Literatura académica sobre el tema "Prospect Plantation Chestnuts"

The ecological mechanisms of one of the most dynamic biological invasions such as a colonization of artificial plantations of horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum L. by the ohrid miner, or chestnut miner Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) have been analyzed. The materials of publications on the bioecological features of C. ohridella in the conditions of native and invasive areas are summarized. The survey results of phytophage invasive foci in plantations of Moscow are presented. Particular attention is paid to the change in population characteristics (density, level of damage by entomophages) in connection with the biotopic conditions of horse chestnut plantations and meteorological features of the growing season. Measures to reduce the harm by C. ohridella by means of a biological control are considered. The information on the influence of various biotic factors on the phytophage is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to parasitoids as a means of the classical biological method. A suitable agent among parasitoids from natural foci of the miner has not yet been identified, and the level of local parasitism in European invasive foci is low. The perspective method of enhancing local parasitism through the accumulation and controlled release of parasitoids from leaf litter is substantiated. This technique makes it possible to synchronize the appearance of parasitoids with the phenology of the pest. This technology has already been tested by European researchers. Prospects are substantiated, the technology of seasonal colonization of parasits, which can be massively bred in biological laboratories such as parasitoids of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae) and chrysopids (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) is presented. Inside the invasive foci of C. ohridella, the effectiveness of seasonal colonization is proposed to be enhanced by using synthetic analogs of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) that attract entomophages.

The main tasks of the ecological potential are to unite the disparate existing elements of plantings and supplement them with new ones. The assimilation of unique plant ecosystems is possible with an integrated approach. The Volgograd region belongs to the dry-steppe zone, the climate is sharply continental, for which the characteristic features are a decrease in natural moisture supply, excess heat, an active wind regime throughout the year and frequent dry winds. The ecological potential of the south of Russia, in particular the Volgograd region, according to the climate Biological efficiency Index (TC) proposed by N.N. Ivanov, is at a low level (TC = 8–12) with unfavorable natural living conditions of the population with a significant lack of moisture, which raises the question of creating multifunctional plantings as a research scientific basis for rational regional environmental policy in optimizing the process of settlement and social sphere, consistent organization of work and recreation, protection of citizensʼ health. Dendrological expositions growing on cadastral plots of the Federal Research Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have a high ecological potential in urbanized territories.The purpose of the study is to evaluate the prospects of a model exposure of drought–resistant species in artificial plantings.A general analysis of the decorativeness of G Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis, Rosa canina, Ribes aureum, Ligustrum vulgare, Juniperus sabina was carried out, the variability of the total assessment of decorativeness between species (34.2–36.6) and the total score (177) were established. All the studied species have good drought resistance, which helps the woody plant to use water and nutrients most efficiently in arid regions on chestnut soils with low moisture supply.

The Volgograd region is considered as a southern subject of Russia, with the potential for the active development of horticulture. The ameliorative role of garden protection plantings of openwork design and the experience of introduction work on the selection of adapted woody plants for a given type of plantings are shown. The limiting climatic conditions that determine the effectiveness of the creation and functioning of gardens of various types are identified. The goal is to identify the prospects of introduced species of the genus Gleditsia L. as an assortment for garden protection plantings in the south of Russia. An integrated approach was applied to assess the effectiveness of the introduction of four species and one form of the genus Gleditsia L. under conditions of chestnut soils (collections, forest plantations in the cadastral plots of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its branch, Volgograd Region). The natural ranges of Gleditsia L. species were identified with the allocation of USDA frost resistance zones: G. aquatica (VIb - IXb, minimum temperatures from -19 °С to -2.5 °С) and G. texana (VIIb - IXb; from -14 °С to -2,5 °С), G. triacanthos (Vа – IX zones, with temperatures from -28 °С to -5 °С). Ecological and physiological assessment showed drought resistance in conditions of moisture deficiency and high temperatures. The water content of the leaf changed slightly (about 5 %): G. caspica – 67,8 % - 62,3%, G. triacanthos – 67,2 % - 62,0 %, G. texana – 64,5 % - 60,9 %, G. japonica – 61,5 % - 57,9 %. The inventory of the forest belt with the participation of G. triacanthos revealed the differentiation of trees according to the degree of their winter hardiness: the group with winter hardiness of 3 points – 38 % of the total number of registered specimens (280); 2 points – 41 %, 1 point – 21 %. Taxation indicators and high safety (93%) of G. triacanthos plants were obtained under conditions of chestnut soils of medium and light loamy granulometric composition, which are of practical importance for calculating the reclamation effect of plantations. The results of the arealogical analysis, ecological and physiological assessment, and the study of taxation indicators made it possible to isolate the introduced species of North American origin from the Gleditsia L. polymorphic generic complex: Gleditsia texana, G. caspica, and G. triacanthos to create effective blown few-row strips.

The aim of the study is to study the features of the growth processes of woody plants in an arid region to determine the prospects of their use in protective afforestation of sparsely wooded regions. The objects of research are trees and shrubs of bioresource collections of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The structure of dendrological collections was revealed according to the growth forms of woody plants (6 groups: 1 - trees; 2 - medium shrubs, 3 - tall, 4 - tall shrubs with thorns, 5 - medium ones with thorns, 6 - low). It has been established that active growth processes take place in a favorable spring season (April) with moisture in the soil (up to 15 ... 17% to absolutely dry mass) and average daily air temperatures - + 15.1 ... 17,6 ºC. The groups of woody plants were distinguished according to the duration and intensity of growth processes: I - with short and intense monocyclic shoot growth (25 ... 37 days; Quercus, Acer, Tilia, Crataegus, Sorbus, Fraxinus, Amygdalus nana) and II - with a long period (40 ... 63 days; Betula, Gleditsia, Robinia, Juglans, Catalpa, Sumbucus, Cotoneaster). The ranking of shrubs by 4 classes of growth was carried out using the example of the Rosaceae family. With sufficient moisture in a dry steppe, growth processes occur intensively at the age of up to 10 ... 15 years. The average longevity of tree species in artificial plantations of the region is 40 ... 50 years, in chestnut soils, and its subtypes - 30 ... 40, with additional moisture increases to 60 ... 70 years (Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris, Acer platanoides)

Ограничивающими факторами функционирования лесомелиоративных насаждений в Нижнем Поволжье являются дефицит влаги в период вегетации, высокие и низкие температуры, также лимитируют ареал устойчивой культуры растений. Поиск новых древесных видов для лесомелиоративных насаждений Нижнего Поволжья остается весьма актуальным, особенно по отношению к засушливым условиям (42C, минимальная влажность воздуха в пределах 1625, снижение влаги в 2 м слое почвы до 150 мм). Из семейства каркасовых (Celtidaceae Link) представляет интерес родовой комплекс каркас (Celtis L.). Цель исследований выявление засухоустойчивых видов рода Celtis L. по комплексу экологофизиологических параметров для применения в лесомелиоративных насаждениях в Нижнем Поволжье. Объектами исследований являлись 7 видов родового комплекса Celtis L. (C. bungeana Blume., C. occidentalis L., C. caucasica Willd., C. pumila Pursh, C. reticulata Torr., C. crassifolia Lam., C. australis L.), различного географического происхождения, которые произрастают в коллекциях ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН (Волгоград, Камышин). Выявлено, что низкий водный дефицит (до 20 ) наблюдается у видов Celtis L. (C. occidentalis L., C. reticulata Torr., C. crassifolia Lam., C. australis L. и C. bungeana Blume.). Изученные виды Celtis L. разделены на первую (относительный выход электролитов 1,411,69) и вторую (2,082,41) группы по степени засухоустойчивости. У видов Celtis L. с возрастом происходит адаптация на морфофизиологическом уровне, которая способствует расширению пределов толерантности видов к неблагоприятным условиям среды. Для лесомелиоративных насаждений на лесопригодных почвах региона (все подтипы каштановых почв) рекомендуются Celtis occidentalis, C. crassifolia, C. reticulata, C. australis, C. bungeana (засухоустойчивые виды первой группы). Наши исследования по засухоустойчивости видов рода Celtis L. указывают на перспективность при подборе растений для лесомелиоративных насаждений использование следующих критериев по экспериментам: оводненность, водоудерживающая способность, водный дефицит, относительный выход электролитов. The limiting factors of the functioning of forest melioration plantations in the Lower Volga region are moisture deficiency during the growing season, high and low temperatures, and also limit the area of sustainable plant culture. The search for new tree species for forest melioration plantations in the Lower Volga region remains highly relevant, especially in relation to dry conditions ( 42 C, minimum air humidity within 1625, reduction of moisture in 2 mm soil layer to 150 mm). From the family of skeletons (Celtidaceae Link), the generic complex skeleton (Celtis L.) is of interest. The purpose of the research is to identify droughtresistant species of the genus Celtis L. using a set of ecological and physiological parameters for use in forest melioration plantings in the Lower Volga region. The objects of research were 7 species of the clan complex Celtis L. (C. bungeana Blume., C. occidentalis L., C. caucasica Willd., C. pumila Pursh, C. reticulata Torr., C. crassifolia Lam., C. australis L .), of various geographical origin, which grow in the collections of the Federal Science Center of Agroecology RAS (Volgograd, Kamyshin). It was revealed that a low water deficit (up to 20) is observed in the species Celtis L. (C. occidentalis L., C. reticulata Torr., C. crassifolia Lam., C. australis L. and C. bungeana Blume.). The studied species of Celtis L. were divided into the first (relative yield of electrolytes 1.411.69) and the second (2.082.41) groups according to the degree of drought tolerance. In Celtis L. species, they adapt with age at the morphophysiological level, which contributes to the expansion of the tolerance limits of the species to unfavorable environmental conditions. For forest reclamation plantations on forest soils of the region (all subtypes of chestnut soils) are recommended Celtis occidentalis, C. crassifolia, C. reticulata, C. australis, C. bungeana (droughtresistant species of the first group). Our studies on the drought tolerance of species of the genus Celtis L. indicate the prospects for selecting plants for forest melioration plantings using the following experimental criteria: water content, water holding capacity, water deficit, relative electrolyte yield.

Robinia (R. pseudoacacia) is distinguished by a high level of ecological plasticity and is able to grow in different agroforestry areas under conditions of chestnut soils in southern Russia. The research was carried out in cluster collection sites of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Lower Volga Station) and on the basis of the Volgograd Forestry State Educational Institution according to generally accepted methods in 2022. The purpose of the research was to analyze the technological features of the dynamics of growth and development of seedlings of R. pseudoacacia, to conduct a bioinformatic analysis of the gene sequence and to assess the prospects of their use for the production of planting material. Physiological indicators for assessing the Robinia generic complex stability have been identified. The economically valuable signs identified were morphological characteristics to the method of the Federal Scientific Center of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, features of nitrogen fixation and the pigment complex. All the studied seedlings of R. pseudoacacia were at a sufficient level of nitrogen nutrition. On the territory of the Lower Volga station, plants formed a larger growth and biomass with the largest number of nodules than Robinia seedlings on the territory of the Volgograd Forestry State Budgetary Institution. However, the mass of nodules on the roots decreased with an increase in the humus content of the experimental site in Kamyshin (0.93%), which was explained by favourable weather conditions for the development of this plant during the growing season of seedlings and a sufficient amount of nutrients for the formation of these nodules – nitrogen and its compounds. This plantation planting material Robinia pseudoacacia (L.) had the property of adapting to the type of soil, thereby being a potential breed for growing in protective plantings and landscaping plantings of various functional purposes on chestnut soils of Russian Federation.

Cultivation of medicinal and essential oil crops is currently one of the promising directions for the development of small and medium-sized agribusiness not only in Ukraine, but also in EU countries. More than a third of manufactured medicinal products use plant products as raw materials, which is why the demand for them both on the domestic and global markets is constantly growing, which in turn makes this business more attractive compared to traditional agricultural production. Cultures embodying almost all aspects of the use of essential oil and medicinal plants are representatives of the genus Lavandula L. – L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. hybrida Rev., as evidenced by the dynamics of the world market of lavender essential oil, which every year at different sources has a steady positive movement (5.4-6.3%), which currently amounts to about 109.4 million dollars with the prospect of reaching 200 million dollars by 2030. For the conditions of southern Ukraine, a promising plant from the genus Lavandula L. is lavandin – an interspecies hybrid obtained as a result of artificial crossing of narrow-leaved lavender and broad-leaved lavender. However, there are no detailed recommendations regarding the agricultural techniques of its cultivation in production plantations. The available information in scientific and popular science sources is also general and incomplete and mainly concerns lavender. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of irrigation methods and fertilization systems on the productivity of flower raw materials of lavandin productivity, ’the Iniy’ lavandin variety in particular, and to determine the economic efficiency of their cultivation in the conditions of southern Ukraine. The research was being carried out in 2021-2023 on dark-chestnut weakly on saline medium-sugling soils of a private enterprise “Krynytsia”, located in the village Ingulets, Kherson Raion, Kherson Oblast. The scheme of the experiment included three methods of irrigation (factor A) – surface droplet, subsoil droplet, sprinkler and control without irrigation, and three fertilization systems (factor B) – mineral – I, mineral – II, organic. Analysis of the effectiveness of different irrigation methods shows that during the experiment the sprinkler irrigation method was the most effective in terms of flower mass formation with an average yield of 9.66 t/ha, ranging from 9.35 to 9.83 t/ha depending on the fertilization systems. The yield of essential oil depends more significantly on plant fertilization systems. This indicator was the highest for the use of an organic fertilization system, in which the yield of essential oil was on average 139.7 l/ha, varying from 128.0 to 147.4 l/ha depending on irrigation methods. The maximum profit from 1 hectare was obtained for the organic fertilization system in the version without irrigation – 158.0 thousand UAH and for the sprinkler method of irrigation – 160.4 thousand UAH with a profitability ratio 218.6; 166.1%, respectively.