. A. MELLO. "Observational Study of Two Squall Lines Using Reflectivity Proxies". Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 43, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2020): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2020_1_71_84.
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Okazaki, Atsushi y Kei Yoshimura. "Development and evaluation of a system of proxy data assimilation for paleoclimate reconstruction". Climate of the Past 13, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2017): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017.
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Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) has been successfully applied in the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate. However, data reconstructed from proxies have been assimilated, as opposed to the actual proxy values. This prevented full utilization of the information recorded in the proxies. This study examined the feasibility of proxy DA for paleoclimate reconstruction. Isotopic proxies (δ18O in ice cores, corals, and tree-ring cellulose) were assimilated into models: an isotope-enabled general circulation model (GCM) and forward proxy models, using offline data assimilation. First, we examined the feasibility using an observation system simulation experiment (OSSE). The analysis showed a significant improvement compared with the first guess in the reproducibility of isotope ratios in the proxies, as well as the temperature and precipitation fields, when only the isotopic information was assimilated. The reconstruction skill for temperature and precipitation was especially high at low latitudes. This is due to the fact that isotopic proxies are strongly influenced by temperature and/or precipitation at low latitudes, which, in turn, are modulated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales. Subsequently, the proxy DA was conducted with real proxy data. The reconstruction skill was decreased compared to the OSSE. In particular, the decrease was significant over the Indian Ocean, eastern Pacific, and the Atlantic Ocean where the reproducibility of the proxy model was lower. By changing the experimental design in a stepwise manner, the decreased skill was suggested to be attributable to the misrepresentation of the atmospheric and proxy models and/or the quality of the observations. Although there remains a lot to improve proxy DA, the result adequately showed that proxy DA is feasible enough to reconstruct past climate.
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Zia, Mohammed, Ziyadin Cakir y Dursun Zafer Seker. "Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies". Open Geosciences 11, n.º 1 (9 de abril de 2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0012.
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Abstract Number of studies covering major data aspects of OpenStreetMap (OSM) for developed cities and countries are available in scientific literature. However, this is not the case for developing ones mainly because of low data availability in OSM. This study presents a time-series spatial analysis of Turkey OSM dataset, a developing country, between the year 2007 and 2015 to understand how the dataset has developed with time and space. Five different socio-economic factors of the region are tested to find their relationship, if any, with dataset growth. An east-west spatial trend in data density is observed within the country. Population Density and Literacy Level of the region are found be the factors controlling it. It has also been observed that the street network of the region has followed the Exploration and Densification evolutionary model. High participation inequality is found within the OSM mappers, with only 5 of them responsible for the country’s 50% geo-data upload. Furthermore, it is found that these mappers use other Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and government open-dataset to feed into OSM. This study is believed to bring some high level insights of OSM for a developing country which would be useful for geographers, open-data policy makers, VGI projects planners and data-curators to structure and deploy similar future projects.
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Tierney, Jessica E. "GDGT Thermometry: Lipid Tools for Reconstructing Paleotemperatures". Paleontological Society Papers 18 (noviembre de 2012): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002588.
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Microbial communities adjust the chemical structure of their cell membranes in response to environmental temperature. This enables the development of lipid-based paleothermometers such as the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) proxies described here. Surface-sediment calibrations establish a strong empirical relationship between the relative distribution of GDGTs and temperature. GDGT proxies can be used in marine, lacustrine, and paleosol sequences as long as the organic material is not thermally mature. Thus far, GDGT proxies have been applied to sediments dating back to the middle Jurassic. Many of the key uncertainties of these proxies are related to our emerging understanding of archaeal (and for the branched GDGTs, bacterial) ecology.
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Turner, Naomi, Jennifer M. Dinh, Jennah Durham, Lisa K. Schroder, Jeanette Y. Ziegenfuss y Julie A. Switzer. "Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Patient Priorities in Hip Fracture Care". Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 11 (1 de enero de 2020): 215145932094600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2151459320946009.
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Background: Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are becoming well recognized as an important component of health care outcomes and determinants of value in patient-centered care. Yet, there is emerging recognition that guidance is lacking in the utilization of PROMs in hip fracture patients. The aim of this study was to collect input from hip fracture patients and their health care advocates as proxies to identify outcomes that are important and to gain insight into which ones are of greatest importance. Methods: A cross-section of patients aged 65 and older treated for hip fractures at a single level 1 trauma center within the previous 3 to 9 months was identified. Semistructured telephone interviews of patients and/or health care proxies were performed in 2 phases: (1) concept identification and conceptual framework development and (2) item generation and assessment of relative importance of health care outcomes. Each phase was completed by separate patient cohorts. Results: Sixty-four interviews were completed. Eighteen interviews with 13 patients and 5 proxies were completed for framework development. Forty-six interviews with 33 patients and 13 proxies were completed for the assessment of relative importance. Care team and communication were reported as important in hip fracture patients. Physical outcomes were ranked as most important by only 9% of respondents. “Having confidence that I/my loved one received the best care possible” was perceived as very important by 98% of respondents and “Having access to the surgeon” was perceived as very important by 76% of the respondents. Conclusions: In our study, communication between patients and care providers as well as collaboration among patients’ care providers ranked as the most important postoperative preferences in our cohort. Notably, physical outcomes were ranked as most important by only 9% of respondents.
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Afridi, Usman A. y Rehana Siddiqui. "Framework for Deriving Real Exchange Rates". Pakistan Development Review 33, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 1994): 1099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1099-1112.
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In the last conference we presented a study on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Real Exchange Rates (RER). One of the conclusions we reached was that a PPP-based measure of the RER did not give sufficient insight into the structural problems underlying disequilibrium situation for Real Exchange Rates. We present a review of recent studies which model the path of Real Exchange Rates determined by sets of determinants. These determinants are usually difficult to quantify and are often represented by proxies. We have reservations about both the choice of some determinants and also appropriativeness of the proxies used to represent them. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate frameworks for determining real exchange rates in developing countries. We would suggest a basis for estimation of RER and its equilibrium path.
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Thomas, Carrie L., Boris Jansen, Sambor Czerwiński, Mariusz Gałka, Klaus-Holger Knorr, E. Emiel van Loon, Markus Egli y Guido L. B. Wiesenberg. "Comparison of paleobotanical and biomarker records of mountain peatland and forest ecosystem dynamics over the last 2600 years in central Germany". Biogeosciences 20, n.º 23 (12 de diciembre de 2023): 4893–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4893-2023.
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Abstract. As peatlands are a major terrestrial sink in the global carbon cycle, gaining an understanding of their development and changes throughout time is essential in order to predict their future carbon budget and potentially mitigate the adverse outcomes of climate change. With this aim to understand peat development, many studies have investigated the paleoecological dynamics by analyzing various proxies, including pollen, macrofossil, elemental, and biomarker analyses. However, as each of these proxies is known to have its own benefits and limitations, examining them in parallel allows for a deeper understanding of these paleoecological dynamics at the peatland and a systematic comparison of the power of these individual proxies. In this study, we therefore analyzed peat cores from a peatland in Germany (Beerberg, Thuringia) to (a) characterize the vegetation dynamics over the course of the peatland development during the late Holocene and (b) evaluate to what extent the inclusion of multiple proxies, specifically pollen, plant macrofossils, and biomarkers, contributes to a deeper understanding of those dynamics and interaction among factors. We found that, despite a major shift in the regional forest composition from primarily beech to spruce as well as many indicators of human impact in the region, the local plant population in the Beerberg area remained stable over time following the initial phase of peatland development up until the last couple of centuries. Therefore, little variation could be derived from the paleobotanical data alone. The combination of pollen and macrofossil analyses with the elemental and biomarker analyses enabled further understanding of the site development as these proxies added valuable additional information, including the occurrence of climatic variations, such as the Little Ice Age, and more recent disturbances, such as drainage.
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Shen, Yu, Yang Li, Jian Zheng, Wentao Zhang, Peng Yao, Jixiang Li, Sen Yang, Ji Liu y Bin Cui. "ProxyBO: Accelerating Neural Architecture Search via Bayesian Optimization with Zero-Cost Proxies". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, n.º 8 (26 de junio de 2023): 9792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i8.26169.
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Designing neural architectures requires immense manual efforts. This has promoted the development of neural architecture search (NAS) to automate the design. While previous NAS methods achieve promising results but run slowly, zero-cost proxies run extremely fast but are less promising. Therefore, it’s of great potential to accelerate NAS via those zero-cost proxies. The existing method has two limitations, which are unforeseeable reliability and one-shot usage. To address the limitations, we present ProxyBO, an efficient Bayesian optimization (BO) framework that utilizes the zero-cost proxies to accelerate neural architecture search. We apply the generalization ability measurement to estimate the fitness of proxies on the task during each iteration and design a novel acquisition function to combine BO with zero-cost proxies based on their dynamic influence. Extensive empirical studies show that ProxyBO consistently outperforms competitive baselines on five tasks from three public benchmarks. Concretely, ProxyBO achieves up to 5.41× and 3.86× speedups over the state-of-the-art approaches REA and BRP-NAS.
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Chae, Yeora, Seo Hyung Choi y Yong Jee Kim. "Climate Change Policy Implications of Sustainable Development Pathways in Korea at Sub-National Scale". Sustainability 12, n.º 10 (25 de mayo de 2020): 4310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104310.
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Climate action is goal 13 of UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Future impacts of climate change depend on climatic changes, the level of climate change policy, both mitigation and adaptation, and socio-economic status and development pathways. To investigate the climate change policy impact of socio-economic development pathways, we develop three pathways. Climate change affects socio-economic development in many ways. We interpret global storylines into South Korean contexts: Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1 (SSP1), SSP2, and SSP3 for population, economy, and land use. SSP elements and proxies were identified and elaborated through stakeholder participatory workshops, demand survey on potential users, past trends, and recent national projections of major proxies. Twenty-nine proxies were quantified using sector-specific models and downscaled where possible. Socio-economic and climate scenarios matrixes enable one to quantify the contribution of climate, population, economic development, and land-use change in future climate change impacts. Economic damage between climate scenarios is different in SSPs, and it highlights that SSPs are one of the key components for future climate change impacts. Achieving SDGs generates additional incentives for local and national governments as it can reduce mitigation and adaptation policy burden.
Tesis sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Mantoura, Samia Claire. "Development and application of opal based paleoceanographic proxies". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612793.
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Smik, Lukas. "Development of biomarker-based proxies for paleo sea-ice reconstructions". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8169.
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The analysis of the sea-ice diatom biomarker IP25 (a mono-unsaturated Highly Branched Isoprenoid (HBI) alkene) in Arctic marine sediments has previously been shown to provide a useful qualitative proxy measure for the past spring sea-ice occurrence. In the Southern Ocean the occurrence and variable abundance of a structurally similar di-unsaturated HBI (HBI diene II) has previously been proposed as a proxy measure of paleo sea-ice extent. However, the use of such biomarker proxies remains under development. In the current study, a number of additional palaeoceanographic developments of HBIs as sea-ice biomarkers in both polar regions has been undertaken. For the Arctic, an investigation into the combined analysis of IP25 and certain phytoplankton biomarkers has been conducted with the aim of providing more detailed and semi-quantitative descriptions of sea-ice conditions in the Barents Sea. In contrast, analysis of HBIs and other lipids within water column, surface sediment and sea-ice samples has been undertaken to provide further insights into the use of HBIs as proxies for Antarctic sea-ice. Analysis of surface sediments from across the Barents Sea has shown that the relative abundances of IP25 and a tri-unsaturated HBI lipid (HBI triene IIIa) are characteristic of the overlying surface oceanographic conditions, most notably, the location of the seasonal sea-ice edge. A semi-quantitative approach, in the form of the PIP25 index, showed a good positive linear relationship between PIP25 indices and spring sea-ice concentration, with a particularly strong relationship found when using HBI triene IIIa (PIIIaIP25) as the open-water counterpart to IP25. The quality of the linear fits were not especially dependent on the balance factor c, used in the PIP25 calculation, which may have important positive consequences for down-core sea-ice reconstruction, and when making comparisons between outcomes from different Arctic regions or climatic epochs. Further, a lower limit threshold for PIIIaIP25 (0.8) might represent a useful qualitative proxy for the past occurrence of summer sea-ice. The re-evaluation of biomarker data from three dated marine sequences in the Barents Sea suggests that the combined analysis of IP25 and HBI triene IIIa can provide information on temporal variations in the position of the maximum (winter) Arctic sea-ice extent, together with more quantitative sea-ice reconstructions. In the Southern Ocean, the distributions of di- and tri-unsaturated HBIs (HBI diene II and HBI trienes IIIa and IIIb) in surface waters were shown to be extremely sensitive to the local sea-ice conditions, consistent with significant environmental control over their biosynthesis by sea-ice diatoms and open water phytoplankton, respectively. Within the water column, the apparent alteration to HBI and other lipid abundances was evident between the photic and benthic parts of the water column, which, along with additional local factors (e.g. polynya formation), may have important implications for paleo sea-ice reconstructions. The sedimentary occurrence and distribution of HBI diene II (termed here as IPSO25) were consistent with the recent identification of the diatom Berkeleya adeliensis Medlin as a source of IPSO25. The tendency for B. adeliensis to flourish in platelet ice, the formation of which is strongly associated with super-cooled freshwater inflow, means that sedimentary IPSO25 may provide a potentially sensitive proxy indicator of landfast sea-ice influenced by meltwater discharge from nearby glaciers and ice shelves. Re-examination of some previous IPSO25 down-core records supports this suggestion, although further down-core analysis is required to confirm this hypothesis. The similar sedimentary distribution relationship between phytoplankton-derived HBI trienes and IPSO25, further indicates that the former may reflect production of these biomarkers by certain diatoms that flourish within the region of the retreating ice edge; however, the source identification of the HBI trienes is still needed to place this interpretation on a firmer footing.
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Owen, Robert. "Development and application of speleothem-based proxies for past climate change". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a44a913-7c28-40ac-9a5e-76811a393a8e.
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This thesis develops and applies new techniques for reconstructing past environments from the speleothem archive. Chapter 3 introduces Ca isotopes as a novel palaeo-aridity proxy. Recent dripwater, farmed calcite and bedrock data show that, in the modern environment, 36% of initial dripwater Ca is removed by prior calcite precipitation at the HS4 dripsite (Heshang Cave, Central China). A speleothem record spanning the 8.2kyr event suggests this value increased to 60% during the event, in response to a decrease in effective rainfall of approximately a third. Modern Ca isotope systematics, and the cycling of other Group II metals, are studied further in Chapter 4. Data from Heshang Cave monitoring samples explore the temporal and spatial controls on these proxy systems. Results highlight the importance of secondary calcite as a potential source of dripwater metals, as well as the significant contribution of particulate calcite to bulk dripwater chemistry. At the HS4 dripsite, over a third of bulk dripwater Ca is present as particulate calcite. This influences bulk dripwater Ca concentrations and isotopes, as well as potentially impacting speleothem growth and chemistry. Chapters 5 introduces CaveCalc, a new numerical model for dripwater and speleothem chemistry and isotopes based on PHREEQC. Key strengths of CaveCalc include its ability to model multiple proxy systems in a single framework, the ability to quantify the extent of open-system dissolution, and the extensible nature of its design. Chapter 6 applies CaveCalc to disentangling the controls on dripwater and speleothem δ13C values. Model results are compared with speleothem data. At Heshang Cave, anomalously high δ13C is quantitatively explained as the result of CO2 degassing and prior calcite precipitation, an interpretation made possible by the availability of coupled δ13C, a14C and Ca isotope data. This approach provides a powerful tool to help researchers better interpret dripwater and speleothem δ13C data.
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Moossen, Heiko Michael. "Palaeoclimate reconstructions from Arctic and Nordic Shelf seas : development and application of multiple proxies". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3491/.
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Although Holocene climate changes are significantly smaller in amplitude than the Pleistocene Glacial-Interglacial cycles (Dansgaard et al., 1993), they have affected human civilisations over at least the last 4000 years (Buntgen et al., 2011; Lamb, 1995; Mayewski & White, 2002). The study of Holocene climate variations is increasingly important to disentangle climate change caused by anthropogenic influences from natural climate change. Furthermore, Holocene climate change provides the geological context in which to place contemporary climatic observations. Studying sedimentary records stemming from marine biotopes located close to land, such as fjords, affords the opportunity to study marine and terrestrial paleo-climatic variability, and therein linking the two together. Additionally, fjordic environments typically have a higher sediment accumulation rate than deeper ocean sites, facilitating resolution of rapid climate change events. The fjords of Northwest Iceland are ideal for studying Holocene climate change as they receive warm water from the Irminger current, an end member of the Atlantic current, but are also influenced by the east Greenland current, which brings cold polar waters to the region (Jennings et al., 2011). Furthermore, the coring site is located beneath one of the dipoles of the North Atlantic Oscillation (Hurrell, 1995). Therefore, oceanic and atmospheric Holocene variability should be recorded in the sediments studied. Alkenones, terrestrial leaf wax n-alkanes, branched and archaeal glycerol tetraethers and C/N ratios from a sediment core from the mouth of the Ísafjarðardjúp fjord (MD99-2266; location: 66° 13' 77'' N, 23° 15' 93'' W; 106 m water depth) were analysed. These terrestrial and marine biomarkers were used to produce biomarker based palaeoclimatic records with the highest resolution to date (one sample every ~ 32 years), covering the Holocene from ~ 10,700 calibrated years before present (cal. a BP) to ~ 300 cal. a BP. The terrestrial and marine organic carbon contributions to the sediment and the palaeoproductivity of the fjord vary throughout the Holocene forced by changing climate. While the amount of terrestrial organic carbon is primarily controlled by the development of vegetation as glaciers retreat, the primary productivity is controlled by varying influxes of nutrient rich water masses. By combining the reconstructed sea surface temperature, air temperature and precipitation records, climatic changes that affect the terrestrial and marine realm are uncovered. Two periods in the Holocene where major climatic shifts in the North Atlantic region occur, one at ~ 7700 cal. a BP, and one at ~ 2900 cal. a BP, are observed. Meltwater events and decreasing summer insolation drive climatic change throughout the early Holocene. The middle Holocene climate, from 7700 to 2900 cal. a BP is driven by decreasing summer insolation, and meridional overturning circulation. The climate variability is decoupled from insolation change in the late Holocene, and the sea surface temperature and air temperature, and precipitation changes are driven by NAO-type fluctuations and variations in the heat transport via the meridional overturning circulation. The TEX86 palaeo-SST thermometer does not work in Ísafjarðardjúp fjord. The TEX86-SSTs are adversely affected by GDGTs associated with archaea mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane, as indicated by the methane index. Methane indices as low as 0.1 indicate anaerobic oxidation of methane at the site studied. The palaeo-sea-ice proxy IP25 was not detected in the sediments of MD99-2266 even though the northwest Icelandic coast has been affected by drift ice, particularly in the late Holocene. Therefore, the use of carbon isotopic signatures from sedimentary fatty acids, derived from ice and pelagic algae was investigated as a sea-ice proxy. Ice algae, ice core, water column particulate organic matter and sediment samples were collected on the ICE CHASER 2010 research cruise. The carbon isotopic signature of the ice algal C16 fatty acid is significantly heavier than that of the pelagic derived organic matter. Furthermore, the carbon isotopic signature of the fatty acid in the samples from the sediment core located at the ice edge is isotopically heavier, compared to the fatty acid isotopic signature from the sediment core from a pelagic site. It appears that the isotopic signature of algal fatty acids can be used to elucidate sea-ice cover, however, more research is needed.
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van, Schaik Florian. "Global satellite data as proxies for urbanization in flood prone areas". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353425.
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Delta regions are typically characterized by their high population density, low elevation, and risk of flooding. Long term planning and preparation is needed to mitigate the adverse effects of floods. Disaster management planning and flood protection measures require information about urbanization patterns, but this information is lacking in many parts of the world. Global satellite data could potentially aid or replace local urbanization data in such data scarce areas. This master thesis assesses the suitability of two global satellite datasets to serve as proxies for urbanization in flood prone areas: the Global Human Settlement (data for 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2014) and stable Nighttime Lights data series (annual data, 1992-2013). The assessment is performed through comparison of spatial-temporal urbanization trends of the global datasets with a previous study performed in the Netherlands using detailed local data. These spatial-temporal trends involve the share or urban area that is situated in flood prone zones and the average inundation depth. Through analysis based on Geographic Information Systems it was found that the Global Human Settlement data series indicates a stable increase in the percentage of urban area in flood prone zones from 31.60% in 1975 to 36.54% in 2014. Potentially, this increase results from the flood protection measures installed between 1954 and 1997. The Nighttime Lights data series shows values of around 36% throughout its time period, with no clear increase or decrease. These values are on average 15-17% higher over the whole time series than the values found with the use of the local data. The Global Human Settlements dataset shows values for the average inundation depth from 1.47m in 1975 to 1.72m in 2014, similar to the local data. The increase could be explained by the fact that only areas with higher inundation depths are available for urbanization. The Nighttime Lights does not show a clear trend with values ranging from 1.52m to 1.70m and large annual variation. Overall, the suitability of the Global Human Settlement dataset is higher than the stable Nighttime Lights dataset for this study area as it shows values more similar to the local data and does not require prerequisite threshold analysis, which is the case for the Nighttime Lights data.
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Yasmin, Aizat. "INSTITUTIONS AS THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: WITH A FOCUS ON ECONOMIC FREEDOM INDEX AS PROXIES". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2684.
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This paper hopes to serve as a primer, firstly for this Author, regarding the concept of Institutional Economics; a foundation and an enabling environment, which allows economics to function and to be free. Firstly, we focus on the topic of institutions within the scope of economic development, and ask the simple question, “Why some countries are poor, and why some countries are rich?” In terms of set up, this paper is guided by Dani Rodrik & Arvind Subramanian’s 2003 article, “The Primacy of Institutions (and what this does and does not mean).” I looked at how institutions, market openness and geography effect economic development. Both an OLS and pooled OLS model are employed, with the results showing that, institutions account for the largest variation in income. The data is sourced from the Heritage Foundation, 2019 Index of Economic Freedom. Secondly, a discussion of Brunei Darussalam, my home country is presented, trying to link ideas of institutional economics, economic freedom, entrepreneurship and economic development.
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Petersen, Jassin. "Development of paleo-oxygenation proxies : new insights into Mn/Ca ratios and pore patterns of benthic foraminiferal tests". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4022/document.
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L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de comprendre comment la variabilité temporelle et spatiale de l’oxygénation de l’eau de fond est enregistrée dans le test des foraminifères benthiques, à travers le rapport Mn/Ca et les paramètres des pores. Pour atteindre cet objectif, Ammonia tepida, un groupe d’espèces pseudocryptiques, du Grevelingenmeer (Pays-Bas) a été principalement étudié. A ce site, le gradient bathymétrique est accompagné par une augmentation de la durée et de l’intensité de l’hypoxie/anoxie saisonnière qui influence indirectement le rapport Mn/Ca et directement la porosité d’A. tepida. Notre étude de la Zone à Oxygène Minimum de la Mer d’Arabie suggère la présence d’un important biais diagénétique dans le signal Mn/Ca lors de la transition d’un foraminifère vivant vers un test fossile. En conclusion de cette thèse, la composition Mn/Ca d’un test des foraminifères benthiques dans notre zone d’étude semble être influencée par trois facteurs temporelles 1) l’oxygénation du milieu benthique et la position de la zone redox enrichie en Mn2+ dans l’eau interstitielle, 2) l’activité des bactéries câblées et 3) la période de calcification, ainsi que par trois facteurs spatiaux qui déterminent la position du foraminifère par rapport à la zone de Mn2+ lors de la calcification 4) le microhabitat, 5) la migration verticale des foraminifères et 6) la bioturbation de la macrofaune. Dans le Grevelingenmeer, la porosité d’A. tepida montre une relation avec l’oxygénation. Le couplage entre porosité et oxygénation semble être direct, une plus grande porosité permettant des échanges de gaz plus intensifs. Au contraire, la relation entre le rapport Mn/Ca et l’oxygénation serait plus indirecte, puisque celle-ci est également influencée par l’activité microbienne. L’utilisation simultanée de ces deux proxies totalement indépendants nous semble prometteuse, spécialement parce que ces proxies réagissent à différentes échelles de tempsThe main objective of this thesis was to investigate how the temporal and spatial variability of bottom water oxygenation is recorded in the benthic foraminiferal test, by the Mn/Ca ratio, and by the pore parameters. To achieve this objective, Ammonia tepida, a group of pseudocryptic species, of the Lake Grevelingen (Netherlands) was mainly studied. At this site, the depth gradient is accompanied by an increase in duration and intensity of seasonal hypoxia/anoxia which indirectly influences the Mn/Ca ratio and directly the porosity of A. tepida. Our study of the Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Arabian Sea suggests the presence of a significant diagenetic effect during the transition of a Mn/Ca signal from a living foraminifer to a fossil signal. In conclusion of this PhD research, the Mn/Ca signal of a benthic foraminiferal test seems to be influenced by three temporal factors: 1) the oxygenation of the benthic ecosystem and the position of the Mn2+ zone in the interstitial water, 2) the cable bacteria activity, and 3) the period of calcification, as well as by three spatial factors which determine the position of the foraminifer with respect to the Mn2+ zone during calcification 4) the microhabitat, 5) the vertical migration of the foraminifer and 6) the bioturbation of macrofauna. In the Lake Grevelingen, the porosity of A. tepida shows a relationship with oxygenation of the benthic ecosystem. The coupling between porosity and oxygenation could be rather direct, a greater porosity allowing more intensive gas exchanges. In contrast, the relationship between the Mn/Ca ratio and the oxygenation would be more indirect, being influenced in particular by the microbial activity. The simultaneous use of these two totally independent proxies seems promising, especially because these proxies react at different time scales
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Bendle, James Alexander Paul. "Palaeoceanography of the Holocene and late-glacial N.E. Atlantic : development and application of biomarker proxies of environmental change". Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4019/.
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The aim of this thesis is to develop and apply novel climate proxies to understand the palaeoceanographic evolution of the N.E. Atlantic during the late-Glacial and Holocene. The proxies investigated are based on organic molecular compounds called lipid biomarkers and bulk organic matter properties. The primary focus is on long-chain alkenones, molecules which have been extensively used in mid and low latitude open oceans to reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during the Quaternary. Thus, the relative abundance of some alkenones is related to the growth temperature of the algae at the time of the biosynthesis of these molecules (expressed in the U(^K)(_37) and U(^K)(_37)’ indices). In high latitudes and coastal environments, the temperature dependence of alkenones is controversial, and the potential environmental information from alkenones is not yet well understood. In such locations there is increasing abundance of the C(_37:4) alkenone (quantified as %C(_37:4)). The presence of this component has been related to changes in the relative budget of freshwater in the surface ocean. A central aim of this thesis is to carry out an empirical investigation to find out the key environmental factors that control %C(_37:4) to assess its potential as a palaeoceanographic proxy. Research was conducted in the Nordic Seas and N.W. Scotland using samples from the water column, surficial sediment and sediment cores. The research undertaken can be broken down in three main sections: Alkenone distributions in the Nordic Seas. The aim was to clarify and extend the application of alkenones as palaeoceanographic proxies in subpolar to polar environments. Samples of filtered sea surface POM were analysed and extremely high %C(_37:4) values (up to 77%) were measured in polar waters (up to 80% sea-ice cover). Values of %C(_37:4) across the Nordic Seas showed a strong association with water mass type. A combined data-set revealed a stronger correlation of %C(_37:4) to sea surface salinity' (SSS, R(^2) = 0.72) than to SST (R(^2) = 0.5). However, scatter was observed in the relationship of %C(_37:4) to SSS, preventing confirmation of %C(_37:4) as a palaeo-SSS proxy. Values of %C(_37:4) in sea surface POM were high compared to surficial sediments. We discount preferential degradation of the %C(_37:4) alkenone and invoke dilution of the %C(_37:4) signal in sea surface sediments by advected allochthonous matter to explain this. The POM filter data suggest that, overall, U(^K)(_37) is a more appropriate SST index for the Nordic Seas than U(^K)(_37) '. Examination of the scatter in the U(^K)(_37) ' versus SST relationship, shows that regions in the south of the Nordic Seas (including the Icelandic shelf) may yield reliable, alkenone based, palaeoceanographic reconstructions. Comparison of %C(_37:4) distributions with dinocyst proxies in a late Holocene core from the Barents Sea suggests %C(_37:4) may be a general marker for the influence of arctic/polar water in palaeoceanographic reconstructions. The palaeoceanography of the Icelandic shelf iox. the post-Glacial period (0-15 kyr BP) was reconstructed from alkenone indices measured in three cores collected N and W of Iceland. One of the cores, JR51-GC35, contained a continuous record of Holocene sedimentation spanning 0 - 10.1 kyr BP. Superimposed on a general Holocene cooling trend in core JR5I-GC35 were millennial scale oscillations of ~2 C. The timing of the oscillations was in close agreement with the variability in IRD records from the East Greenland shelf and the timing of glacier advances in northern Iceland. A comparison of the U(^K)(_37) -SST records from JR51-GC35 and a published core from the eastern Nordic Seas (MD952011) showed significant differences (superimposed on the general trend) in the timing of millennial scale climate events. This illustrates that Holocene climate evolution in the Nordic Seas was more complex than previously suggested, with significant climatic differences between the eastern and western Nordic Seas caused by the differential variability of the Irminger and Norwegian Currents with time. The potential application for reconstructing past sea-level changes in NW. Scotland of lipid biomarkers (alkenones, n-alkanes and chlorophyll derivatives), and bulk organic parameters (%TOC, C(_nrg)/N) was assessed by a survey of modern basins (at different stages of isolation from the sea) and fossil basins (with known sea-level histories). A logit regression analysis of all the sediment samples was employed to find which of the biomarkers or bulk organic measurements could reliably characterize the sediment samples in terms of a marine/brackish or isolated/lacustrine origin. The results suggested an excellent efficiency for the alkenone index %C(_37:4) at predicting the depositional origin of the sediments. This study suggests alkenones could be used as an indicator of sea-level change in fossil isolation basins.
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Milan, Manuela. "Long-term development of subalpine lakes: effects of nutrients, climate and hydrological variability as assessed by biological and geochemical sediment proxies". Doctoral thesis, country:SE, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/32819.
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Sediment records of two Italian subalpine lakes (Lake Garda and Lake Ledro) were analyzed in
order to reconstruct their ecological evolution over the past several hundred years. A multi-proxy and
multi-site approach was applied in order to disentangle the effects of local anthropogenic forcings,
such as nutrients, and climate impacts on the two lakes and their catchments. Biological indicators
(sub-fossil pigments, diatoms and Cladocera) were used to reconstruct changes in the aquatic food web
and to define the lake reference conditions, while geochemical methods, i.e. wavelength-dispersive Xray
fluorescence spectroscopy (WD-XRF), were used to provide quantitative information on the
different physical or chemical processes affecting both lake and catchment systems.
Sub-fossil pigments and diatoms, together with their respective inferred TP values, suggested very
stable oligotrophic conditions in both lakes until the 1960s. The period following was affected by
nutrient enrichment, which led to a drastic shift in the phytoplanktonic community. The response of
sub-fossil pigments and diatoms to major climatic anomalies such as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly
(MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) were not pronounced, and the taxonomic composition remained
relatively stable. On the contrary, these proxies showed an indirect response to climate variability since
the beginning of the nutrient enrichment phase in the 1960s. In Lake Garda, the winter temperature
regulates the water column mixing, which in its turn controls the degree of nutrient fertilization of the
entire water column, and the related phytoplankton growth. In Lake Ledro a rapid reorganization of
planktonic diatoms was observed only during the temperature recovery after the LIA, while recent
temperature effects are masked by the prevailing nutrient effects. In Lake Garda, Cladocera remains
responded in quantitative and qualitative terms to climatic changes, whereas in Lake Ledro they
appeared to be mainly affected by variations in hydrological regimes, i.e. flood events. Cladocera
remains corroborated the nutrient enrichment after the 1960s in both lakes as inferred by diatoms and
pigments.
In Lake Garda, the geochemical data showed a pronounced shift in elemental composition since the
mid-1900s, when major elements and lithogenic tracers started to decrease, while some elements
related to redox conditions and other (contaminant) trace elements increased. The general trends
since the mid-1900s agree with the biological records. However, some differences recorded in the two
different basins of Lake Garda reflected the effects of local conditions, both related to hydrology and
sedimentation patterns. Lake Ledro showed higher short-term variability for most elements, even
though some features were comparable to Lake Garda. The geochemical record of Lake Ledro revealed
a major influence of human-induced lake-level fluctuations and catchment properties.
This paleolimnological study allows us to place temporally restricted limnological surveys into a
longer-term secular perspective, which is highly valuable for the definition of lake reference
conditions. Because the restoration targets are usually based on the lake reference conditions, this
study highlighted also the necessity to pay particular attention to the lake-specific sensitivity patterns.
The multi-proxy and multi-site approach showed that the lake conditions of large and deep lakes in
northern Italy, such as Lake Garda, are mainly driven by nutrient enrichment and/or climate change.
In contrast, smaller lakes with larger catchment areas, such as Lake Ledro, are seemingly more
impacted by conditions and processes occurring in the drainage basin.
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Neddermeyer, Annika [Verfasser]. "The development and application of uranium, molybdenum, and vanadium stable isotope ratios as redox-proxies in samples from modern times and the early earth / Annika Neddermeyer". Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188406450/34.
Texto completoLibros sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Okazaki, Atsushi. Development of stable water isotope incorporated atmosphere-land coupled model and comparison with climate proxies. Tokyo]: Division of Climate System Research, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 2018.
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bedard, pd. The Orange Madonna : A Tale of Terror and Property Development: How Donald J. Trump and his Proxies were not responsible for the failure of the Trump Ocean Resort. Independently published, 2019.
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(Editor), C. Hillaire-Marcel y Anne de Vernal (Editor), eds. Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography (Developments in Marine Geology). Elsevier Science, 2007.
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Garipzanov, Ildar. The Origins of Early Christian Graphic Signs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815013.003.0002.
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The first two sections delineate the early history of the nomina sacra, staurogram, and chi-rho, from the late first to third centuries AD as well as relevant early Christian discourse on the symbolic meanings of certain letters and graphic signs, and show how the staurogram and chi-rho developed from utilitarian abbreviation signs into symbolic visual proxies for God and Christological concepts. The next two sections provide an overview of the use of graphic signs as protective seals among various religious communities, with reference to artefacts such as the Bruce Codex and votive leaves from Water Newton, and compare the early usage of more acceptable Christian signs with the concurrent culture of the so-called ‘magical’ characteres. The final section underscores that the early development of Christian graphicacy should be seen in the context of a general predilection for apotropaic graphic devices in the Imperial period, and in late antiquity in particular.
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Wiggins, Benjamin. Calculating Race. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197504000.001.0001.
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Calculating Race: Racial Discrimination in Risk Assessment presents the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. It illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and, in turn, helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. The monograph begins by investigating the development of statistical risk assessment explicitly based on race in the late-nineteenth-century life insurance industry. It then traces how such risk assessment migrated from industry to government, becoming a guiding force in parole decisions and in federal housing policy. Finally, it concludes with an analysis of “proxies” for race—statistical variables that correlate significantly with race—in order to demonstrate the persistent presence of race in risk assessment even after the anti-discrimination regulations won by the Civil Rights Movement. Offering readers a new perspective on the historical importance of actuarial science in structural racism, Calculating Race is a particularly timely contribution as Big Data and algorithmic decision-making increasingly pervade American life.
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Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change Developments in Quaternary Science Hardcover. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012.
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Bernat, Paweł, Cüneyt Gürer y Cyprian Aleksander Kozera, eds. Proxy Wars from a Global Perspective. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350369313.
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Proxy warfare is a growing international phenomenon. Although states have used proxies in armed conflicts for centuries, evolving regional and global security architecture is now forcing states to radically change the way contemporary conflicts are fought. Based on ten case studies, this reassesses exactly how these changing global and systemic factors are shaping the ways in which states use non-state actors as proxies in their armed conflicts. Examining the use of proxy warfare worldwide, focusing on the last decade’s conflicts, this volume brings together contributions from scholars of international relations and global security studies in order to explore cases of armed conflict of particular regional and global significance. These include recent developments in the conflict in Israel and Palestine, the Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Central Asia, Syria, Ukraine, Nagorno-Karabakh, Brazil and Yemen. By drawing on both theory and practise, it offers a re-evaluation of contemporary understanding of “outsourced warfare”, with policy implications for how we understand and negotiate with states using proxy warfare in the future.
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Unveiling the neurotechnology landscape. Scientific advancements innovations and major trends. UNESCO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/ocbm4164.
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Scanning neurotechnology: what is being developed, where and by whom? Neurotechnology's developments hold profound implications for human identity, autonomy, privacy, behavior, and well-being, i.e. the very essence of what it means to be human. Since 2013, government investments in this field have exceeded $6 billion. Private investment has also seen significant growth, with annual funding experiencing a 22-fold increase from 2010 to 2020, reaching $7.3 billion and totaling $33.2 billion. This investment has translated into a 35-fold growth in neuroscience publications between 2000-2021 and 20-fold growth in innovations between 2000-2020, as proxied by patents. However, not all are poised to benefit from such developments, as big divides emerge. Over 80% of high-impact neuroscience publications are produced by only 10 countries, while 70% of countries contributed fewer than 10 such papers over the period considered. Similarly, six countries only hold 87% of IP5 neurotech patents. This report targets policy makers, researchers, patent analysists, scientists, technology enthusiasts, ethicists, and anyone interested in the intersection of neuroscience, technology, and society. This report sheds light on the neurotechnology ecosystem, that is, what is being developed, where and by whom, and informs about how neurotechnology interacts with other technological trajectories, especially Artificial Intelligence. The report underscores the need for evidence in support of policy making and calls for the ethical governance of neurotechnology, to ensure that its development and deployment respects human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity, safeguarding individuals and societies.
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Kahn, S. Lowell. Directional AngioJet Thrombectomy with Guide Catheter Helical Spin Technique. Editado por S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan y Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0037.
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The presence of thrombus in the central veins is associated with a higher risk of development post-thrombotic syndrome. The AngioJet Solent Proxi (90 cm) and Omni (120 cm) catheters are commonly used peripheral thrombectomy devices indicated for acute arterial and venous thrombus removal. Both catheters are 6 Fr sheath/8 Fr guide catheter compatible, and both offer the Power Pulse feature, allowing the direct infusion of tissue plasminogen activator into the thrombus. The catheters are indicated for use in vessels greater than 3 mm, with an optimal vessel range between 6 and 20 mm. Their use in the removal of iliac vein and inferior vena cava thrombus is frequent. Although the system is purported to provide effective thrombectomy capabilities in larger vessels, incomplete thrombus removal is common with larger vessels. This chapter proposes a simple modification in the standard use of the AngioJet Solent Proxi and Omni catheters.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Teruel, Camille, Erwann Wernli, Stéphane Ducasse y Oscar Nierstrasz. "Propagation of Behavioral Variations with Delegation Proxies". En Transactions on Aspect-Oriented Software Development XII, 63–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46734-3_2.
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Dreßler, Mirko, Manuela Schult, Michael Schubert y Jessica Buck. "Basin elevation and salinity changes: late Holocene development of two freshwater lakes at the Karelian White Sea coast, northwest Russia as reflected in their sediments". En Palaeolimnological Proxies as Tools of Environmental Reconstruction in Fresh Water, 247–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3387-1_15.
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Schimmel, Noam. "How International Human Rights Law Potentially Applies to Development NGOs in a Post-Mass Atrocity Context Working in Partnership with/as Proxies of States". En Advancing International Human Rights Law Responsibilities of Development NGOs, 55–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50270-6_4.
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Ferenczi, László y Mária Vargha. "Spatial Patterns as Historical Proxies: A Case Study on the Development of the Early Church Network in Veszprém County (Hungary)". En Power in Numbers, 253–69. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1484/m.bbl-eb.5.138121.
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Elian, Mohammad I. y Khalid M. Kisswani. "Smart Cities: GCC and Kuwait Experience". En Smart Cities, 339–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35664-3_18.
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AbstractThis study has two main objectives. First, spread out attention toward modern urban modeling and smart cities development in the GCC countries in general and Kuwait in particular. Second, expand existing scholarly concern on digital urbanization notion beyond the scope of the worldwide developed economies. There is a need to include the GCC countries to the scholarly urban literature since such countries are now highly urbanized. Also, the knowledge-based economy is applied through adopting the digitalization processing toward offering public and private services to their communities. The study concludes that smart cities have become very much significant through offering preeminent solutions to several environmental, economic, and societal problems in urban regions. For the GCC, it is crucial to identify the concept and structure of the targeted smart city initiative which should be linked to the country’s national strategic vision. Additionally, what proxies are used to judge on how smart is a city? Not less important, adopting the smart cities format would require overcoming significant limitations in order to overcome urban pressures through introducing the smart cities initiatives.
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Naef, Tobias. "Restrictions on Data Transfers and the WTO". En European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 233–366. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_4.
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AbstractThe WTO is not well-known for being an institution that regulates the free flow of personal data across borders. The trade agreements under the auspices of the WTO either predate or coincide with the invention and early development of the internet. When the WTO was created in 1994, its members agreed to create rules for trade in services. Tim Wu observed that as a consequence, and almost by accident, “the WTO has put itself in an oversight position for most of the national laws and practices that regulate the Internet.” Wu (Chicago J Int Law 7(1), 264, 2006). Over a quarter century later, the internet has become indispensable for trade in services, facilitating not only communication and payment between parties involved in any transaction, but also as a platform for the transmission of the services themselves, and the driving technology for the creation of new services. The first section of this chapter shows how cross-border flows of personal data (on the internet) have become intertwined with the supply of many digital services (Sect. 4.1). The second section describes how the rules of the WTO on trade in services are relevant for the regulation of cross-border flows of personal data (Sect. 4.2). These multilateral trade rules can be used as proxies to distinguish between legitimate regulatory concerns and protectionism. Regarding the regulation of cross-border flows of personal data, these rules allow for the legal assessment of the line between data protection and data protectionism. The third section of this chapter analyzes whether the EU’s fundamental rights-based regulation of data transfers interferes with the rules of the WTO on trade in services (Sect. 4.3). The fourth section assesses whether the interferences that have been identified can be justified under the relevant exceptions to the rules of the WTO on trade in services (Sect. 4.4).
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Aakala, Tuomas, Cécile C. Remy, Dominique Arseneault, Hubert Morin, Martin P. Girardin, Fabio Gennaretti, Lionel Navarro et al. "Millennial-Scale Disturbance History of the Boreal Zone". En Advances in Global Change Research, 53–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15988-6_2.
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AbstractLong-term disturbance histories, reconstructed using diverse paleoecological tools, provide high-quality information about pre-observational periods. These data offer a portrait of past environmental variability for understanding the long-term patterns in climate and disturbance regimes and the forest ecosystem response to these changes. Paleoenvironmental records also provide a longer-term context against which current anthropogenic-related environmental changes can be evaluated. Records of the long-term interactions between disturbances, vegetation, and climate help guide forest management practices that aim to mirror “natural” disturbance regimes. In this chapter, we outline how paleoecologists obtain these long-term data sets and extract paleoenvironmental information from a range of sources. We demonstrate how the reconstruction of key disturbances in the boreal forest, such as fire and insect outbreaks, provides critical long-term views of disturbance-climate-vegetation interactions. Recent developments of novel proxies are highlighted to illustrate advances in reconstructing millennial-scale disturbance-related dynamics and how this new information benefits the sustainable management of boreal forests in a rapidly changing climate.
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Churakova, Olga V., Trevor J. Porter, Alexander V. Kirdyanov, Vladimir S. Myglan, Marina V. Fonti y Eugene A. Vaganov. "Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings of Boreal Forests". En Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 581–603. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_20.
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AbstractThe boreal forests are widely expanded from subarctic forest to tundra, and from taigato forest-steppe zone (from 50 °N to 70 °N). We reviewed available stable isotope chronologies in tree-ring cellulose (δ13C, δ18O and δ2H) from 16 sites located in the Russian Federation; 4 research sites from Fennoscandia (Finland, Sweden and Norway); 5 sites from Canada, and 1 site from Alaska (USA) to evaluate impact of climatic changes from seasonal to annual scale across boreal forest ecosystems. Results of our review of carbon isotope data showed that droughtconditions (mainly high vapour pressure deficit) are prevalent for western and central regions of Eurasia, Alaska and Canada, while northeastern and eastern sites of Eurasian subarctic are showing water shortage developments resulting from decreasing precipitation. Oxygen isotopechronologies show increasing trends towards the end of the twentieth century mainly for all chronologies, except for the Siberian northern and southern sites. The application of the multiple stable isotope proxies (δ13C, δ18O, δ2H) is beneficial to study responses of boreal forests to climate change in temperature-limited environments. However, a deeper knowledge of hydrogen isotope fractionation processes at the tree-ring cellulose level is needed for a sound interpretation and application of δ2H for climate reconstructions, especially for the boreal forest zone where forest ecosystems are more sensitive to climatic and environmental changes.
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Henriques, Carla y Clara Viseu. "Evaluating the Reasons Behind the Inefficient Implementation of ERDF Devoted to R&I in SMEs". En Springer Proceedings in Political Science and International Relations, 3–27. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18161-0_1.
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AbstractThis work is mainly aimed at evaluating the reasons behind the inefficient execution of Operational Programs (OPs) aimed at promoting research and innovation (R&I), especially in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To achieve this goal, we employed a three-stage slack-based measure (SBM) data envelopment analysis (DEA) model combined with Stochastic Frontier analysis (SFA), which includes a multiplicity of achievement metrics and environmental factors, to evaluate 53 OPs from 19 countries. Our findings suggest that more developed regions (proxied by a higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita) do not make an efficient application of European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) aimed at fostering R&I in SMEs. Also, a greater proportion of the population with a university degree does not imply an appropriate use of ERDF devoted to R&I in SMEs. Lifelong learning is positively linked with the performance of the outcomes “Researchers Working in Improved Infrastructures” and “Enterprises Supported”. Research and development (R&D) expenditures in the public sector contribute favorably to the needed improvements in “Researchers Working in Improved Infrastructures” but have the reverse effect on the number of “Enterprises Supported” and “Enterprises Working with Research Institutions”. Furthermore, because R&D expenditures in the business sector have a positive impact on the necessary development of “Enterprises Working with Research Institutions”, these results appear to demonstrate that public R&D has a weaker influence on SME innovation than private R&D. Finally, innovative SMEs collaborating with other sources of knowledge show a positive effect on both the number of “Enterprises” and “Enterprises Working with Research Institutions” supported.
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Violeta Achim, Monica, Sorin Nicolae Borlea, Viorela Ligia Văidean, Decebal Remus Florescu, Eugenia Ramona Mara y Ionut Constantin Cuceu. "Economic and Financial Crimes and the Development of Society". En Standard of Living, Wellbeing, and Community Development [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96269.
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The purpose of this chapter is to study the detailed dynamics of economic and financial crimes within the European Union member states, namely corruption, shadow economy, tax evasion, money laundering, cybercrime and financial frauds. Our econometric modelling focuses on the impact of the vector of financial and economic crime proxies upon economic prosperity and human development. In accordance to the reviewed literature, for our sample of European Union countries, corruption and shadow economy have a negative effect upon the vector of development proxies while money laundering and cybercrimes belonging to “white collars” are positively correlated with the vector of development proxies that we analyze. All the data are interpreted and discussed, and then conclusions are drawn. Governmental policies on economic prosperity and societal wellbeing should focus on reducing corruption and shadow economy, in order to favour benefits in the field of economic and human development.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Bouraqadi, Noury y Dave Mason. "Mocks, Proxies, and Transpilation as Development Strategies for Web Development". En IWST'16: International Workshop on Smalltalk Technologies. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2991041.2991051.
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Onwunalu, Jerome Emeka, Michael Lev Litvak, Louis J. Durlofsky y Khalid Aziz. "Application of Statistical Proxies to Speed Up Field Development Optimization Procedures". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/117323-ms.
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Algeo, Thomas y Wei Wei. "Getting salty: A history of the development of elemental salinity proxies for shales". En Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.16875.
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Lall, Pradeep, Nokibul Islam, Prakriti Choudhary y Jeff Suhling. "Leading Indicators of Failure for Prognostication of Leaded and Lead-Free Electronics in Harsh Environments". En ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems collocated with the ASME 2005 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2005-73426.
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In this paper, a methodology for prognostication-of-electronics has been developed for accurate assessment of residual life in a deployed electronic components, and determination of damage-state in absence of macro-indicators of failure. Proxies for leading indicators-of-failure have been identified and correlated with damage progression under thermomechanical loads. Examples of proxies include — microstructural evolution characterized by average phase size and intermetallic growth rate in solder interconnects. Validity of damage proxies has been investigated for both 63Sn37Pb leaded and SnAgCu leadfree electronics. Structures examined include — plastic ball grid array format electronic and MEMS Packages and discrete devices assembled with FR4-06 laminates. Focus of the research presented in this paper is on interrogation of the aged material’s damage state and enhancing the understanding of damage progression. The research is aimed at development of damage relationships for determination of residual life of aged electronics and assessment of design margins instead of life prediction of new components. The prognostic indicators presented in this paper, can be used for health monitoring of electronic assemblies.
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Lall, Pradeep, Nokibul Islam, Prakriti Choudhary y Jeff Suhling. "Methodologies for Prognostication and Health Monitoring of Leaded and Lead Free Electronics and MEMS Packages in Harsh Environments". En ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82614.
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In this paper, a methodology for prognostication-of-electronics has been developed for accurate assessment of residual life in a deployed electronic components, and determination of damage-state in absence of macro-indicators of failure. Proxies for leading indicators-of-failure have been identified and correlated with damage progression under thermo-mechanical loads. Examples of proxies include — micro-structural evolution characterized by average phase size and intermetallic growth rate in solder interconnects. Validity of damage proxies has been investigated for both 63Sn37Pb leaded and SnAgCu leadfree electronics. Structures examined include — plastic ball grid array format electronic and MEMS Packages and discrete devices assembled with FR4-06 laminates. Focus of the research presented in this paper is on interrogation of the aged material’s damage state and enhancing the understanding of damage progression. The research is aimed at development of damage relationships for determination of residual life of aged electronics and assessment of design margins instead of life prediction of new components. The prognostic indicators presented in this paper, can be used for health monitoring of electronic assemblies.
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Gupta, D. K., N. Belayouni, S. Tahir, A. A. Al Tandi, R. Ayoubi, M. Gubbala, M. A. Elfeel, S. Su, M. Amri y H. Mustapha. "Deep Learning-Driven Optimization of Development Plans for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs". En ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216238-ms.
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Abstract This paper explores the potential of deep learning for developing metamodels that can be used as proxies for large-scale reservoir simulators. We investigate how these proxies can be used to optimize any reservoir or field development plans. Using an advanced optimization technique with a numerical reservoir model for large reservoirs is computationally very challenging, hence we investigate if using deep learning proxies to replace the physical simulator can help to alleviate this issue. We present an optimization framework wrapped around data-driven metamodels to perform structured and inexpensive optimization of reservoir development plans in an end-to-end approach. The overall performance of any reservoir depends on various factors such as field-control parameters (oil production rate cutoff, water injection rate cutoff, etc.) as well as well-related parameters, among others, referred to as FDP constraints. Our approach uses a pipeline of deep learning models to accurately predict these parameters, which in turn generate the economic outputs associated with the reservoir development scenario. These models are trained and tested using 700+ simulation cases with carefully sampled FDP constraints. We demonstrate the efficacy of the presented approach on synthetic as well as real datasets. For all cases, we consistently observe that our optimized results are superior to all the simulation cases that are used for training and testing the metamodels. The presented approach is robust to the choice of the economic model and the FDP constraints can be optimized for any choice of the economic objective. Our optimization framework implicitly ensures that the trained metamodels are robust and accurate enough, and this is achieved through novel evaluation metrics built for this purpose. These metrics serve as quality measure to ensure that the optimization results are minimally hampered by the limitations of the metamodel. They are used to rank the predictions of the metamodel against the ground-truth values to validate how well the trained metamodel can reconstruct the parameter hyperspace. Moreover, the uncertainty measure associated with each optimized solution provides the flexibility to make a wise business choice based on any additional constraints that are not considered in the optimization process. Overall, the learnt proxy metamodels serve well to replicate the behavior of the original reservoir simulators, and the optimization results seem promising. The standard approach of running a physics-based reservoir simulator for every specific case is computationally very expensive, and it cannot be used to optimize the FDP constraints. Our presented approach alleviates this issue and can be used to find the optimal parameters almost inexpensively. The full optimization including the training of the metamodels can be completed in a few hours on an average grade laptop without the need of any powerful graphics card.
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Lang, Chunbo, Binfei Tu, Gong Cheng y Junwei Han. "Beyond the Prototype: Divide-and-conquer Proxies for Few-shot Segmentation". En Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/143.
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Few-shot segmentation, which aims to segment unseen-class objects given only a handful of densely labeled samples, has received widespread attention from the community. Existing approaches typically follow the prototype learning paradigm to perform meta-inference, which fails to fully exploit the underlying information from support image-mask pairs, resulting in various segmentation failures, e.g., incomplete objects, ambiguous boundaries, and distractor activation. To this end, we propose a simple yet versatile framework in the spirit of divide-and-conquer. Specifically, a novel self-reasoning scheme is first implemented on the annotated support image, and then the coarse segmentation mask is divided into multiple regions with different properties. Leveraging effective masked average pooling operations, a series of support-induced proxies are thus derived, each playing a specific role in conquering the above challenges. Moreover, we devise a unique parallel decoder structure that integrates proxies with similar attributes to boost the discrimination power. Our proposed approach, named divide-and-conquer proxies (DCP), allows for the development of appropriate and reliable information as a guide at the “episode” level, not just about the object cues themselves. Extensive experiments on PASCAL-5i and COCO-20i demonstrate the superiority of DCP over conventional prototype-based approaches (up to 5~10% on average), which also establishes a new state-of-the-art. Code is available at github.com/chunbolang/DCP.
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Stabile, Carlo Cristiano, Marco Barbiero, Giorgio Fighera y Laura Dovera. "Robust Well Placement Optimization Through Universal Trace Kriging with Adaptive Sampling". En Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207233-ms.
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Abstract Optimizing well locations for a green field is critical to mitigate development risks. Performing such workflows with reservoir simulations is very challenging due to the huge computational cost. Proxy models can instead provide accurate estimates at a fraction of the computing time. This study presents an application of new generation functional proxies to optimize the well locations in a real oil field with respect to the actualized oil production on all the different geological realizations. Proxies are built with the Universal Trace Kriging and are functional in time allowing to actualize oil flows over the asset lifetime. Proxies are trained on the reservoir simulations using randomly sampled well locations. Two proxies are created for a pessimistic model (P10) and a mid-case model (P50) to capture the geological uncertainties. The optimization step uses the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm, with discounted oil productions of the two proxies, as objective functions. An adaptive approach was employed: optimized points found from a first optimization were used to re-train the proxy models and a second run of optimization was performed. The methodology was applied on a real oil reservoir to optimize the location of four vertical production wells and compared against reference locations. 111 geological realizations were available, in which one relevant uncertainty is the presence of possible compartments. The decision space represented by the horizontal translation vectors for each well was sampled using Plackett-Burman and Latin-Hypercube designs. A first application produced a proxy with poor predictive quality. Redrawing the areas to avoid overlaps and to confine the decision space of each well in one compartment, improved the quality. This suggests that the proxy predictive ability deteriorates in presence of highly non-linear responses caused by sealing faults or by well interchanging positions. We then followed a 2-step adaptive approach: a first optimization was performed and the resulting Pareto front was validated with reservoir simulations; to further improve the proxy quality in this region of the decision space, the validated Pareto front points were added to the initial dataset to retrain the proxy and consequently rerun the optimization. The final well locations were validated on all 111 realizations with reservoir simulations and resulted in an overall increase of the discounted production of about 5% compared to the reference development strategy. The adaptive approach, combined with functional proxy, proved to be successful in improving the workflow by purposefully increasing the training set samples with data points able to enhance the optimization step effectiveness. Each optimization run performed relies on about 1 million proxy evaluations which required negligible computational time. The same workflow carried out with standard reservoir simulations would have been practically unfeasible.
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Cesar, Jaime, James Wood, Pauline Humez, Michael Nightingale, Veith Becker, Omid Ardakani y Bernhard Mayer. "Stable Carbon Isotope Proxies for the Development of Unconventional Petroleum Reservoirs and the Protection of Groundwater Resources". En Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.347.
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Bistrova, Julija y Natalja Lace. "EFFECT OF INNOVATION ON THE EU MEMBER-COUNTRIES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". En Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.56.
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Neoclassical economic theory states that the growth of the nation primarily is dependent on the innovation potential of the country. However, this theory is often being refuted by the recent empirical research, proving that the innovations are becoming more cost-extensive, late in generating return on invested capital and not as useful as they used to be. The present study researches the effect of innovation on the EU member-countries economic development, having selected R&D expenses, number of patents and number of researchers as innovation proxies. The results prove that there is a strong relationship between the R&D expenses and GDP growth as well as the labour productivity, but no evidence was found that the number of scientists or the number of patents significantly influence economic development of the country. The authors also ran a regression between the scientific productivity and impact and the GDP per capita to discover the strong relationship between the variables. However, the causality of the relationship should be studied further.
Informes sobre el tema "Proxies development"
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Chong, Alberto E. y César Calderón. Volume and Quality of Infrastructure and the Distribution of Income: An Empirical Investigation. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011560.
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We provide evidence on the link between infrastructure development and the distribution of income for the period 1960-1995. To do this, we use several proxies such as roads, railways, telecommunications and energy measures. The approach is comprehensive as cross-country and panel methods are applied. In the latter case, we apply GMM dynamic panel methods in order to minimize for endogeneity problems. Both quantity of infrastructure and quality of infrastructure are negatively linked with income inequality. The quantitative link tends to be stronger in developing countries than the qualitative link. These findings hold when using different econometric methods and most infrastructure measures.
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Shapovalova, Daria, Tavis Potts, John Bone y Keith Bender. Measuring Just Transition : Indicators and scenarios for a Just Transition in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire. University of Aberdeen, octubre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22364.
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The North East of Scotland is at the forefront of the global energy transition. With the transformation of the UK’s energy sector over coming decades, the lives of communities and workers in the North East will be directly affected as we collectively transition to a Net Zero economy. A Just Transition refers to a fair distribution of the burdens and benefits as society and the economy shifts to a sustainable low-carbon economy. It calls for action on providing decent green jobs, building community wealth, and embedding participation. While it is a well-established concept in the academic literature and in policy there is a notable lack of approaches and data on measuring progress towards a Just Transition. In Scotland, with Just Transition planning underway, there are calls for clarity by the Scottish Parliament, Just Transition Commission, and many stakeholders on how to evaluate progress in a place-based context. The project ‘Just Transition for Workers and Communities in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire’ brought together an interdisciplinary team from the University of Aberdeen Just Transition Lab to identify and collate the relevant evidence, and engage with a range of local stakeholders to develop regional Just Transition indicators. Previous work on this project produced a Rapid Evidence Assessment on how the oil and gas industry has shaped our region and what efforts and visions have emerged for a Just Transition. Based on the findings and a stakeholder knowledge-exchange event, we have developed a set of proposed indicators, supported by data and/or narrative, for a transition in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire across four themes: 1) Employment and skills, 2) Equality and wellbeing, 3) Democratic participation, and 4) Community empowerment, revitalisation and Net Zero. Some of the indicators are compiled from national/local data sets, including data on jobs and skills, fuel poverty or greenhouse gas emissions. Other indicators require further data collection and elaboration, but nevertheless represent important aspects of Just Transition in the region. These include workers’ rights protection, community ownership, participation and empowerment. We propose four narrative scenarios as springboards for further dialogue, policy development, investment and participation on Just Transition in Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire. Indicators, as proxies for evaluating progress, can be used as decision support tools, a means of informing policy, and supporting stakeholder dialogue and action as we collectively progress a Just Transition in the North East. There are no shortcuts on a way to a Just Transition. Progress towards achieving it will require a clear articulation of vision and objectives, co-developed with all stakeholders around the table. It will require collaboration, trust, difficult conversations, and compromise as we develop a collective vision for the region. Finally, it will require strong political will, substantive policy and legal reform, public and private investment, and building of social licence as we collectively build a Net Zero future in the North East.
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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson y Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, marzo de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.
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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.
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Measuring What Really Matters - Beyond GDP and GNI for holistic view of national wellbeing. United Nations University - International Institute for Global Health, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2023/9.
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI) were designed to serve as a scorecard for economic growth by measuring the monetary value of all local goods and services produced within a given period. Today they are also used by the development assistance architecture as proxies to measure a nation’s overall wellbeing and, in some cases, eligibility for external funding. In this review, we assess the academic and grey literature to identify potential alternatives to GDP and GNI that aim to incorporate broader definitions of wellbeing. Two are particularly noteworthy for their real-world implementation: Aotearoa New Zealand’s Living Standards Framework (LSF), which incorporates a holistic understanding of wellbeing for national budgeting that is locally relevant and adjustable according to government priorities, and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) which includes a customizable dashboard approach which sets it apart from the “one-size-fits-all” models of GDP and GNI.