Tesis: "Processing Impairment"

1

Hayiou-Thomas, Marianna. "Perceptual and cognitive processing limitations in specific language impairment". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a3c8903-a93a-4473-9fc5-fe1ef87656c9.

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The experiments presented in this thesis explored the possibility that an underlying cause of specific language impairment (SLI) may be a deficit in perceptual or cognitive information processing. The first three studies tested the hypothesis that children with SLI have impaired perception of the dynamic elements of visual and auditory stimuli, as proposed in the magnocellular hypothesis for developmental dyslexia. The experimental predictions were that a) children with SLI would have poor sensitivity to coherent motion (but not coherent form) stimuli relative to chronological-age matched controls; b) children with SLI would have poorer sensitivity than controls to slow (but not fast) rates of frequency modulation in a tone; c) sensitivity to slow rates of frequency modulation (FM) would correlate with children's performance on a set of tests of phonological skill. Overall, these predictions were not corroborated by the results, and the conclusion drawn from this set of studies is that a magnocellular impairment of the type reported in dyslexia is unlikely to be a causal factor in SLI. The second three studies used a grammaticality judgement task to focus on inflectional morphology, an area of language which poses particularly marked difficulty for many children with SLI. The findings from Study 4 suggested that children's performance on the grammaticality judgement task overall was strongly related to phonological discrimination ability, but was unaffected by the specific inflectional allomorph tested. The final two studies manipulated the information processing load of the grammaticality judgement task, in Study 5 to simulate (successfully) SLI-like performance in a group of typically developing children, and in Study 6 to attempt (unsuccessfully) to improve performance in a group of children with SLI. These results are compatible with the idea that the profile of language difficulties experienced by many children with SLI is due to a processing deficit in the early stages of language acquisition which interrupts the establishment of robust linguistic representations. The nature of this processing deficit is as yet unclear, though the current findings do not support the suggestion of a central auditory impairment. It is possible that a number of distinct deficits, such as poor phonological memory or reduced speed of processing, may produce a broadly similar linguistic profile in different individuals.

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2

Chen, Wei. "Signal processing for optical performance monitoring and impairment mitigation". Connect to thesis, 2006. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/1713.

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Optical performance monitoring is essential for managing optical networks. One important quantity to monitor is the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). And in high bit rate fiber optical systems operating at 10 Gb/s or beyond, compensating optical impairments becomes important. In this thesis, we investigate OSNR monitoring using beat noise and present two new OSNR monitoring techniques. We propose an OSNR monitoring technique using uncorrelated beat noise and show by experiment for a 10 Gb/s system that in the OSNR range from 10 dB to 30 dB, the proposed OSNR monitoring scheme has a measurement error of less than 0.5 dB. Then, we propose and experimentally demonstrate for the first time an OSNR monitoring technique using beat noise for optical packet switched networks which performs monitoring on a packet basis. The response time of the OSNR monitor can be around 10 ns and the OSNR measurement error is found to be less than 0.6 dB for OSNR from 10 dB to 30 dB. We also explore chromatic dispersion and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) mitigation using Viterbi equalization in 10 Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (NRZ-DPSK) and differential quadrature phase-shift keying (NRZ-DQPSK) systems. We show through simulations that using Viterbi equalizers improves the performance of NRZ-OOK, NRZ-DPSK and NRZ-DQPSK receivers. For NRZ-DQPSK receiver with a Viterbi equalizer, the chromatic dispersion tolerance is about 5048 ps/nm and the PMD tolerance is about 160 ps at 3 dB OSNR penalty.

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3

Claessen, Mary Elizabeth. "Phonological processing skills in children with specific language impairment". Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/123.

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There is much debate in the literature about the cause, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of specific language impairment (SLI). Research has been hampered by the heterogeneity evident within the diagnostic group as well as a paucity of tasks to measure specific skills and thus increase our understanding of the underlying deficit. One prominent theory is that children with SLI have an underlying deficit with phonological processing skills although the role of phonology in the establishment of accurate, well specified phonological representations is still unclear.This program of research aimed to add to the body of evidence by addressing these key methodological issues and exploring the phonological processing skills of children with SLI. In the initial phase of the research, two silent measures of phonological representations were designed and developed to fill a recognised gap. The Quality of Phonological Representations task aims to explore the accuracy of a child’s stored phonological representation of a multisyllabic word. The Silent Deletion of Phonemes task aims to explore how well specified a stored phonological representation is, and requires a child to perform a silent deletion task on a stored phonological representation.The Quality of Phonological Representations and Silent Deletion Of Phonemes were then used as part of a comprehensive battery of phonological processing measures to explore the phonological processing skills of a well-defined group of children with SLI (n=21), typically developing children matched for age (n=21) and typically developing children matched for receptive language skills (n=21). The task battery also included measures of phonological awareness, short-term and working memory and rapid automatised naming.Children with SLI had generally weaker phonological processing skills than typically developing children matched for age. The profile was more varied when compared to typically developing children matched for language. Despite employing tight selection criteria, there was a wider spread of scores for children with SLI than for typically developing peers. The children with SLI demonstrated weaker performance on both short-term and working memory tasks, as well as a measure of quality of phonological representations.Overall, the children with SLI demonstrated an interesting pattern of phonological processing skills, with particular difficulty observed in phonological and working memory. Children with SLI also evidenced lower quality stored phonological representations of multisyllabic words. Performance on measures of phonological awareness was strong indicating that such skills can be taught, but that improvement in this area does not necessarily improve the quality of the underlying phonological representation.The research provided some support for a specific processing account of SLI. It also highlighted the importance of phonological and working memory in the development of accurate phonological representations.

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4

Knowles, Emma E. M. "Processing Speed Impairment in Schizophrenia: The Cognitive and Genetic Underpinnings". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.736783.

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5

Freedman, Carmen Mercedes. "The association between short-term memory impairment and language processing". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309366.

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6

Moffat, Robert. "Are temporal processing deficits a central feature of language impairment?" Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410208.

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7

Hoffman, LaVae Marie. "Visual information processing in children with and without language impairment /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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8

Tuomainen, O. T. "Auditory and speech processing in specific language impairment (SLI) and dyslexia". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19058/.

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This thesis investigates auditory and speech processing in Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and dyslexia. One influential theory of SLI and dyslexia postulates that both SLI and dyslexia stem from similar underlying sensory deficit that impacts speech perception and phonological development leading to oral language and literacy deficits. Previous studies, however, have shown that these underlying sensory deficits exist in only a subgroup of language impaired individuals, and the exact nature of these deficits is still largely unknown. The present thesis investigates three aspects of auditory-phonetic interface: 1) The weighting of acoustic cues to phonetic voicing contrast 2) the preattentive and attentive discrimination of speech and non-linguistic stimuli and 3) the formation of auditory memory traces for speech and non-linguistic stimuli in young adults with SLI and dyslexia. This thesis focuses on looking at both individial and group-level data of auditory and speech processing and their relationship with higher-level language measures. The groups of people with SLI and dyslexia who participated were aged between 14 and 25 and their performance was compared to a group of controls matched on chronological age, IQ, gender and handedness. Investigations revealed a complex pattern of behaviour. The results showed that individuals with SLI or dyslexia are not poor at discriminating sounds (whether speech or non-speech). However, in all experiments, there was more variation and more outliers in the SLI group indicating that auditory deficits may occur in a small subgroup of the SLI population. Moreover, investigations of the exact nature of the input-processing deficit revealed that some individuals with SLI have less categorical representations for speech sounds and that they weight the acoustic cues to phonemic identity differently from controls and dyslexics.

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9

Robson, Holly. "Investigating the comprehension impairment in Wernicke's aphasia". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-comprehension-impairment-in-wernickesaphasia(ed866bcc-714f-496a-bf1b-1f5681850bb1).html.

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Wernicke’s aphasia (WA), an acquired impairment of language comprehension and word repetition, results from a cerebrovascular accident to the left temporoparietal junction. The disorder has been important to the development of neurobiological models of language, however neuropsychological investigations into the nature of the comprehension impairment have been limited. This thesis presents a series of four experiments, investigating the comprehension impairment in WA. Chapter 3, a behavioural neuropsychological study, investigates existing hypotheses of the comprehension impairment in WA: a phonological breakdown, a semantic breakdown, a dual phonological-semantic breakdown. A case series comparison methodology is utilised. Participants with WA are compared to participants from two other clinical, comprehension impaired groups: semantic dementia and semantic aphasia. Semantic dementia and semantic aphasia provide neuropsychological models of semantic breakdown, affecting semantic representations and semantic control respectively. Individuals with WA showed disrupted non-verbal semantic analysis of a similar magnitude to that in semantic dementia and semantic aphasia and of a qualitatively similar nature to that in semantic aphasia. A significantly greater impairment on assessments which required acoustic-phonological analysis was found for individuals with WA compared to semantic aphasia. Overall a dual breakdown in acoustic-phonological and semantic control best accounted for the comprehension impairment in WA. In Chapter 4, direct evidence was sought for a link between acoustic-phonological non-word analysis and auditory comprehension in WA. A novel test of non-word discrimination was created which was perceptually graded so as to provide a sensitive measure in severely impaired participants. Individuals with WA were significantly impaired at non-word discrimination compared to age and hearing matched control participants who performed at ceiling. The degree of non-word discrimination/acoustic-phonological analysis impairment correlated with auditory comprehension in WA. Chapter 5 investigated the extent to which the established acoustic-phonological impairment in WA was grounded in a more fundamental deficit in non-verbal auditory analysis. The capacity to detect structural changes in non-verbal auditory stimuli was measured. Participants with WA had an impaired capacity to detect differences in all but the most structurally simple auditory stimuli, compared to control participants. The degree of this impairment correlated with the degree of auditory comprehension impairment in the WA group. Chapter 6 revisits the semantic impairment observed in WA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the residual neural networks recruited by individuals with WA, when performing a semantic animate-inanimate judgment task. Large portions of the inferior and anterior temporal lobes bilaterally were activated, regions remote from the lesion in WA. Age matched control participants recruited similar regions; however the activation in WA participants was significantly stronger. This indicated greater reliance on the residual semantic network in WA in response to damage to posterior temporoparietal semantic regions. The results from this series of studies indicated that the primary deficit in WA is one of impaired acoustic analysis and co-morbid damage to a phonological system. Additional disruption occurs to the semantic control network, which regulates the task directed use of semantic representations. A combination of all three factors accounts for the comprehension impairment in WA and it is the relative contributions of each factor that accounts for behavioural variation between individuals.

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10

Easdon, Craig Millar. "Impairment of response inhibition and flexibility, effects of alcohol and information processing". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/NQ32828.pdf.

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11

Sambin, Sara. "The Nature of Sentence Processing Impairment in Huntington’s Disease at Early Stage". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0100.

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Pas de résumé français
In this thesis, we investigated troubles of sentence processing in Huntington’s disease (HD) at earlystage, which represents a model of damage mainly confined to the striatum. The role of striatalstructures in sentence processing is agreed upon, but its nature is still controversial. Most studieshave reported a role of the striatum for complex sentences or more controlled processes withinsentence processing, but the interpretation of this pattern differs according to two main views.Some authors have proposed that striatal structures have a linguistic function restricted to somesub-processes of sentence processing, while others claim that the deficits detected depend on themodulation that executive function exerts on language and sentence processing. Here, we aimed atfilling the gap between these approaches by using a psycholinguistic perspective to investigate onthe one hand the role of executive functions, in particular, working memory, in sentenceprocessing, and on the other hand the nature of the linguistic discrepancies reported in associationto striatal lesions. We thus built experimental paradigms that allow dissociating fine-grainedlinguistic variations in healthy subjects, and transferred them to HD patients. The profile ofimpairment detected in our experiments showed that working memory and other sources ofcomplexity can interfere with sentence processing by decreasing accuracy, but an impairment ofspecific syntactic processes occurs when working memory is controlled for. The pattern of the finegrainedsyntactic impairment detected is consistent with a dissociation between more frequent/lesscontrolled (default) and less frequent/more controlled (non-default) procedures in sentenceprocessing. Additionally, we detected that this deficit occurs despite the fact that HD patients arestill able to process syntactic information, suggesting that striatal structures spare syntacticrepresentations while they are involved in correctly applying syntactic procedures in non-defaultcontexts. We propose that this pattern is explained by a role of striatal structures in selectingbetween competing alternatives during sentence processing, which results in an inability to adapt tothe sentence context for non-default procedures. This parallels the role of striatal structures for selecting between competing alternatives in order to adapt to the changing environment, as reportedin motor control and in other domains of cognition. Although the domain specificity of striatalinvolvement in language cannot be demonstrated, it is highly compatible with the results obtainedin this thesis. Hence, linguistic functions might be modulated by distinct cortico-striatal circuits: onthe one hand by selecting linguistic representations as a function of the context, and on the otherhand, by modulating performance in language through executive functions. The frameworkemerging from this work thus helps conciliating apparently incongruent findings reported in theliterature. Yet, future research should better characterize anatomo-functional correlates of thisproposal

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12

Atchley, Rachel M. "Mindfulness Meditation Reduces Stress-Related Inhibitory Gating Impairment". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1401920790.

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13

Biernacki, Kathryn. "Decision-making impairment in long term opiate users". Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2018. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/e4b9c30165f2cf9f9a1db10ee8ac755bd1846259b7095aea2ff7a120a8f592b1/3421417/BIERNACKI_2018_THESIS.pdf.

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The overall aim of this PhD thesis was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of decision-making impairment in long term opiate users, using three studies. The first study aimed to determine the extent of the decision-making impairment and to establish whether other co-morbid factors impacted on the severity of this deficit. Using meta-analysis, the results indicated that opiate use is associated with relatively severe decision-making impairment, and that co-morbid factors, such as head injury and poly-substance dependence did not significantly change the magnitude of the impairment. Furthermore, the decision-making impairment in opiate users was not mitigated by abstinence, and the duration of opiate use and the duration of abstinence did not have a significant impact on size of the impairment. The second study analysed whether the somatic marker hypothesis, an emotion-based model of decision-making, could provide an explanation for the decision-making impairment in opiate users. This empirical study found that, although decision-making was impaired in a group of long term opiate users relative to a group of healthy controls, this impairment was not due to reduced emotional responsiveness, nor an inability to form anticipatory warning signals (i.e., somatic markers), as measured by the skin conductance response. Notably, stronger somatic responses when contemplating making disadvantageous choices were associated with worse decision-making in opiate users, which does not support the predictions of the somatic marker model of decision-making. Finally, the third study analysed decision-making under conditions of risk, to determine whether the impairment in opiate users was restricted to certain types of decision-making. This empirical study found that opiate users, although impaired in decision-making under conditions of ambiguity, were not impaired on decision making tasks involving calculable risk, relative to healthy controls. This study also demonstrated that opiate users’ decisions were not driven by an increased responsiveness to reward. Together, the results of this thesis suggest that opiate users are particularly impaired in situations of decision-making under ambiguity, but not risk, and this is not due to impairment in emotional processing. This has implications for the treatment of opiate users, who may need additional training to appropriately utilise physiological signals to make adaptive decisions. The results of this thesis may therefore be used to inform treatment practice to better support opiate users during ambiguous decision-making situations in daily life.

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14

King, Andrew Jonathan. "Spatial hearing and temporal processing in old and hearing-impaired individuals". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/spatial-hearing-and-temporal-processing-in-old-and-hearingimpaired-individuals(156ec05b-e6e8-466d-9025-d2d176f435d4).html.

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Small timing differences occur when sounds reach one ear before the other, creating interaural phase differences (IPDs). The phase-locked activity in the auditory nerve can, at low frequencies, preserve IPDs. IPDs are used for localising and separating sounds from different directions. Chapters 3, 5, and 6 report three studies of the independent effects of age and sensorineural hearing loss on the temporal processing of sound that aids spatial hearing. Chapters 2 and 4 describe two supporting methodological studies. Chapter 2 compared the duration of training required for stable IPD-discrimination thresholds for two stimulus presentation procedures. The procedure requiring the least training was adopted for subsequent studies. Age and hearing loss are related and both may affect sensitivity to IPDs. Chapter 3 demonstrated that hearing loss, regardless of listener age, is related to poorer sensitivity to IPDs in the temporal fine structure (TFS), but not in the temporal envelope. Chapter 3 also showed that age, independent of hearing loss, is related to poorer envelope-IPD sensitivity at low modulation rates, and somewhat poorer TFS-IPD sensitivity. In Chapter 5, listener age and IPD sensitivity were both compared to subcortical neural phase locking measured through the frequency-following response (FFR). Phase coherence in the envelope-FFR at 145 Hz modulation and in the TFS-FFR deteriorated with age, suggesting less precise phase locking in old age. However, age-related changes to IPD sensitivity were not strongly related to age-related changes in FFR phase coherence. IPD sensitivity declines may be predominantly caused by deterioration of binaural processing independent of subcortical phase locking. Chapter 4 showed that electrodes at the mastoids recorded TFS-FFR generated earlier in the auditory pathway than electrodes from the nape of the neck to forehead, which recorded FFR generated later in the brainstem. However, these electrode montages did not reveal different age- or hearing-loss-related FFR deficits in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 determined whether hearing loss affected the ability to use TFS IPDs to achieve better speech perception. On average, old hearing-impaired listeners gained a small, but significant, benefit from a lateral separation of the speech sources. Replacing the TFS with binaurally in-phase sine waves (removing the TFS IPDs) significantly reduced the benefit of lateral separation. How much a listener benefitted from intact TFS IPDs in speech perception was strongly related to the extent of their hearing loss at low frequencies and their monaural processing of TFS, but not to their ability to discriminate IPDs. In general, this thesis shows that low-frequency hearing loss is associated with poor sensitivity to TFS IPDs and the ability to benefit from them when sounds are laterally separated. The thesis also shows that old age can reduce sensitivity to IPDs and weaken subcortical temporal coding. Although only partly related, these effects are likely to cause problems for old individuals in challenging listening environments.

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15

Suddarth, Rachael. "Orthographic Influences on Sublexical Processing". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201497.

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Adults with language impairment have poor language skills, but may or may not have reading deficits. For those identified with literacy difficulties as children, deficits in the skills related to sublexical level decoding skills can persist into adulthood. Decoding deficits, current or remediated, would implicate the sublexical interaction of orthography and phonology. In addition, the heterogeneous reading profiles of adults with language impairment provide an opportunity to examine whether the deficits in this bidirectional link between orthography and phonology are related to reading deficit specifically or language impairment globally. Sixty adults, 30 with language impairment and 30 with typical language, participated in this study. Nonword stimuli, orthogonally varied based on orthographic and phonological neighborhood density, were presented in two sublexical tasks, nonword repetition and nonword spelling. The experiment revealed a pattern of similar responses for adults with and without language impairment. However, adults with impaired language had significantly poorer performance on both the nonword repetition task and the nonword spelling task. Additional analyses indicated that both language and literacy measures predicted the overall performance on the orthogonally varied nonword repetition and nonword spelling tasks. This study highlights the existence of a bidirectional influence between phonological and orthographic processing. For adults with language impairment it appears that this bidirectional link is intact at the sublexical level.

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16

Foster, Mary Kristin. "Perception of emotion in older adults with mild cognitive impairment". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1289235238.

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17

Letsky, Sarah Michelle. "The Nature of the Relationship of Speech and Language Impairment and Speed of Processing Time". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1270086733.

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18

Siriyala, Kodhanda Karthik. "Determining Level of Cognitive Impairment via Computing Fractals using a Computer". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7364.

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Mild Cognitive Impairment is a condition that affects an individual's thinking and decision making capabilities. Specifically, it is one where an individual's capabilities of memorizing, thinking and decision making are less efficient when compared to others. In order to diagnose this condition, a conventional method is to provide the subject with a small challenge they should be completed using pen and paper. This thesis focuses on how this method can be converted to a computer based test. A data visualization tool named Processing has been used to develop a system that runs a game-like test, which is completed by individuals using a mouse. The system then saves the individual's mouse movements in the form of a CSV file. This files are used for further analyzed using JMP Pro on how this data can be used for determining cognitive abilities via computing a metric called Fractal, and what conclusions can be drawn. In order to achieve comparable results, readings from two diverse age groups have been collected. The results using a total of 12 subjects are convincing in that the tool can be used to as a marker for detecting cognitive impairment.

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19

Marquine, Maria. "Self-Knowledge and Self-Referential Processing in Memory Disorders: Implications for Neuropsychological Rehabilitation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193959.

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Damage to the brain can affect the core of the individual, i.e. the self. Results from a small number of studies with amnesic individuals indicate that patients' ability to show preserved knowledge of self may vary. The present study explored self-knowledge in patients with memory impairment as a result of confabulation, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and acquired brain damage. We found that different memory disorders differentially affected patients' self-knowledge. At least some patients showed a preserved sense of self, and were able to acquire information about another person that they had met postmorbidly. Frontal function and stability of cognitive impairments over time appear to be two variables important in determining whether patients can have a consistent and updated sense of self. We also explored the extent to which self-referential and other-referential processing might enhance memory in individuals with memory-impairment. The self-reference effect (SRE) and other-reference effect (ORE) have been consistently found in normal adults. Results indicated that patients showed a normal SRE and ORE. The SRE and ORE appeared to be at least partly dependent on degree of knowledge of the person being referenced, and were also related to general memory and frontal function. Only the SRE, however, was also related to patients' ability to improve memory as a result of emotional processing. These findings may have important implications for caregivers and healthcare professionals working with memory-impaired patients, and may pave the way to novel memory rehabilitation methods.

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20

Nash, Gillian Mary. "Music and Language Processing in Children with Autism and in those with Specific Language and Impairment". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499291.

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21

Choo, Peng Yin. "A PHOTONIC ARCHITECTURE FOR DYNAMIC CHAIN PROCESSING". Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1171%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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22

Whiting, Mark D. "Cognitive Mechanisms of Memory Impairment Following Traumatic Brain Injury". VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2040.

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23

Serrano, Verenea J. "Exploring Social Information Processing of Emotion Content and its Relationship with Social Outcomes in Children at-risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1501163848926904.

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24

Jentschke, Sebastian. "Neural correlates of processing syntax in music and language - influences of development, musical training, and language impairment /". Leipzig : MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989006387/04.

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25

Willes, Melissa Ann. "Event Related Potentials of Syntactic Language Processing in Two Children with Specific Language Impairment: A Case Study". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2306.pdf.

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26

Kotsopoulos, Angélique. "Errors in recalling sentences as an indicator of processing deficits and reading impairment in children with psychiatric disorders". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4081.

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Objectives. There are three major goals to the present study: (1) to study the nature of errors in recalling sentences; (2) to investigate how specific errors in recalling sentences relate to expressive grammatical deficits and reading impairment; and (3) to make suggestions for the design of a pilot screening test that could predict processing and reading deficits. Method. Subjects were 45 children of normal intelligence, ages 8 to 13 years. The children presented with psychiatric disorders, and had been admitted to a day treatment and school program. The most prevalent diagnosis was attention deficit with hyperactivity and aggressive behaviour. A smaller proportion had adjustment and anxiety disorder. Excluded from the sample were severe cases of autism, schizophrenia and physical handicaps. Most of the children exhibited academic impairment and language deficits. Assessments. The recalling sentences, formulated sentences, sentence assembly, and sentence structure subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-R) were administered, as were the reading decoding and reading comprehension subtests of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA). To investigate relationships between errors in recalling sentences and grammatical deficits and reading impairment, the following statistical analyses were used: correlation, multiple regression, chi-square and kappa analyses. Results. In recalling sentences, errors involving content words occurred more frequently than errors involving grammatical words. Words with a large number of associatives, unfamiliar words, and less frequently occurring words were liable to omissions and substitutions. Content omissions affected mostly syntactically unsupported elements (e.g. adjuncts). Most content and grammatical omissions were words that do not assign thematic roles or have thematic roles assigned to them. Content substitutions affected mostly arguments (e.g., subjects or complements). Most of the substituted words were synonyms of the target word. Deficits in processing and timing, in particular, were identified as possible contributors to content omissions and substitutions. Grammatical errors occurred in syntactically complex sentences (mostly relative clauses) and affected functive words and expanded auxiliaries. Grammatical omissions were more often associated with processing errors, while grammatical substitutions were associated with syntactic deficits. Two types of errors were associated with reading deficits: content omissions and grammatical substitutions. They accounted for 44% of variance in reading comprehension and 31% of variance in reading decoding. Conclusion. The findings of the present study, together with an extensive literature review, indicated that sentence recall is a complex task involving both processing and verbal memory, and that it can be used to predict processing deficits and reading disability. Recommendations are made as to the type of sentences to include in a pilot screening test that could predict processing and reading deficits.

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27

Kotsopoulos, Angelique. "Errors in recalling sentences as an indicator of processing deficits and reading impairment in children with psychiatric disorders". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq28352.pdf.

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28

Seiler, Antonette Mary. "The effectiveness of a computer-supported intervention targeting phonological recoding and orthographic processing for children with word reading impairment". Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1251.

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This research designed, developed, trialled, and evaluated a reading intervention targeting phonological recoding and orthographic processing for children with persistent reading impairment. Eight otherwise typically developing Year 2 participants with reading delay despite previous intervention, were randomly assigned to two groups in a single subject multiple-treatment cross-over design study. The results of group and individual analyses indicated that all participants made significant gains on measures of nonword reading with trends for gains in word reading.

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29

Galarza, Luis E. "A Book Reader Design for Persons with Visual Impairment and Blindness". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3541.

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The objective of this dissertation is to provide a new design approach to a fully automated book reader for individuals with visual impairment and blindness that is portable and cost effective. This approach relies on the geometry of the design setup and provides the mathematical foundation for integrating, in a unique way, a 3-D space surface map from a low-resolution time of flight (ToF) device with a high-resolution image as means to enhance the reading accuracy of warped images due to the page curvature of bound books and other magazines. The merits of this low cost, but effective automated book reader design include: (1) a seamless registration process of the two imaging modalities so that the low resolution (160 x 120 pixels) height map, acquired by an Argos3D-P100 camera, accurately covers the entire book spread as captured by the high resolution image (3072 x 2304 pixels) of a Canon G6 Camera; (2) a mathematical framework for overcoming the difficulties associated with the curvature of open bound books, a process referred to as the dewarping of the book spread images, and (3) image correction performance comparison between uniform and full height map to determine which map provides the highest Optical Character Recognition (OCR) reading accuracy possible. The design concept could also be applied to address the challenging process of book digitization. This method is dependent on the geometry of the book reader setup for acquiring a 3-D map that yields high reading accuracy once appropriately fused with the high-resolution image. The experiments were performed on a dataset consisting of 200 pages with their corresponding computed and co-registered height maps, which are made available to the research community (cate-book3dmaps.fiu.edu). Improvements to the characters reading accuracy, due to the correction steps, were quantified and measured by introducing the corrected images to an OCR engine and tabulating the number of miss-recognized characters. Furthermore, the resilience of the book reader was tested by introducing a rotational misalignment to the book spreads and comparing the OCR accuracy to those obtained with the standard alignment. The standard alignment yielded an average reading accuracy of 95.55% with the uniform height map (i.e., the height values of the central row of the 3-D map are replicated to approximate all other rows), and 96.11% with the full height maps (i.e., each row has its own height values as obtained from the 3D camera). When the rotational misalignments were taken into account, the results obtained produced average accuracies of 90.63% and 94.75% for the same respective height maps, proving added resilience of the full height map method to potential misalignments.

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30

Mengler, Elise Dione. "Neurophysiologically mediated auditory processing insensitivity in children with specific language impairment : behavioural discrimination and the mismatch and late discriminative negativities". University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0154.

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[Truncated abstract] Some children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) show poor performance on behavioural tasks designed to measure rapid auditory processing, such as the Repetition Test developed by Tallal and colleagues. Stemming from concerns about whether this task reflects higher-order, cognitive variables, this thesis sought to determine whether the performance deficits SLI children show were evident at the neurophysiological level, with minimal cognitive influences, such as attention, using paradigms designed to elicit the mismatch negativity (MMN) and late discriminative negativity (LDN). In the first two studies, a MMN paradigm, equivalent to the Repetition Test, was trialled with a group of 8 adults. In this paired paradigm, the second tone of a pair of pure tones ascending in frequency ('low'-'high') was occasionally replaced with a 'low' tone. The aim was to determine a 'long' and 'short' intra-pair interval (IPI) with which MMN was generated utilizing this paradigm and that were congruent with the Repetition Test findings (i.e., a long IPI at which SLI were able to perform the task, and a short IPI at which SLI children's performance was selectively impaired). In Study One, MMN to a within-pair frequency change was generated with the 30 ms IPI, but not the 700 ms IPI. The grouping parameters of the temporal window of integration (TWI) and temporal distinctiveness were considered less than optimal for the grouping of the pairs presented at 700 ms IPI for the pre-attentive system to register the within-pair frequency change. ... The frequency difference limens (DLs) of the SLI group were significantly higher than a group of 18 normally developing age- and intelligence-matched peers, but there was no significant difference between the groups in their performance on a control intensity discrimination task. The iii SLI group also showed poorer reading skills, yet frequency discrimination was related to oral language ability only. In the final study, MMN was measured to examine the pre-attentive neurophysiological basis of the SLI group's frequency discrimination deficit. Two frequency deviants that were just above each group's 75% DL on the frequency discrimination task were employed in a simple frequency change paradigm: 40 Hz difference for the control group, and 80 Hz difference for the SLI group. MMN and LDN were elicited in the group of 15 normally developing children to their 40 Hz suprathreshold frequency difference and to the 80 Hz difference. A significant MMN was not observed in the group of 13 SLI children to the 40 Hz difference, which was below their threshold level. However, despite discrimination at the behavioural level, MMN did not reach significance in the SLI group to their 80 Hz suprathreshold frequency difference, yet LDN was observed. MMN was larger in both groups for the 80 Hz difference. Furthermore, MMN and LDN amplitude to the suprathreshold deviants were predictive of both frequency and intensity DLs. These results suggested that SLI children have a pre-attentive neurophysiologically mediated insensitivity to small frequency differences, and that MMN (and LDN) to suprathreshold frequency deviants is a sensitive indicator of group discrimination differences and brain-behaviour relationships in children with and without SLI.

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31

Vannini, Patrizia. "Functional neurobiology in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease : focus on visuospatial processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging /". Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-164-7/.

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32

Harrison, Bush Aryn Lyn. "Effects of Mild Cognitive Impairment on Visual Word Recognition: A Longitudinal Investigation". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1144771075.

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33

Jansson-Verkasalo, E. (Eira). "Auditory event-related potentials as indices of language impairment in children born preterm and with Asperger syndrome". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514272447.

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Abstract The main objective of the present follow-up study was to investigate auditory processing by using auditory event related potentials (ERPs), and language development to determine whether a correlation exists between auditory ERPs and language development. Auditory processing was investigated in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm children and matched controls at mean ages of 4 and 6 years to determine whether there are differences in ERPs between VLBW preterm children and controls. Language development was measured at the mean ages of 2, 4 and 6 years to investigate the developmental course of language learning and to determine whether a relationship exists between ERPs, especially mismatch negativity (MMN), and language development. Auditory ERPs were also measured in children with AS (mean age 9;1 years) and matched controls to assess whether differences can be found between these two groups of children. Language development in children with AS was not investigated for this study. VLBW preterm children exhibited difficulties in the auditory processing at the level of obligatory ERPs, MMN, late MMN (lMMN) and behavioural tests. Both language comprehension and production were deficient in the preterm group compared to their controls. Lexical development was the most prominent phenomenon differentiating preterm children from their controls. MMN and lMMN amplitudes were attenuated most in children with naming difficulty at the ages of 4 and 6 years. Weak or totally missing MMN at the age of 4 years was mainly found in children with naming difficulties. Children with AS also displayed abnormalities in auditory processing, as indexed by delayed MMN latency. MMN was most delayed in the right hemisphere and specifically for tones. In conclusion: VLBW preterm children and children with AS exhibited difficulties in auditory processing. MMN correlated well with language development in preterm children. Therefore, auditory ERPs, especially MMN, should be used in combination with language measures to identify the children at a risk for deficient auditory processing and language delays.

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34

Czapla, Marta [Verfasser] y Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Löber. "Cognitive impairment and response inhibition deficits in alcohol use disorders: impact on relapse and neural processing / Marta Czapla ; Betreuer: Sabine Löber". Bamberg : Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1128646102/34.

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35

Stothart, George. "Deficits and compensation in healthy ageing, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease : a mismatch negativity study of visual, auditory and audiovisual processing". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616567.

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An increasing ageing population presents the challenge of understanding how healthy ageing and dementia affect brain function. Improved understanding of healthy ageing can provide a baseline against which to examine Mild. - Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in which there is a great need for better characterisation and early diagnostic tools. Examining sensory processing can reveal how the ageing brain copes and reacts to changes in peripheral sensory deficits and can inform theories of cognitive ageing. Additionally sensory processing has largely been neglected in the examination of MCI and AD, and may provide further understanding of the early stages of the disease processes, unaffected by the educational and cultural confounds that can often hamper measures of higher level processing. This thesis explored sensory processing in healthy ageing, MCI and AD with two distinct aims: 1) to test and further inform cognitive theories of healthy ageing and 2) to identify changes in sensory processing due to MCI and AD that may be further developed as diagnostic markers. Electroencephalography was used to measure sensory processing across four paradigms designed to examine visual, auditory and audiovisual processing. Early sensory evoked potentials and the mismatch negativity response were measured in healthy younger and older adults, MC! patients and AD patients. -The results indicated that older adults experience modality specific changes in sensory processing, with patterns of a frontal lobe inhibitory deficit emerging in auditory processing, and cortical compensation to reduced peripheral input in visual processing. AD patients showed deficits in sensory association area processing that manifested as reduced audiovisual binding and reduced visual evoked potentials. MC! patients showed high intra and inter individual variability in visual processing and a broad attentional deficit in evoked potentials across both auditory and visual modalities. This thesis demonstrates that the healthily ageing brain adapts to changes in peripheral sensory processing in an adaptive, compensatory manner that is specific to the sensory modality examined. Both MCI and AD show specific changes in sensory processing that with future improvements in individual subject analyses provide considerable potential for improved early classification and diagnosis.

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36

Orra, Mike. "Study on the Simulation and Analysis of an FH/FDMA OBP Satellite Based Mobile Communication System Under Critical Channel Impairment". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1277496071.

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37

Delgado, Sallent Cristina 1994. "Neural substrates of psychotic-like states and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of schizophrenia and subsequent rescue by antipsychotic drugs". Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672990.

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Disruption of communication in brain circuits involving the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HPC) has been suggested to be a hallmark characteristic of schizophrenia. Therefore, a better understanding of the prefrontal-hippocampal neural basis of schizophrenia’s symptoms is essential for the development of new treatments. In the present thesis, we investigated the alterations of prefrontal-hippocampal circuits in the phencyclidine, acute and subchronic (sPCP), mouse model of schizophrenia and how some of these alterations can be recovered by antipsychotic drugs. We recorded neural activity in the PFC and HPC of C57BL/6J mice. Acute administration of PCP produces hypersynchronization and disrupted communication of PFC-HPC pathways that are recovered by atypical antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, the sPCP-treated mice showed brain state alterations in gamma oscillations and theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling. Notably, auditory perception, working memory and long-term memory were profoundly impaired in sPCP-treated mice and were accompanied by disrupted prefrontal-hippocampal functional connectivity. Finally, the subchronic risperidone treatment was able to recover memory deficits, but was unable to restore the basal circuit dynamics.
Una de las características distintivas la esquizofrenia, es la perturbación de la comunicación de los circuitos cerebrales que incluyen la corteza prefrontal (CPF) y el hipocampo (HPC). Por lo tanto, un mejor entendimiento de las bases neurales de los circuitos prefronto-hipocampales durante los síntomas de la esquizofrenia es esencial para el desarrollo de nuevos tratamientos. En esta tesis, hemos investigado las alteraciones en los circuitos prefrontal-hipocampales en un modelo de esquizofrenia en ratones basado en el tratamiento de fenciclidina, agudo o subcrónico (sPCP), y cómo estas alteraciones pueden ser recuperadas por antipsicóticos Para poder llevar esto a cabo, hemos registrado actividad neural simultáneamente en la CPF y HPC de ratones C57BL/6J. La administración aguda de PCP produce híper sincronización y perturba la comunicación de los circuitos prefronto-hippocampales. Estas alteraciones pueden ser recuperadas por antipsicóticos atípicos. Además, los ratones tratados con sPCP muestran alteraciones de circuito en las oscilaciones gamma y en el acoplamiento cross-frecuencia theta-gamma. Particularmente, el tratamiento sPCP perjudica la percepción auditiva, la memoria de trabajo y la memoria a largo plazo. Todas estas alteraciones van acompañadas de alteraciones en la conectividad funcional de los circuitos prefronto-hipocampales. Finalmente, el tratamiento subcrónico de risperidona es capaz de recuperar los déficits de memoria, pero es incapaz de restaurar las dinámicas prefronto-hipocampales basales.

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38

Planchou, Clément. "Traitement auditifs non verbaux et troubles du développement du langage oral : perception et production musicales". Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30034.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer si le déficit auditif des enfants dysphasiques est spécifique au domaine verbal et d’étudier les liens qu’entretiennent les habiletés verbales et musicales chez ces enfants. Nous avons testé 18 dysphasiques et des enfants au développement du langage typique (DLT) âgés de 7 à 12 ans. Dans la première étude, nous avons étudié leurs capacités de détection des syllabes dans des phrases chantées et parlées. Nos résultats ont confirmé les déficits de détection des syllabes chez les dysphasiques. Nous n’avons toutefois pas observé d’effet facilitateur du chant sur la détection des syllabes. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons exploré leur perception musicale à l’aide de la MBEMA (Peretz et al., 2013). Une part importante de ces enfants a montré des troubles de perception mélodique et rythmique. Une corrélation positive a été retrouvée entre les scores aux tests de perception rythmique et de conscience phonologique, étayant les liens entre le traitement temporel et la perception verbale chez les dysphasiques. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons exploré leurs capacités de chant avec une épreuve de reproduction de notes et de mélodies. Les dysphasiques montraient des troubles importants dans ces deux conditions. Des troubles de production et de perception musicale ont été mis en évidence chez la plupart des dysphasiques et les capacités de conscience phonologique semblaient liées au traitement temporel en musique. Ces résultats en faveur d’un déficit auditif plus global chez la plupart des dysphasiques suggèrent l’importance d’évaluer les capacités auditives non verbales dans la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique de ces enfants
The aim of this thesis is to determine whether the auditory deficit of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is specific to verbal stimuli, and to examine the relation between language and musical abilities in these children. We tested 18 children with SLI and groups of children with Typical Language Development (TLD) aged from 7 to 12 years. In the first study, we examined syllable detection in sung and spoken sentences. Results confirmed the detection syllable deficit in children with SLI. However, we did not observe a facilitation effect of sung over spoken stimuli. In the second study, we explored musical perception abilities in the same children with the MBEMA (Peretz et al. 2013). Our results showed that a large proportion of the children with SLI present deficits in melodic and rhythmic perception. A positive correlation was found between scores in Rhythm and phonological awareness tasks, documenting a link between language and temporal processing in children with SLI. In the third study, we assessed singing abilities in children with SLI: we created a singing reproduction task and tested the pitch matching condition and the melodic reproduction condition. The SLI showed deficits for both conditions. These results suggested deficits in music perception and production in children with SLI for most of them and that development of phonological awareness abilities seems related to the auditory temporal processing in music. The findings seem to support the existence a more general auditory dysfunction in a majority of children with SLI emphasizing the relevance of systematically assessing nonverbal abilities for the diagnostic and rehabilitation of SLI

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39

Léger, Agnès. "Investigation of speech processing in frequency regions where absolute thresholds are normal for hearing-impaired listeners". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H106.

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Une perte auditive neurosensorielle est généralement associée à uneréduction de l’intelligibilité de la parole, et ce tout particulièrement dans le bruit.Les contributions respectives d’une réduction de l'audibilité et de déficitssupraliminaires sont encore débattues.L'objectif principal de cette thèse était d'évaluer l'effet spécifique desdéficits supraliminaires sur l’intelligibilité de la parole. L'effet de l'audibilité étaitcontrôlé en mesurant l’intelligibilité de signaux de parole sans signification filtrésdans les régions basses et moyennes fréquences au sein desquelles la détection desons purs était normale chez des auditeurs malentendants présentant par ailleursune perte auditive en hautes fréquences. Dans ces régions fréquentielles oùl’audibilité est supposée normale, des déficits d'intelligibilité de la parole légers àsévères ont été observés dans le silence comme dans le bruit chez les auditeursmalentendants. Les déficits étaient similaires dans les bruits masquantstationnaires et fluctuants. Ces résultats démontrent l’influence des déficitsauditifs supraliminaires sur l’intelligibilité de la parole.Le second objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'origine de ces déficitssupraliminaires. Les résultats indiquent qu’une réduction de la sélectivitéfréquentielle cochléaire ne peut pas expliquer entièrement les déficitsd’intelligibilité de la parole des auditeurs malentendants. L'influence de lasensibilité à la structure temporelle fine reste incertaine
Speech intelligibility is reduced for listeners with sensorineural hearingloss, especially for speech in noise. The extent to which this reduction is due toreduced audibility or to supra-threshold deficits is still debated.The main goal of this PhD work was to investigate the specific influenceof supra-threshold deficits on speech intelligibility. The effect of audibility wascontrolled for by measuring speech intelligibility for hearing-impaired listenersusing nonsense speech signals filtered in low- and mid-frequency regions wherepure-tone sensitivity was normal. Hearing-impaired listeners with hearing loss inhigh-frequency regions showed mild to severe intelligibility deficits for speechboth in quiet and in noise in these frequency regions of normal audibility. Similardeficits were obtained for speech in steady and fluctuating masking noises. Thisprovides additional evidence that speech intelligibility may be strongly influencedby supra-threshold auditory deficits.The second aim of this PhD work was to investigate the origin of thesesupra-threshold deficits. Results showed that reduced frequency selectivity cannotentirely explain the speech intelligibility deficits of the hearing-impaired listeners.The influence of temporal fine structure sensitivity remained unclear

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40

Gustafsson, Fredrik. "Läsförmågan hos barn med mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning : Hur ser sambandet med underliggande kognitiva förmågor ut?" Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15861.

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While reading in deaf children has been the object of a number of studies, the reading abilitiesof children with mild and moderate hearing impairment and their relation to cognitiveprocessing have not received very much attention. Predictive factors of reading ability inhearing children are well known, with phonological and working memory abilities beingnecessary prerequisites for reading development. Existing studies suggest, however, thatcertain hearing-impaired children achieve a reading level comparable to that of hearingchildren in spite of impaired phonological abilities. In the present study, reading abilities anda range of cognitive processing abilities were measured in a group of hearing-impairedchildren and compared with hearing controls in equivalent school grades. Comparisons weremade at group and school-grade level, and the cognitive profile of hearing-impaired childrenat level with controls (those being within one standard deviation) was discussed. The resultssuggest that phonological abilities are important for the hearing-impaired children, but to alesser extent than for normally hearing children. The results also point towards workingmemoryabilities (particularly correct recall of phonemes in nonword repetition) as beingimportant for the possibility to compensate for impaired phonological abilities.

Emedan döva barns läsande har varit föremål för ett antal studier, har läsförmågan hos barnmed mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning och dennas relation till underliggande kognitiva förmågor inte fått mycket uppmärksamhet. Predicerande faktorer för läsförmågan hos hörande barn är väl kända och fonologisk förmåga och arbetsminneskapacitet utgör oumbärliga förutsättningar för läsutvecklingen. Befintliga studier antyder dock att vissa barn med mildoch måttlig hörselnedsättning uppnår en läsförmåga i nivå med hörande barns, trots nedsatt fonologisk förmåga. I föreliggande studie undersöktes läsförmågan och en rad kognitivaförmågor hos en grupp barn med mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning. Jämförelser gjordes medhörande kontroller på gruppnivå och per årskurs, och den kognitiva profilen hos de barn medhörselnedsättning som låg i nivå med kontrollerna (de som låg inom en standardavvikelse) diskuterades. Resultaten antyder att fonologiska förmågor var viktiga för läsning i sambandmed hörselnedsättning, men i mindre utsträckning än för normalhörande barn. Resultaten antyder också att arbetsminneskapacitet (framförallt korrekt fonemåtergivning vidnonordsrepetition) har betydelse för möjligheten att kompensera en nedsatt fonologiskförmåga.

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41

MARTOLINI, CHIARA. "Spatial representation and visual impairement - Developmental trends and new technological tools for assessment and rehabilitation". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1048405.

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It is well known that perception is mediated by the five sensory modalities (sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste), which allows us to explore the world and build a coherent spatio-temporal representation of the surrounding environment. Typically, our brain collects and integrates coherent information from all the senses to build a reliable spatial representation of the world. In this sense, perception emerges from the individual activity of distinct sensory modalities, operating as separate modules, but rather from multisensory integration processes. The interaction occurs whenever inputs from the senses are coherent in time and space (Eimer, 2004). Therefore, spatial perception emerges from the contribution of unisensory and multisensory information, with a predominant role of visual information for space processing during the first years of life. Despite a growing body of research indicates that visual experience is essential to develop spatial abilities, to date very little is known about the mechanisms underpinning spatial development when the visual input is impoverished (low vision) or missing (blindness). The thesis's main aim is to increase knowledge about the impact of visual deprivation on spatial development and consolidation and to evaluate the effects of novel technological systems to quantitatively improve perceptual and cognitive spatial abilities in case of visual impairments. Chapter 1 summarizes the main research findings related to the role of vision and multisensory experience on spatial development. Overall, such findings indicate that visual experience facilitates the acquisition of allocentric spatial capabilities, namely perceiving space according to a perspective different from our body. Therefore, it might be stated that the sense of sight allows a more comprehensive representation of spatial information since it is based on environmental landmarks that are independent of body perspective. Chapter 2 presents original studies carried out by me as a Ph.D. student to investigate the developmental mechanisms underpinning spatial development and compare the spatial performance of individuals with affected and typical visual experience, respectively visually impaired and sighted. Overall, these studies suggest that vision facilitates the spatial representation of the environment by conveying the most reliable spatial reference, i.e., allocentric coordinates. However, when visual feedback is permanently or temporarily absent, as in the case of congenital blindness or blindfolded individuals, respectively, compensatory mechanisms might support the refinement of haptic and auditory spatial coding abilities. The studies presented in this chapter will validate novel experimental paradigms to assess the role of haptic and auditory experience on spatial representation based on external (i.e., allocentric) frames of reference. Chapter 3 describes the validation process of new technological systems based on unisensory and multisensory stimulation, designed to rehabilitate spatial capabilities in case of visual impairment. Overall, the technological validation of new devices will provide the opportunity to develop an interactive platform to rehabilitate spatial impairments following visual deprivation. Finally, Chapter 4 summarizes the findings reported in the previous Chapters, focusing the attention on the consequences of visual impairment on the developmental of unisensory and multisensory spatial experience in visually impaired children and adults compared to sighted peers. It also wants to highlight the potential role of novel experimental tools to validate the use to assess spatial competencies in response to unisensory and multisensory events and train residual sensory modalities under a multisensory rehabilitation.

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42

CANTIANI, CHIARA. "The linguistic nature of developmental Dyslexia: an electrophysiological and behavioural investigation". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19698.

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The present thesis faces the ongoing debate on the linguistic nature of Developmental Dyslexia (DD), based on evidence of grammatical deficits in dyslexic individuals (e.g., Robertson & Joanisse, 2010), and on the frequently reported overlap with Specific Language Impairment (e.g., Bishop & Snowling, 2004). In particular, the morphosyntactic processing deficit in DD has been explored by means of particularly sensitive measures, namely event-related potentials (ERPs). The dissertation collects the results from three studies performed on different samples of individuals with DD (Italian adults, Italian children, and German adults), reporting consistent data in support of a general morphosyntactic processing weakness. Specifically, the ERP results reveal different language processing modalities in the dyslexic samples, characterised by the need of an additional process related to rules retrieval and/or lexical access. Further behavioural data collected on the same participants support the ERP data. In the third study, advantage has been taken of the morphological features characterising German to additionally investigate the specificity of the reported morphosyntactic deficits, and their relationship with phonological and acoustical processing difficulties. The results are discussed within a developmental and psycholinguistic framework.

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43

Gallego, Jutglà Esteve. "New signal processing and machine learning methods for EEG data analysis of patients with Alzheimer's disease". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/290853.

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Les malalties neurodegeneratives són un conjunt de malalties que afecten al cervell. Aquestes malalties estan relacionades amb la pèrdua progressiva de l'estructura o la funció de les neurones, incloent-hi la mort d'aquestes. La malaltia de l'Alzheimer és una de les malalties neurodegeneratives més comunes. Actualment, no es coneix cap cura per a l'Alzheimer, però es creu que hi ha un grup de medicaments que el que fan és retardar-ne els principals símptomes. Aquests s'han de prendre en les primeres fases de la malaltia ja que sinó no tenen efecte. Per tant, el diagnòstic precoç de la malaltia de l'Alzheimer és un factor clau. En aquesta tesis doctoral s'han estudiat diferents aspectes relacionats amb la neurociència per investigar diferents eines que permetin realitzar un diagnòstic precoç de la malaltia en qüestió. Per fer-ho, s'han treballat diferents aspectes com el preprocessament de dades, l'extracció de característiques, la selecció de característiques i la seva posterior classificació.
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders that affect the brain. These diseases are related with changes in the brain that lead to loss of brain structure or loss of neurons, including the dead of some neurons. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most well-known neurodegenerative diseases. Nowadays there is no cure for this disease. However, there are some medicaments that may delay the symptoms if they are used during the first stages of the disease, otherwise they have no effect. Therefore early diagnose is presented as a key factor. This PhD thesis works different aspects related with neuroscience, in order to develop new methods for the early diagnose of AD. Different aspects have been investigated, such as signal preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and its classification.

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44

Lord, Richard. "Information-processing impairments in clumsy children". Thesis, University of York, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375427.

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Valdes, Elise Gabriela. "The Effects of Cognitive Training among Individuals with Neurodegenerative Diseases". Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6422.

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With the growing older adult population, neurodegenerative diseases common in old age such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Parkinson’s disease (PD) are becoming increasingly germane areas of research. Pharmacological treatments have thus far been unsuccessful in treating cognitive decline associated with these neurodegenerative disorders. Alternative interventions, such as cognitive training programs, have shown promise. The current dissertation contains three papers examining cognitive interventions in neurodegenerative diseases. The first paper examined the longitudinal effects of cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) among those with PD. Results showed that training gains seen at initial post-test were maintained three months later. The second paper examined the effects of SPT among those with psychometrically-defined MCI and found small to medium effect sizes for improvements in everyday functional performance among those trained. The third paper examined the effects of auditory cognitive training among cognitively healthy older adults and those with psychometrically-defined MCI and found that effects may differ between those with and with MCI. Overall, these papers show that training effects can be maintained longitudinally and may potentially transfer to everyday functioning in those with neurodegenerative diseases. However, not all cognitive training programs show benefits in all areas, and individuals with differing cognitive statuses may benefit differentially from cognitive training. Future research should further explore the longitudinal effects of these training programs as well as the possibility of transfer to untrained abilities.

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Remes, T. (Tiina). "Signs of radiation-induced accelerated ageing in survivors of childhood brain tumors:the incidence of cerebrovascular disease, neurocognitive impairment, secondary neoplasms, and low bone mineral density after 18 years of follow-up". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526224305.

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Abstract Background: Childhood brain tumors (CBTs) are the most common solid tumors in childhood. CBT survivors have a high risk of several late-effects, including cerebrovascular disease (CVD), neurocognitive impairment, secondary neoplasms, and low bone mineral density; however, only a few studies have clinically investigated the late-sequelae in young-adult CBT survivors. Aim: To determine the prevalence of CVD, neurocognitive impairment, secondary neoplasms, and bone mineral density in a national cohort of radiotherapy-treated long-term survivors of CBT. Subjects and Methods: Radiotherapy-treated CBT survivors diagnosed between 1970–2008 were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: follow-up ≥5 years since the cessation of therapy and age of ≥16 years at the time of the study. Survivors were clinically and neuropsychologically examined, and investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone mineral densitometry, and laboratory analysis. Results: We included 74 survivors after a mean follow-up time of 18.9 ± 6.1 years. The mean age at follow-up was 28.4 ± 6.8 years and at diagnosis 8.3 ± 4.3 years. At the 20-year follow-up, the cumulative prevalence of CVD, along with small- and large-vessel disease was 52%, 38%, and 16%, respectively. Ischemic infarcts or transient ischemic attacks were diagnosed in 11% of the survivors, lacunar infarcts in 10%, and cerebral hemorrhage in 3%. White matter lesions (WMLs) were noted in 49% of the survivors. Higher blood pressure was associated with CVD, large-vessel disease, WMLs, and lacunar infarcts. Survivors had lower cognitive performance in all neuropsychological domains than controls. Mean verbal intelligence quotient was 89 ± 14 and mean performance intelligence quotient 87 ± 19. Executive functions (Z-score -5.0 ± 5.3 SD) and processing speed (Z-score -4.3 ± 5.4 SD) were extensively impaired. Executive functions and processing speed were associated with everyday life skills. Cumulative incidence of secondary meningiomas was 10.2% at the 25-year follow-up using the clinical data, and that of secondary neoplasms was 2.4% using the Finnish Cancer Registry data. We observed low bone mineral density in 23.6% of the survivors, which was associated with fractures in long bones. Conclusions: Young adult CBT survivors experienced late-consequences typically associated with ageing
Tiivistelmä Taustaa: Suomessa sairastuu vuosittain 46-60 lasta aivokasvaimeen, joka on lapsuusiän yleisin, kiinteä kasvain. Selviytyneillä on todettu lisääntynyt hoitojen myöhäisvaikutuksien riski. Kuitenkin nuorten aikuisten haittavaikutuksia on toistaiseksi tutkittu melko vähän. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus: Tarkoituksena oli selvittää sädehoidon jälkihaittoina esiintyvien sairauksien, kuten aivoverisuonisairauksien, älyllisten ongelmien, sekundaaristen kasvainten ja luustonhaurastumisen yleisyyttä ja riskitekijöitä suomalaisessa, kansallisessa kohortissa. Aineisto ja Menetelmät: Tutkimukseen kutsuttiin kaikki Suomessa lapsuusiällä aivokasvaimen sairastaneet aikuiset, jotka oli hoidettu sädehoidolla vuosina 1970-2008. Tutkittavat olivat yli 16-vuotiaita ja hoitojen päättymisestä oli yli 5 vuotta. Osallistuneille tehtiin kliininen ja neuropsykologinen tutkimus, pään magneettikuvaus, luustontiheysmittaus ja laboratoriotutkimuksia. Tulokset: Tutkimukseemme osallistui 74 nuorta aikuista 18,9 ± 6,1 vuotta hoitojen päättymisen jälkeen. Tutkittavat olivat iältään 28,4 ± 6,8 -vuotiaita osallistuessaan, ja 8,3 ± 4,3 -vuotiaita diagnoosihetkellä. Aivoverisuonisairaus todettiin 52% tutkimukseen osallistuneella 20 vuoden seurannan jälkeen, pienten suonten tauti oli 38 %:lla ja suurten suonten tauti 16 %:lla. Aivoinfarktin oli sairastanut 9 % tutkituista, lakuunainfarktin 10 % ja aivoverenvuodon 3 % tutkituista. Valkean aivoaineen muutoksia todettiin 49 %:lla magneettikuvauksessa. Korkea verenpaine lisäsi aivoverisuonisairauden, suurten suonten taudin, valkoisen aivoaineen muutoksien sekä lakuunainfarktien riskiä. Selviytyjien keskimääräinen kielellinen älykkyysosamäärä oli 89 ± 14 ja ei-kielellinen 87 ± 19. Suurimmat vaikeudet todettiin toiminnanohjauksessa (Z-luku -5,0 ± 5,3 SD) ja prosessointinopeudessa (Z-luku -4,3 ± 5,4 SD). Toiminnanohjauksen ja prosessointinopeuden vaikeudet olivat yhteydessä arkielämän haasteisiin. Sekundaaristen aivokalvokasvainten kumulatiivinen esiintyvyys oli 25 vuoden seuranta-aikana 10,2 % kliinisessä tutkimuksessa ja sekundaaristen kasvainten 2,4 % Syöpärekisteriaineistossa. Matala luustontiheys todettiin 23,6%:lla selviytyneistä. Johtopäätökset: Nuorilla aikuisilla, jotka ovat lapsena aivokasvaimen vuoksi saaneet sädehoitoa, esiintyy useita sellaisia jälkihaittoja, jotka yleensä liittyvät ikääntymiseen

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Heutink, Jochem Helmich Christiaan. "Visual processing streams: interactions, impairments and implications for rehabilitation". [S.l. : Groningen : s.n. ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/304871397.

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48

Watkins, L. R. "Optical fibre communications : signal processing to accommodate system impairments". Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279143.

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49

Andersson, Madeleine y Ann Carlsson. "Utveckling av kognitiva färdigheter och läsförmåga hos barn med mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning i ett ettårsperspektiv". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19638.

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The capacity to process and to remember information is a basic condition for language ability and for coming reading ability. Reading ability is strongly connected to phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary knowledge and working memory capacity. In what way hearing impairment in children affects development of cognitive skills and later on reading ability is an area that has attracted minor attention for research.

The aim with this study was to investigate changes in cognitive skills and reading ability in children with mild or moderate hearing impairment after one year of progress and furthermore if any connections between any increases of the abilities were to be found. Comparisons were made with results from age adequate normal hearing children. Moreover prosodic ability on word-level was tested this year. Eleven Swedish children aged 7:6-10:10 years participated in this study. To illustrate progress of the abilities mentioned the SIPS computer test battery and furthermore some manually given tests for reading and prosodic abilities were used.

The results show a developmental trend for the children with hearing impairment on tests of working memory and reading comprehension. The least degree of development was found in the area of phonological skills. The children with hearing impairment showed in general the same capacity as normal hearing children on tests for the different abilities. In the area of working memory the children with hearing impairment had significant lower results on half of the tests than age adequate normal hearing children. Several strong connections were present for children with hearing impairment this year than last year, in-between cognitive skills and reading ability. Correlation appeared between age for insertion of hearing aid and test for decoding ability. Results on tests for prosodic ability reached ceiling effect.

Förmåga att bearbeta och minnas information ligger till grund för språkförmåga och är en förutsättning för kommande läsutveckling. Läsförmåga är starkt sammankopplad med fonologisk medvetenhet, receptivt ordförråd och arbetsminneskapacitet. På vilket sätt hörselnedsättning hos barn påverkar utveckling av kognitiva färdigheter och sedermera läsförmåga är dock ett område som inte tilldragit sig något större forskningsintresse.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka förändring av kognitiva färdigheter och läsförmåga hos barn med mild och måttlig hörselnedsättning under ett års tid, samt eventuella samband mellan förmågorna. Årets prestation jämfördes mot tidigare insamlat resultat från åldersmatchade normalhörande barn. Därutöver testades prosodisk förmåga på ordnivå. I studien deltog elva svenska barn i åldrarna 7:6-10:10 år. För att belysa utveckling av nämnda förmågor användes dels det datorbaserade testbatteriet SIPS samt manuella tester.

Resultaten visar en utvecklingstrend för gruppen barn med hörselnedsättning inom samtliga deltester som mätte arbetsminne och läsförståelse. Lägst grad av utveckling, där prestation låg i nivå med förra årets mätning, var inom fonologiska färdigheter. Vid jämförelse mellan grupperna presterade barnen med hörselnedsättning i allmänhet i nivå med åldersmatchade normalhörande barn inom de testade delområdena. Inom delområdet arbetsminne hade barnen med hörselnedsättning signifikant sämre resultat i hälften av deltesterna än de åldersmatchade normalhörande barnen. Barnen med hörselnedsättning hade år 2009 fler starka samband mellan deltester som mätte kognitiva färdigheter och läsförmåga, i jämförelse mot förra året. Samband fanns också mellan ålder för insättande av hörapparat och ett deltest som mätte avkodningsförmåga. Takeffekter fanns på tester av prosodisk förmåga på ordnivå för barnen med hörselnedsättning.

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50

Toledo, Cíntia Matsuda. "Análise de aspectos micro e macrolinguísticos da narrativa de indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer, comprometimento cognitivo leve e sem comprometimentos cognitivos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5170/tde-11092017-133850/.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento da população é uma tendência social conhecida em países desenvolvidos e cada vez mais pronunciada em países em desenvolvimento. A demência é considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde devido ao rápido crescimento populacional de idosos, sendo os distúrbios de linguagem considerados importantes nesses quadros. O discurso tem ganhado destaque para a identificação dos distúrbios linguísticos nas demências assim como no seguimento desses pacientes. A caracterização das diferenças pode auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial e contribuir para a criação de ferramentas futuras que auxiliem na intervenção clínica e ajudem a evitar a evolução e/ou progressão dos quadros demenciais. O processo de transcrição e análise do discurso é bastante laborioso, desta forma o uso de métodos computacionais tem auxiliado na identificação e extração de características linguísticas. OBJETIVO: identificar alterações em aspectos micro e macrolinguísticos que diferenciem indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer, comprometimento cognitivo leve e idosos sem comprometimento cognitivo na tarefa de narrativa de figuras em sequência e explorar a ferramenta computacional (Coh-Metrix-Dementia) para análise do discurso desses sujeitos. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 60 indivíduos, sendo 20 em cada grupo de pesquisa (doença de Alzheimer leve - GDA, comprometimento cognitivo leve amnéstico - GCCLa e controle - GC). Os indivíduos foram solicitados a enunciar uma narrativa baseada em 22 cenas em sequência, que retratam a história da \"Cinderela\". Foram aplicados também os seguintes testes linguístico-cognitivos: Fluência Verbal, Teste de Nomeação do Boston e Camel and Cactus test. Utilizou-se o Coh-Metrix- Dementia para extração automática das métricas. RESULTADOS: Os valores extraídos pelo Coh-Metrix-Dementia foram tratados estatisticamente sendo possível levantar métricas capazes de distinguir os grupos estudados. Em relação aos aspectos microlinguísticos destacaram-se a redução nas habilidades sintáticas, maior dificuldade no resgate verbal, discursos com menor coesão e coerência local no GDA. No nível macrolinguístico o GDA apresentou os discursos menos informativos, com maior prejuízo em relação a coerência global e maior número de modalizações. O GDA também apresentou maior comprometimento da estrutura narrativa. Não foi possível discriminar o GCCLa e GC em nenhuma métrica do discurso deste estudo. Foram feitas adaptações em relação a segmentação das sentenças para um melhor funcionamento da ferramenta computacional. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos do GDA apresentaram discursos com maior comprometimento macro e microestrutural. O uso da ferramenta computacional se mostrou um importante aliado para análises discursivas
INTRODUCTION: Population aging is a social trend known in developed countries and increasingly pronounced in developing countries. Dementia is considered one of the main health problems due to the rapid population growth of the elderly, and language disorders are considered important in these settings. The discourse is important for the identification of linguistic disorders in dementias as well as in the follow-up of these patients. The discourse differences characterization can help on the differential diagnosis and contribute to the creation of future tools for clinical intervention and help prevent the evolution and/or progression of dementia. The transcription and discourse analysis are laborius, thus the use of computational methods helped in the identification and extraction of linguistic characteristics. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify changes in micro and macrolinguistic aspects that differentiate individuals with Alzheimer\'s disease, mild cognitive impairment and healthy elderly individuals during narrative of figures in sequence and to explore the computational tool (Coh-Metrix-Dementia) to analyze the subjects\' discourse. METHODS: 60 subjects were evaluated, 20 of them in each research group (mild Alzheimer\'s disease - GDA, amnestic cognitive impairment - GCCLa and control - CG). The subjects were asked to construct a narrative based on sequence of pictures, about the \"Cinderella´s Story\". The following linguistic-cognitive tests were also applied: Verbal Fluency, Boston Naming Test, and Camel and Cactus test. Coh-Metrix-Dementia was used for automatic metrics extraction. RESULTS: The values extracted by Coh-Metrix-Dementia were statistically treated and it was possible to obtain metrics capable of distinguishing the studied groups. In relation to the microlinguistic aspects, it was found the reduction in syntactic abilities, greater difficulty in verbal rescue, discourses with less cohesion and local coherence in the GDA. In the macrolinguistic level the GDA presented the less informative discourses, with greater loss in global coherence and the greater number of modalizations. The GDA also presented greater impairment on narrative structure. It was not possible to discriminate GCCLa and GC in any discourse´s metric in this study tool functioning. CONCLUSION: The GDA subjects presented discourses with greater macro and microstructural impairment. The computational tool usage proved to be an important ally for discursive analysis

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