Artículos de revistas: "Protection incapacity"

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Reno, Virginia P. y Lisa D. Ekman. "SOCIAL SECURITY DISABILITY INSURANCE: ESSENTIAL PROTECTION WHEN WORK INCAPACITY STRIKES". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31, n.º 2 (8 de febrero de 2012): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.21620.

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Rossetti, Silvia y Susanne Heeger. "The collective risk management of solo self-employed workers in the Netherlands". Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 27, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982719x15538489216856.

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The growth of solo self-employed workers in the Netherlands (zzp’ers) has not yet triggered a debate on how to combine their income security and business autonomy. The extent to which the social protection system and interest groups promote zzp’ers to take up collective arrangements mitigating income insecurity due to work incapacity and preventing income insecurity due to poor employability is investigated using the social risk management framework. Correcting economic obstacles and irrational risk perceptions, collective arrangements are found to encourage the take-up of work incapacity insurance and training among zzp’ers.

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3

Benbow, Susan M. y Rob Jones. "Mental incapacity: implications of the Law Commission Report". Psychiatric Bulletin 20, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1996): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.20.11.645.

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The Law Commission report on Mental Incapacity was published in 1995 and examines how decisions can be made on behalf of those who are unable to make decisions for themselves. It has far reaching implications for psychiatrists and recommends the introduction of new legislation. Research with those unable to consent, advance treatment directives, decisions about medical treatment and public law protection of vulnerable Incapable people are areas covered in the document. Although there are some concerns for psychiatrists, many of the proposals can be welcomed.

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4

Varney, Eliza. "Redefining contractual capacity? the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the incapacity defence in English contract law". Legal Studies 37, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2017): 493–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12166.

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How can the incapacity defence in contract law coexist with the concept of universal legal capacity advanced by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)? In the absence of clear guidance from the CRPD on the link between legal capacity and mental capacity, and given the silence of this Convention on the concept of contractual capacity, this article stresses the need to redefine contractual capacity in a manner that responds not only to economic interests (eg upholding the security of transactions) but also to social interests (including the protection of values such as dignity). The discussion insists that incapacity and disability must never be conceptually equated and calls for a definition of contractual incapacity that moves beyond the medical condition of individuals (whether this is known by or apparent to the other contracting party) and which considers the circumstances of the transaction. These arguments are explored in the context of English contract law, focusing on the question of contractual validity when a party lacked the mental capacity to understand the transaction and the other party was unaware of the incapacity and acted in good faith.

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5

Antonów, Kamil. "The Right to Social Security in the Event of Incapacity to Work Due to Sickness in Light of Article 67 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 32, n.º 5 (31 de diciembre de 2023): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2023.32.5.11-29.

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The topic of this study is to determine the substance of the right to social security in case of incapacity to work due to sickness in the light of Article 67 (1) of the Polish Constitution, and to establish the scope and form of social security on this account. The author presents and justifies the concept of social protection in the event of incapacity to work due to sickness based on the assumption that, although it is granted in connection with professional activity, it does not always have to be associated with loss of earnings. On the other hand, as for the scope of social security, it was assumed that it can cover (in the subjective aspect) not only persons subject to general social insurance and farmers’ social insurance, but also uniformed services as well as judges and prosecutors, while (in the objective aspect) also benefits from the employment (service) relationship, i.e. employee sick pay and emoluments (remuneration) for the time of incapacity to work due to sickness to which professional soldiers, police officers, judges or prosecutors are entitled. The latter is related to the formulation of the thesis that the exercise of the right to social security in case of incapacity to work due to sickness does not take place exclusively in the form of insurance disbursement, since – due to the open content of the norm included in Article 67 (1) of the Polish Constitution – it is also permissible to use other methods of legal protection, including the financing of benefits in this area from the own funds of the employing entities. The discussion is preceded by remarks on the concept of the right to social security, particularly with regard to the legal nature of Article 67 of the Polish Constitution and the essence of this right.

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Clough, Beverley. "Disability and Vulnerability: Challenging the Capacity/Incapacity Binary". Social Policy and Society 16, n.º 3 (6 de marzo de 2017): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746417000069.

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This article engages with emerging debates in law and feminist philosophy around the concept of vulnerability. Central to this is the call to re-imagine and re-frame vulnerability as universal – as something which is experienced by all individuals, by virtue of their humanity and context as social beings. The implications of this for laws and policies predicated on groups or categories as ‘being vulnerable’ will be explored in this article, using the concept of mental capacity as an example of how the boundary between capacity and incapacity can be contested through this lens. The article will critically consider the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and associated literature, such as Court of Protection cases, the House of Lords Select Committee's post-legislative scrutiny and Serious Case Reviews, which demonstrate the growing concern about the inadequacy of the binary between capacity and incapacity. This in turn provokes a challenge to accepted wisdom in the context of disability more broadly, inviting us to think in particular about the responses to perceived vulnerability that are currently deemed appropriate. Insights from the legal literature invite further exchanges with social policy theorists as to the concept of vulnerability and its challenges and implications for law and policy.

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7

Ostanina, E. A. "THE INSTITUTE OF DISPOSITIVE INCAPACITY IN REGARD TO PROTECTION OF CIVIL TURNOVER STABILITY". Zakon 16, n.º 2 (2021): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2021-16-2-150-161.

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8

Weston, Janet. "Citizenship, Vulnerability and Mental Incapacity in England, 1900–1960s". Medical History 63, n.º 3 (18 de junio de 2019): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.27.

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Over the twentieth century, the Lunacy Office (renamed the Court of Protection in 1947) was responsible for appointing ‘receivers’ to manage the property of adults in England who were found incapable of managing their own affairs. Tens of thousands of people were in this position by the 1920s, and numbers continued to grow until after Second World War. This article uses the archives of the Office to examine the evolution of the concept of mental incapacity over the first half of the twentieth century, offering a corrective to the popular impression that the time before the Mental Capacity Act of 2005 was an era of ignorance and bad practice. It examines the changing ways in which being ‘incapable’ was understood and described, with particular reference to shifting ideas of citizenship. I argue that incapacity was not always seen as absolute or permanent in the first half of the century, that models of incapacity began to include perceived vulnerability in the interwar period and that women in particular were seen in this way. From the 1940s, though, the profile of those found incapable was changing, and the growing welfare state and its principles of employment and universality saw the idea of incapacity narrowing and solidifying around knowledge deficits, especially among the elderly. This brings the history of the Lunacy Office into the twentieth century and connects it to current concerns around assessments of mental capacity today.

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Mano, Laureta y Mirela Selita. "The Albanian Social Security System and the Institutions of Social Protection in Albania". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 3, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v3i2.p18-25.

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The social security system in Albania consists of social assistance and social services, health services and health care insurance and social insurance schemes. In the social objectives of the constitution are declared that the State within the constitutional competencies and the probable means as well as in the fulfillment of private initiatives and responsibilities, aims to higher possible standards of health, physical and mental; social care and services of elderly, orphan and invalids; medical rehabilitation, special education and integration in the community, of disabled persons. The Constitution foreseen that everyone has the right of social insurance when retired or in case of incapacity of work under a certain system established by a law. Everyone, when is unemployed for any reasons independent on individual will and when there is no living means, has the right of need under the conditions foreseen by law. Social insurance is a scheme protecting by benefits persons in respect of temporary incapacity due to sickness, maternity, old-age, disability and loss of breadwinner, employment accidents/occupational diseases, unemployment. Social Services are benefits in kind for disabled persons or vulnerable persons. Social Assistances are cash benefits given to families in need, that means families with lower incomes comparable with minimum standard of living or families without incomes. Health services consist of public health, primary health care, hospitalization services nurse's service, dental and pharmaceutical net. The Institutions of Social Protection in Albania are Social Insurance Institute, National Social Services and Health Care Insurance Fund.

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Kulikov, Gennady G., Anatoly N. Shmelev, Vladimir A. Apse y Evgeny G. Kulikov. "Comprehensive analysis of proliferation protection of uranium due to the presence of 232U and its decay products". Nuclear Energy and Technology 8, n.º 4 (13 de diciembre de 2022): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.8.96564.

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For a comprehensive assessment of the protection of uranium against proliferation due to the presence of uranium-232 in it, the authors of the article propose and substantiate an integral protection criterion for this material. The criterion is based on the physical barriers against the proliferation of uranium created by uranium-232, namely: (1) the radiolysis of uranium hexafluoride, which hinders attempts to re-enrich uranium and, as a result, a significant critical mass; (2) hard γ-radiation, which leads to incapacity and death of those who try to handle this material without radiation protection; (3) increased heat release, which disables the components of a nuclear explosive device; and (4) a significant source of neutrons that causes predetonation and thereby reduces the energy yield of a nuclear explosive device. These barriers appear at various stages of uranium handling not only in the indicated order but also act simultaneously, mutually reinforcing one another.

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11

Wang, Li-Ping, Yu Jiang, Hong Yang, Cheng Peng, Chuan Zhang, Xia Tao y He-Hui Xie. "Combination Therapy of Nifedipine and Sulphonylureas Exhibits a Mutual Antagonistic Effect on the Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Induced by Hyperglycemia Linked to Vascular Disease". Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 38, n.º 6 (2016): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445587.

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Background/Aims: By inducing severe endothelial impairment, hypertension and diabetes are two leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Hypertensive patients with concomitant diabetes must take both antihypertensive and hypoglycaemic medications, for which there is a lack of experimental and clinical guidelines. This study aimed to examine the interaction between these two types of medication on the endothelial cell function. Methods: The effect of antihypertensive (nifedipine and irbesartan) and anti-diabetic (metformin and glibenclamide/glimepiride) drugs on human umbilical vein cells (HUVECs) function was examined using a modified Boyden chamber assay. The intracellular NO and O2- levels of HUVECs were detected through flow cytometry. Results: Our findings showed that nifedipine/sulphonylurea monotherapy significantly attenuated high glucose-induced (33 mM) HUVECs migration incapacity, while combination therapy of nifedipine and glibenclamide/glimepiride showed no protective effect. Both nifedipine/metformin monotherapy and combined therapy significantly mitigated the migration incapacity induced by high glucose in HUVECs. Combined with either metformin or sulphonylureas, irbesartan therapy was able to attenuate the high glucose-induced migration incapacity of HUVECs. Nifedipine monotherapy decreased the O2- levels and increased the NO levels in in vitro-cultured HUVECs treated with high glucose. However, the combination therapy of nifedipine and glibenclamide increased the O2- levels and decreased the NO levels compared to the nifedipine monotherapeutic group. Conclusion: The nifedipine and glibenclamide/glimepiride combination exerted a mutual antagonistic effect on the protection from high glucose-induced impairment in endothelial cells, which might be partially attributed to the increased O2- level and decreased NO level. These results imply that calcium channel blockers + sulphonylurea combination therapy warrants further attention in patients suffering from both hypertension and diabetes.

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12

Šmelcerović, Miodrag, Lyubcho Varamezov y Marina Grubor. "COSTS OF PROTECTION AT WORK IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP". Knowledge International Journal 34, n.º 1 (4 de octubre de 2019): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34010195s.

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Technologies in which working life is the basis of business, and research into losses due to absenteeism, are a complex social and individual problem. Surveys conducted at the level of Member States of the European Community show that these losses amount to about 4% of GDP (gross social income). Due to inadequate record keeping, it is not possible to calculate how much such damage is in Serbia, but according to the available parameters related to the number of injuries at work, the state of occupational safety in Serbia does not deviate significantly from the situation in Europe. Safer working conditions are of great interest to the state, since work incapacity directly affects the state budget. Thus, apart from repression, the state should share with the employers the costs of investing in occupational safety and health. By reducing the tax rate or introducing a zero value added tax (VAT), employers would be encouraged to invest in occupational safety and health.The costs of injuries at work are mainly borne by employers, but the damage incurred is also reflected at the national level. The costs of occupational injuries can be divided into direct and indirect costs.The paper presents an economic approach to a harmful event (injury at work) and points to itto certain direct and indirect costs in entrepreneurship.

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13

de la Corte Rodríguez, Miguel. "EU Directives on maternity leave". European Labour Law Journal 9, n.º 2 (junio de 2018): 171–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952518780057.

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The EU Directives on maternity leave adopt a single social risk approach, focusing primarily on the protection of the delivering worker’s incapacity to work during pregnancy and after giving birth. They justify maternity leave on the basis of the vulnerability of these workers and provide for a leave of at least 14 weeks. However, recent case law of the CJEU questions whether maternity leave is consistent with this approach and respects the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of sex. This article challenges the EU Directives on maternity leave and seeks to find out to what extent they are based on a coherent single social risk approach, by examining not only EU and national legal sources but also medical literature. It concludes that the approach adopted by these Directives is not sufficiently consistent because for most women the period of incapacity for work will not last longer than 6 weeks after childbirth (puerperium), much shorter than the minimum 14-week period. The fact that maternity leave is a right of mothers and that in most instances a substantial part of the leave is only devoted to the care of the newborn is creating unsatisfactory effects on both mothers and fathers.

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FLORES VALDIVIA, ALEJANDRO PATRICIO, HELENA ANDREA IQUIRA TORRES FERNANDEZ y GELBER RAMIREZ CUEVA. "LOS CAMBIOS EN LA CAPACIDAD CIVIL Y SU LÓGICA RESPECTO DE LA CONVENCIÓN SOBRE LOS DERECHOS DE LAS PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD: LA CAPACIDAD EN TELA DE JUICIO". SCIENTIARVM 1, n.º 1 (4 de julio de 2015): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26696/sci.epg.0154.

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A person with disability is a person with permanent physical or mental deficiencies who encounters barriers to the exercise of his rights; but a person with disability is not necessarily a person with civil incapacity because this type of person has an express and legal limitation to the exercise of his rights; neither a person with disability will necessarily be a person with restricted capacity, since they have freedom in the exercise of some of their rights; but they are obliged to be legally represented for other acts. Not every person with disability or restricted capacity is a person without discernment, since to be so, he/she must not be able to distinguish right from wrong. It is necessary an explanatory analysis on how the modification of the civil capacity from the Legislative Decree N° 1384 has been an attempt to do things right; but it has had mistakes by repealing Articles 1974 and 1975 of the Civil Code, which established factual assumptions of protection to persons without discernment, respecting the principle of equality of conditions recognized by the Convention on persons with disabilities, and providing clarity to the operators of law on their due action in the assumptions contained in those unduly repealed rules. Key words: Civil capacity, civil incapacity, disability, discernment

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15

Đokić, Ivana. "Ensuring the continuity of family law protection after the opening of succession estate in Russian law". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 59, n.º 88 (2020): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-28229.

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In modern Russian succession law, factual grounds (incapacity for work, maintenance and community of life with the testator, etc.) have a decisive influence on the construction of the legal and necessary hereditary order. Thus, the Russian legislator protected incapable persons who were, after the death of the provider, supported by the testator during his lifetime. By enacting such inheritance regulations, the legislator has remained faithful to the Russian legal tradition and the idea of subsistence (which is the basis of legal inheritance in Russian law), and successfully ensured the continuity of family law protection for incapacitated individuals. This paper focuses on the inheritance mechanism aimed at ensuring the continuity of family law protection to persons who are incapable to work, and who were supported by the testator during his/her lifetime. In light of current inheritance legislation of the Russian Federation and the views presented in the Russian legal literature and jurisprudence, the author points out that the continuity of family law protection of incapacitated persons who were supported by the testator may be effectively ensured through the institute of universal succession.

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Arief Mamba, As Ari. "Deviation Article 1320 against BW to provide legal protection in the agreement for Online Transportation". QISTIE 15, n.º 2 (4 de diciembre de 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/jqi.v15i2.7456.

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Article 1320 Boergerlijk Wetboek (BW) is the rule that gives signs an agreement validity that one of them stated that legal capacity as term of agreement In the theory, violation of the terms of this agreement may be canceled so achievements can still be implemented as long as there is no objection from the parties that incapacity to act in law. Problems of research not on whether or not the substance of the article May 1320 has been broken but the problem is the substance of the article into the text without meaning because the terms have been violated in the service agreement transport online, because maintaining legal capacity as agreement terms thus distancing the child from legal protection, especially in the transport agreement online. The research is the research of doctrinal. Based on the results of research on school-age children almost entirely using transportation services online by cellphone them

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Aparecido Bastos Almeida, Gabriel. "A TUTELA JURISDICIONAL COLETIVA E O SISTEMA DE PRECEDENTES NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO". Colloquium Socialis 2, Especial 2 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cs.2018.v02.nesp2.s0264.

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The advent of the social state caused the emergence of rights of a collective nature and mass conflicts, making it necessary to create mechanisms for collective tutelage, given the incapacity of the classical process to promote the adequate protection of these new litigation. Aiming to solve this situation, a system of collective tutelage has been created, whose objective is the protection of diffuse, collective and individual homogeneous rights. However, this system proved incapable of solving the excessive number of demands that overwhelm the Judiciary, which has made it necessary to establish a system of binding precedents in order to achieve greater consistency and stability in the jurisprudence. In view of this context, the present study aimed to analyze the Brazilian system of collective tutelage, through the examination of collective actions and procedural incidents of resolution of repetitive cases that are part of the Brazilian precedent system. The methodology followed the deductive method, using doctrinal and legal research on the researched topic.

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18

Weston, Janet. "Managing mental incapacity in the 20th century: A history of the Court of Protection of England & Wales". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 68 (enero de 2020): 101524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.101524.

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Traore, Moussa Sékou y Mamoudou Samassekou. "A Study on Protection of Incapable Persons in the Code of Persons and Family of Mali". South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 19, n.º 4 (19 de junio de 2023): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v19i4683.

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In contemporary legislation, every individual has, throughout his or her life, legal personality, the main attribute of which is legal capacity, generally defined as the capacity to hold rights and obligations. If the child from birth and even, in many laws, from conception has legal personality, it has however neither the will nor the intelligence necessary to run its own business. An adult can also be the result of a physical or legal disability. The incapacity to exercise of certain adults and minors implies the intervention of one or more structures to act in their place or with them. This article gives the position of the Persons and Family Code of Mali, which was adopted in December 2011 for the protection of these disabilities. To do this, the main methodology used is research and documentary analysis, with sometimes a little comparative law.

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Batmanova, V. V. "Definition of public services in the field of social protection of the population". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, n.º 65 (25 de octubre de 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.37.

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The article reveals the essence of public services in the field of social protection. The analysis of the terms social protection, social security, administrative services, public services, as well as their relationship. Based on the identified main features of these terms, the author tries to provide his definition of public services in the field of social protection. Peculiarities of providing public services in the field of social protection are: authorized bodies of public administration; a specific range of consumers of services, which is clearly defined by state regulations (preferably at the legislative level); based on the essence of the concept of «social protection», consumers of administrative services in this area can only be individuals; special legal status of such persons in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, where the right to social protection is provided only to citizens, which currently restricts the right to social protection of foreigners, stateless persons, refugees, including through public services, emphasizing the importance of its citizens ; A feature of the provision of public services in the field of social protection is their free of charge for the subjects of application.It is established that one of the features of public services in the field of social protection is the specific conditions under which a person has the right to receive services in this area. Public services in the field of social protection are provided subject to the occurrence of a statutory case of social risk, for example, when reaching a certain age of incapacity for work or acquiring the status of a disabled person, etc.It is proved that the second feature of public services in the field of social protection is their preventive focus, which includes preventing disruptions in the normal functioning of life of individuals and violation of their rights in case of social risk.

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Hubbard, Thomas K. "Sexual Consent and the Adolescent Male, or What Can We Learn from the Greeks?" Boyhood Studies 4, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/thy.0402.126.

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Classical Athens offers a useful comparative test‐case for essentialist assumptions about the necessary harm that emanates from sexual intimacy between adults and adolescent boys. The Athenian model does not fit victimological expectations, but instead suggests that adolescent boys could be credited with considerable powers of discretion and responsibility in sexual matters without harming their future cultural productivity. Contemporary American legislation premised on children’s incapacity to “consent” to sexual relations stems from outmoded gender constructions and ideological preoccupations of the late Victorian and Progressive Era; that it has been extended to “protection” of boys is a matter of historical accident, rather than sound social policy. Rigorous social science and historical comparanda suggest that we should consider a different “age of consent” for boys and girls.

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Khan, Muhammad Danyal, Rao Imran Habib y Muhammad Asif Safdar. "Reduction of Economic Burden on State Exchequer by Using Various International Legal Flexibilities under TRIPS Agreement 1994 of WTO". Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i1.281.

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Revised format: May 2018 AvailableOnline: June 2018 During budget year 2016-17, public spending on procurement of medicines in Pakistan surged 29% touching an exorbitant figure of PKR 7.5 billion (Health Budget, 2016-17)Volume of provincial expenditure on medicine almost doubled rising to PKR 1.02 billion from 0.67 billion in last budget year 2015-16. Growing sum of public spending on medicine procurement has many factors such as poverty, money devaluation, indigenous production incapacity, and less developed standards of research and development. Apart from all enumerated above, global pharmaceutical patent protection regime under TRIPS Agreement, initiated by WTO, plays a pivotal role increasing public spending on procurement of medicines in developed and least developed countries. This work presents ways for reducing economic burden on state exchequer by exploiting maximum possible flexibilities under WTO regime to procure cost effective medicines. The work will be done in three parts; explaining Pakistan role and status in global pharmaceutical patent protection regime, existing challenges, and potentials for the country to save public spending on health using international legal agreements under WTO

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Iulia Tedeevi, Iulia Tedeevi. "Problems of Employment of People with Disabilities in Georgia". Economics 105, n.º 11-12 (25 de noviembre de 2022): 07–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/ecs105/11-12/2022-07.

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The article discusses the main problems related to the employment of persons with disabilities in Georgia, barriers they face in the job search process. The examples of the current situation in some European countries are given. The inclusion of disabled people in public life remains one of the problematic issues. Creating an anti-discriminatory environment for them, social adaptation, solving the problem of unemployment, protection of fundamental rights, which are manifested in the protection of their rights to education, healthcare, security and free choice, have become priority directions of all developed countries. Based on foreign experience, certain recommendations are given, the implementation of which will help and improve the current situation in our country in the direction of protecting the rights of persons with disabilities and special needs, employment and, in general, raising public awareness towards such people. Moreover, ensuring equal opportunities for all people in any country (including ours) is regulated by law, and this is not just an idea of humanism. The legislative framework is saturated with both theoretical and practical (vocational schools) issues, but on the other hand, its realization – employment of disabled people – is a problem. Disability does not always mean incapacity. Sometimes such a person has so much potential that most people may not have. Employment has been and remains the most sustainable and effective component of ensuring the livelihood of vulnerable groups. In Georgia, there are some initiatives in terms of their employment, steps taken in this direction can be noticed, but it is insufficient. There is an appropriate legal framework, but the main dilemma is its implementation and implementation in practice. Keywords: disabled person, employment, unemployment, protection of rights.

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Egorysheva, Irina V. y E. V. Sherstneva. "THE PROTECTION OF HEALTH OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS DURING YEARS OF NATIONAL RESTORATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION (TO CENTENARY OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT OF HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATIVE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC)". Health Care of the Russian Federation 61, n.º 4 (24 de mayo de 2019): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2017-61-4-220-224.

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The article considers activities of the People's commissariat of health care of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic targeted to preservation of health of industrial workers in second half of 1920s - 1930s. The leading role industrial workers in implementation of plans of reconstruction of national economy determined direction to their preferential medical care. The forms and methods of medical sanitary activity were altered by its ultimate drawing near to production to resolve task of decreasing of morbidity with temporary incapacity to work, occupational traumatism that was one of the most important factors of increasing labor productivity and decreasing of cost price of produced industrial production.

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25

Dapa, Kouadio Christian. "Processus de Vieillissement actif : cas des pratiques de protection sociale des travailleurs informels du secteur des transports routiers urbains d’Adjamé (commune d’Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire)". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, n.º 19 (30 de junio de 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n19p95.

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La présente étude vise à comprendre, les pratiques de protection sociale des travailleurs informels du secteur des transports routiers urbains d’Adjamé (commune d’Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire) dans le processus du vieillissement actif. Dans une approche interactionniste, la théorie de la stratégie d’ajustement de R.Lazarus et S.Folkman (1984) a été mobilisée en vue d’évaluer les risques liés au vieillissement de cette catégorie socioprofessionnelle avant de saisir leurs stratégies d’ajustement au vieillissement actif. Partant, l’approche qualitative à travers des entretiens semi directifs, des observations directes, la recherche documentaire et la technique d’échantillonnage à choix raisonné, a permis de collecter des données et d’aboutir aux résultats suivants : d’abord, le vieillissement est perçu par les travailleurs informels comme une incapacité socio-économique et physique. Ils y voient comme une sorte de mort sociale. En outre, ces travailleurs, pour faire face aux risques liés au vieillissement, ils disposent des ressources physiques et socio-affectives conséquentes. Enfin, la solidarité intergénérationnelle et l’approche préventive par l’investissement social sont pour ceux-ci des ressources résilientes qu’ils mobilisent pour favoriser leurs vieillissements actifs. This study aims to understand, in the process of active ageing, the social protection practices of informal workers in the urban road transport sector of Adjamé (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire). In an interactionist approach, the adjustment strategy theory of R. Lazarus and S. Folkman (1984) was mobilised in order to evaluate the risks linked to ageing in this socioprofessional category before understanding their adjustment strategies to active ageing. Accordingly, the qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews, direct observations, documentary research and the purposive sampling technique made it possible to collect data and to arrive at the following results: firstly, ageing is perceived by these informal workers as a socio-economic and physical incapacity, or even social death. Second, they have the physical and socio-emotional resources to cope with the risks associated with ageing. Finally, their strategies for adjusting to active ageing are based on intergenerational solidarity on the one hand and the preventive approach through social investment on the other.

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Dalgic, Sertac y Selcuk Cetin. "Evaluation of patients applying for disability determination procedures in terms of spine injury". Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 12, n.º 1 (2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2022.12.256.

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Vertebral are not easily injured due to both the strength of the bone structure and the anatomical protection of the soft tissues. Traumas that cause damage to the vertebral column are often high-energy traumas such as traffic accidents. In our study, vertebral fractures seen in patients who applied for a report for disability determination; were aimed to evaluate the fracture site in terms of its sequelae and its provisions in the disability determination charts. In our study, the reports of the cases that were examined by us after applying for disability assessment in Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine between the years 2019-2021 were examined. Cases with vertebral injuries were included in the study and were examined in terms of age, gender, spine region, additional traumatic findings, sequelae, treatment method, how many points they got from which disability scale, and duration of incapacity. As a result of joint range of motion examinations, in cervical vertebral fractures, limitation of cervical extension movement, in thoracic vertebral fractures, limitation of thoracic flexion movement, in lumbar vertebral fractures, it was determined that the limitation of lumbar extension movement was observed mostly. In our study, vertebral injuries were seen in 17% of the patients who applied for disability detection procedures after a traffic accident. In addition, vertebral injuries are important injuries in terms of public health and health expenditures, as well as important causes of disability and incapacity to work. Vertebral injuries resulting from traffic accidents can cause significant limitations and adversely affect people's lives.

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Plante, Nathalie y Lilian Negura. "Social Representations of Children and Parents in Parliamentary-Committee Debates about the Inclusion of Child Psychological Maltreatment in the Quebec Youth Protection Act". Societies 11, n.º 3 (18 de septiembre de 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11030114.

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Child psychological maltreatment (CPM) was incorporated into the Quebec Youth Protection Act (YPA) in 2006. At that time, various civil-society actors were invited to present to Parliament their views on these legislative changes. The objective of this article is to document the social representations mobilized by the stakeholders in the parliamentary committee in relation to the inclusion of CPM in the Quebec YPA. After explaining our research objectives, questions, and methodology, we will discuss our results, in particular about the distinctive nature of children as a representational object. This specificity will be analyzed in order to better understand the type of communication it generates and the corresponding hegemonic representation of parents. Specifically, implications related to the representational dynamics identified are discussed in relation to our collective capacity (or incapacity) to debate sensitive issues such as child abuse.

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Hesselink, Martijn W. "Capacity and Capability in European Contract Law". European Review of Private Law 13, Issue 4 (1 de agosto de 2005): 491–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2005031.

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So far, the concept of legal capacity is absent in the acquis communautaire on contract law. This article argues that a common frame of reference and an optional European code of contracts cannot do without rules on legal capacity. In the national contract laws of the Member States the main aim of the invalidity of contracts for incapacity has been the protection of persons against the consequences of a misjudgment of their own interests. This raises the question why the law should only protect persons who belong to a limited number of categories who are presumed not to be able to take proper care of their own interests. This article argues that under European contract law a person who has concluded a contract which is actually (extremely) unbalanced deserves equal protection. Such a ?fair price? rule would contribute to substantive freedom of contract as it would facilitate access to the market. Finally, this article questions whether European contracts should be enforceable if they contribute to severely undermining the capabilities of other people (e.g. child workers in sweatshops) to choose the lives they have reason to value.

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Long, Tom y Max Paul Friedman. "The Promise of Precommitment in Democracy and Human Rights: The Hopeful, Forgotten Failure of the Larreta Doctrine". Perspectives on Politics 18, n.º 4 (5 de septiembre de 2019): 1088–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719002676.

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Although international precommitment regimes offer a tool to escape the apparent contradiction between sovereignty and the international protection of democracy and human rights, they raise theoretical and practical questions. This article draws on multinational archival research to explore an overlooked historical episode and suggest new thinking regarding the logjams over sovereignty, incapacity of global decision making, and humanitarian imperialism. In 1945 and 1946, the American states engaged in a debate over the Larreta Doctrine, a Uruguayan proposal about the parallelism between democracy and human rights, and the regional rights and duties to safeguard these values. In the ensuing debate, the Uruguayan foreign minister elaborated a tripartite precommitment mechanism to create a web of national commitments to democratic governance and the domestic protection of human rights, to establish a regional insurance policy against failures to maintain those commitments, and to obligate the great power and neighboring states to precommit to working through the regional system instead of unilaterally. As a proposal that emerged from a weak state—and garnered support from states that faced internal and external threats to democracy and rights—the Larreta Doctrine offers insights on the central tension between state sovereignty and international commitments.

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30

Stephan, Johannes, Jan Gehrmann, Ananda Stullich, Laura Hoffmann y Matthias Richter. "Development, piloting and evaluation of an app-supported psychosocial prevention intervention to strengthen participation in working life: a study protocol of a mixed-methods approach". BMJ Open 14, n.º 2 (febrero de 2024): e081390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081390.

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IntroductionRates of incapacity to work due to mental disorders have increased in many European countries. The consequences of persistent stress can impact individuals’ physical and psychological well-being and gradually develop into chronic stress. Mental disorders or symptoms of burn-out syndrome can have severe consequences. Mental disorders leading to work incapacity significantly burden the health system. Prevention interventions can protect against burn-out, depression, anxiety and other mental health disorders. Digital health is a promising approach to increase the utilisation of effective prevention interventions. This mixed-methods study evaluates a newly developed app-supported psychosocial prevention intervention called ‘RV Fit Mental Health’ to strengthen participation in working life.Methods and analysisThe study uses a three-stage parallel mixed-methods design. This study accompanies the development (stage 1), piloting (stage 2) and evaluation (stage 3) of the new intervention. Within the stages, there is a quantitative as well as a qualitative research strand. Employed persons with an incipient mental disorder will be included. Additionally, experts within the project or connected areas will be included. Quantitative data will be analysed using multifactorial variance analyses in a pre–post design. Qualitative data will be analysed using qualitative content analysis. The study is a comprehensive research approach to investigate the development, piloting and evaluation of an app-supported psychosocial app-based prevention intervention. The rigour of the study will be achieved through data triangulation.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will receive detailed study information and give written informed consent before data collection. Ethical approval was obtained from the Technical University of Munich Ethics Committee. All data collection will follow all legislative rules regarding data protection, also following the Declaration of Helsinki. The study results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.Trial registration numbersDRKS00030818 and DRKS00033080.

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Celermajer, Danielle y Dalia Nassar. "COVID and the Era of Emergencies". Democratic Theory 7, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/dt.2020.070203.

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The threat of emergency measures introduced in face of COVID-19 has largely been framed in terms of individual rights. We argue that it is not the protection of the sovereign individual that is most at stake, but the relations between political subjects and the institutions that enable their robust political participation. Drawing on Hannah Arendt’s analysis of the ways in which isolation and the incapacity to discern truth or reality condition totalitarianism and are exacerbated by it, we argue that the dangers for the evacuation of democratic politics are stark in our era. We consider contemporary political action in concert in Germany to illustrate this critique of COVID-19 emergency measures. Drawing on the legal concept of “appropriateness,” we explicate how the German critical response to the shutdown is founded on a concern for democratic principles and institutions, and aims to achieve two crucial goals: governmental transparency and social-political solidarity.

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Sheather, Julian. "The Mental Capacity Act 2005". Clinical Ethics 1, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2006): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/147775006776173309.

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The Mental Capacity Act, which received Royal Assent in April 2005, will come into force in April 2007. The Act puts into statute the legality of interventions in relation to adults who lack capacity to make decisions on their own behalf. The aim of this paper is to outline the main features of the legislation and its impact on those health care professionals who provide care and treatment for incapacitated adults. The paper sets out the underlying ethical principles that govern interventions under the Act's powers and briefly explores the legal definition of incapacity and the process by which capacity is assessed. It looks at the governing notion of 'best interests' and at the legal indemnity provided by the Act for interventions that are in the best interests of an incapacitated adult. It contains sections on the Act's main innovations, including research involving incapacitated adults, lasting powers of attorney and the new Court of Protection. It also provides information on advance decisions to refuse treatment.

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Mani, B. Vivilia Arivu. "Resistance and Resilience: A Critical Study of Bama’s Vanmam". International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 9, n.º 1 (2024): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.91.21.

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This paper aims to analyze how Dalit women are portrayed in literature in Bama's Vanmam. The current study looked specifically at how caste and gender interact in Vanmam, with an emphasis on how Dalit women are portrayed there. The second half of the 20th century saw a thriving output of Tamil-language works by Dalit writers, who are thought to have explored the writers' responses to issues related to the Dalit community's caste identity and its interaction with a gendered social matrix. The book being studied depicts a ten-year proactive involvement in Tamil literary discourse that gave rise to a fresh, lively voice that challenged literary and cultural clichés, establishing new benchmarks and novel perspectives on literary frameworks. Dalit women are depicted as continuously weeping, wailing, wishing for male protection, cursing their femininity, and lamenting their incapacity to maintain their chastity on their own. Instead of being portrayed as fighters like in Bama's novels, they are shown as victims. Dalit women are victims of sexual violence.

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Gunarto, Gunarto, Subroto Subroto y Anis Mashdurohatun. "Legal Reconstruction on Talak Divorce Regulation Based on Justice Value". Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 5, n.º 10 (14 de octubre de 2022): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2022.v05i10.009.

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The aims of this study are to analyze and find weaknesses in the regulation of legal protection for wives who have been talak divorced by their husbands due to their husband's mistakes and to find a reconstruction of legal protection regulations for wives who are talak divorced by their husbands due to the husband's mistakes based on the value of justice in a research that uses constructivism paradigm. The approach method used is empirical juridical, namely the application of normative legal provisions in action on divorce legal events, especially divorce divorces. The data used are primary data, secondary data, and tertiary data which were analyzed descriptively. The legal theory used is the theory of Islamic justice, the theory of the legal system and the theory of legal protection. The results of the study show that the weakness of the regulation of legal protection for wives who got talak divorced by their husbands due to the husband's fault lies in the unclear article on the type of reason for the divorce and its consequences, especially when the husband who handed down the divorce was the perpetrator of the affair, and the wife as the victim did not receive compensation. therefore, the legal reconstruction can be done by adding new norms to Article 41 of Law no. 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, and also Article 149 of the Presidential Instruction (INPRES) No. 1 of 1991 concerning the KHI, namely: "The ex-husband is obliged to provide compensation in the form of a year's income to the ex-wife if the divorce is due to the husband's fault, but if the husband is unable to fulfill it then he must make a statement of incapacity and apologize to the wife for not being able to do so able to pay for it.”

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Arboleda-Flórez, Julio y David N. Weisstub. "Ethical Research with the Mentally Disordered". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, n.º 5 (junio de 1997): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200504.

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Because of concerns about competence and voluntariness, the mentally disordered constitute a vulnerable population in the context of nontherapeutic biomedical research and, as such, are in need of protection. Despite others' concern about protecting the mentally disordered, their decision-making potential should also be respected and maximized, allowing such individuals to consent to participate in experiments subject to an evaluation of their competence to make such a decision. Competent mentally disordered persons who anticipate future incapacity should be able to issue research directives or durable powers of attorney whereby they can provide explicit consent to participate in nontherapeutic research. When he or she becomes incompetent, a substitute decision maker should be able to provide consent on behalf of the mentally disordered person within established parameters. Nontherapeutic experimentation with the mentally disordered should be permitted, but only within the boundaries of ethical permissibility delineated by legislated guidelines. At present, the legal status of substituted consent for nontherapeutic procedures is uncertain and requires legislation, which in addition to legalizing such consent, would provide guidelines for substitute decision makers and for the creation of research directives. These guidelines should include restrictions on the scope of research, obligations of researchers, rights of subjects, and responsibilities of research ethics committees (RECs). In all cases, the voluntary and informed consent of the person or substitute decision maker must be obtained.

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Fitriyati, Yusida y Muhammad Zuhdi. "RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE GUARDIANS TO THE INHERITANCE OF MENTAL DISABLED CHILDREN". Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari'ah dan Masyarakat 20, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v20i2.6635.

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The law protects the interests of individuals under all circumstances, including children with mental disabilities in term of incapacity due to legal incompetence. Law Number 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities. Article 5 states that the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the survival of every citizen, including persons with disabilities, in this case persons with disabilities who are Muslims have a legal position and have the same human rights as Indonesian citizens and as an inseparable part of the Indonesian citizens and society. is a mandate and a gift from God Almighty, to live progressively and develop fairly and with dignity including obtaining justice and legal protection. Therefore, as a legal subject, people with mental disabilities are represented by their guardians in all their life activities. It is included in the control of the use of inheritance that is obtained. For this reason, this paper is made with a focus on the study of how the rights and obligations of guardians to the inheritance of mentally disabled children in Indonesia and global cultural relativism?

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37

Pousson-Petit, Jacqueline. "La protection personnelle des malades mentaux dans les principaux droits européens". European Review of Private Law 3, Issue 3 (1 de septiembre de 1995): 383–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl1995030.

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Résumé.Cette étude apour objectif de retracer l’évolution juridique de la protection personnelle des malades mentaux en Europe. Deux point principaux sont envisagés: la protection du patient psychiatrique et celle du malade mental, sujet de droit, dans sa vie privée et familale. Une double comparaison est effectuée entre les différentes solutions d’une part et entre ces dernières et les normes internationales et européennes d’autre part. Même si la Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme a jouk un rôle unificateur considérable et provoqué des réformes en matière d’hospitalisation et de traitement il n’en demeure pas moins que des progrès seraient encore réalisables tels que l’interdiction absolue des expérimentations médicales, la réglementation des stérilisations. Des mesures complémentaires relatives au rnineur atteint de troubles mentaux devraient en outre être adoptées. Quant au selon volet, les conclusions sont moins optimistes. Dans la plupart des droits l’idéologie ancienne fondée sur l’ordre public, la protection prioritaire des biens survit. Les techniques utilisées reflètent un manque de cohésion et de réflexion globale et synthétique. Des améliorations sont donc souhaitables. L’exemple de la loi allemande substituant l’assistance au régime d’incapacité antérieur pourrait servir de modèle. Abstract. The aim of this study is to trace the development of the legal rules for the protection of mental patients in Europe. Two principal issues are addressed: the protection of psychiatric patients as patients, and the protection of the mentally ill individual in his or her private and family life. A double comparison is undertaken. On the one hand the different national solutions are compared, and on the other, these solutions are measured against the rules of international and European law. Even if the European Court of Human Rights has played a considerable unifactory role, and has promoted reforms in relation to hospitalisation and treatment, it remains true that further progress is possible, such as a complete ban on medical experiments, and the regulation of sterilisation. Complementary measures concerned with less serious mental disturbances should also be adopted. As to the likelihood that these wishes will be fulfilled, the picture is less optimistic. In most legal systems traditional patterns of thought based on public policy and the high priority given to the protection of property survive. The methods adopted reflect a lack of cohesion and of consideration of the problem in the round. Improvements are therefore to be desired. German law, which has replaced the former regime of incapacity with one of assistance, could serve as a model.

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38

Markovic, Milan. "Legal capacity as a universal human right and a determinant of social status of people with mental disability". Stanovnistvo 50, n.º 2 (2012): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1202065m.

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Adoption of the UN Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities (2006) brought about a core shift to how the international community and human rights law see and treat human disability in general. This paradigm shift materilizes itself in a number of provisions ranging from those which catalogue the proclaimed human rights as they are in the context of special implementation and protection of people with disabilities, to those that introduce a level of specificity in light of their holders' particular needs. But the strongest presence of the shift to this regard can be found in the Article 12 CRPD that sheds new light on the concept of (legal) capacity of people with (mental) disabilites. According to this norm and put quite simply - there should be no difference in observing and treating capacity of a person with disabilities to that of any other person. This is not only the matter of prohibiting discrimination on grounds of mental impairments, but furthermore preventing the system from establishing a classification in which a person with psychosocial or intellectual impairment would be a second-rate citizen, an object of law or a victim of legal, social and family abuse, someone who is a burden to his entire environment, someone who does not have a say in any case concerning his own life and wellbeing. Legal capacity should not be a goal to be fighting for, but a universal human right. Of course and unfortunatelly, such a shift is purely a formal one, when not causing due reform within the national systems and without proper implementation in the member states. What is thought urgently needed and directly required by the given provision is removing the system features that allow deprivation of legal capacity on the bases of mental impairments and introducing a humane and human rights oriented model in which the decision making of these people would be autonomous and supported, and with only very restricted exceptions, done by them and not on their behalf. This novelty is what some authors call a clash between the systems of capacity and those of incapacity, i.e. the matter of replacing an environment where incapacity is presumed by an environment where capacity is presumed, supported and ensured to the highest attainable degree, and the question of seeing the legal capacity as the main social determinant for any individual. Therefore, the present article introduces the ongoing discussion about the values that this particular international legal norm has embodied and advocates in a way the urgency for change and reform in order to abolish the outrageously negative and detrimental practice in which people with mental impairments do not deserve to be social, economic, political or emotional beings, and are totally deprived of their right as living humans to decide in almost any aspects of the human life. As an illustration of certain negative tendencies existing in the old and current systems of incapacity, some data collected within the Serbian judicial structure has been employed.

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Zamkova, D. R. "The government agencies and persons who by law have the right to go to court in the interests of others or state or public interests". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, n.º 67 (16 de enero de 2022): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.67.16.

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The article is devoted to the study of the participation in the judicial process of government agencies and persons who by law have the right to go to court in the interests of others or state or public interests. We also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical and legal foundations of various individuals as subjects of civil proceedings, outlined the content and features of their participation in the consideration and resolution of disputes. Possibilities for judicial protection of the rights, freedoms and interests of an indefinite number of persons are determined, subjects who have the right to make appropriate claims to the court, features of the subject composition of civil cases, proceedings in which such proceedings are opened, are identified. features of their consideration and solution. The essence of the civil procedural status of various persons as subjects of the judicial process is clarified and the normative-legal regulation of their activity in the civil proceedings of Ukraine is outlined. Individuals can protect not only their own interests, but also the interests of a certain indefinite circle of persons. At the same time, participation in the civil process of state government agencies and local self-government agencies is connected with their competence in the exercise of powers related to a certain sphere of government. The main purpose of the institute of protection of the rights of others in civil proceedings is to provide assistance and assistance in judicial protection to persons who are unable to do so on their own due to health, incapacity for work, old age. This is required not only by the moral principles of society, but also by the Constitution, which guarantees the protection of human rights and freedoms. Therefore, the existence of the right to participate in the process of such persons is justified and appropriate in the welfare state. The purpose of this article is to attempt to review and determine the list of persons who are legally entitled to go to court in the interests of others or state or public interests, as well as to determine the issues on which persons designated by law have the right to go to court for the interests of others or state or public interests.

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Bogatov, O., V. Zaichenko, P. Bilym y A. Rogozin. "REQUIREMENTS FOR HAZARD ANALYSIS MODELS AND CALCULATIONS DEGREE OF RISK". Municipal economy of cities 1, n.º 175 (3 de abril de 2023): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2023-1-175-202-207.

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Based on statistical data, the main reasons for the low level of labor protection organization in Ukraine are formulated. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in cases of industrial injuries. UAH 334 million was spent on monthly insurance payments to families who lost breadwinners. for temporary incapacity for work due to an accident or occupational disease - UAH 138.1 million. The data presented in the article indicate that the main causes of fatal accidents are organizational, psychophysical, technogenic, and technical. The main reasons for the low level of labor protection organization in Ukraine are given by the authors, who say that in today's conditions, the labor protection management system should be based not only on measures from the state, but also on the interest of the subjects of labor relations in maintaining the proper physical condition of the employee. A real health risk assessment is impossible without a sufficient information base on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of risk factors and data on the health status of those contingents of the population that are exposed to these factors. The effect of potentiating with the combined influence of professional and non-professional factors has been established. Therefore, there was a need to develop new methods of analysis and modeling of the conditional probability of the occurrence of an industrial injury, acceptable for practical engineering calculations. The proposed indicators of the level of ensuring the safety of people at the objects are the probability of preventing exposure to dangerous factors of the production environment and work process, which can be determined by the full risk of an accident. Thus, on the basis of the application of the probabilistic method for modeling the conditional probability of injury to an employee during technological operations, an assessment of the probability of an accident and the development of various variants of dangerous situations was carried out. This will make it possible to get an assessment of the circumstances and conditions that contribute to the occurrence and development of traumatic situations at work. Keywords: labor protection, occupational injuries, industrial environment, accident, risk, danger, harmfulness, probability.

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41

Meehan, Patrick. "Drugs, insurgency and state-building in Burma: Why the drugs trade is central to Burma's changing political order". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, n.º 3 (9 de septiembre de 2011): 376–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463411000336.

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The mainstream discourse on the political economy of drugs has emphasised the negative correlation between drug production and state capacity, with the presence of a thriving drugs trade seen as both a sign and a cause of weak states. Through an analysis of the drugs trade in Burma this study argues that such an approach is deeply flawed. Focusing on the period since the 1988 protests it argues that the illicit nature of the drugs trade has provided the state with an array of incentives (legal impunity, protection, money laundering) and threats (of prosecution) with which to co-opt and coerce insurgent groups over which it has otherwise commanded little authority. Although the state's involvement in the drugs trade was initially driven by an expedient desire to co-opt insurgent groups following the 1988 protests, this study also argues that over time it has provided an arena in which more immanent and largely unanticipated processes of state formation, namely the centralisation of the means of violence and extraction, have gradually been built. Rather than being a sign of corruption-induced state incapacity, the state's involvement in the drugs trade has thus become a central arena through which state power has been constructed and reproduced.

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42

Nazymko, Ehor y Olena Nazymko. "OBLIGATION TO SUPPORT DISABLED PERSONS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE PRESENT INTERNATIONAL LEGAL NORMS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROVISIONS". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n.º 4 (29 de octubre de 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-155-159.

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One of the fundamental social, socio-forming institutions, which are strictly protected, including through the relevant rules of the current law, is the longstanding institute of support for persons who are unable to provide for themselves through the special disability or incapacity at all. A very important socio-institutional and socio-regulatory component of such an institution is a social consensus about the support of people with physical disabilities, which is constantly reproduced and permanently required by social communities. Among many components of the mentioned consensus, of great importance was also the indispensable obligation to carry out the full, decent or at least minimally necessary financial and material and other such support, provided by law and moral and ethical tradition, first by the parents of their young and minor children, and then, in turn, by adult, legally capable children of their older persons, including disabled, socially vulnerable parents. In spite of the necessity of careful treatment by society towards the disabled, in each country, this obligation is regulated in different ways. Therefore, it seems appropriate to analyse the obligation to keep disabled persons within the meaning of current international law and other international provisions. Methodology. The goal is solved using the cognitive potential of the system of philosophical, scientific, and special methods. The analysis and synthesis made it possible to identify the signs of incapacity for work and the specifics of the responsibilities for the maintenance of disabled persons. The methods of grammatical consideration and interpretation of legal norms have contributed to the identification of universal legal constructs that can be used in the national legislation of any sovereign country of the world. The comparative-legal method allowed determining the directions of development of national legislation of sovereign countries in order to bring them into conformity with generally accepted international standards. Practical implications. The peculiarities of the social and legal status of disabled persons require scientists to develop consistent measures of the proper legal protection of their rights. This requires establishing a clear contentspectral relationship between the concepts of such vulnerable, helpless social-group categories as “older persons”, “persons with disabilities”, and “mentally retarded persons”, which implies a broad socio-physical contextual concept of “disabled person”. The national legislation of each sovereign country should provide for a mechanism developed at the international level for collecting funds for the benefit of certain socially vulnerable persons, including the disabled.

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Baj, Giulia. "IL PRINCIPIO DI NON-REFOULEMENT: CRITICITÀ APPLICATIVE". Il Politico 84, n.º 1 (25 de junio de 2019): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ilpolitico.2019.49.

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The principle of non-refoulement is one of the most relevant instruments of international law for the protection of migrants. This principle prohibits the transfer of migrants to their country of origin in case these persons are afraid of being tortured or persecuted there.To understand the width of its application and the problems linked to the principle of non-refoulement, though, it is appropriate to analyze the various categories of migrants, in order to understand who can receive this protection. This process of analysis of the categories, moreover, highlights the presence of other difficulties in the generalized implementation of the guarantees for migrants. In fact, not all treaties apply to all types of migrants. Even the Geneva Convention to the Status of Refugees, as the name says, only refers to refugees. Specifically, article 1 of the Convention defines as “refugee” the person who “owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”; therefore, its protections – including the one given by the principle of non-refoulement, established in article 33 – only guarantee this specific category of migrants; category linked to – as already mentioned - a closed list of possible causes of persecution. Other obstacles towards a harmonized implementation of the principle of non-refoulement can be found also in the differences among the treaties which define the principle. In its first definition, in the Geneva Convention to the Status of Refugees of 1951, the principle forbids the member States to “expel or return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (Geneva Convention to the Status of Refugees, art. 33). The existence of various definitions and their inadequacy to actual migration patterns create difficulties in the implementation of the principle itself. In this sense, one of the biggest problems in the current scenario is the one given by the application of the principle to mass influxes. This term refers to those migrations characterized by the arrival over an international border of a large number of persons with a rapid rate and by the incapacity of the receiving State to respond adequately to the arrival of migrants (in particular, individual asylum procedures are not sufficient to deal with the high number of migrants). Different international instruments provide a different width of the range of application of the principle; the monitoring organs controlling the implementation of the principle have different levels of efficacy. The uncertainty is even wider in consideration of new migratory movements, such as the mass influxes; hence, States take advantage of this situation in order not to apply the principle of non-refoulement and the other protection for migrants. Having said that, it is impellent to reach a more shared doctrinal view on this topic, in order to cooperate with jurisprudence in order to stimulate the States towards a stronger protection of migrants.

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Neglo, Komikouma Apelike Wobuibe, Tnsue Gebrekidan y Kaiyu Lyu. "The Role of Agriculture and Non-Farm Economy in Addressing Food Insecurity in Ethiopia: A Review". Sustainability 13, n.º 7 (1 de abril de 2021): 3874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073874.

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In Ethiopia, famine and extreme poverty are a result of insufficient food relief, poor macroeconomic factors, climate shocks, undiversified livelihoods based on low productivity in rain-fed agriculture, coupled with institutional incapacity. To serve as a context, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the conceptual framework of human development and capability paradigm to food security. In addition, it highlights evidence and a comparative analysis of the Asian green revolution experience, and places emphasis on sustainable and intersectoral growth through agricultural transformation and promotion of rural non-farm economy agenda to reverse the trends of protracted food crises in Ethiopia. Rapid, science-led, and employment-intensive agricultural growth, accompanied by the promotion of the rural non-farm sector, is of great importance to the rural economy. These will bring about farm sector competitiveness and enhanced productivity, environmental outcomes, acceleration of human development, new opportunities provided to the small-scale food producers, and desirable changes to the rural landscape. The study further introduces a brief analysis of the prominent role of social protection instruments in strengthening food entitlements and basic capabilities, including individual agencies. It suggests that actualizing sustainable food security and hastening human development under Ethiopia’s exclusive settings require the recognition of the rural economic heterogeneity as well as holistic and pragmatic policies, which promote sustainable and inclusive growth.

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45

Bilancio, Antonio, Klaus Okkenhaug, Montserrat Camps, Juliet L. Emery, Thomas Ruckle, Christian Rommel y Bart Vanhaesebroeck. "Key role of the p110δ isoform of PI3K in B-cell antigen and IL-4 receptor signaling: comparative analysis of genetic and pharmacologic interference with p110δ function in B cells". Blood 107, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2006): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-07-3041.

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AbstractMouse gene–targeting studies have documented a central role of the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in B-cell development and function. A defect in B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is key to this B-cell phenotype. Here we further characterize this signaling defect and report that a p110δ-selective small molecule inhibitor mirrors the effect of genetic inactivation of p110δ in BCR signaling. p110δ activity is indispensable for BCR-induced DNA synthesis and phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), forkhead transcription factor/forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), and p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K), with modest effects on the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK3α/β) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk). The PI3K-dependent component of intracellular calcium mobilization also completely relies on p110δ catalytic activity. Resting B cells with inactive p110δ fail to enter the cell cycle, correlating with an incapacity to up-regulate the expression of cyclins D2, A, and E, and to phosphorylate the retinoblastoma protein (Rb). p110δ is also critical for interleukin 4 (IL-4)–induced phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and FOXO3a, and protection from apoptosis. Taken together, these data show that defects observed in p110δ mutant mice are not merely a consequence of altered B-cell differentiation, and emphasize the potential utility of p110δ as a drug target in autoimmune diseases in which B cells play a crucial role.

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Sydorenko, A. O. "On the issue of medical care for family members of military personnel in Ukraine". Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, n.º 3 (18 de julio de 2023): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.34.

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One of the primary problems of social protection of servicemen and their family members is the lack of adequate funding for the implementation of social programs aimed at restoring their health. It is with financing that we associate the failure to provide an adequate level of social protection, including medical care and sanatorium-resort treatment. Because today the issue of medical care for both servicemen and their family members is quite acute in connection with Russian armed aggression. The purpose of the article is to consider some issues of medical care for family members of military personnel in Ukraine in today’s realities. Having analyzed the normative legal acts in the field under consideration, it was concluded that they contain only general provisions regarding the right of family members of military personnel to health care and medical assistance, while not revealing the mechanism and procedure for providing medical care. At the same time, the medical care of servicemen and their family members is very important, as it is aimed not only at preserving their lives and health, but also at restoring their health in the event of incapacity, maintaining the proper level of physical fitness necessary to fulfill the tasks assigned to them tasks and functions. Summarizing, taking into account the realities of today, it is concluded that the issue of the organization of medical care for members of the families of military personnel both in peacetime and in wartime is one of the urgent scientific problems and therefore needs to be solved. In particular, amendments to the laws of Ukraine and other normative legal acts in various areas, including improving the legislation on both medical care and strengthening social protection of family members of military personnel; bringing the level of material and other types of security in line with the rights and freedoms established for them by legislation. Since the medical provision of both military personnel and their family members, maintaining their lives at an appropriate level, is an important part of the social policy of the state, which is responsible for the well-being, development and safety of its citizens.

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Kyianytsia, Lina. "Comparative analysis of the functions of judicial and notary bodies". ScienceRise: Juridical Science, n.º 4(26) (29 de diciembre de 2023): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2523-4153.2023.295398.

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A comparative analysis of the functions of judicial bodies and notary bodies was carried out through a constructive analysis of norms of civil legislation, unexplored aspects of these functions were identified. Both general theoretical and special methods became the methodological basis of the research. The method of comparative analysis made it possible to determine the common and distinctive features of the functions of the court and the notary in civil legal relations. The dialectical method made it possible to find out which of the functions can be transferred from the competence of one body to another. It has been clarified what role both courts and notaries play in regulating civil legal relations. Forms of protection of civil rights and interests by both notary and judicial bodies were studied. It has been established that the implementation of an executive inscription on a debt document by a notary is not the only form of protection of civil rights and interests of individuals and legal entities by a notary. It has been determined that the role of the court in civil legal relations is not limited to the protection of the violated right or interest, in particular, when deciding the issue of limiting the civil capacity of a person or recognizing him/her as incapable, establishing guardianship and care by the court. It is proposed to introduce a new institution of civil law regarding the exercise by an individual of an order for guardianship or care in the event of his/her future incapacity or limitation in legal capacity, as well as to expand the limits of the exercise of civil rights by individuals and to grant such powers to the notary through the certification of a certain type of contract or order, in order to reduce the burden to the judicial system in cases where there is no legal dispute. It has been established that both judicial bodies and notary bodies have a common subject of regulation in civil legal relations, while it is noted that judicial bodies have an influence on the notary in the context of the possibility of invalidating transactions that were notarized

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Przybyłowski, Kazimierz. "Dobra wiara w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym w ramach art. 10 ustawy z dnia 12 listopada 1965 roku". Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies, n.º 26-27 (30 de abril de 2023): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37232/sp.1970.26-27.15.

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Ustawa z 12 listopada 1965 r. prawo prywatne międzynarodowe rozstrzyga m. in. problem właściwości prawa w sytuacji gdy cudzoziemiec dokonuje czynności prawnej na obszarze danego państwa. Autor artykułu omawia art. 10 ustawy, w którym ustawodawca uzależnia właściwość prawa polskiego, o ile wymaga tego ochrona osób działających w dobrej wierze. Zostają przedstawione dwa odmienne ujęcia. W jednym z nich jest brana pod uwagę okoliczność, czy druga strona wiedziała lub powinna wiedzieć o niezdolności cudzoziemca. W drugim nie. Autor przedstawia historie polskich regulacji w tej materii przytaczając osiągnięcia polskiej przedwojennej doktryny. Ponadto zostają scharakteryzowane także dodatkowe szczegółowe zagadnienia dotyczącej problematyki dobrej wiary w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym. The Act of 12 November 1965 on Private International Law resolves, inter alia, the problem of the jurisdiction of the law when a foreigner performs a legal act on the territory of a given state. The author of the article discusses Article 10 of the Act, in which the legislator makes the jurisdiction of Polish law contingent on the protection of persons acting in good faith. Two different approaches are presented. One of them takes into account whether the other party knew or should have known of the foreigner's incapacity. The other one does not. The author presents the history of Polish regulations in this matter citing the achievements of Polish pre-war doctrine. In addition, additional specific issues concerning the problem of good faith in private international law are also covered.

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Biswas, Tonmoy. "Ethics of Clinical Research Involving Adults with Impaired Decision-Making Capacity". Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 7, n.º 1 (15 de agosto de 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v7i1.29302.

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Background: Proper decision making capacity, adequate disclosure and voluntary decisions are basic constituents of informed consent which is required in surgical procedures, any interventions, any tissue collection, or any research involving the human participants. But, it becomes more hectic if the participants or patients are physically or mentally impaired for proper understanding or rational decision making. Time has gone by assembling or regulating effective laws for research involving persons with impaired decision making capacity. Still, question arises, is it ethical to enroll an incompetent person who is not physically or mentally fit to make a decision in risky research or interventional trials? If it is, how the informed consent and ethical measures can be taken? Method: Extensive literature review was done in Google scholar, PubMed and national or institutional websites with the corresponding keywords to summarize the cases of impaired decision making and regulation of informed consent and ethical measures in those cases. Results: Decision making capacity requires three level of capacities and four levels of abilities. If a person has factual understanding, implies a certain level of rational belief, knows to manipulate information to arrive at a choice and remains stable on the choice, is known to be capacitated in decision making. Impaired decision making capacity is more common in Alzheimers disease and schizophrenia research. Although a definite line between decisional capacity and incapacity is still in question, many assessment tools are available to conclude it. Moreover, decisional incapacity has been found as a significant ratio in general or psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes regarding psychological disorders or critically ill conditions. But, these conditions should not prevent anyone from understanding, choosing, or accepting any intervention as sometimes they may have some preserved abilities too. As per accepted ethics, respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions. First, the individual should be treated as an autonomous agent and second, the person with diminished autonomy is entitled to protection. Thats why, in case of severe psychiatric diseases and Alzheimers diseases, surrogate consent is recommended. But surrogacy should be reviewed by the institutional review board (IRB). Multimedia consent process, advanced consent directives, rational consent waiver and many other processes are practiced in case of ethical research involving decisional incapacitate persons which are discussed in the paper. Conclusion: It should be clarified by the IRB whether involvement of impaired subjects has beneficial scientific aim or not. Capacity assessment system should be in an organized and systemic way. Threshold for capacity and recognition of persons able to conduct this process should be fixed. Role of surrogacy and involvement of IRB to align it in a proper manner is always a matter of concern. Consideration of risk management, subjects autonomy and assent-dissent issues should be clarified in research.

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Tsopelas, C. "Issues Regarding Compulsory Treatment in Compulsory Admitted Mentally ill Patients". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzo de 2016): S457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1661.

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IntroductionIn psychiatric clinical practice compulsory admission to hospital is the last option of the overall care provided to mentally ill patients, justified in terms of civil and human rights because of issues of protection for patients’ and society members’ life and health. Usually treating psychiatrists believe that issues of compulsory admission are without doubt associated with the permission, or even obligation, to apply compulsory treatment in a routine daily base.AimsIn this review, we are exploring issues around the implementation of compulsory treatment.MethodsThorough research of the main databases and web search engines for relevant studies, agencies and organizations, interested in compulsory treatment issues.ResultsResearch shows ambiguous views. Conservatives argue that delay of any substantial, even enforced, and well documented treatment, would result in delay of treatment and excess use of other potentially more enforced methods. Using laws and legislation patients’ rights are guarded but we also have the obligation to treat patients. On the other hand, liberals express totally opposite views. Capacity (or incapacity) is not ‘all or nothing’ but specific to decision and should be respected, with the exception to emergency treatment need.ConclusionsThe capacity of decision-making of the mentally ill patient, whether or not being compulsory admitted, should be assessed in a more holistic and systematic approach and become part of the standard practice, followed by dissemination of these decisions to all relevant parties. Restore decisional autonomy should be one of the main goals of any therapeutic intervention.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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