Bibliografías temáticas / Protozoan diseases

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 6 de septiembre de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

D'Ambrosio, Katia, Claudiu T. Supuran y Giuseppina De Simone. "Are Carbonic Anhydrases Suitable Targets to Fight Protozoan Parasitic Diseases?" Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, n.º 39 (17 de enero de 2019): 5266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180326160121.

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Protozoans belonging to Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma genera provoke widespread parasitic diseases with few treatment options and many of the clinically used drugs experiencing an extensive drug resistance phenomenon. In the last several years, the metalloenzyme Carbonic Anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized in the genome of these protozoa, with the aim to search for a new drug target for fighting malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. P. falciparum encodes for a CA (PfCA) belonging to a novel genetic family, the η-CA class, L. donovani chagasi for a β-CA (LdcCA), whereas T. cruzi genome contains an α-CA (TcCA). These three enzymes were characterized in detail and a number of in vitro potent and selective inhibitors belonging to the sulfonamide, thiol, dithiocarbamate and hydroxamate classes were discovered. Some of these inhibitors were also effective in cell cultures and animal models of protozoan infections, making them of considerable interest for the development of new antiprotozoan drugs with a novel mechanism of action.

Mohanta, UK, Dr Anisuzzaman y MMH Mondal. "Tick and Tick Borne Protozoan Diseases of Livestock in the Selected Hilly Areas of Bangladesh". International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, n.º 1-2 (23 de febrero de 2013): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13934.

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To study the tick and tick borne protozoan diseases of livestock in the hilly areas of Bangladesh, an attempt was made to collect tick and blood samples from cattle, goat and gayal (Bos frontalis) from different areas of the three hill districts. In this study, two species of ticks namely, Boophilus microplus (92%) and Amblyomma testudinarium (21.6%) and two species of blood protozoa like Babesia bigemina (16.63%) and Anaplasma marginale (14.94%) were recorded. Seasonal prevalence of ticks was highest in summer (97%) in comparison to rainy (95%) and winter (86%) season. On the other hand, the seasonal prevalence of blood protozoa was highest in rainy season (45.45%) in comparison to summer (27.87%) and winter (16.55%). Again, animals aged more than 2 (two) years of age (52%) found to be more susceptible to blood protozoan diseases than animals aged between 1-2 years of age (33.97%). But none of the animals under one year of age were found to be infected with blood protozoan diseases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13934 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 60-63, December, 2011

Grau-Pujol, Berta, Inocencia Cuamba, Chenjerai Jairoce, Anelsio Cossa, Juliana Da Silva, Charfudin Sacoor, Carlota Dobaño, Augusto Nhabomba, Rojelio Mejia y Jose Muñoz. "Molecular Detection of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Enteric Protozoa Infection in Children and Its Association with Household Water and Sanitation in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique". Pathogens 10, n.º 7 (3 de julio de 2021): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070838.

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Intestinal parasite infections can have detrimental health consequences in children. In Mozambique, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are controlled through mass drug administration since 2011, but no specific control program exists for enteric protozoa. This study evaluates STH and protozoan infections in children attending healthcare in Manhiça district, Southern Mozambique, and its association with water and sanitation conditions. We conducted a cross-sectional study in children between 2 and 10 years old in two health centers (n = 405). A stool sample and metadata were collected from each child. Samples were analyzed by multi-parallel real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). We fitted logistic regression-adjusted models to assess the association between STH or protozoan infection with household water and sanitation use. Nineteen percent were infected with at least one STH and 77.5% with at least one enteric protozoon. qPCR detected 18.8% of participants with intestinal polyparasitism. Protected or unprotected water well use showed a higher risk for at least one protozoan infection in children (OR: 2.59, CI: 1.01–6.65, p-value = 0.010; OR: 5.21, CI: 1.56–17.46, p-value = 0.010, respectively) compared to household piped water. A high proportion of children had enteric protozoan infections. Well consumable water displayed high risk for that.

Radwan, Eman H., Amel Abd El Rahman Hassan, Wael M. Lotfy, Ahmed Abd El-Mawgood y Hala M. Mashaal. "The Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Infection in El Behara Schoolchildren." International Journal of Limnology 1, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2019): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2691-3208.ijli-19-2853.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasite in schoolchildren in Damanhur, Egypt and some of its villages. The pathogenic enteric protozoa have been progressively involved in bargaining the soundness of a great many individuals, for the most part in creating nations. Mediations are being set up to control the dreariness and mortality because of these protozoan contaminations. A portion of these mediations target school going kids with regards to class based wellbeing intercession. The present examination concentrated on exploring the commonness of intestinal protozoan contaminations among younger students chose networks comprising of urban, urban-poor and per urban settlements in the Damanhour and a few towns. In the present work Giardia lamblia was the second usually identified protozoan with a diseases rate 10.4% among the analyzed cases. In the present examination generally speaking level of parasitic contaminations among the kids was 57.3%. It's viewed as Enterobius vermicularis was the most usually identified protozoan as it spoke to 4.1% of the parasitic diseases in the considered cases pursued by Ascaris lumbricoides; 1.4% and Giardia lamblia contaminations as they spoke to 0.6%; separately. The protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium are regularly present in surface waters and cause episodes in this manner legitimately affecting human wellbeing.

Gao, Lian-Yong, Omar S. Harb y Yousef Abu Kwaik. "Identification of Macrophage-Specific Infectivity Loci (mil) of Legionella pneumophila That Are Not Required for Infectivity of Protozoa". Infection and Immunity 66, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1998): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.3.883-892.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have recently shown that many mutants of Legionella pneumophila exhibit similar defective phenotypes within both U937 human-derived macrophages and the protozoan hostAcanthamoeba (L.-Y. Gao, O. S. Harb, and Y. Abu Kwaik, Infect. Immun. 65:4738–4746, 1997). These observations have suggested that many of the mechanisms utilized by L. pneumophila to parasitize mammalian and protozoan cells are similar, but our data have not excluded the possibility that there are unique mechanisms utilized by L. pneumophila to survive and replicate within macrophages but not protozoa. To examine this possibility, we screened a bank of 5,280 miniTn10::kan transposon insertion mutants of L. pneumophila for potential mutants that exhibited defective phenotypes of cytopathogenicity and intracellular replication within macrophage-like U937 cells but not within Acanthamoeba polyphaga. We identified 32 mutants with various degrees of defects in cytopathogenicity, intracellular survival, and replication within human macrophages, and most of the mutants exhibited wild-type phenotypes within protozoa. Six of the mutants exhibited mild defects in protozoa. The defective loci were designated mil (for macrophage-specific infectivity loci). Based on their intracellular growth defects within macrophages, the mil mutants were grouped into five phenotypic groups. Groups I to III included the mutants that were severely defective in macrophages, while members of the other two groups exhibited a modestly defective phenotype within macrophages. The growth kinetics of many mutants belonging to groups I to III were also examined, and these were shown to have a similar defective phenotype in peripheral blood monocytes and a wild-type phenotype within another protozoan host, Hartmannella vermiformis. Transmission electron microscopy of A. polyphaga infected by three of the mil mutants belonging to groups I and II showed that they were similar to the parent strain in their capacity to recruit the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) around the phagosome. In contrast, infection of macrophages showed that the three mutants failed to recruit the RER around the phagosome during early stages of the infection. None of themil mutants was resistant to NaCl, and the dotor icm NaClr mutants are severely defective within mammalian and protozoan cells. Our data indicated that in addition to differences in mechanisms of uptake of L. pneumophila by macrophages and protozoa, there were also genetic loci required for L. pneumophila to parasitize mammalian but not protozoan cells. We hypothesize that L. pneumophilahas evolved as a protozoan parasite in the environment but has acquired loci specific for intracellular replication within macrophages. Alternatively, ecological coevolution with protozoa has allowedL. pneumophila to possess multiple redundant mechanisms to parasitize protozoa and that some of these mechanisms do not function within macrophages.

Monzote, Lianet y Afshan Siddiq. "Drug Development to Protozoan Diseases". Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal 5 (9 de marzo de 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874104501105010001.

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Castro, E. "Chagas and other protozoan diseases". ISBT Science Series 2, n.º 1 (julio de 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2824.2007.00062.x.

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Howells, R. E. "The modes of action of some anti-protozoal drugs". Parasitology 90, n.º 4 (abril de 1985): 687–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000052318.

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In spite of the continuing need for new and improved anti-protozoal drugs for use in man, a considerable contraction of industrially based research on anti-protozoal drugs has occurred in recent years. Newton (1983) reviewed the reasons for this decline and presented a compelling argument that fundamental research on the biology of the parasites is essential for the discovery of leads for the development of a new generation of drugs – a rational chemotherapy. The rapid advance in knowledge of the biochemistry of parasitic protozoa which has occurred in recent years has provided a number of potential leads to new drug development and has permitted a greater understanding of the mode of action of many current drugs. The account of these advances which follows is necessarily selective and relates to protozoan parasites of man.

Jimenez, Veronica y Sebastian Mesones. "Down the membrane hole: Ion channels in protozoan parasites". PLOS Pathogens 18, n.º 12 (29 de diciembre de 2022): e1011004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011004.

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Parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are highly prevalent around the world, disproportionally affecting developing countries, where coinfection with other microorganisms is common. Control and treatment of parasitic infections are constrained by the lack of specific and effective drugs, plus the rapid emergence of resistance. Ion channels are main drug targets for numerous diseases, but their potential against protozoan parasites is still untapped. Ion channels are membrane proteins expressed in all types of cells, allowing for the flow of ions between compartments, and regulating cellular functions such as membrane potential, excitability, volume, signaling, and death. Channels and transporters reside at the interface between parasites and their hosts, controlling nutrient uptake, viability, replication, and infectivity. To understand how ion channels control protozoan parasites fate and to evaluate their suitability for therapeutics, we must deepen our knowledge of their structure, function, and modulation. However, methodological approaches commonly used in mammalian cells have proven difficult to apply in protozoans. This review focuses on ion channels described in protozoan parasites of clinical relevance, mainly apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, highlighting proteins for which molecular and functional evidence has been correlated with their physiological functions.

Kourbeli, Violeta, Eleni Chontzopoulou, Kalliopi Moschovou, Dimitrios Pavlos, Thomas Mavromoustakos y Ioannis P. Papanastasiou. "An Overview on Target-Based Drug Design against Kinetoplastid Protozoan Infections: Human African Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease and Leishmaniases". Molecules 26, n.º 15 (30 de julio de 2021): 4629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154629.

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The protozoan diseases Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease (CD), and leishmaniases span worldwide and therefore their impact is a universal concern. The present regimen against kinetoplastid protozoan infections is poor and insufficient. Target-based design expands the horizon of drug design and development and offers novel chemical entities and potential drug candidates to the therapeutic arsenal against the aforementioned neglected diseases. In this review, we report the most promising targets of the main kinetoplastid parasites, as well as their corresponding inhibitors. This overview is part of the Special Issue, entitled “Advances of Medicinal Chemistry against Kinetoplastid Protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp.) Infections: Drug Design, Synthesis and Pharmacology”.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

Menon, Kathleen I. "Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation". Thesis, Menon, Kathleen I. (2002) Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/201/.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of tubulin inhibitors when complexed with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) against a range of protozoan parasites. This approach involved investigations into the complexation of these drugs with HP-beta-CD, and subsequent investigations of these drugs and their complexes in regard to cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, in vitro efficacy against Giardia, Cryptosporidium and rodent malaria (Plasmodium chabaudi), and their in vivo efficacy against Giardia and malaria. Albendazole (ABZ) is a benzimidazole carbamate with a broad anti-parasite spectrum, while the dinitroanilines trifluralin (TF) and oryzalin (OZ) have recently been found to exhibit activity against certain parasites. All three compounds are microtubule antagonists in either nematodes or weeds and have poor aqueous solubility, with the solubility of ABZ and OZ dependent on pH. Cyclodextrins (CD) have a hydrophobic cavity that allows them to form inclusion complexes with hydrophobic drugs, resulting in increased drug aqueous solubility, and often, improved drug dissolution and bioavailability. Thus the complexation of these drugs with HP-beta-CD was investigated. All three compounds exhibited type AL phase solubility diagrams with HP-beta-CD complexation, with additional increases in ABZ and OZ solubility achieved through the manipulation of temperature and pH. OZ displayed a stronger interaction with HP-beta-CD when ionised over its neutral form. However, insufficient concentrations of the TF/HP-beta-CD complex were achieved for drug efficacy studies. The cytotoxicity of the drugs and their complexes was assessed using the assay kit Cytotox 96 with human carcinoma cells. This is a colourimetric assay that measures lactate dehydrogenase release as a consequence of compromised cellular and membrane integrity. Both ABZ and OZ are cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating and differentiating cells but are not cytotoxic to cells in the stationary phase. Complexation did not affect drug cytotoxicity. In pharmacokinetic studies, complexation improved ABZ (and metabolites) bioavailability, but had no significant affect on OZ bioavailability. In vitro drug assessment studies found ABZ to be highly effective against Giardia, and effectiveagainst Cryptosporidium and malaria. OZ on the other hand exhibited no activity against Giardia, but was effective against Cryptosporidium and malaria. Complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal efficacy of either ABZ or OZ. In particular, excess HP-beta-CD decreased the antigiardial effects of ABZ, possibly due to competitive complex formation. In addition, complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal effects of ABZ in vivo. However, the cytotoxic effect of the ABZ/HP-beta-CD complex was more evident in the treatment of malaria in vivo, resulting in increased anaemia and suppression in weight gain, due to the improved bioavailability of ABZ and metabolites. HP-beta-CD alone was found to be cytotoxic at greater than 2.5%, and inhibited Giardia both in vitro and in vivo at greater than 1% and 2% respectively. This was attributed to membrane disruption caused by the dissolution and removal of membrane components. In comparison, malaria grew better in the presence of HP-beta-CD in vitro, with no detrimental effect observed at up to 8% HP-beta-CD. This was attributed to either the increased solubilization of a necessary media component, or the complexation and removal of an inhibitory compound from the cultivation medium. Therefore HP-beta-CD complexation did not improve the antiprotozoal activity of the tubulin antagonists ABZ and OZ. However, the results of the pharmacokinetic studies suggest that anthelmintic activity of ABZ, particularly against systemic infections, may be improved with oral administration of the ABZ/HP-beta-CD complex. In addition, the antiparasitic activity of HP-beta-CD alone may be promising, especially against intestinal infections. Finally, the improved in vitro cultivation of P. chabaudi in the presence of HP-beta-CD presents a promising approach to its potential long term cultivation.

Menon, Kathleen I. "Assessment of the antiprotozoal activity of some tubulin inhibitors following cyclodextrin complexation". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2002. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/admin/view/adt-MU20040820.133836.

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Martínez, Flórez Alba. "Drug repurposing of bioenergetic modulators: use in treatment and vaccination of protozoan parasitic diseases". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458381.

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Las leishmaniasis, la tripanosomiasis Americana y Africana, y la malaria son enfermedades parasitarias que constituyen un importante problema de salud global que afecta mayoritariamente a países en desarrollo. El aumento del número de resistencias a sus tratamientos actuales, su toxicidad y la necesidad de asistencia sanitaria para la aplicación de los mismos reflejan la urgente necesidad de desarrollar vacunas eficaces y nuevos tratamientos económicos, fáciles de administrar y resistentes a condiciones de almacenamiento adversas. Basándonos en que estas enfermedades parasitarias comparten requerimientos metabólicos con patologías mejor estudiadas, proponemos el reposicionamiento de fármacos para tratarlas. Bajo esta premisa, seis fármacos de eficacia probada en la investigación contra el cáncer ―dicloroacetato (DCA), 3‐bromopiruvato (3BP), 2‐ deoxi‐D‐glucosa (2DG), lonidamina (LND), metformina (MET) y sirolimus (SIR)― fueron seleccionados por su habilidad para modular rutas metabólicas relacionadas con la producción de energía y proliferación. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el uso de estos moduladores bioenergéticos para el control de la leishmaniasis visceral, malaria y tripanosomiasis americana y africana como tratamiento o como potenciadores de la protección de una vacuna frente a L. infantum. Para ello, se evaluó la eficacia de estos compuestos en modelos in vitro de cada parasito ―enfermedad de Chagas (Trypanosoma cruzi), tripanosomiasis Africana (Trypanosoma brucei), leishmaniasis visceral (Leishmania infantum) y malaria (Plasmodium falciparum)―. El 3BP y el DCA indujeron una reducción dosis‐dependiente del crecimiento de los amastigotes intracelulares de L. infantum con IC50 de 17.19 μM y 631.5 μM, respectivamente. En el modelo in vitro de T. brucei, todos los compuestos testados, a excepción de 2DG, afectaron a la viabilidad del parásito: DCA (IC50 = 1.24 mM), 3BP (IC50 = 76.57 μM), LND (IC50 = 26.76 μM), SIR (IC50 = 2.14 μM), y MET (IC50 = 17.30 Mm). En el caso de los amastigotes intracelulares de T. cruzi, DCA, 3BP, 2DG, LND, y MET tuvieron efecto parasiticida con valores de IC50 de 27.07 mM, 27.63 μM, 7.27 mM, 78.37 μM, y 18.48 mM, respectivamente. DCA (IC50 = 5.39 mM), 2DG (IC50 = 4.19 mM), LND (IC50 = 209.13 μM), MET (IC50 = 1.32 mM), y SIR (IC50 = 2.50 μM), mostraron efecto antiparasitario sobre trofozoitos de P. falciparum. Estos resultados sugieren que estos fármacos podrían ser útiles para tratar estas enfermedades parasitarias. Sin embargo, cuando los compuestos eficaces en los modelos in vitro fueron administrados en modelos in vivo de roedor para cada una de las enfermedades, ninguno de ellos contribuyó al control de la enfermedad o de la carga parasitaria. Los resultados obtenidos en el modelo de leishmaniasis visceral en hámster revelaron una disminución de la activación del sistema inmune en los animales tratados con DCA y 3BP, lo cual podría haber contribuido al fracaso del tratamiento. Por último, se estudió la capacidad del SIR para potenciar el efecto protector de una vacuna frente a la leishmaniasis visceral en el modelo hámster. Para ello se administró SIR durante la fase de expansión y contracción del sistema inmune producido por una vacuna de DNA portadora de los genes LACK, TRYP, PAPLE22, y KMPII de Leishmania, y se estudió la respuesta frente al posterior desafío con L. infantum. Los resultados muestran que la vacuna de DNA indujo la reducción eficaz de la carga parasitaria en piel (P = 0.0004) y linfonodos (P = 0.0452), lo cual potenció la administración del SIR alcanzándose también protección parasitológica en bazo (P = 0.0004). El estudio de los marcadores inmunológicos en dicho órgano sugiere que la producción controlada de IFN‐γ y el incremento en la expresión de FoxP3 podrían ser los responsables de la protección alcanzada.
Leishmaniases, African and American trypanosomiases and malaria are parasitic diseases that constitute a major global health problem. The increasing number of drug‐resistances to their current treatments, toxicity cases and the health assistance often required for their administration, makes it urgently necessary to develop efficient vaccines for humans and new affordable therapies, easy to apply and resistant to harsh storage conditions. Due to the fact that these diseases share similar metabolic requirements with better studied diseases, we chose drug repurposing as a potentially effective approach against them. With this purpose, six different compounds used in anti‐cancer research —dichloroacetate (DCA), 3‐bromopyruvate (3BP), 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (2DG), lonidamine (LND), metformin (MET), and sirolimus (SIR)— were selected according to their ability to modulate energy production and proliferation related metabolic pathways. The aim of this study was to validate the suitability of these bioenergetics modulators for the management of visceral leishmaniasis, malaria and African and American trypanosomiasis as a treatment, or as a preventive tool by enhancing the protective power of a vaccine against L. infantum. The effectiveness of these compounds was first evaluated on in vitro models of each parasite ― Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), human African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei), visceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) and malaria (Plasmodium falciparum)―. L. infantum promastigotes were not susceptible to these compounds, whereas L. infantum intracellular amastigote growth was dose‐dependently reduced by 3BP (IC50 = 17.19 μM) and DCA (IC50 = 631.5 μM). In the T. brucei in vitro model all the tested compounds, with the exception of 2DG, affected parasite survival with IC50 values of 1.24 mM for DCA, 76.57 μM for 3BP, 26.76 μM for LND, 2.14 μM for SIR, and 17.30 mM for MET. In the case of T. cruzi, DCA, 3BP, 2DG, LND, and MET showed parasite‐killing activity with IC50 values of 27.07 mM, 27.63 μM, 7.27 mM, 78.37 μM, and 18.48 mM, respectively. For P. falciparum DCA (IC50 = 5.39 mM), 2DG (IC50 = 4.19 mM), LND (IC50 = 209.13 μM), MET (IC50 = 1.32 mM), and SIR (IC50 = 2.50 μM), showed antiplasmodial activity. These results reinforce the hypothesis that drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of cancer by interfering with energy production might be useful in treating threatening parasitic diseases and provide new opportunities for their repurposing. However, when compounds that were effective in the in vitro approach were administered to the in vivo rodent models of these diseases, none of them contributed to disease management or parasite load control. Immunological analysis in the VL hamster model revealed a significant downregulation of immune‐activation in infected animals treated with DCA and 3BP, which may also contribute to treatment failure. In the last chapter of this work, the suitability of sirolimus as an immunomodulatory compound to boost the activity of a preventive vaccine against VL was analyzed. Sirolimus is an already marketed compound that has been described to boost immune protection against different disease models. In our study, Syrian hamsters were treated with sirolimus concomitantly with the administration of a plasmid DNA vaccine carrying the Leishmania genes LACK, TRYP, PAPLE22 and KMPII, and the subsequent response towards a L. infantum challenge was studied. Our results show that the DNA vaccine itself efficiently reduced the burden of parasites in skin (P = 0.0004) and lymph nodes (P = 0.0452), which was potentiated by SIR administration by also inducing parasitological protection in the spleen (P = 0.0004). The study of immune markers in spleen suggests that lower production of IFN‐γ and the concurrent increase of FoxP3+ expression may be responsible for the protection mediated by the DNA vaccine that was potentiated by sirolimus.

Saville, William James Allan. "The epidemiology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)". Connect to resource, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1243352811.

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Ulrich, Paul N. "Sensitivity of molluscs to temperature, osmotic shock, and infection by protozoa implications for temperate and polar bivalves /". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 267 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1251900721&Fmt=7&clientId=79356&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Yichoy, Mayte. "Lipid uptake and metabolism in the parasitic protozoan giardia lamblia". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Moyo, Sipho Dugunye. "Comparative study of clan CA cysteine proteases: an insight into the protozoan parasites". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1020309.

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Protozoan infections such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Chaga’s disease and African trypanosomiasis caused by the Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma and Trypanosoma genuses respectively; inflict a huge economic, health and social impact in endemic regions particularly tropical and sub-tropical regions. The combined infections are estimated at over a billion annually and approximately 1.1 million deaths annually. The global burden of the protozoan infections is worsened by the increased drug resistance, toxicity and the relatively high cost of treatment and prophylaxis. Therefore there has been a high demand for new drugs and drug targets that play a role in parasite virulence. Cysteine proteases have been validated as viable drug targets due to their role in the infectivity stage of the parasites within the human host. There is a variety of cysteine proteases hence they are subdivided into families and in this study we focus on the clan CA, papain family C1 proteases. The current inhibitors for the protozoan cysteine proteases lack selectivity and specificity which contributes to drug toxicity. Therefore there is a need to identify the differences and similarities between the host, vector and protozoan proteases. This study uses a variety of bioinformatics tools to assess these differences and similarities. The Plasmodium cysteine protease FP-2 is the most characterized protease hence it was used as a reference to all the other proteases and its homologs were retrieved, aligned and the evolutionary relationships established. The homologs were also analysed for common motifs and the physicochemical properties determined which were validated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. These analyses revealed that the host and vector cathepsins share similar properties while the parasite cathepsins differ. At sub-site level sub-site 2 showed greater variations suggesting diverse ligand specificity within the proteases, a revelation that is vital in the design of antiprotozoan inhibitors.

Al-Dahwi, Zaineb. "Impairment of protective immunity to intestinal helminthiases". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Arrowood, Michael James. "Cryptosporidium: Oocyst production and hybridoma generation for examining colostrum and monoclonal antibody roles in cryptosporidial infections". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184335.

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Techniques for the large-scale isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites, obtained from the feces of experimentally infected Holstein calves, were developed employing discontinuous sucrose gradients and isopycnic Percoll gradients. The three step oocyst recovery method utilized two sequential discontinuous sucrose gradients followed by one Percoll gradient. Recovered oocysts were essentially free of debris and bacteria and represented 34% of the original oocyst suspension. Sporozoites were recovered from excystation mixtures on a single Percoll gradient. Sixty-three percent of the original sporozoites were recovered with 2.2% contamination by intact oocysts and virtually no oocyst walls. Eight anti-oocyst hybridomas were derived from oocyst-immunized mice: five from BALB/c mice and three from RBF/Dn mice. The monoclonal antibody (Mab) OW3 reacted specifically with C. parvum oocysts in immunofluorescent assays (IFA) and was shown to be superior to conventional stains for detecting oocysts in fecal smears from infected individuals. Sixteen anti-sporozoite hybridomas were derived from sporozoite-immunized BALB/c mice. The Mabs appeared to react with cell surface and cytoplasmic antigens by IFA. Two anti-sporozoite Mabs (C8C5, C6B6) reacted with a 20 kDa sporozoite antigen in western blots while the Mab C4A1 reacted with multiple antigens in western blots. These three Mabs (C8C5, C6B6, C4A1) were examined for potential modulation of cryptosporidial infections in vivo by oral Mab administration to oocyst-inoculated neonatal mice. The role for colostrum and breast milk in controlling cryptosporidial infections was examined by immunizing mouse dams and experimentally infecting their neonatal offspring. Colostrum and Mab-treated neonatal mice were sacrificed four days post infection. No difference in infection rates was observed among the treatment groups. Suckling mice treated daily with orally administered mixtures of Mabs (purified or ascitic fluid) showed significantly reduced parasite loads compared to control mice at four days post infection. In vitro cultivation of C. parvum was successful through asexual stages in human fetal lung, bovine turbinate and murine L929 cells. Parasite numbers that developed in the cell cultures varied from infection run to infection run.

Heskett, Katherine A. "Investigation of a method to reduce false-positive equine protozoal myeloencephalitis test results title". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005184.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004.
Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 79 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Libros sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

Michael, Gilles Herbert, ed. Protozoal diseases. London: Arnold, 1999.

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Bhatia, B. B. Protozoa and protozoan diseases of domestic livestock. New Delhi: Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2001.

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Mandal, F. B. Catalouge [i.e. Catalogue] of the protozoans occurring in reptiles from India. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, 1993.

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Ahmed, Khan Naveed, ed. Emerging protozoan pathogens. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

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1919-, Salfelder Karlhanns y Sauerteig Eberhard, eds. Protozoan infections in man: Colour atlas. Stuttgart: Schwer, 1988.

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1919-, Salfelder Karlhanns y Sauerteig Eberhard, eds. Protozoan infections in man: Color atlas. Stuttgart: Schwer Verlag, 1988.

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Kopp, Megan. Parasites. New York: AV2 by Weigl, 2012.

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Goddard, Jerome. Infectious diseases and arthropods. 2^a ed. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2008.

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Goddard, Jerome. Infectious diseases and arthropods. 2^a ed. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2008.

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F, Mahmoud Adel A., ed. Parasitic lung diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

Salfelder, K., T. R. de Liscano y E. Sauerteig. "Protozoan Diseases". En Atlas of Parasitic Pathology, 13–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2228-3_2.

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Braun-Falco, Otto, Gerd Plewig, Helmut H. Wolff y Walter H. C. Burgdorf. "Protozoan Diseases". En Dermatology, 299–312. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97931-6_6.

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Bandyopadhyay, P. K., N. R. Das y Amit Chattopadhyay. "Protozoan Parasites". En Biochemical, Immunological and Epidemiological Analysis of Parasitic Diseases, 9–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4384-2_2.

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Elston, Dirk M. "Ectoparasitic and Protozoan Diseases". En Therapy of Skin Diseases, 181–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78814-0_19.

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Geary, Timothy G. y James B. Jensen. "Protozoan Infections of Man: Malaria". En Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, 87–114. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1233-8_3.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Waterborne Outbreaks of Protozoan Diseases". En Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 3028. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_4925.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Waterborne Outbreaks of Protozoan Diseases". En Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_4925-1.

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Braga, F. J. H. N. "Other Diseases Caused by Protozoan". En Nuclear Medicine in Tropical and Infectious Diseases, 129–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1179-3_17.

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Rew, Robert S. "Protozoan Infections of Man: African Trypanosomiasis". En Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, 129–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1233-8_5.

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Kovacs, Joseph A. y Henry Masur. "Protozoan Infections of Man: Other Infections". En Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, 139–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1233-8_6.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

Movsesyan, S. O., R. A. Petrosyan, M. A. Nikogosyan, R. E. Barsegyan, N. B. Terenina, M. V. Voronin y M. V. Vardanyan. "BIODIVERSITY OF THE PARASITE FAUNA IN THE NORTHERN REGIONS OF ARMENIA AND THE LAKE SEVAN BASIN". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.306-311.

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The variety of parasite species, infection of domesticated animals (including cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, poultry, dogs and pigs), natural infection of biohelminths' intermediate hosts (including terrestrial and freshwater mollusks, soil oribatid mites) with helminth larvae, and the species composition of tick vectors of blood protozoan diseases have been studied. The studies found the infection of the above animals with the following helminth species: 4 trematode species Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Dicrocoelium lanceatum, Paramphistomum sp., 13 nematode species Ascaris suum, A. galli, Syngamus trachea, Capillaria caudinflata, Trichuris ovis, Tr. suis, Metastrongylus elongatus, Chabertia sp., Haemonchus sp., Protostrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris, Dictyocaulus filaria, Cystocaulus nigrescens, 2 cestode species Moniezia expansa, M. benedeni; 9 eimeria species Eimeria arloingi, E. intricata, E. stidae, E. magna, E. perforans, E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. exigua; 3 Haemosporidia species Babesia bigeminum, B. ovis, and B. canis; and 1 Leishmania species Leishmania tropica. There were also detected 17 species of ticks, vectors of blood protozoan diseases of animals, and intermediate hosts of moniezia were isolated. Two species of terrestrial and 3 species of freshwater mollusks being as intermediate hosts of helminths were recorded.

Silva, Isabela Gonçalves da, Lara Ellen Correa Nogueira Silva, Renata Vieira Chaves Gabriel, Alexandra Cristina Silva y Sérgio Eustáquio Lemos da Silva. "Aspects of the epidemiological chain of bovine neosporosis and applications as a prophylaxis tool". En III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-183.

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Systemic parasitic infections are responsible for serious losses in agriculture. In the reproductive sphere of cattle farming, bovine neosporosis is described as one of the main diseases that causes abortions in cattle herds, generating considerable reproductive and, consequently, economic impacts on the Brazilian livestock sector. This disease is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, a coccid found in the form of tissue cysts and intracellular tachyzoites. This condition gives the parasite an efficient capacity for dissemination and transmission within cattle herds and can infect up to 90% of animals in confinement with dairy or beef aptitude (DUBEY et al. 2006).

Golovchenko, N. V., V. O. Telicheva, I. V. Khutoryanina, S. A. Nagorniy, L. A. Ermakova y G. V. Strelnikova. "ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIASIS BY THE EXAMPLE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.156-161.

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The optimization of laboratory diagnostic methods is one of the important trend in the diagnostics of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases. Direct biological material research methods aimed at detection of helminth eggs and larvae, trophozoites and protozoan cysts remain the "gold standard" for diagnosing intestinal helminthiasis and protozoosis. Detection of pathogens in biological media does not require additional research methods. Currently, various parasitological diagnostic methods are presented in regulatory and methodological documents but the choice of a research method is often determined by capabilities of a medical organization. The purpose of this research was a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of existing methods for detecting helminth eggs. In an experiment, we carried out 1500 examinations of biological material using 5 parasitological methods most commonly used in clinical practice for examining feces, namely, formalin-ether sedimentation, native and stained smear, Kato, Kalantaryan, and sedimentation in the concentrator of intestinal parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides eggs served as a model for the experiment. Each method was applied in 30 repetitions. The results of the study showed that the formalin-ether sedimentation method was the most effective for detecting Ascaris eggs. This method can serve as a reference for evaluating the effectiveness of various modifications of parasitological methods for diagnosing intestinal helminthiasis.

Pasechnik, V. E. "HELMINTHS, PROTOZOAN PARASITES AND HELMINTHOZOONOSIS IN DOMESTIC DOGS OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS IN MOSCOW". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.354-358.

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The main purpose of the work was to identify helminth and protozoan parasite infections and helminthozoonosis in domestic dogs of different age groups in Moscow. Coproovoscopic examinations were carried out during 2022 for dogs older than a year and puppies up to 6 months from 5 administrative districts of the City. Fecal samples were collected in defecation of dogs individually in a sterile container with the animal information on the label during dog walking by their owners. Infection of the dogs was found with the following zoonotic helminths: Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia spp.; and protozoa: Isospora canis. Toxocara canis reached its maximum value in the puppies up to 6 months of age with the prevalence of 33.3%, and in the dogs older than a year with the prevalence of 15.3%. Toxascaris leonina was not found in the puppies under 6 months of age; in the dogs older than a year, it reached the maximum invasion value with the prevalence of 9.5%. Dipylidium caninum reached the maximum invasion value in the puppies aged up to 6 months with the prevalence of 7.8%, but the dogs older than a year were not found to have Dipylidium caninum. Taenia spp., were found neither in the puppies nor in dogs older than a year.

Safiullin, R. T., S. K. Shibitov y R. R. Safiullin. "EPIZOOTIC SITUATION ON THE CONTAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTS WITH INVASIVE ELEMENTS ON THE CATTLE FARM OF THE MOSCOW REGION". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.420-425.

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The study of the epizootic situation on the contamination of environmental objects with invasive elements on the livestock farm of the Moscow Region showed its contamination with parasitic protozoa oocysts and cysts, and helminth eggs and larvae which was directly affected by infection of the livestock with the above parasites and the quality of therapeutic and prophylactic and veterinary and sanitary measures. The objects of the external environment most contaminated with invasive elements of parasitic protozoa and helminths were the floor of stalls and passages in the premises for keeping animals. The stall walls and animal feeders were less contaminated with parasitic protozoa oocysts and cysts or helminth eggs or larvae. It should be noted that, the epizootic process for parasitic protozoa: Buxtonella, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria and Strongylata of the digestive tract, was permanent on the examined livestock farm of the Moscow Region, since all of its components were in place: the source of invasion was infected animals; transmission factors were environmental objects contaminated with invasive elements and susceptible animals, especially young animals. An analysis was performed of the plan of preventive antiepizootic measures of this farm in relation to parasitic diseases in terms of diagnostic tests for parasitosis, and therapeutic-and-prophylactic and veterinary-sanitary treatments.

Gerasimov, V. N., S. A. Kotov y E. M. Aslanyan. "METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LABORATORY SELECTION OF MEANS FOR SOIL DISINFECTION". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.151-155.

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Soil, bottom sediments, and sewage sludge are the main sources of infection of humans and animals with helminth eggs, and protozoan cysts and oocysts. For the disinfection of environmental objects, chemical disinfectants are successfully used. To identify the most effective disinfection means for soil and environmental objects, laboratory studies of the ovicidal activity of disinfectants are carried out on soil samples. Currently, laboratory practice has no standard methods available for determining the ovicidal efficacy of disinfectants in the soil. A device is offered for the experimental selection of disinfectants for disinfecting soil, geologic material, sewage sludge or bottom sediments contaminated with helminth eggs, and protozoan cysts and oocysts. The laboratory device is a three-segment steel column in the form of a cylinder with supports provided at the base, and a cover with a foam outlet and a filler neck located on the upper part, and a storage tank for collecting the spent disinfectant solution located in the lower part. The cylinder is filled with soil segment by segment, and microcontainers with bioagent are placed at the bottom of each segment. The soil is poured with a disinfectant; and the microcontainers are removed from the soil after various exposure periods to determine the ovicidal activity of the disinfectant.

Vasilevich, F. I., E. A. Nikolaeva y I. I. Tsepilova. "ENDOPARASITE FAUNA OF SMALL CATTLE IN SOME AREAS OF THE MOSCOW REGION". En THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.128-132.

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Significant economic damage is annually caused to agriculture by parasitic diseases of livestock animals. It is necessary to regular monitor the spread of endoparasites in small cattle on the territory of various subjects of the Russian Federation in order to subsequently improve control measures and ongoing therapeutic and preventive measures, as well as to detect resistance in various helminth species and genera to active ingredients of modern anthelmintics used. Research was carried out to study the endoparasite fauna of small cattle on the peasant farm and private subsidiary plots of the Podolsk, Voskresensk and Ramensk city districts of the Moscow Region. Feces were taken individually from each animal: 50 sheep, and goats (24 lactating goats and 9 baby goats kept together). Based on the studies, it was found that the sheep were infected with pathogens of gastrointestinal nematode infections as follows: 76% of the suborder Strongylata; 26%, the genus Nematodirus; 4%, the genus Trichocephalus spp.; 62%, protozoa of the genus Eimeria, and the milking and young goats by 87.8% pathogens of the suborder Strongylata and protozoa from the genus Eimeria (EI = 15.2%), which indicates a high infection rate of these pathogens in small cattle.

Kuznetsova, E. Ch. "CLINICAL CASE OF EMERIOSIS IN A PIG". En DIGEST OF ARTICLES ALL-RUSSIAN (NATIONAL) SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "CURRENT ISSUES OF VETERINARY MEDICINE: EDUCATION, SCIENCE, PRACTICE", DEDICATED TO THE 190TH ANNIVERSARY FROM THE BIRTH OF A.P. Stepanova. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1853-9-2021-43.

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Azhar, Amiera Syazlin Binti Md, Nor Hazlyna Binti Harun, Nooraini Binti Yusoff, Mohamad Ghozali Bin Hassan y Kua Beng Chu. "Image Enhancement on Underwater Images for Protozoan White Spot Fish Disease Detection". En 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Computer Vision (ISCV). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscv54655.2022.9806095.

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Kataev, Alexander y Dmitriy Kadochnikov. "Hidden causal factors of a medical nature affecting qualifying signs for determining the severity of harm caused to human health when committing crimes against sexual inviolability and sexual freedom of an individual". En Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_5fdcb03a8e0864.60330005.

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The article considers hidden causal factors of a medical nature (in the form of pathogens of bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections, as well as parasitic diseases) that cannot be detected by visual examination of the subject and require additional laboratory research methods. The necessity of taking into account such factors and the possibility of identifying them is shown for a more objective forensic examination of sexual offenses.

Informes sobre el tema "Protozoan diseases":

Meyers, Wayne M., Adolfo Firpo y Douglas J. Wear. Topics on the Pathology of Protozoan and Invasive Arthropod Diseases. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, junio de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545141.

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Noga, Edward J., Angelo Colorni, Michael G. Levy y Ramy Avtalion. Importance of Endobiotics in Defense against Protozoan Ectoparasites of Fish. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586463.bard.

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Infectious disease is one of the most serious causes of economic loss in all sectors of aquaculture. There is a critical need to understand the molecular basis for protection against infectious disease so that safer, more reliable and more cost-effective strategies can be designed for their control. As part of this effort, the major goal of our BARD project was to determine the importance of endobiotics as a defense against protozoan ectoparasites in fish. Endobiotics, or antimicrobial polypeptides, are peptides and small proteins that are increasingly recognized as having a vital role in the innate defense of virtually all animals. One objective of our BARD project was to determine the antiparasitic potency of one specific group of endobiotics that were isolated from hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M chrysops). We found that these endobiotics, which we had previously named histone-like proteins (HLPs), exhibited potent activity against Amyloodinium and that the putative levels of HLPs in the skin were well within the levels that we found to be lethal to the parasite in vitro. We also found evidence for the presence of similar antibiotics in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Mediterranean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We also examined the effect of chronic stress on the expression of HLP in fish and found that HLP levels were dramatically decreased after only one week of a crowding/high ammonia sublethal stress. We also began to explore the feasibility of upregulating endobiotics via immunostimulation. However, we did not pursue this objective as fully as we originally intended because we spent a much larger effort than originally anticipated on the last objective, the attempted isolation of novel endobiotics from hybrid striped bass. In this regard, we purified and identified four new peptide endobiotics. These endobiotics, which we have named piscidins (from "Pisces" meaning fish), have potent, broad-spectrum activity against a number of both fish and human pathogens. This includes not only parasites but also bacteria. We also demonstrated that these peptides are present in the mast cell. This was the first time that the mast cell, the most common tissue granulocyte in vertebrates, was shown to possess any type of endobiotic. This finding has important implications in explaining the possible function of mast cells in the immune response of vertebrates. In summary, the research we have accomplished in this BARD project has demonstrated that endobiotics in fish have potent activity against many serious pathogens in aquaculture and that there is considerable potential to use these compounds as stress indicators in aquaculture. There is also considerable potential to use some of these compounds in other areas of medicine, including treatment of serious infectious diseases of humans and animals.

McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines y Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.

McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines y Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, junio de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.