Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Province de Lyon"

Daniel Mollière (1848-1890), cirujano mayor del Hospital Dieu de Lyon durante apenas 17 años, fue capaz de publicar más de treinta trabajos sobre temas tan diversos como hernias, amputaciones, gangrena, trepanación, ortopedia, enfermedades cardiacas, ántrax, cirugía plástica, etc. Fue un gran docente y colaborador asiduo de las revistas Lyon Médical, Province Médicale y Gazette des Hôpitaux. Su especial interés por la enseñanza le llevo a publicar unas Lecturas sobre cirugía clínica, donde presentó sus ideas más innovadoras. Se describen sus aportaciones al campo de las hernias y de la pared abdominal. A pesar de su interesante legado, Mollière es un personaje totalmente desconocido para la mayoría de cirujanos, ya que no es citado en los libros de historia de la medicina o de la cirugía.

Surtout provinciale au début du siècle, l'édition théâtrale devient parisienne à partir de 1630, date à laquelle la production de nouveautés augmente rapidement. Jusqu'au milieu des années 1650, le marché de la capitale passe aux mains de trois libraires du Palais qui sous-traitent l'impression à de petits ateliers. Après 1660, de nouveaux éditeurs parisiens apparaissent et de nouvelles associations voient le jour. Face à la domination de Paris, la province se spécialise dans la contrefaçon, active à Caen, Avignon, Grenoble puis Lyon; en Hollande comme aux Pays-Bas espagnols les éditions pirates au format in-douze deviennent de plus en plus nombreuses. Les dramaturges maîtrisent assez peu la publication de leurs livres. Deux figures échappent au sort commun, Pierre Corneille et Molière.

The first argument set out in 1877 by the Parisian astronomer Charles André, founder of the Observatoire de Lyon, to justify the establishment of an astronomical institute in Saint-Genis-Laval was the fact that it offered the opportunity to install remote marks along its meridian. André had used this argument three years before to reject another site selected by a local committee. However, at that time remote meridian marks had been abandoned by most astronomers in favour of close ones. We have conducted field research to discover the remains of these marks, as well as to seek evidence – both in the literature and in archives – of their use. This investigation shows that the argument for remote marks was in fact driven by geodetic considerations. The choice of Saint-Genis-Laval was actually made by geodesists of the Dépôt Général de la Guerre and its director, François Perrier, who wanted to institute new observatories in Province as key points in the primary geodetic network of France.

At the Cheever Mine, located in the eastern Adirondack Mountains of the Mesoproterozoic Grenville Province, iron oxide-apatite ore forms a narrow (<3 m) sheet cross-cutting metasomatically altered, magnetite-bearing, albite-rich leucogranitic host rocks of the Lyon Mountain Granite suite. Zircon from the ore and five samples of country rock were dated by Laser Ablation-Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. The ore yielded a Concordia age of 1033.6 ± 2.9 Ma while three samples of host rock yielded ages of 1036.3 ± 2.9, 1040 ± 11, and 1043.9 ± 4.1 Ma. Two additional samples of host rock yielded older ages of 1059.6 ± 3.4 and 1066.0 ± 6.3 Ma and contain zircon xenocrystic cores with 207Pb/206Pb ages up to 1242 Ma. The zircons analyzed, including those separated from the ore, have characteristics typically associated with an igneous origin including size, shape, inclusions, oscillatory zoning, typical chondrite-normalized REE patterns, U contents, and U/Th ratios. This data establishes the age of the ore and alteration and a temporal, and likely genetic, connection between the ore and members of the Lyon Mountain Granite suite. A model invoking melting of Shawinigan country rocks, magmatic differentiation, and long-lived magmatic and metasomatic input along extensional fault conduits is proposed for the ore’s genesis. At the Cheever Mine, magmatic hydrothermal fluids and/or post-intrusion alteration appears not to have had a major impact on zircon, which preserves original U-Pb systematics.

La petite province de Dombes, située au nord de la ville de Lyon, se caractérise essentiellement par la présence de nombreux étangs insalubres et une mortalité élevée. À Saint-Trivier en particulier, et jusqu’aux premières décennies du xixe siècle, le nombre de décès est supérieur au nombre de naissances. Une immigration constante permet toutefois une légère croissance de la population. La vie des familles se trouve bouleversée par la forte mortalité des enfants mais aussi par celle des adultes : à la fin du xviiie siècle, près d’un mariage sur trois dure moins de 5 ans, et c’est encore le cas d’un mariage sur quatre au début du xixe siècle. Ces ruptures familiales entraînent l’existence de très nombreux orphelins, les enfants ayant de fait une faible probabilité de grandir avec leurs deux parents biologiques. L’assèchement de nombreux étangs au milieu du xixe siècle ainsi que l’amélioration des conditions de vie entraînent le renversement rapide de ce régime démographique original.

La marquise Arconati Visconti, née Marie Peyrat (1840-1923), par de multiples dons et legs à différents musées et établissements d’enseignement supérieur, a contribué à l’enrichissement des collections publiques et au développement de l’enseignement de l’histoire et de l’histoire de l’art, tant à Paris qu’en province, notamment à Lyon, Toulouse et Angers. Profondément républicaine, dreyfusarde et anticléricale, elle a entretenu avec un certain nombre de protestants des relations amicales qui ont pu orienter ses libéralités dans le domaine des lettres, comme dans celui des arts. Gabriel Monod (1844-1912), Auguste Molinier (1851-1904) et son frère Émile Molinier (1857-1906), comme Alfred Morel-Fatio (1850-1924), normalien et chartistes, directeurs d’études à l’École pratique des hautes études, professeurs à l’École des chartes et à l’École du Louvre, titulaires de chaires au Collège de France, appartiennent au monde de l’érudition. Raoul Duseigneur (1844-1916), collectionneur et antiquaire, en souvenir duquel la marquise multiplie les donations après son décès en 1916, « l’ami fidèle », a sans doute été le compagnon de la marquise, partageant en particulier ses goûts pour les collections d’objets d’art.

In this article, we explore the life of Daniel Eset, a character from a novel called "The Little Thing" by the French writer Alphonse Doude. The focus is on his psychological life, as we conclude that he does not have any specific goals in life by having a weak personality. This problem is the result of several elements that we will raise through this work. The family in the novel witnesses extreme doom at the moment of baby Daniel's birth. Where the family falls into a state of great grief, including: a loss in trade, the outbreak of many fires in the factory, and other calamities that befell the family when this child arrived. These events led them to sell their house and leave the city in the province of Languedoc to reach the city of Lyon. The birth of that boy brought them many misfortunes. This young man is forced to leave the world of childhood to earn a living and face the hardships of life. Unfortunately, the curse haunts the little boy. He cannot become a mature man at the age of childhood. He does not have enough experience to face the difficulties of life. And because he didn't get enough education and enough affection to be a mature adult man.

Abstract Extensional deformation in the lower to middle continental crust is increasingly recognized and shown to have significant impact on crustal architecture, magma emplacement, fluid flow, and ore deposits. Application of the concept of extensional strain to ancient orogenic systems, like the Grenville province of eastern North America, has helped decipher the structural evolution of these regions. The Marcy massif is a ∼3000 km2 Mesoproterozoic anorthosite batholith in the Adirondack Mountains (New York, USA) of the southern Grenville province. Bedrock geology mapping at 1:24,000 scale paired with characterization of bedrock exposed by recent landslides provides a glimpse into the structural architecture of the massif and its margin. New data demonstrate granulite- to amphibolite-facies deformational fabrics parallel the margin of the batholith, and that the Marcy massif is draped by a southeast-directed detachment zone. Within the massif, strain is localized into mutually offsetting conjugate shear zones with antithetic kinematic indicators. These relationships indicate that strain was coaxial within the Marcy massif, and that subsimple shear components of strain were partitioned along its margin. In situ U–Th–total Pb monazite analysis shows that deformation around and over the Marcy massif occurred from 1070 to 1060 Ma during granulite-facies metamorphism, and monazite from all samples record evidence for fluid-mediated dissolution reprecipitation from 1050 to 980 Ma. We interpret that rocks cooled isobarically after accretionary orogenesis and emplacement of the anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite plutonic suite at ca. 1160–1140 Ma. Gravitational collapse during the Ottawan phase of the Grenville orogeny initiated along a southeast-directed detachment zone (Marcy massif detachment zone), which accommodated intrusion of the Lyon Mountain Granite Gneiss, and facilitated substantial fluid flow that catalyzed the formation of major ore deposits in the Adirondack Highlands.

There is a need to rectify certain mistaken notions propagated in recent years concerning the textual traditions of the Occitan Catharist Ritual and the New Testament found in MS PA 36 of the Bibliothèque municipale of Lyon. Without doubt, the manuscript was not copied prior to the midthirteenth century, and in all probability, not before 1280. The New Testament is a copy of an earlier Occitan model. Though we cannot know the number of copies which might have intervened between the original Occitan translation and the Lyon copy, Samuel Berger was probably correct in assuming that it is a direct copy from the original translation. Was the Occitan Ritual originally written in that language, or was it translated from a latin model related to the Latin Rituel published by Christine Thouzellier ? Nothing in the latter, written down in Italy prior to 1235-1240, supports A. Borst's thesis that it was translated from an Occitan version. The ceremonies contained in both the Occitan and Latin rituals were certainly administered in the spoken languages of the recipients. The Latin version was never intented to be administered in that language. It is possibly a model in an international language which could have been read, even translated, by an educated Cathar, whether a speaker of Italian or Occitan. The presence in the Occitan Ritual of a collection of liturgical recitations in Latin points to the obligatory use of certain Latin texts, e.g., the Lord's Prayer and John 1 : 1-17, and invocations during the various ceremonies. The presence there of these Latin passages does not furnish an argument for the Ritual having been originally written in Occitan, since a translator using a Latin model, and knowing that practice, would not have translated these into Occitan. The quality of the Latin in the Occitan Ritual reflects the oral transmission of persons not accustomed to the use of Latin. While certainly not translated from the Latin Ritual that we know, the Occitan version contains linguistic evidence that it was translated from a Latin model with phrasing closely related to our only known Latin version. The Latin tradition of the Occitan Ritual is certainly much older than the copy which we have of it, possibly going back to the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, as supposed by Christine Thouzellier. The smoothness of the Occitan text, with respect to the language of the Occitan New Testament in the same codex, shows that the translation incorporated a living phraseology. The language, as well as that of the accompanying New Testament, shows the undeniable imprint of the Occitan spoken in the former county of Foix (Ariège) and the neighboring areas of the old province of Bas Languedoc to the south of Toulouse and in western Aude. Nevertheless, one finds in the Ritual certain forms which appear to be either Italia-nisms or traits from the medieval Occitan-speaking area of the Cottian Alps, e.g. andam for excep¬ ted anam. This fact raises the possibility for the Occitan Ritual of a model written in a dialect from one of those areas. One can envisage also the possibility that a Fuxean or Languedocian, belonging to an expatriate group of Cathars, could have translated it from a Latin model. The Occitan Ritual contains thirty-two biblical quotations, only one of which is from the Old Testament. The New Testament quotations belong to a textual tradition which Berger identified a century ago, dubbing it the "Languedocian version". The best Latin versions come from the areas of Carcassonne, Narbonne, and the Pyrenees, hence the name. The New Testament of MS PA 36 and the five representatives of the Waldensian tradition belong to that tradition as do the two manuscripts containing the earliest German New Testament. The doubts expressed by Christine Thouzellier concerning the existence of Berger's Languedocian version are unwarranted and even detrimental to the advancement of Occitan biblical studies if they discourage scholars from making use of the texts belonging to that tradition. This is especially true for editors seeking to establish the texts of the Old Occitan biblical translations. Two examples are given here of situations in which the consultation of various Languedocian versions could have enhanced a recent edition of an Old Waldensian New Testament. Christine Thouzellier's mistaken assertion, repeatedly made in her writings, to the effect that the Lyon New Testament is a direct translation from MS BN, lat. 342 stems from her misreading of a passage from Berger's 1889 Romania article. Though an excellent representative of the Languedocian tradition, it is doubtful that BN, lat. 342 served as the model for the translation of the Lyon New Testament. In anticipation of a later study of the issue, one example is presented here which contradicts such a filial relationship. Miss Thouzellier's investigations showed quite correctly that the biblical quotations in the Latin Ritual were not translated from the Occitan New Testament in MS PA 36. Likewise, she maintained that those found in the Occitan Ritual were not taken from that New Testament, a position which is literally exact. However, she did not study the question of whether the biblical quotations of the Occitan and Latin rituals belong to the same "Languedocian version" as the Lyon New Testament. The author proposes to examine in a future article the textual tradition of the New Testament quotations in the Occitan Ritual.

In the late 1990s, sporadic occurrence of Botryosphaeria canker on Carya cathayensis was recorded in Zhejiang Province, China. From 2005 to 2009, nearly 90% of orchards in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces were seriously affected by this disease. Symptoms were similar to those of canker of C. illinoinensis (2); small, elliptical lesions that developed on the bark at points of infection and then enlarged to form large, sunken, elongated cankers. The cankers coalesced, forming large diffuse areas of blighted tissue, which turned black. Tissue samples from the margin of trunk lesions from 35 different diseased trees from five counties were surface sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 1 week. Gray-black mycelia and colorless, aseptate, thin-walled conidia, 17.3 ± 0.8 long and 4.5 ± 0.5 μm wide, were produced. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug. ex Fr.) Ces. & De Not (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 from DNA extracted from mycelium produced on PDA and was recorded as GenBank Accession Nos. HQ731442 and HQ731443. The results of BLAST showed that it had more than 98% similarity to records for B. dothidea. Uninfected twigs and stems of C. cathayensis were wounded with a scalpel and then sprayed with a conidia suspension of 106 conidia per ml in distilled water as inoculum or distilled water only to provide an noninoculated control, wrapped in plastic bags to retain moisture, and incubated for 48 h. For each isolate, five twigs and stems per tree and a total of 10 trees were inoculated. After 2 weeks, 14 of 15 isolates caused lesions on inoculated stems and twigs, whereas no symptoms developed on the noninoculated controls. Cultures isolated from lesions and cultured on PDA exhibited morphological characteristics identical to those of B. dothidea, confirming completion of Koch's postulates. Currently, the distribution of Botryosphaeria canker of C. cathayensis is confined to Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. The identification of the pathogen now allows for appropriate forest management measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Botryosphaeria canker of pecan (C. cathayensis) in China. References: (1) S. Denman et al. Stud. Mycol. 45:129, 2000. (2) W. A. Sinclair and H. H. Lyon. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2005.

The article discusses the history and presents the Latin edition of the manuscript of Liber constitutionum Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum in the collections of the Archive of the Polish Dominican Province in Cracow (call no. ADK XIII.21). Familiarity with this monument is essential for at least three reasons. First, it is the only known manuscript belonging to the thirteenth-century resources of the Dominican library in Cracow. Secondly, it is part of a group of six thirteenth-century Dominican Constitution Books in the world; finally, in the thirteenth century and the first quarter of the fourteenth century the manuscript was frequently corrected and supplemented by a number of Dominican scribes. The author demonstrated that the titular manuscript served the brethren from the Cracow community for at least 44 years – after it was recorded in the wake of the general chapter in Buda in 1273 to the introduction of the last regular records following the general chapter in Lyon in 1318. This particular edition of Liber constitutionum is considered a simple edition, meaning that it has been prepared on the basis of an only known manuscript and its main purpose is to familiarise the reader with the preserved document. In this edition, I have used medieval style of writing characterised by the following: instead of double vowels ae or oe, a single e is used; the division into the lower-case vowel u and the consonant v is reduced to a single vowel u, whereas the distinction between the above two is respected in capital letters. For the sake of clarity of the critical apparatus, we include only those cases which are important from the point of view of text criticism and a few interventions on the part of the publisher, such as corrections, complementary remarks, etc.

Cette étude a pour but de dresser, du point de vue des proches de personnes ayant un traumatisme crânien (TCC) et de celui des professionnels, le portrait des besoins des proches de personnes ayant un TCC ainsi que de l’offre de services actuelle pour répondre à ces besoins. Un devis de recherche qualitatif exploratoire a été privilégié. L’étude a d’abord été menée dans trois régions de la province de Québec au Canada (Montréal, Outaouais et Abitibi-Témiscamingue), puis dans trois régions de France (Paris, Bordeaux et Lyon). Les données ont été recueillies auprès de cent cinquante participants dans le cadre de groupes de discussion. Trois grandes catégories de besoins émergent de l’analyse des données : les besoins relatifs à l’information, ceux concernant l’approche de soins et ceux relatifs aux services. Les proches ont besoin d’être informés sur le problème de santé, notamment en regard du diagnostic, du pronostic et des facteurs qui influencent les étapes du cheminement vers la réadaptation. Cette information doit être transmise avec rapidité, honnêteté, intelligibilité, précision et cohérence entre les diverses sources. Les résultats montrent aussi que les proches ont besoin de services spécifiques de qualité et qu’ils souhaitent bénéficier d’une continuité de services. En conclusion, la richesse de cette étude repose sans contredit sur une volonté commune des proches et des professionnels de faciliter l’adaptation qu’impose la survenue d’un TCC et de favoriser le mieux-être de ces proches soignants. D’ailleurs, l’organisation des services devrait tenir compte des proches en ce qui concerne la circulation de l’information, l’approche de soins et la prestation des services. En somme, les résultats de cette étude montrent que les besoins qui sont vécus par les proches de personnes ayant un TCC sont nombreux et se transforment au fur et à mesure que la situation évolue. Les réponses à ces besoins jouent un rôle déterminant tout au long du processus d’adaptation des personnes ayant un TCC et des proches et persistent longtemps après que la réadaptation de la personne ait pris fin.

Not long after the Colonia Copia Felix Munatia Lugdunum, in present day Lyon, France, was founded in 43 BCE by Lucius Munantius Plancus on the 300 m high Fourvière hill overlooking the Saone and Rhône rivers and the plains to the north and east, it became the capital of the Gallia provinces, growing to be with some 50,000 inhabitants the largest town in Gaul. In the early days, the colonia on the west valleys surrounded Fourvière hill and depended on local springs, wells, and rain cisterns for its water provision, which soon became insufficient for the growing city. A first aqueduct was constructed in 20 BCE, bringing waters from a spring some 10 km north of the town. In the decades to follow, another three aqueducts were added. All of the aqueducts were equipped with one or more pressure lines and installations of (inverted) siphons, totaling nine, to cross valleys that were thought too deep or too wide for a bridge. Today, the Métropole de Lyon counts over a million inhabitants; it is after Paris and Marseille the third largest town in France. Since 1998, Lyon has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, among others, because of the historic architecture in its urban settlements over 2000 years of age. This manuscript recounts the history and present remains of the four aqueducts and their nine extraordinary siphons, and is dedicated to Dr. Jean Burdy, who, with his team over many years of research of earlier literature and of investigations and discoveries of the physical remains of valley sites, produced a great number of publications saving the Lyon aqueducts from oblivion and leading to restorations in recent times.

Two ages of magmatism have been determined from zircon in felsic flows and plutons in the Churchill Province of Manitoba. A rhyolite flow from the Lynn Lake metavolcanic belt has a U–Pb age of [Formula: see text], and a rhyolite flow from the adjacent Rusty Lake metavolcanic belt has an age of [Formula: see text]. Tonalite and quartz diorite from two composite plutons emplaced into the volcanic rocks at Lynn Lake have ages of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], indistinguishable from the age of the Rusty Lake belt rhyolite. The arcuate domain of metavolcanic rocks that includes the Rusty Lake belt in the southeast, the Lynn Lake belt in the north, and the La Ronge belt (Saskatchewan) in the southwest has previously been considered a single structural sub-province with similar ages throughout. Our results and published U–Pb ages from Saskatchewan indicate that an older magmatism is represented by volcanic rocks in the Lynn Lake belt; a younger magmatism, by volcanic rocks in the Rusty Lake and La Ronge belts and plutons in the Lynn Lake belt. At Lynn Lake the older magmatism (1910 Ma) produced mafic, intermediate, and felsic volcanic rocks and synvolcanic plutons. The volcanic rocks are geochemically similar to Cenozoic island-arc magmatic sequences. These rocks were isoclinally folded and subsequently intruded by the 1876 Ma plutons. The younger, dominantly subaerial, volcanism (1878 Ma) at Rusty Lake was predominantly felsic, and the coeval plutons were granitoid. The distribution of ages and the 8 km thickness of the younger volcanic sequence suggest that the older rock served as basement during the younger magmatism.

Tannhäuser rehabilitated (II) – Performances in the provinces Tannhäuser’s reemergence at Paris Opera’s stage was preceded by the work’s productions in some French provincial theatres: in Lyons (première on April 4th, 1892), in Toulouse (première on April 13th, 1892), in Nice (première on March 14th, 1894) and in Nantes (première on March 27th, 1894). The author of the article discusses various aspects of these performances accentuating the fact that this time the main objects of controversies weren’t the composer and his Tannhäuser, but the soloists observed attentively by the musical critics and the spectators, as one can guess reading the reviews quoted in the article.

Tannhäuser rehabilitated (II) – Performances in the provinces Tannhäuser’s reemergence at Paris Opera’s stage was preceded by the work’s productions in some French provincial theatres: in Lyons (première on April 4th, 1892), in Toulouse (première on April 13th, 1892), in Nice (première on March 14th, 1894) and in Nantes (première on March 27th, 1894). The author of the article discusses various aspects of these performances accentuating the fact that this time the main objects of controversies weren’t the composer and his Tannhäuser, but the soloists observed attentively by the musical critics and the spectators, as one can guess reading the reviews quoted in the article.

Background:Pulmonary arterial hypertension with systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH) is the main cause of death in patients with SSc. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are very important to reduce the mortality of patients with SSc-PAH1. At present, there are not many sensitive markers for the diagnosis of SSc-PAH. Therefore, it is necessary to mine more sensitive markers as more accurate and practical predictors, which is of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of SSc-PAH.Objectives:To discover the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and activated signaling pathways in SSc-PAH.Methods:Fifty-five samples (27 SSc-PAH v.s 28 normal controls) in GSE33463 chip data obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were included in this study. DEGs in SSc-PAH patients were screened by R, key pathways and hub genes were discoved by Metascape2, STRING3 and Cytoscape.Results:Total 431 genes with large differences were identified, including 238 up-regulated genes and 193 down-regulated genes, after standardizing the data (|logFC| > 1; P < 0.05). GO analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mainly involved in defense response to virus, hemoglobin complex, platelet alpha granule membrane and cytokine binding. The downregulated genes were mainly characterized by positive regulation of cell death, regulation of MAPK cascade, regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity and transcription factor AP-1 complex. Several significant enriched pathways obtained in the KEGG pathway analysis were Influenza A, Hepatitis C, IL-17 signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Finally, after the selected differential genes were introduced into STRING online software, the data information of protein interaction network was derived, and 12 core genes in the network were identified, they were CXCL8, PPBP, LPAR1, FPR2, GNG11, CXCL10, LPAR5, JUN, C3AR1, CCR2, CCR3, IRF2.Conclusion:The genes and signal pathways related to SSc-PAH discovered by bioinformatics methods could not only provided new molecular markers for its diagnosis and treatment, but also provided new ideas for its related biological research.References:[1]Zheng JN, Li Y, Yan YM, et al. Identification and Validation of Key Genes Associated With Systemic Sclerosis-Related Pulmonary Hypertension. Front Genet 2020;11:816. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00816 [published Online First: 2020/08/15].[2]Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun 2019;10(1):1523. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09234-6 [published Online First: 2019/04/05].[3]Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res 2019;47(D1):D607-D13. doi: 10.1093/nar/gky1131 [published Online First: 2018/11/27].Acknowledgements:This project was supported by National Science Foundation of China (82001740), Open Fund from the Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University) (KLCP2019) and Innovation Plan for Postgraduate Education in Shanxi Province (2020BY078).Disclosure of Interests:None declared

One of the successes of national development is measured by the increasing economic growth of the country and the increasing quality of public health. A nation's capacity to acquire high-quality human resources in order to produce a sustainable economy is greatly influenced by health. The purpose of this study is to represent and analyze the effects of various factors on Indonesia's economic development, including the percentage of smoking in people aged ≥ 15 years (RKK), the health allocation fund (DAK Health), the percentage of children aged less than 6 months who received exclusive breastfeeding (ASI), the percentage of married women aged 15-49 years (KWN) and unmet need health services (LYN). The panel data method and secondary data from BPS (www.bps.go.id) from 2016 to 2020 are used in this study. The test results show that cigarettes indicator have a negative impact, but the DAK Health indicator, ASI indicator, KWN indicator, and LYN indicator, have a positive impact on aggregate economic growth in 34 Indonesian provinces. With the exception of the islands of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Java, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, and Sumatra, the results of the investigation in 34 provinces of Indonesia show that cigarettes indicator generally have a positive impact. With the exception of the islands of Maluku-Papua, Java, Sumatra, and Bali-Nusa Tenggara, the DAK Health as a whole have a favorable impact. Overall, the ASI indicator have a favorable impact on economic growth, except for the islands of Maluku-Papua and Bali-Nusa Tenggara. KWN indicator have a positive correlation with economic growth in 34 Indonesian provinces. Finally, LYN indicator have a favorable effect on the aggregate in Indonesia, with the exception of the islands of Sulawesi, Maluku-Papua and Bali-Nusa Tenggara.

Heat flow studies on the exposed part of the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) in northern Manitoba and Saskatchewan allow constraints on crustal composition and lithosphere structure. The average of all heat flow values in the THO is the same as in other geological provinces of the Canadian Shield. However, where juvenile crust is exposed, heat flow is on average lower than in the Superior and Grenville provinces (37 vs. 41 mW m–2). Heat flow increases towards the surrounding Archean provinces, Rae–Hearne to the west, Sask to the south, and Superior to the east. There are strong differences in heat flow within and between the belts of the THO. The poor correlation between heat flow and heat production in the rocks exposed at the surface implies that these differences involve a large fraction of the crustal column. One new heat flow determination confirms the existence of a ``cold spot'' around the town of Lynn Lake in the northern part of the THO. Heat flow data in the Kisseynew and Glennie domains remain sparse, but they indicate that this low heat flow region extends as far south as the Flin Flon – Snow Lake Belt. The Lynn Lake Belt is underlain by poorly radiogenic rocks, possibly Kisseynew-type crust with oceanic basement. Northward increase in heat flow along the Thompson Belt is consistent with the view that the belt is thrust over Kisseynew-type basement only in the south. Heat flow increases southward in the Paleozoic basin because of higher heat production in basement rocks, probably from the Sask craton. We used the low heat flow regions to obtain an upper bound of 15 mW m–2 for the mantle heat flow in the THO. The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere can be determined from the coherence between the topography and the Bouguer gravity. The effective elastic thickness is high (>40 km) thoughout the Canadian Shield and is highest in the central part of the shield, in particular in the Lynn Lake region. There seems to be a negative correlation between elastic thickness and heat flow in the central and western Canadian Shield. This indicates that, even in stable continents, the elastic thickness is largely controlled by the lithospheric temperatures that depend strongly on crustal heat generation and hence crustal structure.

The geographical distributions of Culex (Carrollia) secundus, Cx. (Microculex) davisi, Cx. (Phytotelmatomyia) castroi, Cx. (Phy.) renatoi, Lutzia (Lutzia) allostigma, Sabethes (Peytonulus) undosus, Sa. (Sabethoides) glaucodaemon, Toxorhynchites (Lynchiella) bambusicola, Tx. (Lyn.) theobaldi, Wyeomyia (Dodecamyia) aphobema, Wy. (Miamyia) codiocampa and Wy. serratoria (subgenus uncertain) are extended, including new records for four provinces in Argentina and four new records for the country, increasing the number of species known to occur in Argentina from 242 to 246.

Abstract Abstract 4914 Objective To study the anti-leukemic activity of MEK inhibitor U0126 alone or in combination with imatinib and explored the reversing mechanism to imatinib resistance in imatinib resistant K562R cell line. Methods Cytotoxicity of drug was detected by the MTT assay in the IM-sensitive cell line K562 and IM-resistant cell line K562R. Western Blot assay were employed to examine the expression of p-cAbl, p-Lyn, p-STAT5, ERK signaling pathway (p-cRaf, p-MEK, p-ERK), PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway(p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1) and the apoptosis related proteins (Bax, Bcl2). The apoptosis rates were analyzed by Annexin V/PI double staining flow cytometry assay. The levels of lyn and erk1/2 gene were assayed by RT-PCR. Results 1. BCR-ABL-independent activation of Lyn and ERK1/2 may be the IM resistant mechanism in K562R cell line. The IC50 value of K562R cell line(1. 505±0. 459 μmol/L) inhibited by imatinib for 72 hours was higher than the values of K562(0. 159±0. 032μmol/L) and the Resistant Fold(RF)was 9. 465. Western Blot assays showed that p-Lyn, p-MEK and p-ERK of ERK pathway, p-mTOR and p-4EPB1 were over-expressed in K562R cell line relative to K562 cell line. However, the levels of p-cAbl, p-STAT5, p-Raf, p-AKT of PI3K/AKT/mTOR were similar in the K562R and K562 cell lines. The treatment of IM could reduce the expression of p-cAbl and p-MEK, but not that of p-Lyn, p-ERK, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1, and even up-regulate the p-Lyn, p-ERK, p-mTOR. The expression of Bax, Bcl2 and the apoptosis rates were the similar in both cell lines. 2. MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 could reverse the IM resistance in K562R cell line. MTT assay showed single-agent U0126 is more sensitive to K562R than K562. The IC50 values of the two cell lines were 34. 235±5. 658 μmol/L and 85. 824±4. 474 μmol/L respectively. The combination of imatinib and U0126 markedly enhanced inhibitory effect as measured by MTT assay in K562R cell line, combination with 10μmol/L U0126, the IC50 values of IM was 0. 134±0. 059μmol/L, which reduced to 8. 9% of single IM treatment. 3. The reversing mechanism of U0126 to imatinib resistance in K562R cell line. Western Blot showed single IM up-regulated the p-Lyn and p-ERK, while U0126 reduced the expression of them, the combination of the IM and U0126 could synergisticly reduce the p-Lyn expression and neutralize the up-regulation of p-ERK caused by IM single agent. Single IM also up-regulated the p-mTOR in K562R while U0126 reduced it, single IM or U0126 had no influence on p-4EBP1 in K562R, the combination of the two drugs could synergisticly reduce the p-4EBP1 and neutralize the up-regulation of p-mTOR caused by IM single agent. IM but not U0126could reduce p-cAbl and the combination of the two was more effective than IM treatment. IM alone or combination with U0126 could not regulate p-STAT5 expression in K562R. RT-PCR showed that neither IM treatment nor its combination with U0126 could change the level of lyn and erk1, 2 gene in the cell lines. Conclusions 1. BCR-ABL-independent activation of Lyn and ERK1/2 involved in IM resistance mechanism in IM-resistant K562R cell line. Imatinib alone could up-regulated the expression of the p-Lyn, p-ERK, p-mTOR in K562R cell line. MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 could reverse the IM resistance by reducing the expression of the p-Lyn, p-ERK, p-mTOR, p-4EBP1 of IM-resistant K562R cell line, and the combination of U0216 and Imatinib could synergisticly depress up-regulation of the p-Lyn, p-ERK, p-mTOR and p-4EBP1 caused by IM. Grant support: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30770912), Foundation of the Science & Technology Department of Sichuan Province (No. 2008SZ0017). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Over a century of research has produced little agreement on the question of whether Irenaeus of Lyons recognized a natural knowledge of God. This article raises the question anew by considering the interpretive issues surrounding the passage at the center of the debate, Against Heresies 2.6.1. It challenges past readings and offers one of its own. I contend that an affirmation of natural knowledge plays the leading role in the argument of AH 2.6.1. This being the case, this text does not undermine references to natural knowledge that appear elsewhere in Irenaeus’s corpus, as Th.-André Audet would have us believe, but supports them. Irenaeus, then, does indeed recognize a natural knowledge of God, the product of discursive reasoning about the creation and providence of God.

Two whole-rock suites of metavolcanic rocks from separate volcanic belts of the Churchill Province in northern Saskatchewan have been dated by Rb–Sr. Samples from the Amisk Group of the Flin Flon – Snow Lake domain provide an isochron date of 1784 ± 44 Ma; suites from the Waddy Lake and Devil Lake areas of the La Ronge (–Lynn Lake) domain yield isochron dates of 1814 ± 26 and 1854 ± 100 Ma, respectively. All are regarded as minima for, but close approximations to, emplacement ages. The maximum crustal age of any suite cannot greatly exceed 1850 Ma.Previous Rb–Sr and U–Pb isotopic dates together with these new determinations confirm the contemporaneous existence of two volcanic arcs, active during the late Aphebian (1875–1784 Ma) in the Churchill Province.Low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7017–0.7022) are consistent with a petrochemically inferred subduction-related origin for the volcanic rocks with no closed-system reworking of Archean crust, and a linear evolution of 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the magmatic-arc mantle source region from 4.55 Ga to the present.

In this article, we analyze the waste and losses in the links of the cocoa value chain in the provinces of Cotopaxi and Pastaza. To this aim, information on the volumes of cocoa production in each province was described. Subsequently, the impact of the 2020 pandemic on cocoa production was analyzed. For this,the Student's t contrast was applied to this variable in the aforementioned provinces. Finally, a description was made of the intensity with which waste and losses are generated in the main links corresponding to the value chain of cocoa production. It was determined that the links of collection and extraction of grains, as well as that of grafting, were the most representative in the waste of the value chain. In the same way, considerable losses were evidenced in the handling of the product and the pruning of diseases or pests. Keywords: Art, cocoa, value chain, product losses, waste. 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The Wathaman (Wathaman–Chipewyan) batholith is an 1854 ± 11 Ma, northeast-trending, homogenous, felsic pluton that is over 900 km long. It is thought to be a magmatic arc, with the Archean Hearne craton on its northwestern side as the hinterland and the remains of the Early Proterozoic Manikewan oceanic crust of the Trans-Hudson orogen on its southeastern side. Alternating-field and thermal step demagnetization methods isolate an A remanence component with a mean direction of D = 134.6°, I = 54.1° (α95 = 3.5°, k = 94, N = 19). Isothermal remanent magnetization tests confirm that this A magnetization component is preserved in pseudosingle to multidomain magnetite and in hematite. Contact tests with intruded older rocks of the Peter Lake domain, with younger crosscutting mafic dikes and with younger crosscutting shear zones, indicate that A is a primary remanence. Its pole position of 67°W, 9°N (dp = 3°, dm = 5°) confirms that it was formed along the margin of the Slave–Rae–Hearne craton, supporting tectonic models that it records a suture zone. It also indicates that the LaRonge – Lynn Lake domain, Flin Flon domain, and Superior Province were translated relatively northwestward into the suture by at least 11 ± 11°, 27 ± 12°, and 49° ± 16°, respectively, as the Manikewan Ocean closed.

In 849, Gottschalk of Orbais was summoned to the Synod of Quierzy. From his own studies of the patristic theologians he had formed views on predestination that had found little favour with the established Church of his day. No text of the proceedings at Quierzy survives but we do have reports from eye-witnesses in the contemporary Annals of St Bertin – interpolated by Archbishop Hincmar of Rheims to Gottschalk’s disadvantage – and by Florus the Deacon of Lyons. Hincmar is very scathing on how much Gottschalk’s learning had led him astray; he was too erudite for his own good. Hincmar tells us that at the synod, Gottschalk was accused of errant views, condemned, flogged, and compelled to burn the books containing his teachings (librosque suarum adsertionum). Florus the Deacon, however, provides crucial extra information. While Hincmar gives the impression that Gottschalk went to Quierzy more or less to be publicly punished, Florus’ account suggests that Gottschalk, at least as far as he, Gottschalk, was concerned, went to engage in dispute. He may even have been buoyed up with the hope of convincing his audience of bishops and abbots from the ecclesiastical province of Rheims, including Paschasius Radbertus of Corbie and Gottschalk’s own abbot from Orbais (in the diocese of Soissons), that he was justified in his views. Florus tells us that what Gottschalk had to burn were the sections from the Bible and patristic writings that vindicated his opinions and that he had brought with him to the synod. Gottschalk’s reference collection sounds very much like the dossiers assembled at other councils (not least Nicaea II in 787) compiled from authoritative writings to support views maintained in discussion.

Abstract Several proposals have been made concerning the Toarcian informal substages. A three part division, here adopted, includes a Middle Toarcian encompassing the Bifrons and Variabilis ammonite zones, according to the definition well established by Monestier [1921]. Other authors, following Buckman [1888], admit a binary definition but with different meanings. The boundary is placed either below the Variabilis (Lower / Upper Toarcian limit), or below the Thouarsense zones (“Whitbian”–“Yeovilian” limit) [Howarth, 1992]. These differences are largely due to a strong sedimentary instability: condensations, gaps and faunal mixings were widespread during the Variabilis zone in NW Europe and eurocaucasian domain and its Tethyan equivalent, the Gradata zone. Contemporarily, a major renewal occurred in the ammonite faunas. This provoked a near general segregation that is the reason of the use of different zone standards. In NW Europe, the faunal renewal occurred during the Variabilis zone as it as been established in the stratotype localities of Poitou and Vendée (Poitou – Vendée) [Gabilly, 1973, 1976a]. This is also well known in the Causses [Guex, 1972, 1975]. These two areas give good reference sections for the ammonite succession at the top of the Middle Toarcian. These data have been supplemented by recent works concerning NW Europe as well as the Tethyan margins (Portugal, Betics, Morocco, Algeria, Apennines). New observations have also been realized in France (Poitou-Vendée, Causses, Lyon area). They allow to have a better knowledge of the development of the faunal renewal and of the appearance of new taxa (genus, sub and superfamilies). Special attention is given to the Phymatoceratids, Grammoceratids and Hammatoceratoids. In consequence, the main renewal did not happened at the end of the Middle Toarcian (end of the Variabilis zone) but sooner at the beginning of the Illustris subzone. New ammonite morphologies appeared that will dominate the assemblages at the beginning of the late Toarcian (Grammoceratinids) and that will be at the origin of the main Middle Jurassic assemblages (Hammatoceratids). Among the species from the Illustris subzone, some are good markers for the correlations between the faunal domains and provinces (“Pseudogrammoceras” aratum Buck., “Pseudogrammoceras” subregale Pinna, “Geczyceras” costatum (Gab.), Osperleioceras (Pseudopolyplectus) bicarinatum (Ziet.)). It appears that the difficulties to place the Middle–Upper Toarcian limit result closely of the sedimentary perturbations that happened in Europe from the west to the eurocaucasian domains and in the whole western Tethys. The substage problem is secondary as stated by Gabilly but it is convenient for long range comparisons. The main units to establish the correlations are the biostratigraphic zones (biozones). In such a matter, the Variabilis zone is of particular importance, according to the coeval sedimentary and palaeontologic events.

RESUMEN Objetivo:Diseñar y validar una aplicación móvil para fomentar la salud mental positiva y reducir la sobrecarga de los cuidadores no profesionales de personas con enfermedades crónicas. Métodos: Estudio realizado en dos fases. Fase I:Elaboración e implementación del programade salud móvil “TIVA” en la app “Cuidadorascrónicos” con la participación de un equipo multidisciplinar. Fase II:Validación de contenido de la app con 26 cuidadores no profesionales de las provincias de Tarragona y Barcelona. En la fase I se calculó el Índice de Validez de Contenido según MR Lynn y en la fase II los cuestionarios de usabilidad y satisfacción auto administrados después de la intervención. Resultados:Se diseñaron 20 actividades generadoras de salud mental positiva, el personaje de la app, un sistema de recompensa mediante puntuaciones y se incluyeron 28 frases motivadoras.En usabilidad destacó que la app está bien adaptada a la mayoría de dispositivos móviles (88,5%), todos los cuidadores afirmaron que la app es de navegación rápida y los colores, el tamaño del texto y botones facilitaron su uso. Y en satisfacción, el 61,5% declararon que las actividades eran fáciles, el 92,3% que el personaje de la app facilitó la adherencia al programa y el 61,5% ampliarían el tiempo de la intervención. Conclusiones:Promover la investigación de intervenciones mHealth en el ámbito de la atención primaria paralos cuidadores, ayudará a generar nuevos recursos que podrán tener un impacto significativo en mejorar la salud emocional y reducir la sobrecarga de este colectivo. Palabras clave: cuidadores, salud mental, salud móvil, atención primaria de salud, aplicaciones Móviles, intervención basada en internet. SUMMARY Objective: Design and validate a mobile application to promote positive mental health and reduce the burden of non-professional caregivers of people with chronic diseases Methods: Study carried out in two phases. Phase I: Preparation and implementation of the mobile health program "TIVA" in the app "Chronic Caregivers" with the participation of a multidisciplinary team. Phase II: Validation of the content of the app with 26 non-professional caregivers from the provinces of Tarragona and Barcelona. In phase I the Content Validity Index was calculated according to MR Lynn and in phase II the self-administered usability and satisfaction questionnaires after the intervention. Results: 20 positive mental health generating activities were designed, the character of the app, a reward system through scores and 28 motivational phrases were included. In terms of usability, he highlighted that the app is well adapted to the majority of mobile devices (88.5%), all the caregivers affirmed that the app is fast navigating and the colors, the size of the text and buttons facilitated its use. And in satisfaction, 61.5% declared that the activities were easy, 92.3% that the character of the app facilitated adherence to the program and 61.5% would extend the time of the intervention. Conclusions: Promoting research on mHealth interventions in the primary care setting, aimed at caregivers, will help generate new resources that may have a significant impact on improving emotional health and reducing the burden on this group. Keywords: caregivers, mental health, mobile health, primary health care, mobile applications, internet-based intervention.

Esso's recent drilling program in the Merlinleigh Sub-basin, onshore Carnarvon Basin, represents the culmination of the first phase of concerted exploration activity in the area since the WAPET era of the 1960s. The region is unusual among Australian petroleum provinces in having excellent exposures of reservoir, source and seal rocks of Palaeozoic age. While both Esso wells (Burna 1 and Gascoyne 1) failed to encounter hydrocarbons in the primary Wooramel Group play, encouraging potential still exists. The reservoir in the Wooramel Group play is the Early Permian Moogooloo Sandstone, a fluviodeltaic to nearshore sheet-sand facies with porosities to 23 per cent and permeabilities in excess of 100 millidarcys. Likely hydrocarbon sources are siltstones in the overlying Byro Group, with total organic carbon contents averaging 3 per cent, and calcilutites in the subjacent Callytharra Formation with similar organic content. Locally, the Jimba Jimba Calcarenite Member (Billidee Formation) and the Cordalia Sandstone also provide rich source units. The least certain aspects of the Early Permian play are fault and top seal, and reservoir quality at depth. Notwithstanding the relatively shallow depths to source strata in the area, vitrinite reflectance analyses from drill cores indicate that maturation is attained as shallow as 900 m on the folded and faulted western margin of the sub-basin, and at an approximate depth of 1200 m in the depocentre beneath the Kennedy Range. This can be related to high regional heat flow, and to erosion of some 1500-2000 m of sediments prior to the regional Early Cretaceous transgression.Older plays which have been identified in the area remain to be adequately evaluated. Potential reservoir sands are present in the Silurian Tumblagooda Sandstone, the Middle and Late Devonian Nannyarra and Munabia Sandstones, and the Early Carboniferous Williambury Formation. Possible source rocks include carbonates of Middle Devonian and Early Carboniferous age. One of the objects of current research has been to locate areas where seal, provided by the glacigene Lyons Formation of Late Carboniferous-Early Permian age, is sufficiently thin to permit economic drilling.

Introduction: This research studied the mediating role of job autonomy in the relationship between ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour based on self-determination theory. Data were collected from 377 knowledge workers in the IT industry in Sichuan, Henan, and Guangdong province, China. A conceptual model was constructed and tested with the statistical software SMART-PLS. This paper concludes that job autonomy effectively mediates ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. The findings also reveal the strong and positive impact of ethical leadership on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. This paper enriched the leadership literature and extended the understanding of the predictors of employee innovative behaviour Objective: To investigate the impact of ethical leadership on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. To study the relationship between ethical leadership and job autonomy. To examine the impact of job autonomy on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. To investigate the mediating effect of job autonomy between ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. Theoretical Framework: Knowledge workers are highly skilled workers with professional knowledge, good education, or experience in their respective fields (Davenport, 2006). According to Correia & Dierendonck (2010), three core elements underpin the global meaning framework of knowledge workers: first, knowledge workers perceive their work as a calling; second, they have a strong desire for membership within a community of peers; third, they demand autonomy. These elements are in consistency with SDT. Method: This research used a quantitative approach to test the hypothesis, a closed questionnaire to collect the data, and SMART PLS version 4 to analyze the data. The survey questions were translated into Chinese with a back-translation approach (Brislin, 1986), as the respondents were all Chinese. Results and Discussion: Due to the single source, we first test common method bias. We adopted a full collinearity assessment approach to check the common method bias (Kock, 2015; Kock and Lynn, 2012). In this approach, the constructs were regressed on a new dummy variable with random values. As shown in table 4.1, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is lower than 3.3 (Kock, 2015), the model is indicated free of common method bias. Research Implications: The study constructed a research model to investigate the mediating effect of job autonomy between ethical leadership and knowledge workers' innovative behaviour. Management in knowledge-intensive industries, like the IT industry, can gain inspiration from the research to develop proper management strategies to promote knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour while guarding the ethical line.

Introduction: This research studied the mediating role of job autonomy in the relationship between ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour based on self-determination theory. Data were collected from 377 knowledge workers in the IT industry in Sichuan, Henan, and Guangdong province, China. A conceptual model was constructed and tested with the statistical software SMART-PLS. This paper concludes that job autonomy effectively mediates ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. The findings also reveal the strong and positive impact of ethical leadership on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. This paper enriched the leadership literature and extended the understanding of the predictors of employee innovative behaviour Objective: To investigate the impact of ethical leadership on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. To study the relationship between ethical leadership and job autonomy. To examine the impact of job autonomy on knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. To investigate the mediating effect of job autonomy between ethical leadership and knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour. Theoretical Framework: Knowledge workers are highly skilled workers with professional knowledge, good education, or experience in their respective fields (Davenport, 2006). According to Correia & Dierendonck (2010), three core elements underpin the global meaning framework of knowledge workers: first, knowledge workers perceive their work as a calling; second, they have a strong desire for membership within a community of peers; third, they demand autonomy. These elements are in consistency with SDT. Method: This research used a quantitative approach to test the hypothesis, a closed questionnaire to collect the data, and SMART PLS version 4 to analyze the data. The survey questions were translated into Chinese with a back-translation approach (Brislin, 1986), as the respondents were all Chinese. Results and Discussion: Due to the single source, we first test common method bias. We adopted a full collinearity assessment approach to check the common method bias (Kock, 2015; Kock and Lynn, 2012). In this approach, the constructs were regressed on a new dummy variable with random values. As shown in table 4.1, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is lower than 3.3 (Kock, 2015), the model is indicated free of common method bias. Research Implications: The study constructed a research model to investigate the mediating effect of job autonomy between ethical leadership and knowledge workers' innovative behaviour. Management in knowledge-intensive industries, like the IT industry, can gain inspiration from the research to develop proper management strategies to promote knowledge workers’ innovative behaviour while guarding the ethical line.

In 1232 Pope Gregory IX (r. 1227–41) imposed a tenth of episcopal revenues on prelates of Occitania to subsidize the church of Valence, which owed 10,000 poundstournoisto various bankers of Vienne, Rome, Lyons, and Siena. In 1865 B. Hauréau first noted the event when he edited one of the main documents in theGallia christianavolume concerning the ecclesiastical province of Vienne. With the publication of Gregory IX's register from 1890–1908 most of the facts of the tax were more widely available. In 1910 Ulysse Chevalier briefly mentioned the tax in his monograph on the long tenure of John of Bernin, archbishop of Vienne (r. 1218–66). In 1913, Heinrich Zimmermann cited Hauréau's text in a note in his detailed treatment of early thirteenth-century papal legations. Recently Alain Marchandisse reviewed eight of the eleven papal letters pertaining to the tax in his study of William of Savoy (d. 1239) as bishop-elect of Liège. These scholars provided no reason for the debt or why the papacy would take such measures to ensure payment. Perhaps they did not study this tax further because a church indebted to moneylenders is not in itself surprising. It appears that the church of Valence acquired the debt, very large compared to the church's income, when bishop-elect William of Savoy (r. 1225–39) waged war against Adhémar II of Poitiers-Valentinois, count of the Valentinois (r. 1189–1239). Struggles between bishops and the local nobility occurred on a regular basis throughout the Middle Ages, so what in this unimportant Rhone-valley diocese interested the pope enough to impose taxes on prelates of Occitania over twenty years to ensure payment of this debt? Adhémar II faithfully supported Raymond VI (r. 1194–1222) and Raymond VII (r. 1222–49) of Saint-Gilles, counts of Toulouse, throughout their struggle with the papacy during and following the Albigensian crusades. Adhémar II was also their vassal for the Diois, which borders the Valentinois on the southeast and comprised the northern portion of the marquisate of Provence. These lands had been reserved for the church in the Treaty of Meaux-Paris (1229), which ended the Albigensian crusades. Thus William of Savoy as bishop-elect of Valence defended the papacy's claims on the marquisate of Provence, which the papacy deemed part of the larger struggle between the Roman church and the counts of Toulouse. The facts on the nature of the debts and the steps the papacy took to aid the diocese show that the local struggle between the bishop of Valence and the count of the Valentinois embodied a part of the larger struggle between the papacy and the counts of Toulouse over the marquisate of Provence, which began as early as 1215.

Aunque la arqueología de Al-Andalus no se constituyó como disciplina propia hasta hace unos cuarenta años, el interés hacia las fortalezas llamadas por entonces “hispano-musulmanas” se manifestó mucho antes, centrado esencialmente en los aspectos arquitectónicos y de poliorcética. Más recientemente, la aproximación al proceso de la fortificación medieval se ha ido diversificando. No son pocos los trabajos que buscan en él unas respuestas a preguntas más ambiciosas, relativas a la organización de la sociedad campesina, a las estructuras de poblamiento y a la ordenación del territorio, o a las formas adoptadas por el control estatal.Después de unas breves observaciones introductorias sobre el cambio metodológico experimentado a finales de los años 1970, el artículo hace hincapié en la polisemia de los términos árabes referidos a la arquitectura defensiva. A continuación, se centra en las polémicas surgidas a propósito de uno de estos términos, el ḥiṣn (en el ámbito rural) y en las hipótesis avanzadas al respecto. Finalmente, plantea la cuestión de la existencia en al-Andalus de graneros colectivos fortificados y de ribāṭ-s, estructuras mejor documentadas en África del Norte. Palabras claves: fortificación, estructura social islámica, ordenación del espacioTopónimos: al-AndalusPeriodo: siglos VIII-XV ABSTRACTUntil about forty years ago, the archeology of al-Andalus was not regarded as a discipline in itself. However, interest in the so-called “Moorish” fortresses had been expressed much earlier, focused primarily on architectural and polyorcetic aspects. More recently, the approach to the process of medieval fortification has become more diverse: today many scholars seek within it answers to more ambitious questions, related to the organization of peasant society, settlement structures, land-use planning, or formulae of state control.After some preliminary remarks on the methodological change that occurred in the late 1970s, this paper emphasizes the polysemy of Arabic terms referring to defensive architecture. It then focuses on the debates that arose with regard to one of these terms, the ḥiṣn (in rural areas), and on the hypotheses proposed in this respect. Finally, the paper raises the question of the existence in al-Andalus of ribāṭ-s and fortified collective granaries, structures long considered to be specific to North Africa. Keywords: fortification, Islamic social structure, spatial planningPlace names: al-AndalusPeriod: 8th-15th centuries REFERENCIASAcién Almansa, M. 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A catalogue and bibliography of Batrachospermales (Rhodophyta) in China is presented. There are 33 species belonged to 10 genera and 2 families. Species distribution among the 10 gen- era are as follows: Batrachospermum, 6; Kumanoa, 10; Montagnia, 1; Nothocladus, 1; Sheathia, 3; Sirodotia, 4; Torularia, 1; Virescentia, 1; Lemanea, 4; and Paralemanea, 2. According to geo- graphical distribution, the members of Batrachospermales in China are composed of 3 types: cos- mopolitan (distributed on at least 5 continents or 10 countries of the world), 6 taxa; regionally dis- tributed (distributed in no more than 4 continents or 10 countries), 15 taxa; and endemic to China (collected, described and reported only from China), 12 taxa. Most species were distributed in East and Southwest China, up to or more than 20 species. Eight species were recorded in North and Central China, respectively. Only 1 or 2 species were found in Northeast and South China, respec- tively. However, no one has been found in the northwest China so far. Thirteen species of Batra- chospermales in China have been confirmed by morphological characteristics combining with mo- lecular data. But unfortunately, the other species are unable to obtain molecular data because fresh collections are not available, which need to be confirmed or rejected in future studies. Kylin, H. (1912): Studien über die schwedischen Arten der Gattung Batrachospermum Roth und Sirodotia nov. gen. – Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal., Series 4, 3 (3): 1–40. Li, L. C. (1939): Freshwater algae of Yunnan expedition 1935–1937. – Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. Series 9: 31–57. Li, L. C. (1940): Additions to the freshwater algae of Yunnan. – Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol., Bot. Series 10: 47–67. Li, Q. & Xie, S. L. (2009): Studies on intraspecific variation of Batrachospermum gelatinosum (Rhodophyta). – J. Shanx. Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 32 (S1): 113–115. Li, Q., Ji, L. & Xie, S. L. (2010): Phylogenetic analysis of Batrachospemales (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta) based on chloroplast rbc L sequences. – Acta Hydrobiol. Sin. 34 (1): 20–28. Liao, L. M. (2010): Nomenclatural notes on some Philippine species of freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta). – Phil. J. Syst. Biol. 4: 89–94. Linnaeus, C. (1753): Species Plantarum, Vol. 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Luo, A. G., Hu, B. F. & Xie, S. L. (2009): A preliminary study on the alage in Jinci Park, Shanxi Province. – J. Jinzh. Univ. 26 (3): 51–54, 85. Lyons, T. W., Reinhard, C. T. & Planavsky, N. J. (2014): The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere. – Nature 506 (7488): 307–315. McNeey, J. A. (1994): Protected areas for the 21st century: working to provide benefits to society. – Biodivers. Conserv. 3 (5): 390–405. Montagne, C. (1850): Cryptogamia Guyanensis, seu plantarum cellularium in Guyana gallica annis 1835–1849 a Cl. Leprieur collectarum enumeratio universalis. – Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., Trois. Série 14: 83–309. Nan, F. R., Feng, J. & Xie, S. L. (2014a): Phylogenetic relationship of genus Kumanoa (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) based on chloroplast UPA genes. – Bull. Bot. Res. 34 (5): 584–591. Nan, F. R., Feng, J. & Xie, S. L. (2014b): Advances on systematics of Kumanoa (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta). – World Sci.-Tech. Res. Devel. 36 (3): 33–39. Nan, F. R., Feng, J. & Xie, S. L. (2015): Phylogenetic analysis of genus Kumanoa based on chloroplast psa A and psb A genes. – Acta Hydrobiol. Sin. 39 (1): 155–163.

RÉSUMÉLe principal objectif de cet article est d’encourager une approche plus large, supraconfessionnelle, du mariage et de la famille à l’époque moderne. La conjugalité a été “désacralisée” par les réformateurs protestants du 16e siècle. Martin Luther, parmi d’autres, a refusé le statut de sacrement au mariage, tout en valorisant celui-ci comme une arme contre le péché. En réaction, le concile de Trente a réaffirmé avec force que le mariage est bien un des sept sacrements chrétiens. Mais, promouvant la supériorité du célibat, l’Église catholique n’a jamais beaucoup insisté sur les vertus de la vie et de la piété familiales avant le 19e siècle. En parallèle, les historiens décèlent des signes de “sacralisation” de la famille protestante à partir du 16e siècle. Leurs conclusions doivent être relativisées à la lumière de recherches plus récentes et plus critiques, centrées sur les rapports et les représentations de genre. Elles peuvent néanmoins inspirer une étude élargie et comparative, inexistante dans l’historiographie traditionnelle, des réalités et des perceptions de la famille chrétienne au-delà des frontières confessionnelles.MOTS-CLÉ: Époque Moderne, mariage, famille, protestantisme, Concile de TrenteABSTRACTThe main purpose of this paper is to encourage a broader supra-confessional approach to the history of marriage and the family in the Early Modern era. Wedlock was “desacralized” by the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Martin Luther, among others, denied the sacramental status of marriage but valued it as a weapon against sin. In reaction, the Council of Trent reinforced marriage as one of the seven sacraments. But the Catholic Church, which promoted the superiority of celibacy, did little to defend the virtues of family life and piety before the 19th century. In parallel, historians have identified signs of a “sacralization” of the Protestant family since the 16th century. These findings must be relativized in the light of newer and more critical studies on gender relations and representations. But they can still inspire a broader comparative study, non-existent in traditional confessional historiography, of the realities and perceptions of the Christian family beyond denominational borders.KEY WORDS: Early Modern Christianity, marriage, family, Protestantism, Council of Trent BIBLIOGRAPHIEAdair, R., Courtship, Illegitimacy and Marriage in Early Modern England, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1996.Beaulande-Barraud, V., “Sexualité, mariage et procréation. Discours et pratiques dans l’Église médiévale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, dans Vanderpelen-Diagre, C., & Sägesser, C., (coords.), La Sainte Famille. Sexualité, filiation et parentalité dans l’Église catholique, Problèmes d’Histoire des Religions, 24, Bruxelles, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 2017, pp. 19-29.Bels, P., Le mariage des protestants français jusqu’en 1685. 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Concernant la reconstruction de l’activité professionnelle d’André Lirondelle, il faut souligner l’importance de sa nécrologie par André Mazon en 1952 et celle de l’allocution du doyen de l’université de Bordeaux en 1944. En outre, de nombreux faits portant sur sa vie n’avaient encore jamais été rassemblés. Une telle opportunité nous est offerte par les registres d’état civil et le dossier personnel d’André Lirondelle se trouvant les archives du Ministère de l’Éducation nationale. André Lirondelle a commencé sa carrière d’enseignant en tant que professeur d’anglais. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme de « Langue russe » et avoir soutenu sa thèse, il est devenu maître de conférences à Lille (1902). Dans les années vingt, il s’oriente vers le domaine administratif. De 1931 à 1941, André Lirondelle occupe le poste de recteur de l’Académie de Lyon et celui de président du Conseil de l’université de Lyon. Le dossier personnel d’André Lirondelle inclut de la correspondance officielle, des lettres de recommandation, des demandes de subvention, des comptes rendus de ses supérieurs hiérarchiques ainsi que des discours officiels et informations sur le service de Lirondelle au sein de différents établissements. L’article suit un ordre chronologique et est constitué de quatre parties correspondant aux différentes étapes de la vie de Lirondelle. Elles sont consacrées au début de sa carrière universitaire, à ses voyages en Russie, son activité pédagogique et scientifique à Lille et à l’étranger et, enfin, à son travail dans le cadre des fonctions administratives qu’il a assumées dans plusieurs régions de province, dont Lyon.

Urban transport works as a sponge; they absorb the change of their socio-economic environment.This situation is usual for a services activity which is not an end by itself. One century of evolution of Parisian transport, the rehabilitation of surface transport in the country during the seventies and, at the end, the history of the Lyons Metro, give evidence, with a good perspective, of the existing inter-relations between town planning, technology and transport system. The supply economy and industrial domination are not recent phenomena, as the land speculation. The relative weight of the different determinants varies during the time and equity and accessibility considerations are not the only explanation of urban transport evolution. Les transports urbains fonctionnent comme une éponge ; ils absorbent les mutations de leur environnement socio-économique. Il en est notamment ainsi de toute activité de services qui n'est pas une fin en soi. Un siècle d'évolution des transports parisiens, la réhabilitation des années 70 des transports collectifs de surface en Province et enfin l'histoire du Métro de Lyon montrent, avec le recul qui convient, les interactions entre les formes urbaines, la technologie et les systèmes de transport. L'économie de l'offre et la domination industrielle ne datent pas d'hier, comme la valorisation des sols par les transports. Le poids relatif des différents déterminants a simplement varié dans le temps et les préoccupations d'équité et d'accessibilité ne peuvent, à elles seules, expliquer l'évolution des transports urbains.

La boutique (taberna), en tant qu’espace destiné à abriter des transactions commerciales dans le cadre d’activités de vente, de production et/ou de service, est présente de manière récurrente dans les villes de Gaule romaine. Elle matérialise le commerce de détail et les échanges de proximité dans le cadre urbain. Plus que les espaces domestiques ou que les édifices publics, les officines de vente ont tendance à s’affirmer comme des interfaces privilégiées dans la trame urbaine et donc comme des lieux où le concept de frontière se matérialise et tend à être dépassé. Le propos de cet article se centre donc sur les différentes formes que prenait ce dépassement et dont l’archéologie peut témoigner : en quoi le local commercial constitue-t-il une interface ? Quels aménagements associés permettent de parler d’empiétement des activités commerciales ou de transgression au sein de l’espace urbain ? Quels schémas de circulation sont induits par ces choix architecturaux et fonctionnels ? Les exemples mentionnés ici sont tirés d’une thèse en cours sur le commerce urbain de détail dans la Vallée du Rhône entre le ier s. av. J.-C. et la fin du iiie s. apr. J.-C. menée au sein de l’Université de Lyon 2 et de l’Université de Lausanne, sous la direction de M. Poux et de T. Luginbühl. Des parallèles issus d’autres provinces de Gaule romaine et d’Italie permettront d’élargir le propos.

Peasants in Arms is the study of the rural, mountainous Nicaraguan municipality of Quilalí. Located in the north-central province or departamento of Nueva Segovia, Quilalí, along with many other towns near the Honduras-Nicaragua frontier, experienced intense armed conflict in the 1980s. From bases inside Honduras, armed guerrillas (known as contras) opposing the Sandinista regime would target and attack populations and productive centers inside Nicaragua, later retreating back into Honduras. Beginning in the early eighties, thousands of rural residents supported the contra cause by joining the rebels or providing them with supplies.