Tesis sobre el tema "Protected designation of origin"

This research aims to interconnect entrepreneurship theories with brand theories. The study analyzes how this can be accomplished in the context of smaller agricultural firms, considering how intellectual property rights can be used strategically in entrepreneurial activities, ultimately creating regional growth. A firm has several options to protect its brands. Producers of similar products within a limited geographical area can protect the shared designated origin. Use of a collective brand, such as Champagne and Roquefort in France or Parmeggiano Reggiano in Italy, has been studied as a strategy to protect products from a given region. In the case analyzed here, a particular Austrian collective brand – Gailtaler Almkäse – was safeguarded within a protected designation of origin (PDO), providing producers a safe haven from which to enhance their collective brand in competitive markets. The PDO registration of the brand represents a central entrepreneurial strategy for manufacturers. To the region where the brands originate, the PDO has become a specific aspect of entrepreneurship that leads regional development.

This thesis explores the internationalisation process of firms in the context of Protected Designation of Origin. The study shows the impact of firm's specific internal, industry and country's specific external factors on the exporting process and the export development of small, medium and large enterprises. In particular, this investigation sheds more light on internationalization theories through a context specific lens as it explains the internationalisation process of PDO firms , and the way it fits with the -existing internationalisation model in the literature that has not previously addressed. The current and upcoming significance for European Union external trade policies and strategies have increased the importance of this study. That is, with regard to enterprises ' main concern for international expansion in both European and Third countries proximity level. Methodologically, this thesis is framed on realism paradigm through interpretative qualitative case study approach. Throughout this approach a semi-structure in-depth interview exploration demonstrates how key respondents conceive PDO firms international expansion as an enacted practice. These participants shape the output that it has experienced. This is subject to wide range of causal influences, and is equivalent to the analysis of management and organisational actions, as enhances to bring out different complexities. From analysis and testing structure, insights unearthed via thirty one (31) responses of expert practitioners in the field. Therefore, solutions demonstrate the hidden factors that influence PDO firms' export process. The findings exhibit that managerial, organisational, product, strategy" corporate finance, customer, competition, home and host specific factors dynamically affect Greek PDO firms export orientation. In addition, the aforementioned factors appear that purposely correspond to openness for export experience.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study aimed to analyse certification of origin as a form to add value to artisanal cheeses, such as coalho cheese, in Brazil and Spain. For such, we analysed the formation of prices, market structure and production systems of palmero cheese, which has Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the Canary Islands, Spain. The study was based on interviews with PDO and non-PDO producers concerning the production systems, social issues, markets and marketing channels. In addition, we evaluated 25 PDO cheese regulations from Spain and investigated its resemblance to coalho cheese. In Brazil, we evaluated the quality of the artisanal and industrial coalho cheese marketed in the Brazilian semiarid region. For this purpose, 138 coalho cheese samples were analysed as to their physical-chemical parameters (acidity, ash, fat, moisture and pH), colour, texture; microbiological parameters (coliforms at 35°C and 45°C, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast and Salmonella spp.); the type of production and conservation; the presence of enterotoxigenic genes; and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus. We observed that the PDO palmero cheese obtained higher market price and the highest price was through the “direct to the consumer” sales channel. Furthermore, we found that both PDO and non-PDO producers were concerned with the quality of the palmero cheese and relevance of the PDO label. As to the analysis of the regulations, PDO and the other variables were classified into four different groups and there was correlation between them. Group one, had fewer PDO regulation and similarities in the historical, natural environment, agriculture and responsible authority aspects, and less so in the economic importance aspect. Group two, regulations were focused on infractions, penalties and fines, and little on the quality manual. Group three tended to have similar values for most variables. Moreover, group 4 showed similarity in the quality manual and less concern given to infractions, penalties and fines. We could observe that the coalho cheese presented some of the variables found in PDO cheeses such as reputation, cultural, historical, artisanal, economic, developmental and quality characteristics. Regarding the quality of the coalho cheese, the physical-chemical analysis, colour and texture showed statistical difference only for ashes, for the type of production. The microbiological analysis presented significant difference in production, higher amounts of coliforms in artisanal samples and as to the type of conservation, higher amounts for coliforms, yeasts, and moulds in the artisanal samples without refrigeration. Furthermore, we found the presence of Salmonella spp. in 2.17% of samples, that is, one artisanal sample and two industrial samples. As for coliforms at 45°C, we found that 25.36 and 3.95% of artisanal and industrial samples, respectively, were in disagreement with the legislation and concerning Staphylococcus positive coagulase all samples were non-compliant. In total, 67 samples were confirmed by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene for S. aureus. Of these, 12 (17.9%) amplified toxin genes. The isolates presented greater resistance to the antibiotics penicillin G, oxacillin and tetracycline. Thus, the origin certification is an important tool to enhance the value of artisanal cheeses and can be used by coalho cheese; however, producers first need to improve in quality and standardization of manufacturing
Objetivou-se analisar a certificação de origem como forma de valorização de queijos artesanais, como o queijo de coalho, no Brasil e na Espanha. Para isso, foram analisados a formação de preços, estrutura de mercado e sistemas de produção do queijo palmero que possui Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) nas Ilhas Canárias, Espanha. O estudo foi baseado em entrevistas com os produtores DOP e não DOP, em relação a sistemas de produção, questões sociais, de mercados e canais de comercialização. Também foram avaliados 25 regulamentos de queijos DOP oriundos da Espanha e verificada sua semelhança com o queijo de coalho do Brasil. No Brasil, foi avaliada a qualidade do queijo de coalho artesanal e industrializado, comercializados no semiárido do Brasil. Para isso, 138 amostras do queijo de coalho foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos (acidez, cinzas, gordura, umidade e pH), cor, textura, microbiológicos (coliformes a 35 °C e 45 °C, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, bolores e leveduras e Salmonella spp.) quanto ao tipo de produção e conservação e ainda a presença de genes enterotoxigênicos e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus aureus. Observou-se que o queijo palmero DOP obteve preço mais elevado no mercado, com maior preço para o canal de venda direto ao consumidor. Além disso, verificou-se que os produtores DOP e não DOP apresentaram preocupados com a qualidade e a importância do rótulo de queijo palmero DOP. Quanto a análise dos regulamentos, as DOP e as variáveis foram classificados em quatro grupos distintos e verificou-se uma correlação entre estes. O grupo um, apresentou um menor número de regulamento DOP e semelhanças quanto a parte histórica, ambiente natural, agricultura e autoridade responsável e em menor medida com a importância econômica. O grupo dois, os regulamentos mostraram-se focalizados em infrações, sanções e multas, e pouco no manual de qualidade. O grupo três, tende a ter valores semelhantes para a maioria das variáveis. Já o grupo 4, observou-se semelhança quanto ao manual de qualidade e um menor tratamento às infrações, sanções e multas. Pode-se verificar que o queijo de coalho apresenta algumas das variáveis presente nos queijos DOP, como reputação, características culturais, históricas, artesanais, econômicas, elaboração, composição e qualidade. Em relação à qualidade do queijo de coalho, as análises físico-químicas, cor e textura apresentaram diferença estatística apenas para cinzas, em relação ao tipo de produção. Quanto às análises microbiológicas, observou-se diferença significativa quanto a produção, maior valor de coliformes para amostras artesanais, e para conservação, valores mais elevados para coliformes e bolores e leveduras das amostras artesanais sem refrigeração. Além disso, foi evidenciada presença de Salmonella spp. em 2,17% amostras, sendo uma artesanal e duas industriais. Já para coliformes a 45 °C verificou-se que 25,36 e 3,95% das amostras artesanais e industriais, respectivamente, encontravam em desacordo com a legislação e para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva todas apresentaram desconforme. Um total 67 foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene rRNA 16S para S. aureus. Destas, 12 (17,9%) amplificaram genes de toxinas. A maior resistência dos isolados foram para os antibióticos penicilina G, oxacilina e tetraciclina. Assim, a certificação de origem é uma ferramenta importante para valorizar queijos artesanais, podendo ser utilizado pelo queijo de coalho, porém este necessita de melhorias na qualidade e na padronização de fabricação
2017-04-17

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Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação (PROPG UNESP)
Em meio ao ambiente de mudanças na agricultura, no qual a abordagem produtivista e baseada em custos sofre alterações, novas visões são concebidas para determinar a competitividade e valor dos produtos agropecuários. Essas novas visões trazem valores ligados às esferas social, ambiental, gerencial e ao uso do conhecimento que propiciam um ambiente favorável ao surgimento das inovações. Tais inovações podem ainda ser impulsionadas por estratégias de negócios, como as certificações e registros, mais precisamente, as Denominações de Origem (DO -uma forma de Indicação Geográfica). Assim, este trabalho objetivou analisar o processo de inovações (tecnológica e social) para a criação de valor em denominação de origem em cafés no Brasil, especificamente, na região do Cerrado Mineiro, comparativamente à produção sem selo de origem. De modo específico, pretendeu-se identificar: a) os tipos de melhorias tecnológicas de produto, processo de produção e gerenciais realizadas pelos produtores rurais que comercializam com o registro de DO, em relação aos usuários que mantiveram a produção de café sem selo de origem; b) as fontes de informação utilizadas nesse processo, em termos de atores e redes de informação; c) os impactos ocorridos na dimensão social dos produtores rurais (fatores de condição e relação social), podendo-se avaliar se estão relacionadas às inovações sociais. Para tal, foi utilizado o estudo de múltiplos casos, no qual foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada junto aos produtores que comercializam com selo de origem e aqueles que não comercializam com selo de origem, da região do Cerrado Mineiro. Os resultados demonstraram que as unidades que utilizam a DO apresentaram um ritmo mais intenso de adoções tecnológicas em relação às unidades que não comercializam com o selo de origem. No que tange ao uso das fontes de informação, apesar de alguns produtores com DO ocuparem um papel central no uso e busca de informações, existem unidades produtoras sem o selo de origem que obtiveram maior frequência de uso de fonte de informação em relação a produtores com o selo de origem, apesar do ritmo menos intenso de adoção de inovações. No que tange aos impactos na dimensão social, as melhorias analisadas ocorreram como consequência da obtenção da DO pela região, e não anteriormente à obtenção como um processo planejado. As melhorias identificadas na análise das necessidades humanas mostraram que os fatores ligados ao relacionamento com clientes, estima e autorealização foram predominantes em relação aos fatores fisiológicos e de segurança. A pesquisa mostrou que os produtores que comercializam sua produção com a DO possuem de fato um maior nível de adoção de inovações tecnológicas comparativamente a produções que não comercializam com o selo de origem. Na esfera social, foram identificadas melhorias decorrentes da DO para os dois estratos de produtores, como a criação da cafeteria Dulcerrado e o aumento no recebimento das visitas às propriedades rurais.
Amid the environment changes in agriculture, in which the production-based approach and costs undergoes changes, new visions are designed to determine the competitiveness and value of agricultural products. These new insights bring values related to social, environmental, management and use of knowledge that provide a favorable environment for the emergence of innovations. These innovations can still be driven by business strategies, such as certifications and registrations, more precisely, the Protected designation of origin (form of Geographical Indication). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the process of innovation (technological and social) for creating value by protected designation of origin in Brazilian coffee production, specifically in the Cerrado Mineiro region, compared to production without origin label. Specifically, it aims to identify: a) the types of technological improvements of product, production process and management carried out by farmers who using PDO registration, compared to users who kept the coffee production without origin label ; b) the sources of information used in this process, in terms of actors and networks; c) the impacts occurring in the social dimension of rural producers (condition factors and social relationships), being able to assess whether they are related to social innovations. To this end, the study of multiple cases was used, and some semistructured interviews were applied with producers who trade with origin label and those who do not trade with origin label, in the Cerrado Mineiro region. The results showed that the producers using the PDO had a more intense pace of technological adoptions compared to the farmers that do not trade with origin label. Regarding the use of information sources, although some producers with PDO occupy a central role in the use and information search, there are production units without the origin label that had higher frequency of source of information use in relation to producers with origin label, despite the slower rate of adoption of innovations. With regard to the impacts on the social dimension, it was analyzed that the improvements occurred as a consequence of securing PDO in the region, and not prior to obtaining as a planned process. The improvements identified in the analysis of human needs showed that factors related to the relationship with customers, esteem and selfrealization were predominant in relation to physiological and safety factors. Research has shown that producers who market their production with the PDO in fact have a higher level of adoption of technological innovations compared to productions that do not trade with origin label. In the social sphere, improvements have been identified arising from the PDO for the two strata of producers, such as the creation of Dulcerrado cafeteria and the increase in the receipt of visits to farms.
PROPG UNESP: 806138/2014

Orientador: Giuliana Aparecida Santini Pigatto
Coorientador: Ana Elisa Bressan Smith Lourenzani
Coorientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes
Banca: Timoteo Ramos Queiroz
Banca: Sandra Mara Schiavi Bankuti
Resumo: Em meio ao ambiente de mudanças na agricultura, no qual a abordagem produtivista e baseada em custos sofre alterações, novas visões são concebidas para determinar a competitividade e valor dos produtos agropecuários. Essas novas visões trazem valores ligados às esferas social, ambiental, gerencial e ao uso do conhecimento que propiciam um ambiente favorável ao surgimento das inovações. Tais inovações podem ainda ser impulsionadas por estratégias de negócios, como as certificações e registros, mais precisamente, as Denominações de Origem (DO -uma forma de Indicação Geográfica). Assim, este trabalho objetivou analisar o processo de inovações (tecnológica e social) para a criação de valor em denominação de origem em cafés no Brasil, especificamente, na região do Cerrado Mineiro, comparativamente à produção sem selo de origem. De modo específico, pretendeu-se identificar: a) os tipos de melhorias tecnológicas de produto, processo de produção e gerenciais realizadas pelos produtores rurais que comercializam com o registro de DO, em relação aos usuários que mantiveram a produção de café sem selo de origem; b) as fontes de informação utilizadas nesse processo, em termos de atores e redes de informação; c) os impactos ocorridos na dimensão social dos produtores rurais (fatores de condição e relação social), podendo-se avaliar se estão relacionadas às inovações sociais. Para tal, foi utilizado o estudo de múltiplos casos, no qual foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada junto aos p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Amid the environment changes in agriculture, in which the production-based approach and costs undergoes changes, new visions are designed to determine the competitiveness and value of agricultural products. These new insights bring values related to social, environmental, management and use of knowledge that provide a favorable environment for the emergence of innovations. These innovations can still be driven by business strategies, such as certifications and registrations, more precisely, the Protected designation of origin (form of Geographical Indication). Thus, this study aimed to analyze the process of innovation (technological and social) for creating value by protected designation of origin in Brazilian coffee production, specifically in the Cerrado Mineiro region, compared to production without origin label. Specifically, it aims to identify: a) the types of technological improvements of product, production process and management carried out by farmers who using PDO registration, compared to users who kept the coffee production without origin label ; b) the sources of information used in this process, in terms of actors and networks; c) the impacts occurring in the social dimension of rural producers (condition factors and social relationships), being able to assess whether they are related to social innovations. To this end, the study of multiple cases was used, and some semistructured interviews were applied with producers who trade with origin label and those who ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС передбачає створення зони вільної торгівлі, лібералізацію торгівлі між сторонами, гармонізацію законодавства. Одним із питань Угоди є гармонізація законодавства у сфері правової охорони, використання та реєстрації географічних зазначень.

Agribusiness is an important sector to contribute the Brazilian trade surplus. The European Union and the United States are among the main destinations of agrofood products, taking part in 31.4% and 14.2% out of the exportations, respectively. The consumers, especially the Europeans, have presented themselves more demanding in what concerns farming products for human consumption, due to the nature of these products and the frequent food crisis. Thus, market segmentation based on information about the origin of the product and production process for differentiation and price attribution has become important, due to the fact that farming systems which are scale-based and linked to the production of commodities have become weakened beyond such markets. In this context, an alternative for development for certain regions is to consider regional/local specificities as factors that determine their identity, based on the concept of geographical indications. This scenario presents an opportunity for the farmers located in the APA of Ibirapuitã. Historically, the region is linked to animal production, due to the fact that the natural pastures there found provide a good support for this type of activity, which has marked the tradition, history and culture of the Gaúcho. The natural environment, therefore, characterises certain intrinsically specific attributes for the products that are originated from it, being that an important aspect in Geographical Indications. Thus, the geographical origin system, used in a Protected Designations of Origin or Protected Geographical Indications approach, is an alternative of development through the territorial perspective. This region is inserted in a conservation area legally known for its peculiar characteristics linked to the Pampa Bioma, which legitimizes extensive animal production. The development of a prototype of a system with a geo-referenced database occurred due to the need of obtaining the position of farmers in relation to the borders of the APA of Ibirapuitã. Finally the geographical indications can be used not only as tools to access other markets, but also for agricultural development, in the sense of valuing territories, mainly for small farmers that are strongly linked to their place of origin, history and culture. This space-time relation values the richness of natural, historical and cultural characteristics, i.e., the features which are fundamental for the differentiation of its production. This approach allows the origin of a product and/or its production processes to be valued, and to convert them into a differentiation and value aggregation factor, besides assuring the products identified according to pre-established parameters in what refers mainly to environmental, social and sanitary issues, as an alternative to the new barriers present in today s economical negotiations.
O agronegócio tem importante contribuição no superávit da balança comercial brasileira. A União Européia e os Estados Unidos estão entre os principais destinos dos produtos agrícolas, com uma participação de 31,4% e 14,2%, respectivamente. Os consumidores, principalmente europeus, têm se mostrado motivados em exigir maior transparência em relação aos produtos agroalimentares, devido à própria natureza destes produtos e às freqüentes crises alimentares. Assim, torna-se importante a segmentação de mercado baseado em informações sobre origem do produto e/ou processo de produção para diferenciação e agregação de valor, pois sistemas agropastoris baseados em escala e vinculados à produção de commodities se enfraqueceram frente a estes mercados. Dentro deste contexto, uma alternativa de desenvolvimento para certas regiões é considerar especificidades regionais/locais do território como determinantes de sua identidade, base do conceito de indicações geográficas. Este cenário possibilita uma oportunidade para os produtores localizados na APA do Ibirapuitã, historicamente a região está vinculada à pecuária, decorrente do suporte dos campos naturais ao desenvolvimento desta atividade, que marcou a tradição, história e cultura do gaúcho. O meio natural, portanto, caracteriza atributos intrínsecos específicos para produtos provenientes deste, sendo um aspecto importante nas Indicações Geográficas. Deste modo, o sistema de indicações geográficas, seja utilizando uma abordagem de Indicação de Procedência ou Denominação de Origem, é uma alternativa de desenvolvimento pela perspectiva territorial da região. A mesma está inserida numa unidade de conservação reconhecida legalmente por suas características pecualiares vinculadas à localização no Bioma Pampa, o que legitima a atividade de produção animal extensiva. O desenvolvimento do protótipo de um sistema com uma base de dados georreferenciada ocorreu pela necessidade de obtenção, neste primeiro momento, da localização dos produtores em relação aos limites APA do Ibirapuitã e de dados sobre recursos sócio-econômicos, objetivando obter um conhecimento prévio da área em estudo. A extensão geográfica - característica da área - associada à complexidade e diversidade de características dos sistemas agrários requer, sempre que possível, o uso de instrumentos e tecnologias disponíveis ao levantamento e análise de informações, processo que pode ser facilitado com a utilização de imagens de satélites, aplicação de fichas de levantamento adequadas à região e pelo uso de técnicas estatísticas para o tratamento dos dados. Analisando sobre estes aspectos, os resultados preliminares do protótipo desenvolvido foram adequados aos objetivos propostos, pois possibilitou a facilidade de armazenamento e obtenção de resultados baseados na análise dos dados, além da facilidade de localização destes produtores em relação aos limites desta unidade de conservação. Finalmente, as indicações geográficas podem ser utilizadas, não apenas como instrumentos para acesso a mercados, mas também como uma ferramenta de desenvolvimento rural, no sentido da valorização dos territórios, principalmente para os pequenos produtores que possuem forte vinculação com o local de origem, história e cultura. Esta relação espaço-tempo oferece a riqueza de seu patrimônio natural e histórico-cultural, ou seja, sua tipicidade fundamental à diferenciação de sua produção. Esta abordagem permite proteger e valorizar a origem de um produto e/ou processos de produção, e convertê-las em fator de diferenciação e agregação de valor, além de garantir produtos identificados de acordo com parâmetros pré-estabelecidos no que se refere principalmente a questões ambientais, sociais e sanitárias, alternativa às novas barreiras presentes nas atuais negociações econômicas.

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

La présente recherche porte sur une importante stratégie de valorisation des produits agroalimentaires : les appellations d'origine. Les appellations d'origine contrôlée (AOC) constituent un modèle de certification fondé sur la notion de terroir, dont la définition renvoie aux spécificités géographiques, sociales et historiques du processus de production de certains produits agroalimentaires qui soutiennent la tradition et la protection de l'origine comme stratégie de valorisation. La diffusion de ce modèle au-delà des frontières françaises, avec la reconnaissance de l'AOC par l'Union européenne et l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce, a engrangé un processus de légitimation des labels par l'intensification des critères de production. L'internationalisation des appellations d’origine est l'un des angles de cette recherche dans la mesure où celui-ci met en lumière au moins une double reconfiguration. D'une part, il permet d’identifier une recomposition des structures institutionnelles capables d'énoncer et de légitimer des normes de production jamais établies auparavant. D’autre part, cette restructuration du champ institutionnel a influencé les agents directement impliqués dans la production, c'est-à-dire les producteurs de lait et de fromage. Étant donné que ce contexte a abouti à une série de disputes pour la catégorisation de la qualité des fromages, la thèse a comme objet la construction sociale de la qualité des fromages AOC de la région d'Auvergne. Pour cela, deux axes d'analyse se présentent : le premier vise à comprendre le rôle de l'expertise scientifique dans le processus de légitimation des AOC, du fait de l’existence d’un réseau de scientifiques et de professionnels œuvrant à la promotion des AOC. Le deuxième s'intéresse à la réception de ces critères par les producteurs de lait et de fromage et cherche à connaître les propriétés sociales des producteurs capables ou non d'intégrer leur production dans ce modèle de certification. Par la méthode ethnographique et une perspective dialogique, la présente recherche montre que le savoir scientifique peut légitimer la tradition
This thesis focuses on a strategy developed for the valorization of agro-food products through the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) scheme. The appellations d’origine contrôlée (AOC), the widespread French system, it is a certification granted to agro-food products based on the notion of terroir, which refers to products that meet a set of features such as geographical, social and historical standards in the manufacturing process, supporting tradition and protection of origin as a strategy of adding value. The introduction of this system beyond the French territory, ensuring recognition of AOC by the European Union and the World Trade Organization, triggered a process of legitimizing labels along with the intensification of production criteria. The internationalization of geographical indications (GIs) supports this research to explain a double reconfiguration; on one hand, it led to an institutional structure rearrangement, responsible for legitimizing production norms never established. On the other hand, institutional restructuring influenced the actors directly involved in the production, i.e., producers of milk and cheese. Considering that this new scenario has generated several disputes concerning the categorization of cheese quality, the object of this study is the social construction of the quality of the AOC cheeses in the French region of Auvergne. Therefore, there are two axes of analysis. The first aims to understand the role of the scientific expertise in the process of legitimizing AOCs since it was observed that there is a network of scientists and professionals working to promote AOCs. The second, it is interested in how these criteria have been received by milk and cheese producers, seeking to understand the social capital of producers who are able or not to integrate their production within this certification model. Through the ethnographic method and a dialogical perspective, this research demonstrates how scientific knowledge can be operated as a way of legitimizing tradition

[ES] La materia prima es un elemento clave en cualquier proceso de transformación alimentaria, ya que de su composición y cualidades dependerá el producto final. En el caso del jamón, el origen de la materia prima, puede proceder de sistemas ganaderos convencionales, donde la producción es intensiva y la alimentación está basada en piensos comerciales. En el caso de cerdos procedentes de ganadería ecológica, los animales están sujetos a las condiciones marcadas por la normativa europea de producción ecológica, donde se respeta el medio ambiente y el bienestar animal. Para el caso de figuras de calidad, las explotaciones ganaderas también deben cumplir los requisitos indicados en los pliegos de condiciones. Otro elemento que define al jamón curado es el proceso de elaboración, que se inicia con la salazón con o sin sales nítricas. El tiempo de secado-maduración, el sistema de secado (natural o con ventana abierta versus cámara con condiciones controladas) y la temperatura son elementos clave en el desarrollo de las cualidades organolépticas. El principal objetivo del presente estudio es aportar resultados sobre la evolución en la composición de la carne, a lo largo del proceso de secado-maduración, en la elaboración de jamón curado, teniendo como variables del estudio, la procedencia del pernil (de granjas ganaderas convencionales, ecológicas o de la DOP Teruel), tecnología aplicada en el proceso de secado (cumpliendo los requisitos para la certificación ecológica), así como la influencia del sistema de secado (ventana abierta o cámara), evaluando los parámetros que permiten clasificar las diferentes variables. Para ello se analizan un total de 36 jamones de cerdo blanco (convencional, ecológico y DOP Teruel), destinando 6 jamones de cada una para el secado natural y otros 6 para el secado en cámara. Los parámetros analizados son humedad, minerales totales, sodio, hierro, proteína, grasa, perfil de ácidos grasos, nitratos y nitritos, detección de antibióticos y compuestos de la fracción volátil. Los resultados indican que los parámetros de color L*, b* y C* son mayores en los jamones procedentes de sistemas de producción convencional, en particular en los jamones DOP Teruel, donde además se incluye el parámetro a*. Los jamones de sistemas de producción convencional se caracterizan por presentar valores más elevados de humedad, grasa, proteína y cenizas, así como un contenido en ácidos grasos saturados mayor. Esto repercute en los valores de los índices de calidad de la grasa, con connotaciones negativas en el índice de aterogenicidad, de trombogenicidad o en la relación ω6/ω3, sobre todo si los jamones se secan en cámara. Los jamones ecológicos presentan valores más bajos de los componentes químicos analizados y niveles superiores de AGMI y AGPI, así como índices positivos de calidad de la grasa como el de ácidos grasos buenos para la salud o la relación AGPI/AGS, especialmente si se secan al natural. Generando jamones con una mayor presencia de compuestos volátiles. La clasificación de los jamones, en función de la procedencia y el sistema de secado, se alcanza con éxito tomando los parámetros de color, ácidos grasos y los componentes terpenoides de la fracción volátil. El estudio de componentes principales permite clasificar los jamones convencionales como aquellos con mayor contenido en proteína, L*, cenizas, Fe, Na, H*, humedad, grasa, nitratos y nitritos, así como por los ácidos grasos behénico, palmítico, esteárico y mirístico. Los jamones ecológicos se caracterizarían por sus valores de a*, b* y C*, así como por la presencia de linoleico y linolénico y los jamones DOP Teruel serían aquellos con altos valores de ácidos grasos heptadecenoico, palmitoleico y oleico.
[CA] La matèria primera és un element clau en qualsevol procés de transformació alimentària, ja que de la seua composició i qualitats dependrà el producte final. En el cas del pernil, l'origen de la matèria primera, pot procedir de sistemes ramaders convencionals, on la producció és intensiva i l'alimentació està basada en pinsos comercials. En el cas de porcs procedents de ramaderia ecològica, els animals estan subjectes a les condicions marcades per la normativa europea de producció ecològica, on es respecta el medi ambient i el benestar animal. Per al cas de figures de qualitat, les explotacions ramaderes també han de complir els requisits indicats en els plecs de condicions. Un altre element que defineix al pernil curat és el procés d'elaboració, que s'inicia amb la salaó, amb o sense sals nítriques. El temps de l'assecatge-maduració on la duració, el sistema d'assecatge (natural o amb finestra oberta versus cambra amb condicions controlades) i la temperatura són elements clau en el desenvolupament de les qualitats organolèptiques. El principal objectiu del present estudi és aportar resultats sobre l'evolució en la composició de la carn, al llarg del procés d'assecatge-maduració, en l'elaboració de pernil curat, tenint com a variables de l'estudi, la procedència del pernil (de granges ramaderes convencionals, ecològiques o de la DOP Teruel), tecnologia aplicada en el procés d'assecatge (complint els requisits per a la certificació ecològica), així com la influència del sistema d'assecatge (finestra oberta o cambra), avaluant els paràmetres que permeten classificar les diferents variables. Per a això s'analitzen un total de 36 pernils de porc blanc, prenent 12 de cadascuna de les procedències objecte d'estudi (convencional, ecològic i DOP Teruel), destinant 6 pernils de cadascuna per a l'assecatge natural i altres 6 per a l'assecatge en cambra. Els paràmetres analitzats són humitat, minerals totals, sodi, ferro, proteïna, greix, perfil d'àcids grassos, nitrats i nitrits, detecció d'antibiòtics i compostos de la fracció volàtil. Els resultats indiquen que els paràmetres de color L*, b* i C* són majors en els pernils procedents de sistemes de producció convencional, en particular en els pernils DOP Teruel, on a més s'inclou el paràmetre a*. Els pernils de sistemes de producció convencional es caracteritzen per presentar valors més elevats d'humitat, greix, proteïna i cendres, així com un contingut en àcids grassos saturats major. Això repercuteix en els valors dels índexs de qualitat del greix, amb connotacions negatives en l'índex de aterogenicitat, de trombogenicitat o en la relació ω6/ω3, sobretot si els pernils s'assequen en cambra. Els pernils ecològics presenten valors més baixos dels components químics analitzats i nivells superiors de AGMI i AGPI, així com índexs positius de qualitat del greix com el d'àcids grassos bons per a la salut o la relació AGPI/AGS, especialment si s'assequen al natural. Generant pernils amb una major presència de compostos volàtils. La classificació dels pernils, en funció de la procedència i el sistema d'assecatge, s'aconsegueix amb èxit prenent els paràmetres de color, àcids grassos i els components terpenoides de la fracció volàtil. L'estudi de components principals permet classificar els pernils convencionals com aquells amb major contingut en proteïna, L*, cendres, Fe, Na, H*, humitat, greix, nitrats i nitrits, així com pels àcids grassos behénic, palmític, esteàric i mirístic. Els pernils ecològics es caracteritzarien pels seus valors de a*, b* i C*, així com per la presència de linoleic i linolènic i els pernils DOP Teruel serien aquells amb alts valors d'àcids grassos heptadecenoic, palmitoleic i oleic.
[EN] The raw material is a key element in any food transformation process, since the final product will depend on its composition and qualities. In the case of ham, the origin of the raw material can come from conventional livestock systems, where production is intensive and food is based on commercial feed. In the case of pigs from organic farming, the animals are subject to the conditions set by the European organic production regulations where the environment and animal welfare is respected. In the case of quality figures, livestock farms must also meet the requirements indicated in the specifications. Another element that defines cured ham is the production process, which begins with salting, with or without nitric salts. The duration of the drying-maturing, the drying system (natural or with an open window versus chamber with controlled conditions) and temperature are key elements in the development of organoleptic qualities. The main objective of this study is to provide results on the evolution in the composition of the meat, throughout the drying-maturation process, in the elaboration of dry-cured ham, having as variables of the study, the origin of the leg (from cattle farms conventional, ecological or of the Teruel PDO), technology applied in the drying process (meeting the requirements for ecological certification), as well as the influence of the drying system (open window or chamber), evaluating the parameters that allow classifying the different variables. For this, a total of 36 white pig hams are analyzed (conventional, organic and PDO Teruel), allocating 6 hams of each for natural drying and another 6 for drying under controlled conditions. The parameters analyzed are moisture, total minerals, sodium, iron, protein, fat, profile of fatty acids, nitrates and nitrites, detection of antibiotics and compounds of the volatile fraction. The results indicate that the color parameters L *, b * and C * are higher in hams from conventional production systems, particularly in PDO Teruel hams, where the a * parameter is also included. Hams from conventional production systems are characterized by higher moisture, fat, protein and ash values, as well as a higher saturated fatty acid content. This affects the values of the fat quality indices, with negative connotations in the atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity or in the ω6/ω3 ratio, especially if the hams dried in controlled conditions. Organic hams present lower values of the chemical components analyzed and higher levels of MUFA and PUFA, as well as positive indices of fat quality such as fatty acids good for health or the PUFA / SFA ratio, especially in natural driying. Generating hams with a greater presence of volatile compounds. The classification of hams, depending on the origin and the drying system, is successfully achieved by taking the parameters of color, fatty acids and the terpenoid components of the volatile fraction. The study of main components makes it possible to classify conventional hams as those with the highest content in protein, L *, ashes, Fe, Na, H *, moisture, fat, nitrates and nitrites, as well as by behenic, palmitic, stearic and myristic. Organic hams would be characterized by their a *, b * and C * values, as well as by the presence of linoleic and linolenic levels, and DOP Teruel hams would be those with high levels of heptadecenoic, palmitoleic and oleic fatty acids.
Domínguez Gómez, MJ. (2020). Efectos de la materia prima y el proceso secado-maduración sobre la calidad del jamón curado [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/160042
TESIS

Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.

Mestrado em Viticultura e Enologia - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The purpose of this study was to understand how the change of an Official Designation influences wine consumers‟ buying attitude, i.e., have consumers noticed the recent change from “Ribatejo” to “Tejo” and in what way does it affect their wine buying decision. In light of this change it was also studied how the supplied information modifies consumers‟ behavior. Wine is a product characterized by various attributes (brand, price, grape variety, etc.) being the Region of Origin amongst the main ones relatively to the buying decision because it‟s a source of information to the consumer in regard of the product‟s quality. A test took place at a wine store in which the sales were registered and analyzed in order to obtain the necessary conclusions. It was concluded that the change of the Official Designation was accompanied with the lowering of prices. Consumers also preferred the Geographical Indication “Ribatejo” relatively to “Tejo” although the increasing supplied information level attenuated these preferences though without statistical significance because of the price effect that became bigger than all the other factors.

The master thesis deals with products with protected designations of the European Union. The main objective of the master thesis is to evaluate the importance of the chosen product with protected designation of the EU in regional tourism and analyse the perception of the product by a producer and by tourists. The sub-objective is the description of the European system of food labelling. The thesis is divided into five main chapters. The first part explains basic concepts which are related to the thesis. The second chapter introduces the best known food quality labels. Greater attention is devoted to the description of the food protection system of the EU. The third chapter deals with the characteristics of the chosen region Beskydy-Wallachia. The second part of this chapter is focused on the chosen protected product Štramberské uši. The forth chapter includes a structured interview with the chosen producer of Štramberské uši and a survey research, which was conducted in two phases. The last chapter contains the evaluation of the implemented survey. The main finding of this thesis is the fact that a relatively high percentage of respondents know the product Štramberské uši. An interesting finding is the fact that only a small portion of them know that the product Štramberské uši is the holder of the protected designation of the European Union. The chosen producer of Štramberské uši sees the main benefit of the label in greater publicity. Among problems he ranks the enforceability of the label and lack of general promotion of Štramberské uši.

The master's thesis focuses on the perception of Czech origin of the products. The main goal was to analyze the perception of the origin of the products in terms of consumers that prefer to buy Czech products, and which designations of Czech origin on products they trust. In particular, the work deals with the so-called "official designations" of Czech origin, for example "Regionální potravina" (Regional food), "Regionální produkt"(Regional product), "Český výrobek - garantováno Potravinářskou komorou České republiky"(Czech product - guaranteed by Food Chamber of the Czech Republic) and others. On the other hand, it highlights the presence of so-called "unofficial designations" and their influence on the consumer's perception. It is also focused on the legal issue of the Czech products. In the practical part of the thesis, we deal with the quantitative and qualitative research of the perception of Czech products to the consumer, which verifies the preference of Czech products and confidence in official designation of Czech origin. Finally, my work deals with the designation "made in EU" and its perception of the consumer. The conclusion of the work is that the studied subject is missing a legal description (in the Czech law system) and enables a manipulation with customers that are not familiar with the current system and could be misled.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The Dalbergia ecastaphyllum was determined as a botanical origin of Brazilian red propolis by chemical and molecular studies. This fact raised the amount of research on this plant species. The National Institute of Industrial Property granted the designation of origin red propolis and Alagoas propolis extract whose composition has, among other chemical compounds, formononetin and daidzeína markers. However, several studies have identified the chemical markers of this product in samples of D. ecastaphyllum and propolis of Sergipe. The objective of this work was to define the fingerprint D. ecastaphyllum of low São Francisco by chemical and molecular markers, in addition to evaluating the biological activity to enable the development of standardized extracts with known concentrations of active ingredients. The chromatographic profiles of plants and propolis showed similarity. The HPLC results showed that the different parts of the plant have similar chemical profiles. The compound gallic acid were identified in all plant parts, but only on the bark been found formononetin and biochanin A chemical markers. The fingerprint ESI(-)-MS and analyzes by UHPLC-MS were more accurate, because the compounds formononetin, biochanin A and daidzein were identified in all samples. The results of the sequencing for evaluation of the genetic identity of populations of Dalbergia demonstrated that they are highly homogeneous, having exactly the same haplotype for the analyzed region. All extracts were able to inhibit the development of clinical strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The compounds gallic acid and formononetin were identified, quantified and used as parameters for standardization of Dalbergia extract. The results of this study demonstrate that not all compounds present in the extracts possess activity against the microorganisms used and probably the combined action between them decreases the biological potency of gallic acid compound. To achieve effective antimicrobial activity in these samples can standardize the extract with a minimum amount of 1% gallic acid and 4% formononetin. According to the results D. ecastaphyllum low San Francisco have the same genetic characteristics and chemical profiles including presenting the chemical markers considered for Alagoas propolis. It is necessary to conduct more comparative studies between propolis the northeastern region to the possibility of geographical designation of origin be extended to other states. It is inferred that, compared to chemical markers, any part of the plant can be used. However, we suggest the use of bast as the preferred part of the plant for the production of extracts due to the higher concentration of compounds found. While correlation studies indicate that the compounds analyzed have antimicrobial activity, you need to evaluate the activity of these compounds isolated to confirm this hypothesis. The genetic similarity of plants and the presence of several chemical markers, as well as ease of propagation of this plant in cultivation system enables the operation of a new way of obtaining bioactive compounds directly from the inner bark of D.ecastaphyllum extracts.
A Dalbergia ecastaphyllum foi determinada como a origem botânica da própolis vermelha brasileira através de estudos químicos e moleculares. Este fato elevou a quantidade de pesquisa com essa espécie vegetal. O Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial – INPI concedeu a Denominação de Origem a Própolis vermelha e Extrato de própolis vermelha de Alagoas cuja composição apresenta, entre outros compostos químicos, os marcadores formononetina e daidzeína. Entretanto, vários estudos têm identificado estes marcadores em amostras de D. ecastaphyllum e própolis vermelha de Sergipe. O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a impressão digital de D. ecastaphyllum da região do baixo São Francisco por meio de marcadores químicos e moleculares, além de avaliar a atividade biológica para possibilitar o desenvolvimento de extratos padronizados com teores conhecidos de princípios ativos. Os perfis cromatográficos das plantas e da própolis vermelha apresentaram similaridade. Os resultados do HPLC demonstraram que as diferentes partes da planta possuem perfis químicos semelhantes. O composto ácido gálico foi identificado em todas as partes da planta, porém apenas na entrecasca foi encontrado os marcadores químicos formononetina e a biochanina A. O fingerprint ESI(-)-MS e as análises realizadas por UHPLC-MS foram mais precisas, pois os compostos formononetina, biochanina A e daidzeína foram identificados em todas as amostras. Os resultados do sequenciamento para a avaliação da identidade genética das populações de Dalbergia demonstraram que estas são muito homogêneas, possuindo exatamente o mesmo haplótipo para a região analisada. Todos os extratos foram capazes de inibir o desenvolvimento das cepas clínicas Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Os compostos ácido gálico e formononetina foram identificados, quantificados e utilizados como parâmetro para padronização do extrato de Dalbergia. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que nem todos os compostos presentes nos extratos possuem atividade frente aos microrganismos utilizados e que provavelmente a ação combinada entre eles diminui a potência biológica do composto ácido gálico. Para se obter atividade antimicrobiana efetiva nestas amostras pode se padronizar o extrato com a quantidade mínima de 1% de ácido gálico e 4% de formononetina. De acordo com os resultados a D. ecastaphyllum do baixo São Francisco têm as mesmas características genéticas e perfis químicos similares apresentando inclusive os marcadores químicos considerados para a própolis vermelha alagoana. Faz-se necessário a realização de mais estudos comparativos entre as própolis da região nordeste visando à possibilidade da denominação de origem geográfica ser estendida para outros estados. Infere-se que, em relação aos marcadores químicos, qualquer parte da planta pode ser utilizada. Entretanto, sugerimos o uso da entrecasca como parte preferencial da planta para a produção de extratos em função da maior concentração de compostos encontrada. Embora os estudos de correlação indiquem que os compostos analisados têm atividade antimicrobiana, será necessário avaliar a atividade destes compostos isolados para confirmar esta hipótese. A similaridade genética das plantas e a presença de diversos marcadores químicos, bem como a facilidade de propagação dessa planta em sistema de cultivo possibilitam a exploração de um novo caminho de obtenção de compostos bioativos de forma direta a partir de extratos da entrecasca de D. ecastaphyllum.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The productive flexibility and the increasing importance of goods and services quality are some of the major changes that bound the current phase of capitalism. In this context, strategies capable of promoting and communicating the differentiation of commodities become increasingly relevant. Thus, the symbolic dimension and territorial bond of the goods are acquiring greater importance within the markets in the so-called economies of signs and space. In this field, several actors from the agro food system are resorting to strategies anchored in the quality that has been derived from territorial bonds as a means of differentiating their products, among which stands out the figure of Geographical Indications (GIs).Of long standing use in Europe, these figures are still relatively recent in Brazil, where they unfold in two kinds: Indication of Origin ( IP ) and Designation of Origin (DO ). Studies on Brazilian experiments have pointed out to the potential of GIs in promoting territorial development, when able to mobilize and contemplate the interests of different social actors, valuing products, practices, identities and knowledge of the territory. But it has also been pointing out to several cases in which these experiences were merely shaped as a sectoral and socially excluding strategy, benefiting a select club of actors. Thus, this research took care to investigate the experiment of the first Denomination of Brazilian Origin, the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul. Granted in 2010, DBO certified a peninsula of 300 km between the Lagoa dos Patos lake and the Atlantic Ocean, which has unique climatic conditions for the cultivation of the irrigated rice, covering eleven cities of the Northern Coast of the RS. Thus, the objective was to describe the trajectory of construction and acquisition of the Denomination of Origin, identifying key actors, institutions and social groups involved in this process, their relationships and interests, as well as the difficulties, conflicts and potentialities wrapped in getting the Designation of Origin. Correlatively it also sought to identify eventual impact on the promotion process of territorial development on the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. For such, the research methodologically proceeded to compile and analyze the available material on secondary sources, as well as field trips to the territory of the Northern Coast of the RS for notes, field records and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants. It is possible to be considered that the experience of the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul has not yet reached sufficient evidence to suggest that they are promoting a process of territorial development from the GI approach, given its still markedly sectorial character, manipulated by a club of actors, so that its impact remains limited in social, economic and environmental points of view, in the field of the researched territory.
A flexibilização produtiva e a crescente importância da qualidade de bens e serviços são algumas das principais transformações que demarcam o atual estágio do capitalismo. Neste contexto, estratégias capazes de promover e comunicar as diferenciações de mercadorias se tornam cada vez mais relevantes. Assim, a dimensão simbólica e o vínculo territorial das mercadorias vêm adquirindo maior importância dentro dos mercados nas chamadas economias dos signos e espaços. Neste âmbito, vários atores do sistema agroalimentar vêm recorrendo a estratégias ancoradas na qualidade derivada de vínculos territoriais como instrumento de diferenciação de seus produtos, dentre os quais se destaca a figura das Indicações Geográficas (IGs). De longa data já utilizadas na Europa, tais figuras ainda são relativamente recentes no Brasil, onde se desdobram em duas modalidades: a Indicação de Procedência (IP) e a Denominação de Origem (DO). Estudos sobre as experiências brasileiras têm apontado para o potencial das IGs na promoção do desenvolvimento territorial, quando capaz de mobilizar e contemplar os interesses dos diferentes atores sociais, valorizando produtos, práticas, saberes e identidades do território. Mas também tem apontado para diversos casos em que estas experiências se configuraram apenas como estratégia meramente setorial e excludente socialmente, beneficiando um restrito clube de atores. Assim, esta pesquisa ocupou-se de investigar a experiência da primeira Denominação de Origem brasileira, a DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz. Concedida em 2010, a DO certificou uma península de 300 km entre a Lagoa dos Patos e o Oceano Atlântico que possui condições climáticas singulares para o cultivo do arroz irrigado, abrangendo onze municípios do Litoral Norte do RS. Assim, objetivou-se descrever a trajetória de construção e obtenção da Denominação de Origem, identificando os principais atores, instituições e grupos sociais implicados neste processo, suas relações e interesses, bem como as dificuldades, conflitos e potencialidades envolvidos na obtenção da Denominação de Origem. Correlatamente também se buscou identificar eventuais repercussões no processo de promoção do desenvolvimento territorial no Litoral Norte Gaúcho. Para tanto, metodologicamente procedeu-se a compilação e análise de material disponível em fontes secundárias, bem como incursões ao território do Litoral Norte Gaúcho para observações, registros de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chaves. Pode-se considerar que a experiência da DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz ainda não alcançou elementos suficientes que indiquem estar promovendo um processo de desenvolvimento territorial a partir da abordagem de IGs, dado o seu caráter ainda marcadamente setorial, manipulado por um clube de atores, de modo que sua repercussão permanece restrita do ponto de vista social, econômico e ambiental no âmbito do território estudado.

Les indications géographiques et les appellations d’origine sont des signes distinctifs ayant de fortes valeurs économiques, sociales et culturelles. Tout d’abord, ces dénominations constituent une importante source de revenus pour les producteurs ; ensuite, elles constituent une garantie de qualité pour les consommateurs; enfin,elles sont un outil de développement rural du pays d’origine ainsi que de protection de son patrimoine culinaire et culturel. Par conséquent, la protection juridique de ces dénominations est primordiale. À cet effet, le législateur communautaire a prescrit, dans le règlement européen n° 510/2006 relatif à la protection des indications géographiques et des appellations d’origine, les règles de forme et de fond relatives à la reconnaissance et la protection de ces dénominations de la manière la plus détaillée. Au Liban, le ministère de l’Économie et du Commerce a préparé un projet de loi sur la protection des dénominations géographiques largement inspiré du règlement européen. Dans ce contexte, les spécificités agricoles, sociales et économiques du pays devront être prises en considération par le législateur libanais.D’ailleurs, la réputation de cette catégorie de dénominations dépasse en principe les frontières nationales du pays d’origine. C’est ainsi que ces dénominations constituent aujourd’hui un enjeu crucial dans le cadre des négociations commerciales internationales surtout au niveau de l’Accord sur les Droits de la Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au Commerce (ADPIC), qui constitue l’accord de référence dans ce domaine
Geographical indications and designations of origin are distinctive signs with high economic, social and cultural values. Firstly, these names are an important source of income for producers, then they are a quality guarantee for consumers, and finally, they are a tool for rural development of their country of origin and also of protection of its cultural and culinary heritage. Therefore, the legal protection of these names is paramount. To this end, the legislator of the European Union has prescribed, in the European Regulation n° 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin, formal and substantives rules on the recognition and the protection of these names with ample details. In Lebanon, the Ministry of Economy and Trade has prepared a draft law on the protection of geographical designations largely inspired by the European Regulation. In this context, the agricultural, social and economic characteristics of the country must be taken into account by the Lebanese legislator. Moreover, the reputation of this kind of designations exceeds in principle the national borders of the country of origin. Thus, these designations are now a critical issue in the context of international trade negotiations especially in terms of the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which is the reference in this domain

Urban agriculture is defined, as the agricultural and livestock activities that are carried out within or around cities. FAO's definition includes those services offered by agrarian activity that benefit the society. In the global north countries, urban agriculture has been divided into urban agriculture and peri-urban agriculture. Urban agriculture is carried out within the cities and has no commercial purpose. Urban agriculture looks for other aims such as personal relationships, social inclusion and education. Peri-urban agriculture is carried out in the spaces that surround the cities. It has a commercial and business purpose. The border between peri-urban and rural areas has no clear definition in literature and commonly accepted. The problems of peri-urban farmers are the same as those of rural farmers, although we must add urban pressure, high land prices, human pressure and job opportunities offered by the city. But on the other hand, to be close to consumers offers opportunities for peri-urban farmers, if they adapt their business model to meet the needs of their closest neighbors. In the European Project COST - Action Urban Agriculture Europe, we defined different strategies that can be chosen by peri-urban farmers for their farm holdings. These strategies are: a differentiation of production; a diversification of the activity with off-farm activities; a production at low cost, that is, an intensification of production for products with high added value such as vegetables or ornamental plants; Communes, in which members take advantage of the alternative food networks and the relationships that can be established between producers and consumers,; and finally the experience where it is more important to sell an experience than to sell a product. If we apply the criteria of the OECD to establish the boundaries of peri-urban areas and the limits of urban / rural, we find that all the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (RMB) can be considered peri-urban. Crops represent around 7 - 11% of the RMB surface. This territorial occupation makes agriculture indispensable both for the configuration of diverse habitats, and as the landscape. There are no climatological conditions that limit agricultural activity. There are several courses of water and underground water reservoirs for irrigation. Good evidence of this are the various irrigator communities and the groundwater uses. Agriculture in peri urban areas of developed countries has little weight in job opportunities as well as in the Gross Added Value if we compare it with other sectors of the economy. Territorial planning must include, among other objectives, balanced territorial development and a responsible management of natural resources. In the territorial planning of the RMB a set of agricultural interest areas are defined. These areas of interest do not have a uniform distribution in the territory. They are basically related to irrigated areas, orchards and ornamental plants crops. The water masses, from where irrigation water is extracted, are threatened by saline intrusion or overexploitation. This distribution of areas of agricultural interest does not take into account climate change and the problems it can cause in peri-urban agricultural areas. Two very specific sectors of peri urban agriculture of the RMB have been studied. These sectors are wine production within the Protected Denomination of Origin. Alella and the ornamental plant crops. Both sectors have a relevant history in the area of study and take advantage of their situation in a peri urban space. The wineries take advantage of the demand for new products such as single wines, natural wines, as well as the need to receive cultural and leisure experiences in the world of wine and vines. On the other hand, the ornamental plant sector takes advantage of the infrastructures within and around cities, which allow both to receive the necessary materials for its productive process and to sell its produce.
L’agricultura periurbana es duu a terme als espais que envolten les ciutats. Té una finalitat comercial i empresarial. La literatura no s’ha posat d’acord a l’hora de concretar on s’acaba l’espai periurbà i on comença l’espai rural. Els problemes dels agricultors periurbans són els mateixos que els dels agricultors rurals, si bé hi hem d’afegir la pressió urbana, els preus elevats de la terra, la pressió humana i les oportunitats laborals que ofereix la ciutat. Però, d’altra banda, la proximitat als consumidors ofereix oportunitats als agricultors periurbans, sempre que adaptin el model de negoci perquè satisfaci les necessitats dels veïns i veïnes més properes. En el projecte europeu COST - Action Urban Agriculture Europe vàrem definir diferents estratègies que poden adoptar els agricultors periurbans. Aquestes estratègies són: diferenciar la producció; diversificar l’activitat amb activitats complementaries; produir a baix cost, és a dir, intensificar la producció per a productes amb un alt valor afegit; produir de forma comunitària, és a dir, aprofitar-se de les xarxes alternatives per a distribuir els; i, finalment, centrar-se en l’experiència, ja que on és més important vendre una experiència que vendre un producte. Si apliquem els criteris de OCDE per establir els límits dels espais periurbans i els límits de la urbanitat/ruralitat, trobem que tota la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB) es pot considerar periurbana. Els conreus representen entre el 7 % i l’11 % de la superfície de l’RMB. Aquesta ocupació territorial fa que l’agricultura sigui indispensable per a configurar diversos hàbitats, així com a formadora del paisatge. No hi ha condicionants climatològics que limitin l’activitat agrícola. Hi ha diversos cursos d’aigua i reserves d’aigua subterrània per al reg. L’agricultura en els espais periurbans dels països desenvolupats té poc pes en l’oferta de llocs de feina, així com en el valor afegit brut si ho comparem amb altres sectors de l’economia. El planejament territorial ha d’incloure, entre altres objectius, un desenvolupament territorial equilibrat i una gestió dels recursos naturals. Per a alguns autors i autores, s’han de fer previsions a futur que tinguin en compte diversos escenaris. En el planejament territorial de l’RMB es defineixen un conjunt d’àrees d’interès agrícola. Aquestes zones d’interès no tenen una distribució uniforme en el territori, sinó que estan bàsicament relacionades amb zones de regadiu, d’horta i de planta ornamental. Ara bé, les masses d’aigua d’on aquestes zones extreuen l’aigua per al reg es troben amenaçades per la intrusió salina o per la sobreexplotació. Aquesta distribució de les zones d’interès agrícola no té en compte el canvi climàtic ni la problemàtica que pot ocasionar en els espais agrícoles periurbans. S’han estudiat dos sectors molt concrets de l’agricultura periurbana de l’RMB, que són el sector del vi a la DO Alella i el sector de la planta ornamental. Els dos sectors es beneficien dels avantatges d’estar situats en un espai periurbà. El món del vi aprofita la demanda de nous productes, així com la necessitat de rebre experiències culturals i d’oci en el món del vi. En canvi, el sector de la planta ornamental s’aprofita de les infraestructures que creen les ciutats, per al seu procés productiu i, de l’altra, vendre la seva producció.

Protection of the appellation of origin under Czech law and international treaties This thesis deals with the topic of appellation of origin. Appellation of origin is governed by Czech law, European Union law and by international multilateral and bilateral treaties. Appellation of origin is an exceptional measure because it provides an indefinite number of users meeting prescribed conditions with protection. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with history and with theoretical introduction into the topic of appellations of origin. Following three chapters describe the protection in the Czech Republic, European Union and on the international level. There are examples of concrete appellations of origin at the end of each of these three chapters. The examples are used in order to better demonstrate different ways of possible use of the appellations of origin. The work uses legal enactments as well as administrative and court decisions. Specialized publications and opinions of some of the users are used as well. The core of legal regulations governing appellations of origin in many countries is formed by multilateral international treaties. This applies also in case of the Czech Republic and the European Union. Application for registration of an appellation of origin may be filled...

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências Agrárias, especialidade de Tecnologia Alimentar, 02 de maio de 2018, Universidade dos Açores.
A caracterização de queijos tradicionais, em especial os de denominação de origem protegida, é extremamente importante, não só para a obtenção do produto final desejável, mas também de um ponto de vista económico e até ecológico. Estes queijos fabricados com leite cru são uma fonte crucial de bactérias do ácido láctico (BAL) geneticamente diversificada, que podem apresentar características promotoras de saúde e tecnológicas relevantes. Desta forma, 114 BAL isoladas de um queijo tradicional Açoriano (queijo do Pico) foram avaliadas pelo seu potencial em produzir compostos bioativos que podem ser benéficos para a saúde e para a segurança do produto final. As características tecnológicas destes isolados foram igualmente estudadas, tendo em mente o desenvolvimento de produtos funcionais com aplicações industriais. Os isolados de BAL foram primeiramente analisados pela sua capacidade de produzir substâncias antimicrobianas, bacteriocinas, contra várias bactérias patogénicas. […]. Em conclusão, o presente trabalho demonstrou o potencial de algumas estirpes de BAL isoladas do queijo do Pico, em produzir compostos bioactivos com relevância para serem utilizados no desenvolvimento de produtos alimentares funcionais.
ABSTRACT: Characterization of traditional cheeses, namely those with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, is of extremely importance, not only for maintaining the quality of the end product, but also for economic and even ecologic reasons. These raw milk cheeses are considered a crucial source of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), genetically diversified, that can offer particular, health promoting and technological features. So, 114 LAB isolated from a traditional Azorean cheese (Pico cheese), were studied for their potential to produce bioactive compounds that can display safety and health benefits. Technological features were also evaluated, having in mind the development of functional food products and further industrial applications. The LAB isolates were firstly screened for production of antimicrobial substances, bacteriocins, against a group of pathogenic bacteria. […]. Overall, the present work demonstrated the potential of several LAB strains isolated from Pico cheese to produce bioactive compounds with high potential to be use in the development of functional foods.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Czech lands were among the largest hop-growing regions in the world. Hop products became, in the interwar period, one of the crucial agricultural export goods of the Czechoslovak economy. This study aims to draw attention to the process of emergence of cartels in this particular branch of agricultural production. It traces the attempts to organize the industry by means of cartels from their very beginning in the late 19th century until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938. As a point of departure, it takes the assumption shared by many theoreticians of industrial organization who argue that the given structure of the industry to some extent pre-determines the ways how the cartels emerge and the particular forms they assume. These institutions, however, might in turn reshape the structure of the industry. The analysis indicates that the cartels in the hop industry were essentially 'children of opportunity' and their emergence was rarely correlated with an economic crisis. Even though the industry gave rise also to international collusive structures, the cartels in the hop industry were essentially unstable and weak and in most cases, the attempts to create them failed. Present study challenges the belief, widely held in the scholarship on cartels in the Czech lands,...

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋事務與資源管理研究所
95
Marine Protected Area (MPA) is one of the most cost-effective mode nowadays. Regarding the setup of MPA, previous studies mainly focused on single species or relevant laws of Turtle Island. Thus, stakeholders’ perceptions are not highlighted when marine protected area settlements are planned and eventually results in more conflicts. This study examines the feasibility of setting the Turtle Island MPA by applying the concept of public goods and co-management. In addition to this, the case studies of Penghu County Chinwan MPA and Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents MPA are examined. Semi-structured Interview (SSI) questionnaires were designed to evaluate the fishermen’s perception, with sampling from the Tal-Chen Fishermen Association, Suao Fishermen Association and related experts. We suggest Wildlife Animal Conservation Act and Fishery Act can be use for legal basis of Turtle Island MPA. Based on in-depth interview, for a core zone of MPA, we suggest the main axis that surroundings Turtle Island with shallow waters of 50 meters being set up first, then Turtle Island outside of nautical miles covered at the core. In a straight-line which as law enforcement line, the district’s cetacean conservation areas and economic areas, such as operating division of the design hereafter. The experience of Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents MPA of Canada can be applied too. The questionnaire results showed though most fishermen do not understand the intention behind the in depth meaning of MPA, they believe there is needs for negotiation between stakeholders before decision-making of any policy, since there existing transaction costs and asymmetric information about setting the MPA. Thus, the implementation of MPA in the process of gradual proposed education to inculcate the conservation concept and apply the co-management mechanism. Follow these we not only can enhance the implementation of public conservation policy at the resistance, but also help the fishermen on the upgrading of marine protected areas awareness.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the relationship between rights of designation and unfair competition law. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two chapters define rights of designation and unfair competition law in general and the following chapters concentrate on the relationship between them. The first chapter focuses initially on the place of rights of designation in the system of intellectual propert y law and afterwards it concentrates on particular rights of designation, i.e. trademark, designation of origin and geographical indication. This chapter deals with characteristic features of the rights of designation and differences between them and national, international and european legislation. The emphasis is also put on current issues, that are related to the rights of designation. Chapter two is devoted to unfair competition law. This chapter focuses on legislation of unfair competition and the concept on which unfair competition law is based (that is combination of general clause and non-exhausting list of merits). Subsequently, it defines subjects of the unfair competition and claims that a subject affected by the unfair competition can make. The third chapter, which presents crucial part of this thesis, concetrates on the relationship between rights of designation and...

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito dos Contratos e da Empresa
A presente dissertação incide sobre os direitos de propriedade industrial destinados a produtos vitivinícolas que consubstanciam o património imaterial deste sector económico: as denominações de origem (DO) e as indicações geográficas (IG), por um lado, e as marcas de vinhos, por outro. Por que se trata de uma temática com relevância em duas áreas de conhecimento jurídico – a propriedade industrial e o direito vitivinícola - importa fazer uma abordagem das DO e IG e das marcas de vinhos sob as duas perspectivas normativas, com vista à sua integração e articulação. Assim, depois de contextualizarmos as DO e IG vitivinícolas na organização institucional do sector dos vinhos e no respectivo quadro normativo e regulatório (Parte I), desenvolvemos o conceito e a natureza jurídica de DO e de IG vitivinícola, as suas funções e como são protegidas nos sistemas de propriedade industrial e de direito vitivinícola, a nível internacional, europeu e nacional (Parte II). Será então adequado analisar as marcas de vinhos no direito vitivinícola europeu e nacional enquanto indicação da rotulagem, seguindo-se um estudo das particularidades do registo das marcas destinadas a produtos vitivinícolas, bem como dos obstáculos e limitações ao registo e uso das marcas com termos vitivinícolas, como nomes de explorações vitícolas, topónimos ou sub-regiões vitícolas, menções tradicionais e nomes de castas (Parte III). Por último, abordaremos a problemática dos conflitos entre DO e IG vitivinícolas e marcas, designadamente o regime de protecção das primeiras na relação com marcas com elas conflituantes (idênticas, compostas e confundíveis) e terminaremos com uma análise muito oportuna da articulação entre a propriedade industrial e o direito vitivinícola, necessária para resolução de problemas existentes há décadas a nível europeu e nacional, no âmbito do pacote legislativo publicado pela União Europeia no final de 2015 (Parte IV).
This dissertation focuses on industrial property rights for wine products that embody the intangible heritage of this economic sector: designations of origin (DO) and geographical indications (GI), on one hand, and trademarks for wines, on the other hand. Because this is an issue of relevance in two areas of legal knowledge - the industrial property and the wine law -it is important to make an approach on DO and GI and on wine trademarks under both normative perspectives, aiming their integration and articulation. Therefore, after contextualize the wine DO and GI in the institutional organization of the wine sector and in the legal and regulatory framework (Part I), we will developed the concept and the legal nature of wine DO and GI, their functions and how they are protected in industrial property and wine law systems, at international, European and national level (Part II). It will then be appropriate to examine the wine trademarks in the European and national wine law as an indication on the label, followed by a study of the particularities of the registration of trademarks for wine products, as well as the obstacles and limitations on registration and use of trademarks with wine terms, as names of wine estates, place names or winegrowing subregions, traditional terms and names of wine grape varieties (Part III). Finally, we will address the problem of conflicts between wine DO and GI and trademarks, namely the protection regime of the first in relation to conflicting trademarks. We conclude with a very timely analysis of the articulation between industrial property and wine law, required to solve problems for decades at European and national level, within the legislative package published by the European Union at the end of 2015 (Part IV).

Orientação: Maria Teresa Ribeiro Candeias
Sendo o vinho um produto caraterizado por vários atributos, intrínsecos e extrínsecos, a região de origem está na mente do consumidor aquando da sua decisão de compra do produto. Cada vez mais se acredita que a utilização das denominações de origem como marcas se transformou numa nova estratégia de marketing, que é uma mais-valia para o setor agroalimentar. Assim sendo, a presente dissertação tem como principal objetivo analisar a perceção do consumidor sobre a influência da denominação de origem, no seu comportamento enquanto consumidor, relativamente às regiões do Douro, Dão e Alentejo. Para a realização desta investigação recorremos a uma metodologia de abordagem quantitativa, com recurso a um inquérito por questionário, com um forte quadro de teor exploratório. Os resultados do estudo sugerem-nos a concluir que a origem geográfica do vinho é um fator que afeta a decisão do consumidor. Ainda de referir que os atributos sabor, qualidade, preço, são, por esta ordem os atributos mais valorizados.
With the wine being caracterized by various attributes, both intrinsic and extrinsic, the region of origin is always in the consumer’s mind during the act of purchasing the product. It’s believed more and more that the usage of the designation of origin has been transformed into a new marketing strategy, which is a great asset for the agribusiness. With that said, this dissertation has been made with the primary objective of analyzing the consumer’s perception about the influence of the designation of origin, their behavior as consumers, on the regions of Douro, Dão and Alentejo. In order to make this investigation, we resorted to a quantitative approach methodology, with a survey by questionnaire, with a strong exploratory framework. We can conclude from the results of this study, that the geographic origin of the wine does have an effect on the consumer’s choice. It is also noteworthy the fact that taste, quality and price are, by that order, the traits that consumers look into the most at the time of purchase.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar.
Os Açores em termos de produtos tradicionais possuem uma diversidade de produtos que constituem um legado que emergiu do "saber fazer" dos povos de cada uma das ilhas do arquipélago, ligados às especificidades e características de cada uma das ilhas de proveniência detêm características qualitativas singulares que lhes conferem uma identidade única e genuína. Assim, o principal objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de contribuir para a valorização dos Produtos Tradicionais Açorianos, para o qual recorreu-se a duas vias de valorização e proteção, o Sistema Regional de Certificação de Produtos Tradicionais para obtenção da Marca Coletiva de Origem e o Sistema Europeu de Valorização e Proteção de Produtos Tradicionais como Indicação Geográfica Protegida (IGP). Foi adotada uma metodologia descritiva, no formato de caso de estudo, que teve como objeto de estudo o Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria. Uma das questões essenciais que se coloca aos produtos tradicionais é a sua adaptação às exigências do mercado atual, sem contudo descaraterizar as suas especificidades identitárias, o que exige a articulação entre o conhecimento científico e o saber fazer tradicional. Assim, no presente trabalho procedeu-se à caracterização do local de produção à caracterização do sector de atividade, dos produtores, das matérias-primas utilizadas e do respetivo modo de produção. Como nos Açores os produtos tradicionais são uma realidade pouco estudada do ponto de vista científico, foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais ao Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria, assim como avaliada a sua qualidade microbiológica. Outra componente fundamental à realização deste estudo foi a avaliação dos aspetos de natureza jurídica, que nos permitiu demonstrar a possibilidade do cumprimento dos requisitos legais inerentes ao processo de certificação e elaboração do caderno de especificações. [...].
ABSTRACT: In terms of traditional products the Azores have a variety of products that are a legacy that emerged from the "know-how" of the people of each of the islands of the archipelago, linked to the specificities and characteristics of each one of the islands of origin possess unique quality characteristics that impart a unique identity and genuine identity. Thus, the main goal of this study was to contribute to the valorization of Traditional Azorean Products, for such, we appealed to two-way valorization and protection, the Regional System of Traditional Product Certification to obtain the Collective Brand of Origin and the European System of Valorization and Protection of Traditional Products as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). It was adopted a descriptive methodology, in the form of case study, which had as object of study the "Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria". One of the key issues facing the traditional products is its adaptation to current market demands, without however mischaracterize its specificities of identity, which requires the articulation between scientific knowledge and traditional know-how. Thus, in the present study we proceeded to characterization of the place of production, the activity sector, the producers, the raw materials used and of the respective mode of production. As in Azores traditional products are an understudied reality from the scientific point of view, were performed physical, chemical and sensory analyzes to the "Biscoito de Orelha de Santa Maria", as well as evaluated its microbiological quality. Another key component to the achievement of this study was the assessment of the aspects of legal nature, which allowed us to demonstrate the possibility of the fulfillment of the legal requirements inherent to the certification process and elaboration of the product specification notebook. [...].