Tesis sobre el tema "Protection de l'enfance – 19e siècle"
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Boulbès, Yves. "L' assistance Publique de la loi Roussel à la Libération : fondements de l'aide sociale à l'enfance : l'exemple du département de l'Aude". Montpellier 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON30069.
Texto completoThe Department of the Aude is a good place to analyse the action of welfare services from 1874 to 1945. Although local authorities are asked urgently to organize a welfare service, the creation of a public service isn't an obstacle to the maintainance of the private sector. However, public financing varies from one department to another, according to political choices. The Inspector of social services is considered to be an expert, assessing the needs, advising administrative committees and the County Council, but also managing his own career. The help given to mother and child shows 'positive discrimination'. With the foster mother, medical cares, school attendance, clothing and the application of the labour law distinguishes the foster child from the poor child. Fostering also shows the existence of a true relationship between the foster child and the foster mother, but fostering was often simplistically percieved as a job to earn money rather than to improve the life of the children
Lacasse, Andrée-Anne. "L'institutionnalisation de l'enfance déviante : le cas de l'Hospice Saint-Charles (1870-1950)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27829/27829.pdf.
Texto completoGilbert, Dale. "Dynamiques de l'institutionnalisation de l'enfance délinquante et en besoin de protection : le cas des écoles de réforme et d'industrie de l'Hospice Saint-Charles de Québec, 1870-1950". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23821/23821.pdf.
Texto completoRivière, Antoine. "La misère et la faute : abandon d’enfants et mères abandonneuses à Paris (1876-1923)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040128.
Texto completoFrom the beginning of the Third Republic to the days following the Great War, about 3,000 children were abandoned each year in Paris and taken in by the public care services (Assistance publique). In the vast majority of cases, the parents who gave up their off-spring were single mothers. Forsaken by the father of their child, they were keen on hiding their shame from their own parents or sternly ordered to redeem the dishonour their out-of-wedlock pregnancies had visited on their own families; unmarried mothers epitomized abandonment. Their stories are those of feminine misery and the social infamy attached to single motherhood. Throughout the Belle Epoque (1870-1914), the Assistance publique services strove to facilitate abandonments and to guarantee their anonymity in order to keep the women willing to hide their shameful pregnancies to resort to criminal practices (abortion or infanticide). As for the progeny of misery, the Parisian child welfare authorithy willingly took them in as a means to the avowed goal of removing them from the corrupting milieu where they were born; and with the express dream of regenerating them both morally and physically. The Assistance publique services could not but blame the parents who shirked their duties, still they took into better account their dire straits – especially during the great economic depression of the end of the 19th century – and, supported by the budding welfare state, they varied their policies towards the prevention of child-abandonment. If, at the dawn of the 1920s, they more or less managed to contain the numbers of misery-induced abandonments, they failed to curb those induced by guilt
Plourde, Andrée-Anne. "La circulation des enfants abandonnés en Lorraine à la fin du XVIIIe siècle". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30622/30622.pdf.
Texto completoAngelats, Robin. "L'action de l'administration forestière dans les Pyrénées-Orientales (1827-1914), de la protection des ressources forestières à la protection des richesses naturelles". Perpignan, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PERP0308.
Texto completoBelley, Marie-Claude. "Un exemple de prise en charge de l'enfance dépendante au milieu du XIXe siècle : les orphelins irlandais à Québec en 1847 et 1848". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17770.
Texto completoDidier, Emilie. "La protection sociale et sanitaire des gens de mer : l'exemple des Alpes-Maritimes de l'Empire à la IIIe République". Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0032.
Texto completoThe protection of seafarers (sailors, fishermen) and their families will be approached through the example of an atypical coastal county : the Alpes-Maritimes throughout a long century. (from the Empire to the IIIrd Republic). In a first approach, the State implemented a system of coverage for the sailors and, by extension for their families, while simultaneously, private initiatives emerged : societies (mutual help associations, trade unions) and private individuals whose actions were manifested through material contributions. As regards the Church, its role of spiritual support was symbolic for the maritime population. In a second approach, the question of the sanitary protection is dealt with. As a matter of fact, the sailors suffered from illnesses and epidemic diseases. Specific prevention measures were organized such as the quarantine period, the lazaretto, verily a "prison". This system of social welfare was a precursor for a dangerous profession that needed to be protected. As time went by, this system became a reference for other professional activities. It was finally outdated in the 20th century. The sailor’s protection system developed from a position of originality into a mere branch of the general organisation of social welfare
Mechacha, Fatiha. "De l'innocence à la perversité : représentations de l'enfance dans le roman victorien". Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030054.
Texto completoBecquemin, Michèle. "Protection de l'enfance : des institutions en quête de légitimité : l'Œuvre Grancher et l'association Olga Spitzer au XXe siècle". Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0113.
Texto completoAs a consequence of the development of the social State in France, the institutionalisation of the protection of children in physical or moral danger through associations is a concrete application of solidarism by radical-socialist republicans. Starting from the postulate that this sector of activity is currently going through a crisis of legitimacy, the author carries out a socio-historical analysis of two associations : the Œuvre Grancher and the Olga Spitzer Association. For the last twenty years, the rise of a modern familialism founded on rights and parental responsabilities has gone hand in hand with the disengagement of the State in social matters. The comparative view shows the evolution of each institution and give an insight not only into great historical movements in the treatment of family and educational deviances but also into the diversity of possible institutional configurations
Landry, Mickaël. "Le mineur et le juge pénal au XIXème siècle". Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40025.
Texto completoLaplagne, Dominique. "L'assistance publique dans le département de la Dordogne au XIXème siècle d'après les délibérations du Conseil Général, 1800-1914". Bordeaux 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR40010.
Texto completoBory, Jean-Yves. "Science et patience : la polémique sur la vivisection au XIXe siècle en France". Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0128.
Texto completoThis thesis is about vivisection and his controversies in XIXth French century. Vivisection action of cutting animals in scientific purpose, became a professional practice and a paradigm during XIXth century. The paradigm was established in 1880. First protests were in scientific community, next in medicine publications, at the protectors of animals, finally in organized associations. Antivivisectionist movement reached its peak in early 1880 but disappeared because the controversy about. Rabies. It come back toward 1900. There were two kinds of vivisectors: extremists, who claimed total liberty in the use of animals, and moderates who wanted a limitation. Extremists have won because social, cultural and politic factors rather than scientific ones. Antivivisectionists were from another paradigm, opposed to vivisectors about animal suffering and not about scientific considerations. Controversy about vivisection was about values
Dardenne, Émilie. "Frances Power Cobbe (1822-1904) : militante victorienne : deux causes, un engagement". Rennes 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN20020.
Texto completoTireless and seasoned controversialist, the Victorian activist Frances Power Cobbe devoted her time and energy to the promotion of women's rights and to the fight against animal experimentation in scientific research. She unflaggingly committed her name and her pen to these two causes from the 1860s up until her death in 1904. How can we explain this involvement ? How did she end up confronting these two apparently unrelated issues ? Indeed, in her discourse, the subjection of women and the vivisection of animals reveal salient similarities which deserve further study ; notably in her exposure of the new Victorian medicine considered hegemonic, in her analysis of linguistic codes, as well as in her exaltation of justice and compassion. Based on the moral denunciation of principles and attitudes which she considers reactionary, the arguments formulated by Frances Power Cobbe strike us by their profoundly Victorian character and by their mere originality
Sillans, Cyrille. ""Au service du Diable" : pour une histoire de la gestion des risques : incendies et organisations de secours : Lyon, 1852-1913". Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/sillans_c.
Texto completoDestructive phenomenon fear since the first times the urban civilizations, the fire and its demonstrations are going to undergo profound and significant one alteration over the XIXth century. Of destroyers of an important spatial area, flames are going gradually to give way to more punctual events. By leaning on the precise example of the city of Lyons, more particulary on the going périod from 1852 till 1913, comment supports specifying the golden age of the safety sets on fire. Resuming the analysis of this risk, the composition of fire brigades and the exercice of his service, constituting the three times of the search, evolution makes categorical. I n a more developed way, let us say that transformation takes place under a demonstration which takes into account : - the influence of the cultural development and the industrial revolution , - the establishment of precautionary measures and standarts of construction , - the education of the populations , the development of the reflection and the rational observation , - the intervention of authorities , - technical progress and in realized networks-concerning communications and adduction of waters , creation and institutionalization of fire brigades, then their evolution of voluntary organization , - invention or modernization of the materials of help. It's the group of measures sets on fire bequeathed to our contemporary urban societies which consequently analyses. This even logical apply to the repertoire of the materials being at the moment a part of the urban and security landscape of our social environment. More significantly,it's the interpretation of fire brigades as organ of the social patrimony which emerge, soldiers of fire become gradually professional of the help which that is urgency
Durand, Isabelle. "Politiques patrimoniales et conservation des monuments antiques (amphithéâtres, théâtres et temples) à Arles, Nîmes, Orange et Vienne au XIXe siècle". Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX10073.
Texto completoRodríguez, Salazar Oscar. "La protection sociale et le régime de croissance en colombie". Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA131012.
Texto completoResearch on history and economics, exploring the way how the Colombian government takes charge of the social protection (19/20century). The economic's structure, the World Wide Market, the pressure of the social groups, the international tratise (OIT UN) lead the way to manage the poverty. The social security system crisis, led to the liberal pro-market reforms (law 100/93). Social's security privatization does not overcome the difficulties. The system fits into the logic of 'financiarisation' and suffers the most upper levels of volatility produced by globalization. This process has developed a big population's vulnerability, the increment of the poverty, the income concentration and inequality. The demand subsidy and the poorest people identification created a kind of bribery that guarantees the government system. This situation and the war conflict lead the public social protection to benefit the private capital and replace social security by the social assistance
Bonnardot-Litaudon, Marie-Pierre. "Les abécédaires contemporains de l'enfance au regard de l'histoire du genre : le domaine français et sa mise en perspective avec le domaine anglo-saxon". Rennes 2, 2008. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/theseLitaudon.pdf.
Texto completoThis comparative study intends to identify the characteristics of the contemporary alphabet book. It covers mainly the period 1860-2000. The French area serves as a basis for anchoring confrontation. The Anglo-American area is mentioned in counterpoint, in order to highlight national specificities. The analysis proceeds by gradual expansion of the historic field, and through three parts covering various disciplinary fields. The first part deals with educational and pedagogical questions. It aims first to describe the changes in the teaching practices of reading skills, both academic and private, as a result of government reforms undertaken in this field; secondly to come back on the history of pedagogy through image - that was instituted in the late nineteenth century - and to observe its different applications within the alphabet book. The second part analyzes the problems related to the economy of the book. It briefly describes the evolution of printing technologies and the impact of industrialization; it then follows the evolution of editorial strategies from 1860 to 2000, strategies that reflect the gradual emergence of the alphabet album; and it finally discusses translation problems related to the internationalization of publishing. The last section addresses the ideological and cultural issues through the analysis of representations conveyed by the alphabet book, related to religion, to social and political organisation, and to the child's statute. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the genre goes through remarkable changes in these fields. To discuss the reasons for these changes is to analyze how contemporary society has rethought the nature of education, its relationship with the child and the individual, but also with writing, knowledge and culture
Yehya, Houssam. "La protection sanitaire et sociale au Liban (1860-1963)". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0008/document.
Texto completoThis thesis seeks to provide a historicized approach for the Lebanese establishment and development of health and social care by focusing on the role and relationships factual and legal between the two sectors: public and private and the foreign influences including that of the ILO on the production of the Lebanese standard, during the three major periods of history in Lebanon: Ottoman, French and independent Lebanon
Mathis, Charles-François. "L'émergence d'une pensée environnementale en Angleterre au XIXe siècle". Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040114.
Texto completoFollowing the industrialisation and urbanisation of England which started in the mid-18th century, and following the new vision of nature as a landscape, a "sentimental" conception of environment emerged in the 1830s-1840s. It was marginalised until 1870, but this period was nonetheless one of gestation of the environmental movement. From the 1870s onwards, the sentimental conception became pre-eminent in the country, due to the success of the environmental movement and the creation of new environmental organisations, such as the National Trust. But this success led the movement to question its own contradictions, and to be divided into two groups : the utopians, who refused the industrial and urban civilisation, and the reformists, who only wanted to check its impact on environment
Pierre, Éric. "Amour des hommes - amour des bêtes : discours et pratiques protectrices dans la France du XIXème siècle". Angers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ANGE0006.
Texto completoProtection of animals arises in a general pattern of radical changes in the relationships between men and animals. On the one hand, militant societies gathering the most active protectors appear. On the other hand, signs of men's fondness for beasts as well as determination to ensure a better protection and reproof of cruelty to animals increase more and more. Militant protection of animals is in keeping with the general pattern of social reformation. Its promoters intend to fight against people's acts of cruelty against animals. They want to moralise men and improve the condition of animals. Their action rests upon love for the former, which is in keeping with the tradition of philanthropy or christian charity, as well as on compassion towards the latter. If consensus is easily found on some themes (horses), there are controversial subjects too : protectors are divided on the behaviour towards dogs, and on vivisection. A moderate protection centred on man (moral progress and economical benefit) is opposed to a radical protection which emphasises feelings and rejects a relationship between men and animals based on the absolute domination of man. There is no such dispute among the french society of the time, which advocates only the utility protection. Protective feelings are shared to a great extent; structured opposition to zoophily remains marginal, coming from part of the catholic clergy, and from some leftists. Public authorities show an interest in its moralising aspects, but they are not ready to take constraining measures against violent games involving animals, which are supported by part of the population. Just before the first world war, radical claims centre on vivisection. The period's fears express themselves there
Lachaud, Magali. "La littérature narrative médiévale et la littérature pour l'enfance et la jeunesse en France à l'époque contemporaine : état des lieux et modes de transmission". Limoges, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIMO2006.
Texto completoPlanchou, Céline. "Entre exception et assimilation : le statut des amérindiens aux Etats-Unis à travers le prisme de la protection de l'enfance, 1950-2008". Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070105.
Texto completoOur study is an analysis of the evolution of Indian child welfare policies since the 1950s, and more particularly of the interactions between the different levels of government involved to try and better understand the status of Native Americans in the United States. Do the power relations that are shaped participate in recognizing the special status of tribes and of Native American children or in assimilating them? Child welfare is an interesting point of view from which examining these questions given its dual component, both administrative and judicial, and given the many levels of government at play (federal, tribal, state, and local). In the middle of the twentieth century, the legal and administrative maze surrounding Indian child welfare ended up excluding tribes from the decisions affecting their children and enabled states to de facto encroach on tribal sovereignty, thus creating the circumstances for the massive removal of Native children from their families and the increasing number of placements in non-Indian foster | and adoptive families. In 1978, the United States Congress adopted the Indian Child Welfare Act which asserted the authority of tribal governments on their minor members. The federal law also recognized the power of tribes to organize for the welfare of their children and established standards for state courts and state agencies when dealing with Native American children, thus reshaping power relationships
Brejon, de Lavergnée Matthieu. "La société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul à Paris au XIXe siècle (1833-1871) : prosopographie d’une élite catholique fervente". Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040106.
Texto completoThe Saint Vincent de Paul Society was born in Paris in 1833. Her founders were a group of catholic students, which among them Frédéric Ozanam is the best known, anxious to uphold their faith and to help the poors. This thesis’s methods come from those of religious and social history ; this work tries to understand the shapes and reasons of the fast developpement of a charitable work in the first middle of the nine’teenth century. It takes an interest in the urban geography of its implatation in France. It studies also the paterns of its organization and government inside the institution ; the speeches and observances of its members, between charity and philanthropy, read in the light of an anthropology of the gift. It takes an interest as well into the most significant of its charitable work, housecall visits and patronage, without neglecting their own financing. At the local and parish scale, Paris is a special place for the observation, in order to lighten the charitable networks of the french capital. To end with, a prosopography of the members ables us to draw the fellow members profile, the modle of the charitable man in the first social catholicism
Nzengue, Bleck Ulrich. "L'enfance malheureuse et ses espaces au XIXème siècle, entre textes et images : François le Champi, Le Petit Chose et Germinal". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAL010.
Texto completoThis thesis aims to study the representation of unhappy childhood and its spaces in François le Champi (1848), Le Petit Chose (1868) and Germinal (1885), referring to the text-image relationship. It is about showing how George Sand, Alphonse Daudet and Émile Zola approach this theme in their works. The text-image relationship is dealt with using several illustrated editions that renew the reading of these novels. The issue is to show that the works are written at different times and relate to different contexts and aesthetics, and yet there are similarities in the treatment of this issue by the authors. The reflection also pictures space not only as a mere support for actions, but as being oriented in such a way that unhappy childhood is perceptible through this space elements which is both geographical and moral. The illustrated editions of these works, which usually form part of youth collections, enrich reading by suggesting representations of both scenes, characters, and places in these stories
Carlier, Bruno. "Sauvageons des villes, sauvageons aux champs : les prises en charges des enfants délinquants et abandonnés dans la Loire : 1850-1950". Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/carlier_b.
Texto completoIn the 19th century, difficult, delinquent, unruly children are a big concern. The department of Loire with its widely industrialised towns next to rural areas is obviously concerned. The courts and child welfare assist in the care of young people. But they also get help from the private sector. It's impossible to bring the laws into operation without the good will of the locals. Both private and public initiatives are welcomed. Most of the time, delinquents are put into custody, sometimes in a purposeful way though. Placement in families is quite frequent. After 1918 the intervention was specialised. The protection of children was reorganised around 1930. The private sector is perpetuated in order to act in a more rational way. This mixture of voluntary work and public action, of professionalism and informal structures will only end in the 1950s
Rossigneux-Méheust, Mathilde. "Vivre, vieillir et mourir en institution au XIXè siècle : genèse d'une relation d'assistance". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010691.
Texto completoFrom the French Revolution to World War I, an assistance program developed that offered elderly Parisians the possibility of living in an institutional home. The Parisian territory and its fifty old age institutions allows us, in as much as the great republican laws shaped both the assistance and insurance systems, to study the first generation of recipients assisted in the name of old age and a lack of resources. This thesis examines the construction of an administrative category, the formation of a population mostly over the age of 60 and of popular class origins, and the birth of a category of old age experiences. The formalization of a specific response to age-related miseries and the progressive movement away from detention institutions allow us to consider the Parisian disposition toward old age assistance as a form of recognition and as an attempt at economically, socially and politically integrate the most vulnerable members of the society. Yet, this integration of the elderly works from below, depriving the assistance recipients of a number of rights, and reproducing social hierarchies at work in the rest of the society. At the origins of implementing this social security for the elderly, the development of hospices and retirement homes in the nineteenth century takes part in the institutionalization of this life stage and in the construction of a new relationship between the French society and its elderly people, an ambivalent relationship based on benevolence and rejection, considerateness and deprecation, protection and surveillance
Gargadennec-Cocquebert, Armelle. "Desserrer les doubles liens en accueil familial : un processus de re-configuration". Rennes 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN20047.
Texto completoNowadays parenthood emerges as a "social problem" and becomes the target of public policies and psychological , medical and social speeches. The laws and decrees of 2002 concerning Parental Rights indulges the institutions to cooperate with the parents who have these rights. In the field of Child Welfare the question of the cooperation between the parents and the professionals is considered with more acuteness. This required temporary foster care crystallizes the fears , questions the professionals' positions, the practices and the representations of everyone. The thesis presents a process of Research and Actions in a foster care service. The fact of taking into account the protection and the emancipation of the child removed from his family and who is in the foster care system underlies this longitudinal study about the relationship between parents and professionals. The procedure of the practician/searcher is supported theoretically by the sociology of the configuration of Norbert Elias, sociology based on a pentadimensional model in which Playing is the privileged means for the sociologist. This complex model is based on relationship, concrete world and processes in a dynamic defined by space, time and the consciousness that people have of them. Elias invites us to cross the disciplinary frontiers. In a project aiming at improving the structures of interrelations and the cooperation between the actors/subjects, Elias assigns the searcher the task of " making intelligibles the links of interdependency within the configuration of double link formed by the foster care and to understand and explain the way the actors live and interpret their relationship with the world taking into account the most intimate level of feelings and affects
Schiano, de Colella Jean-Marie. "La lutte contre la grande pauvreté et l'indigence dans le Gard au 19ème siècle (1789-1899) : la mise en place d'une protection sociale généralisée et durable". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30102/document.
Texto completoThe wrestle against the great poverty and the destitution in the department of Gard after the french revolution.During the ninetenth century, the part of the population more precarious endures a trying and social misery, that the revolution wants to remove. How break up this problematical question?For tempting to bring a solution, this work proposes to learn the situation in the department of Gard, in the present region Languedoc-Roussillon, cross three periods:- 1789-Revolutionary period : The characteristics ot the great poverty in the Gard;- 1789-1850 : The progressive institutionalisation of help for persons confronted at the misery in the department;- 1850-1899 : The finalisation of a social protection generalized and lasting
Fichou, Jean-Christophe. "La signalisation maritime des côtes de France (Manche, Atlantique) : aides visuelles, lumineuses et sonores, 1806-1936". Rennes 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN20001.
Texto completoThe ancient world had built a few fire-towers in some tricky channels in order to help the fleets supplying the major mediterrenean empires. Only in the 18th century did people manage to concentrate light, thanks to parabolic reflectors first, and then through annular lenses, developed by Augustin Fresnel in 1823. Lamps too were greatly improved all along that period. Messages transmitted by flags were also devised. Sea trade greatly increased in the 19th century. In order to keep up with this increased traffic and ensure maximum safety for ships, day and night, lights had to be multiplied along the main capes and about the busiest harbours. In 1811, France created the lighthouse commission in charge of improving the sea signals all along our coastline. They collaborated with the naval officers and hydrographers who mentioned the potential weaknesses and with the roadworks engineers who had to build the various structures, install the optical apparatus, keep them in working order; and also with Parisian industrialists interested in their projects. In 1820, there were only about 20 short-range lighthouses in France, over 800 of them in 1936 ; the number of beacon-towers at sea increased from a dozen to 350 in the same period. This system is completed with over 500 buoys and 600 beacons of every description, fog-signals, port-stations, signal-stations. . . This system went through dramatic improvements all through the period under consideration, in relation to the technical discoveries of the day. Rapidly, the French industry cut its lion share in this particular field and acquired an international fame that led it to equip a fair percentage of the coastlines all over the world
Felouah, Mohamed. "De la tutelle officieuse à l'adoption, sous l'application du Code civil de 1804". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32016.
Texto completoTheoretical study on the institutions of the unofficial supervision(guardianship) and the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804. It is a theoretical study because the unofficial supervision(guardianship) did not know of numerous practices. Through the institution of the adoption, are analyzed and supposed the theoretical applications of the institution of the unofficial supervision(guardianship). This study is historic and theoretical at once(at the same time), the links of fictitious filiation are analyzed there to allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of adoption and attachment of a minor(miner) the appearance of the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804
Charles, Léo. "Protection, spécialisation et croissance économique pendant la première mondialisation en France et en Suisse (1850-1913)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0188/document.
Texto completoFollowing the « tariffs-growth » paradox, this thesis studies the link between protectionismand economic growth in France and Switzerland during the first globalization (1850-1913).We particularly look at the relationship between commercial policy and specialization, whichconstitutes a missing link explaining the positive correlation between tariffs and economicgrowth. This thesis considers the commercial policy as a constructed, time-relatedphenomenon taking place in a specific institutional structure. As a consequence, the two firstchapters introduce the theoretical, historical and political context in which the commercialpolicy is produced during the 19th century. Then, we present two original databases on Frenchand Swiss external trade. These databases provide opportunities to study export specializationand the relationship between protectionism and export flows based on a new empirical test ofthe infant industry argument. We show that France implements a traditional protectionismunder the influence of lobbies that aims to maintain traditional specializations. On the otherhand, Switzerland implements an innovative protectionism to develop new specializationsthat favours economic growth
Crespin, Hélène. "Les bureaux de bienfaisance dans le département de l'Aisne(An V-1953)". Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020061.
Texto completoLuglia, Rémi. "L'émergence de la protection de la nature en France (1854-1939) : la Société d’acclimatation, témoin et acteur du courant naturaliste". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0011.
Texto completoHe aim of this thesis is to explain the emergence of the conservation of nature in France from the mid-19th century while highlighting the naturalists a specific movement. The ‘Société d’Acclimatation’ was born in 1854 with the utilitarian idea that nature is submitted to man’s needs. It knows a Golden Age before being deeply touched, from the 1880’s, by an internal crisis which favors the arrival of Edmond Perrier as the chairman, a truly convinced conservationist, speeds up at the same time its reorientation towards the conservation of nature. From the beginning, many ways lead a great number of members to a kind of conservation mainly thought from a metropolitan point of view of the situation. From a scientific hands-on approach mixing professionals and amateurs, a new scientific, ecosystemic and biocentred conception of the conservation of nature emerges. The ‘Société’ relies on the state to set up this conservation, successive failures lead it gradually to the more direct action of creating natural reserves. This slow movement becomes effective through the individualisation of an ornithological sub group (‘Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux’) and the preservation in 1912 of the Sept-Îles, the organisation of the first two international congresses for the conservation of nature in Paris in 1923 and 1931, the creation of the sanctuaries in Camargue in 1927, of Néouvielle in 1935 and of Lauzanier in 1936 as well as a group dedicated to the conservation of nature in 1933. The transformation ends after WWII when the ‘Société d'Acclimatation’ becomes the ‘Société nationale de protection de la nature’
Marissal, Claudine. "La protection sanitaire du jeune enfant en Belgique, 1890-1940: question sociale, enjeux politiques et dimension sexuée". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210609.
Texto completoCette thèse étudie le mouvement de protection sanitaire du jeune enfant et la médicalisation de la maternité dans une perspective de genre. À travers une analyse des discours de ses promoteurs et des principes d'organisation des oeuvres, elle montre combien les enjeux politiques, sociaux, démographiques et sexués ont durablement influencé l'organisation de la protection infantile et maternelle. Elle apporte de nouvelles réflexions sur la dimension sociale de l'éducation maternelle. Elle met par ailleurs en exergue le rôle essentiel joué par les femmes, aux côtés des médecins, dans la gestion des oeuvres de l'enfance et analyse le statut et les relations de pouvoir qui se sont tissées entre les médecins, les dames patronnesses, les travailleuses sociales et les représentants de l'État. Les investissements sociaux féminins sont analysés sous l'angle de leur autonomie, de leur visibilité et de leur portée émancipatrice. Ce faisant, cette thèse montre de quelle manière les œuvres de l'enfance ont favorisé, de manière assez paradoxale, une transgression des modèles sexués en favorisant un questionnement sur la condition maternelle et l'intervention des femmes dans la sphère publique et politique.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Sora, Yukako. "Les élites et l'assistance aux pauvres en Bordelais de 1750 à 1830". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BOR30029.
Texto completoIn the second half of the eighteenth century, France experienced the philanthropic movement that paved the way for the first early experience of national charity during the French Revolution. This ideological and institutional change upset the traditional local solidarity in which the elites assisted the poor in order to obtain the salvation of their souls and fulfill the social duty linked to their rank. Studies on the link of solidarity focus on the mentality and charitable practice of elites to understand how private charity was used to govern society under the Ancien Régime and what were the changes that the Revolution brought to its function. Charitable and private action of local elites is examined through their involvement in the management and financing of charitable institutions, collective activity within private associations and individual practice before death for a relatively long period from 1750 1830 in order to consider the specific reasons and forms of good deeds at that time. The space of our observation focuses on the different communities of Bordeaux, administrative heart of Guyenne, religious metropolis and booming cosmopolitan port city where the splendor of the nobles and wealthy merchants contrasted with the poverty of the people emphasized by the rural immigration. These studies at local scale enable us to describe the evolution of the role that elites played in social relations through historical vicissitudes
Rivière, Antoine. "La misère et la faute : abandon d’enfants et mères abandonneuses à Paris (1876-1923)". Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040128.
Texto completoFrom the beginning of the Third Republic to the days following the Great War, about 3,000 children were abandoned each year in Paris and taken in by the public care services (Assistance publique). In the vast majority of cases, the parents who gave up their off-spring were single mothers. Forsaken by the father of their child, they were keen on hiding their shame from their own parents or sternly ordered to redeem the dishonour their out-of-wedlock pregnancies had visited on their own families; unmarried mothers epitomized abandonment. Their stories are those of feminine misery and the social infamy attached to single motherhood. Throughout the Belle Epoque (1870-1914), the Assistance publique services strove to facilitate abandonments and to guarantee their anonymity in order to keep the women willing to hide their shameful pregnancies to resort to criminal practices (abortion or infanticide). As for the progeny of misery, the Parisian child welfare authorithy willingly took them in as a means to the avowed goal of removing them from the corrupting milieu where they were born; and with the express dream of regenerating them both morally and physically. The Assistance publique services could not but blame the parents who shirked their duties, still they took into better account their dire straits – especially during the great economic depression of the end of the 19th century – and, supported by the budding welfare state, they varied their policies towards the prevention of child-abandonment. If, at the dawn of the 1920s, they more or less managed to contain the numbers of misery-induced abandonments, they failed to curb those induced by guilt
Bony, Harold y Harold Bony. "Les enfants de la rue à Port-au-Prince : liens avec les membres de leurs familles". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26620.
Texto completoEn Haiti, comme dans de nombreux pays en développement, on assiste à la présence des enfants et des jeunes qui élisent domiciles dans les rues. Ils viennent des milieux défavorisés et sont victimes des actes de violence corporelle, psychologique et langagiere, soit dans leur propre famille, soit dans des familles d’accueil et en domesticité. Cette étude sur les enfants de la rue, à Port-au-Prince vise, entre autres, non seulement à comprendre les raisons qui justifient leur présence dans les rues, mais également à obtenir une meilleure connaissance des relations qui les lient avec l’univers familial dont ils se sont séparés. Abandonnés ou presque à leur sort, ils n’ont personne pour leur inculquer des notions sociales et morales et pour leur faire vivre des valeurs ; conditions essentielles devant les aider à se construire. En plus des compétences en matiere de relations sociales normatives dont ils ne sont nullement dotées, les carences psychosociales et éducatives, et l’inexistence ou le faible revenu substantiel qui les caractérisent en font des parias, aux yeux de leurs propres concitoyens. Donc, ils vivent en marge de la société. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier le lien social existant entre les enfants de la rue et leurs parents; lien associé aux facteurs économique, social, parental, et aux politiques publiques. Diverses techniques de collecte ont été utilisées, entretien semi-directif, entrevue de groupe ou focus-group, observation participante établissent une correspondance entre les hypothèses et les résultats obtenus, correspondance appuyée par diverses théories exposées au chapitre Analyse et Interprétation des résultats. La réalisation de cette thèse requerrait des données empiriques et scientifiques recueillies par une approche qualitative, en réalisant des entrevues individuelles, et des entrevues de groupe afin de mieux cerner la realité des enfants de la rue. Nos enquetés viennent tous et toutes des familles pauvres des zones rurales et des quartiers populaires des centres urbains du pays. Nos entrevues ont été réalisées à Port-au-Prince entre les mois de mars et d’avril 2012. Les problèmes socio-affectifs et le faible niveau de revenu quand ce dernier existe, identifiés par les outils de collecte de données et justifiant notre perception d’avant-projet, et l’évidence observable représentent les facteurs déterminants et permanents de la situation vécue par les enfants. Les inégalités sociales criantes sont symptomatiques de l’absence de politique sociale des gouvernants. Il s’établit une corrélation presque totale entre nos résultats et ceux concernant les enfants de la rue d’autres pays en développement. Des recommandations, en termes de conclusion, considèrent la nécessité pour les responsables du pays de tenir compte des retombées d’une politique à la carte pour éviter la paupérisation d’une plus grande partie de la population, par l’implantation d’une politique de justice sociale à travers tout le territoire. Car l’absence de politique publique et de normalisation institutionnelle auront des conséquences négatives pour les couches les plus vulnérables de la société. Enfin, cette étude, malgré son originalité et sa découverte nous permettant d’apporter certaines réponses à des questions, agite des préoccupations toujours pendantes et non élucidées.
In Haiti, as in many developing countries, young children/adolescents take up their abode in the street. They come from disadvantaged environments and are victims to physical, psychological violence both in their own family or foster families and in domesticity. This study on street children in Port au Prince aims not only to understand the reasons for their presence in the streets; but also to obtain a better understanding of their relationships with the families from which they were separated. Where do these street children come from? Before being driven from home to the streets, they generally lived in single-parent families where living conditions vary from very modest to miserable. For the most part, they are abandoned to their fate. They therefore have no one to teach them the social and moral values that are essential to help them form their characters. In addition, lack of the skills for normative social relations, psychosocial and educational deficiencies as well as the absence of substantial income make them pariahs in the eyes of their fellow citizens. As a result, they live at the margins of society. As we stated earlier, the objective of this research is to identify the extant social relationships between street children and their parents; these relationships depend on factors such as economic, social, parental, and public policies. Various techniques and measures, questionnaire, participatory observation established a rapport between the major and minor hypotheses and the obtained results; this rapport is supported by different theories examined in the chapter Analysis and Interpretation of Results. To achieve this thesis, empirical data was collected through a qualitative approach, conducting individual as well as group or focus-group interviews in order to better understand the reality of street children. Our interviewees all came from poor families in rural areas and popular neighbourhoods of the urban centres of the country. All the interviews were conducted in Port-au-Prince, between March and April 2012. Socio-affective problems, and low level of income when it exists, identified by the tools used to collect data which also justifies our pre-project perception, together with observable evidence represent the determining and immediate factors of the situation experienced by the children. Glaring- social inequalities are symptomatic of lack of social policy implemented by the leaders. Some recommendations, in terms of conclusion, consider the necessity for the country’s leaders to be aware of the fall outs of an armchair policy and to take steps to prevent the impoverishment of a greater part of the population, by putting in place a flexible policy of social justice to the extent of the whole territory. For the absence of public policy and of institutional normalization will have negative fall outs for the most vulnerable members of the society. Finally, this study, in spite of its both originality and important breakthrough allowing us to provide some answers to questions brings up preoccupations that are still pending and not clarified.
In Haiti, as in many developing countries, young children/adolescents take up their abode in the street. They come from disadvantaged environments and are victims to physical, psychological violence both in their own family or foster families and in domesticity. This study on street children in Port au Prince aims not only to understand the reasons for their presence in the streets; but also to obtain a better understanding of their relationships with the families from which they were separated. Where do these street children come from? Before being driven from home to the streets, they generally lived in single-parent families where living conditions vary from very modest to miserable. For the most part, they are abandoned to their fate. They therefore have no one to teach them the social and moral values that are essential to help them form their characters. In addition, lack of the skills for normative social relations, psychosocial and educational deficiencies as well as the absence of substantial income make them pariahs in the eyes of their fellow citizens. As a result, they live at the margins of society. As we stated earlier, the objective of this research is to identify the extant social relationships between street children and their parents; these relationships depend on factors such as economic, social, parental, and public policies. Various techniques and measures, questionnaire, participatory observation established a rapport between the major and minor hypotheses and the obtained results; this rapport is supported by different theories examined in the chapter Analysis and Interpretation of Results. To achieve this thesis, empirical data was collected through a qualitative approach, conducting individual as well as group or focus-group interviews in order to better understand the reality of street children. Our interviewees all came from poor families in rural areas and popular neighbourhoods of the urban centres of the country. All the interviews were conducted in Port-au-Prince, between March and April 2012. Socio-affective problems, and low level of income when it exists, identified by the tools used to collect data which also justifies our pre-project perception, together with observable evidence represent the determining and immediate factors of the situation experienced by the children. Glaring- social inequalities are symptomatic of lack of social policy implemented by the leaders. Some recommendations, in terms of conclusion, consider the necessity for the country’s leaders to be aware of the fall outs of an armchair policy and to take steps to prevent the impoverishment of a greater part of the population, by putting in place a flexible policy of social justice to the extent of the whole territory. For the absence of public policy and of institutional normalization will have negative fall outs for the most vulnerable members of the society. Finally, this study, in spite of its both originality and important breakthrough allowing us to provide some answers to questions brings up preoccupations that are still pending and not clarified.
Pellas, Frédéric. "Misère et charité : une économie de l'assistance dans les diocèses d'Embrun et de Gap de 1600 à 1800". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALH015.
Texto completoThis work examines the processes of poverty, charity and assistance in the dioceses of Embrun and Gap from 1600 to 1798 along three axes. The first focuses on the forms of poverty, i.e. those relating to the territory, individuals and the community. The categories of the poor are divided into those who had a home, beggars and nationals from Italian states, with particular attention being paid to their forms of mobility. The financial aspects related to poverty are the payment of capitation, professions and work. The second axis is devoted to the study of relief structures; the evolution of those in the urban environment was the most important because they were able to rely on both economic fabrics and socio-professional networks. From the second half of the 17th century onwards, royal directives established general hospitals, which tended to differ from the structures in rural areas; in the latter, civil structures and religiously inspired structures constituted two different and complementary categories. The third axis took into account the challenges posed by marginal populations, i.e. Protestants and mobile populations. The denominational issue was centred around the confessionalization of charity until 1685, and then the confessionalization of assistance after that date. The territory was also a constant preoccupation of the representatives of the royal power towards beggars, vagrants, pilgrims and gypsies. Finally, this work ends with a reflection on the changes and permanence of forms of charity in the Hautes-Alpes department from 1789 onwards, as institutional forms replaced the civil or ecclesiastical initiatives of the Ancien Régime. The fight against begging and vagrancy was replaced by the law of 1791, which associated vagrancy and banditry, however the introduction of the passport illustrates the predominant place that the territory continued to occupy in Haut-Dauphiné at the end of the 18th century
Dermarkar, Salim. "Arméniens et catholiques, de l'émancipation au schisme : une identité contrariée au temps de l'éveil des nationalités (1809 -1888)". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0112.
Texto completoCan one be both Armenian, member of an Ottoman Millet and Catholic? this question is underlying the multiple conflicts that have marked the history of this community during the 19th century. The emancipation of Armenian Catholics in Constantinople from Apostolic armenians guardianship gave rise to a duplication of jurisdiction, with the creation of a "Katolik Milleti" and a primatial archbishopric attached directly to Rome and independent of the Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia. The Catholic Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, anxious to reunite with the apostolic Armenians, were divided between supporters of alignment with Latin discipline and supporters of maintaining the uses of the Armenian Church and a relative autonomy of their patriarchal institution. These divisions experienced two moments of extreme tension, between 1847 and 1853, around the condemnation of the Hamazkeyats society (The Unanimous Nation), symptomatic of the Armenian cultural awakening initiated by the Mkhitarists of Venice, and between 1867 and 1888, with the formation of a schism and an Eastern Catholic Armenian Church to which the Order of Antonine Armenian Monks has made a significant contribution. Both series of conflicts are marked by the personality and the controversial role of Mgr Antoine Hassoun, Archbishop-Primate of Constantinople and then Patriarch of Armenian Catholics, and by the intervention of influential lay notables. This work reflects the close connection between these events and those which shake the Roman Church in Europe at the time of the Spring of the Peoples, in its relations with the Catholic Powers, with liberal Catholicism, and with various Gallican currents, and which contributed to the development of uncompromising Catholicism. The ambiguities and the limits of the Reforms undertaken by the Ottoman Empire are highlighted during the Zeytoun revolt of 1862, which testifies to the resistance to the disappearance of an old local order, to the role of Franciscan missions and to hopes for French intervention, with a view to a statute of autonomy similar to that which had just been granted to Lebanon. With the apostolic letter Reversurus, Pius IX attempts to impose a major modification of the discipline of the Armenian Catholic Church in order to bring it in line with Latin discipline. Resistance to this decision is at the origin of the schism, which manifests itself during Vatican Council I, when an alliance is formed between the Armenian bishops close to the dissidents and the bishops of the minority hostile to infallibility. The specific character of the Millets regime in the Ottoman Empire provoked the Porte's hostility to Reversurus, accused of infringing the rights of the Sultan. This hostility, combined with a strong opposition of a fraction of the community to patriarch Hassoun, induced a long internal schism. At the junction of the three powerful levers that work the community, the ethno-cultural lever, the political lever internal and external to the Ottoman Empire, and the religious lever, a difficult reconstruction of the identity of Armenian Catholics will take place, long before the evolutions of ecclesiology produced from Vatican II confirm the intuitions of the Armenians attached to the maintenance of the discipline of their Church
Pouillard, Violette. "En captivité. Politiques humaines et vies animales dans les jardins zoologiques du XIXe siècle à nos jours : ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, zoos de Londres et Anvers". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209127.
Texto completoL’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843.
Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).
L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ;une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ;enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).
Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ;il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, )./
Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.
The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843).
In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.
This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).
The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ).
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Pouillard, Violette. "En captivité. Politiques humaines et vies animales dans les jardins zoologiques du XIXe siècle à nos jours : ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, zoos de Londres et Anvers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30005.
Texto completoFollowing in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843). In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, ... – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ...)
Simon, Elisabeth. "Classe et genre : l’idéal d’une éducation égalitaire pour tous : l’exemple de Fécamp (1806-1906)". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH05/document.
Texto completoThe promise of equality for all in education at the time of the Revolution will not be achieved in the following years. France does not have the means to set up education for its ambitions. With Napoleon and the return of the monarchy, the congregations find the privileged position they held under the old regime to supplement these deficiencies. The two main obstacles to equality that are socially and gender difference, and solutions to address these brakes, are studied in this thesis based on the concrete example of the maritime city of Fécamp (Seine maritime, France) from 1806 to 1906 where three congregations, the sisters of Providence of Rouen, the Christian brothers and the sisters of Saint Vincent de Paul, shared education (through schools and orphanages) with teachers and laic personnel
Ponrouch, Julia. "La présence cambodgienne en France depuis le protectorat (1863-1953) jusqu'à aujourd'hui : des étudiants aux réfugiés en passant par les soldats et travailleurs pendant les guerres, une immigration en constante mutation : un cas d'étude : la ville de Toulouse". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070078.
Texto completoThis study details the history of Cambodian immigration in France since the French Protectorate became established, at the end of 19th century. This immigration took many forms. Students' and military troops' temporary stays during the Protectorate concerned a few hundred people ail together. This was followed by a massive and permanent immigration in France of more than 50,000 Cambodian refugees at the end of the 20th century. Nowadays, Cambodian student immigration is supplemented with people settling in by family entry and through marriage. Cambodian political associations have been present in France since the 1940's. These associations have evolved over time, depending on Cambodia's situation. These days, Cambodian associations are mainly cultural and operate within a much bigger and more structured community. The French state and population were rather hostile to Cambodian immigrants during wars, but they became welcoming later on, which played a significant positive role in the integration of refugees. These refugees were then received by institutions paying attention not to repeat the mistakes made with other nationalities. Thus Cambodian people were scattered ail around the country, more than two thirds of them being taken care of in temporary housing centers. Reception policy, reactions of French people, and Cambodian people's culture concurred to the integration strategy of these immigrants. This history has been detailed through the specific study of Toulouse, a city that has welcomed this immigration since its beginning and whose Cambodian community has been characterized for the past three decades by a lively social life through associations
Lefebvre, Éric. "La collection de Ruan Yuan (1764-1849) : un cas de transmission du patrimoine culturel en Chine". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040051.
Texto completoAs a scholar and an official, Ruan Yuan is a prominent figure of the late Qing dynasty (1644-1911). His collection of artifact, which focuses mainly on antiques like ritual bronzes, bricks and tiles, is shaped by the traditions of Chinese epigraphy or jinshi xue. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to the analysis of the collection. Its typology and formation reflect the scientific approach of antiques adopted by Ruan Yuan. His methods, which rely on the recent developments in phonology, are related to the rise of the evidential research school or kaozheng xue in XVIIIth century China. Besides this scientific approach, collected artifacts, especially stones, are also considered as objects of delectation which can be transformed into inkstones or screens which reflect the imagination of their owner. The second part of the dissertation describes how Ruan Yuan’s collecting practices are part of a larger process of conservation and transmission of cultural relics. The methods of collation of texts used to realize encyclopedia have been adapted by Ruan Yuan to publish the ancient inscriptions on metal and stone from the provinces where he served as an official. His use of conservation techniques, like the mounting of paintings, and of reproduction techniques, like the rubbing or carving of steles, allowed to preserve originals and to spread their images among scholars. Beyond the transmission of his own collection, mainly conceived as a family legacy, the creation of libraries in famous temples, which exceeded the boundaries of private property, is an important step toward the assertion of a modern definition of cultural heritage in China
Fournier, Marie. "Le riverain introuvable ! La gestion du risque d'inondation au défi d'une mise en perspective diachronique : une analyse menée à partir de l'exemple de la Loire". Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR1802/document.
Texto completoFlood control policies have strongly evolved within the last few years. "Integrated" approaches are1developing:they do not only consider river management but also flood prone areas management andadaptation. In a general context within which public participation is promoted, involvement of inhabitantsliving in the flood prone areas should be granted. However, during our first inquiries, we noticed publicparticipation was limited and we tried to understand why. Hence, our hypothesis is that publicparticipation in the elaboration of flood control policies is limited hecause of responsibilities' issues. Floodmanagers' responsibilities are so strong that they prevent them from involving inhabitants.To demonstrate this hypothesis, we confront current flood management projects carried out on the LoireRiver with former projects implemented during the 19th century, after the major floods which occurred in1856 and 1866. Hence, we question both past and current case studies. On the one hand, past case studiesanalysis lead us to question current practices. On the other hand, we consider in our past cases studiesaspects which seem to he rarely studied, and more precisely the issue of public participation in former times
Quesney, Chantale. "De la charité au bonheur familial : une histoire de la Société d'adoption et de protection de l'enfance à Montréal, 1937-1972". Thèse, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3590/1/D1972.pdf.
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