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Diop, Falilou. "Uniformisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle et conflits de lois dans l'OAPI". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE3046.
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L’idée selon laquelle l’uniformisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle écarte le problème des conflits de lois semble profondément ancrée dans l’opinion des observateurs qui se sont intéressés au droit de l’OAPI. Du moins, les études qui se rapportent à la propriété intellectuelle dans cet espace n’abordent pas spécifiquement la question du conflit de lois. Lorsqu’elles l’évoquent ponctuellement, elles se limitent essentiellement à constater que ses rapports avec le droit uniforme se résument à sa disparition pure et simple. Ce constat commun méritait néanmoins d’être vérifié. C’est donc à une telle vérification, opérée au moyen d’une confrontation des effets de l’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle et des causes du problème des conflits de lois, qu’est consacrée la première partie de la présente thèse. Les résultats de cette confrontation conduisent à constater la persistance du problème des conflits de lois au sein de l’espace OAPI, même si le droit uniforme ne manque pas d’en influencer la configuration. Ainsi, la seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à la recherche de solutions adaptées à la configuration particulière du problème dans l’OAPI. Cette recherche des solutions prend en compte les objectifs de l’entreprise d’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle, les engagements internationaux des États membres ainsi que les intérêts spécifiques que l’identification de la loi applicable cherche à servir. Elle aboutit, d’une part, à la proposition de solutions positive concernant la coordination institutionnelle nécessaire à une réalisation uniforme des droits de propriété intellectuelle ; d’autre part, à l’élaboration de règles destinées à l’identification de la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la propriété intellectuelleThe idea that the uniformization of intellectual property law eliminates the problem of conflict of laws seems to be deeply rooted in the opinion of observers who have taken an interest in OAPI law. At least, the studies that relate to intellectual property in this space do not specifically address the issue of conflict of laws. When they mention it occasionally, they essentially limit themselves to asserting that the uniform law eliminates the problem of conflicts of laws. This common observation nevertheless deserved to be verified. The first part of this thesis is devoted to such a verification. This verification was carried out by means of a comparison between the effects of the uniform intellectual property law and the causes of the problem of conflicts of laws. The results of this confrontation show the persistence of the problem of conflicts of laws within the OAPI area, even if uniform law does not fail to influence its configuration. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the search for solutions adapted to the configuration of the problem within the OAPI area. This search for solutions considers the objectives of the uniformization of intellectual property law, the international commitments of the member states as well as the specific interests that the identification of the applicable law seeks to serve. It leads, on the one hand, to the proposal of positive solutions concerning the jurisdictional coordination necessary for a uniform realization of intellectual property rights; on the other hand, to the development of rules intended to identify the law applicable to different aspects of intellectual property
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Lagerberg, Eric M. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59992.
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The thesis deals with problems of conflict of laws and its latest developments, especially in Europe, in relation to international air transport. (1) The contractual situations connected with air transport are analysed in light of the applicable international air law conventions and of a comparative survey of the conflict of laws rules of some states and international conventions on conflict of laws concerning contracts. Where the international air law conventions do not supply the solution or where they are not applicable resort has to be made to the conflict of laws. (2) Conflict of laws also arises in the legal interaction (contracts, sale of goods, transfer of ownership--res in transitu, torts, marriages, wills, etc.) between persons onboard an aircraft in flight. (3) The aircraft as an expensive and highly mobile chattel poses problems from the rights in rem point of view in the conflict of laws. (4) Aircraft accidents and the tortious liability of persons and entities involved as well as obligations arising from assistance and rescue operations pose conflict of laws problems.
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Brading, Katherine. "Symmetries, conservation laws and Noether's variational problem". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288912.
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Yoo, Namyoung. "Japanese spirit and Western utility : a comparative study of Japanese conflicts jurisprudence /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9618.
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Ma, Guang. "Conflicts of interest : the opium problem in Guangdong, 1858-1917". Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2536990.
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Chakka, Varun Raj. "Models and algorithms for the Multiple Knapsack problem with conflicts". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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In the Multiple Knapsack Problem with Conflicts, we are given a set of items, each with its own weight and profit, as well as a set of multiple knapsacks, each with its own capacity. The goal is to maximize the total profit of the items inserted in the knapsacks, while respecting the knapsack capacity and the incompatibility constraints between items..
The thesis is based on Basnet2018 research article. I developed some heuristic algorithms and tested them with various instances with a maximum case of 500 items and 15 knapsacks. The results of the computations are reported.
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Sycara, Ekaterini P. "Resolving adversarial conflicts : an approach integrating case-based and analytical methods". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32955.
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Mykhaylychenko, Olena <1976>. "Problem of national self-determination in a context of inter-state conflicts". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6338.
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I conflitti internazionali restano per lo più irrisolti nel mondo moderno, nonostante le linee guida e le raccomandazioni che sono gli strumenti fondamentali del diritto internazionale.
Le ragioni di questi conflitti sono ovviamente non solo l'elaborazione insufficiente della normativa in uno o in un altro settore specifico. Ci sono molti altri motivi, come quelli: politici, economici, etnici, socio-psicologici e socio-culturali, i quali alimentano i conflitti e non consentono il processo di pace per lo sviluppo.
La revisione degli strumenti giuridici internazionali che regola l'autodeterminazione dei popoli deve dare un risultato positivo nella risoluzione dei conflitti etnici sorti negli ultimi decenni.
Oggi, per risolvere tali conflitti vengono coinvolti non solamente due partiti che difendono posizioni opposte, ma anche partiti terzi - ovvero i cosiddetti "gruppi interessati".
Chiare regole dei documenti fondamentali del diritto internazionale, vincolanti per entrambe le parti del conflitto, dovrebbero risolvere il conflitto senza l’influenza da parte dell'esterno e in conformità con i principi giuridici internazionali, in materia di obblighi in relazione con la Carta delle Nazioni Unite "non interferire negli affari che formano la competenza interna di uno stato ".
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Hamilton, Andrew. "Laws, causes, and kinds toward a solution to the biology problem /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3198868.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 30, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-160).
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Wiener, Ramos Leonidas. "Problemas de gobernanza en una actividad extractiva: El caso Las Bambas". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8922.
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La presente investigación tiene como propósito contribuir a la comprensión de modelos de gobernanza y su incidencia en la gobernabilidad en ámbitos de extracción minera. Para ello se tomó como caso de estudio el proyecto Las Bambas, que representa la mayor operación minera en ejecución en el país. La investigación permitió establecer que las estructuras de gobierno en el ámbito conformadas
por redes de gobernanza, públicas y privadas, han sido insuficientes y han devenido en un déficit crónico de gobernabilidad. El proyecto y las autoridades del gobierno han estado jaqueadas por la emergencia social sin capacidad para rediseñar y mejorar estas redes y reducir la conflictividad social. En consecuencia, hay dudas respecto a la posibilidad de que se pueda alcanzar una situación pacífica en la zona, sostenible en el tiempo y beneficiosa para todos los actores involucrados.
Igualmente se revela que las redes de gobernanza creadas para la gestión de Las Bambas desde las empresas que se sucedieron como propietarias de la concesión, respondieron centralmente a la necesidad de avanzar en la ejecución de cada etapa del proyecto. En menor medida, respondieron a las demandas locales que buscaban acceder a los beneficios de la explotación minera. Algunas redes alcanzaron niveles de eficacia y legitimidad elevados y otras en cambio no lo hicieron. Estos resultados obedecerían a las etapas de desarrollo del proyecto, la acumulación de tensiones y las políticas de cada empresa. Las redes entre Estado y población fueron de naturaleza reactiva. Una vez instalada la primera empresa en la zona, el Estado perdió totalmente presencia e iniciativa, y ha respondido a los desbordes de conflictividad forzando mecanismos de diálogo para apaciguar los ánimos. No
hubo una perspectiva de diálogo continuo orientado a prevenir el descontento.
El análisis también permitió establecer la existencia de una serie de vacios e insuficiencias en el marco legal e institucional formal que regula las actividades mineras, y que han contribuido a deteriorar las condiciones sociales que deben sostener la gobernabilidad de este proyecto minero. Algo similar ocurre con los estándares ambientales y sociales que se han revelado difusos e imprecisos.
El cambio en la empresa concesionaria en el 2013, precipitó acontecimientos e introdujo nuevos temas de conflicto a partir de decisiones desafortunadas. Muchas de las redes de gobernanza que fueron construidas en un inicio del proyecto perdieron fortaleza y sostenibilidad con el cambio, constituyéndose en fuentes de conflictividad continuas e introduciendo elementos de incertidumbre sobre el futuro.Tesis
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Hua, Jiale. "Glimm type functional and one dimensional systems of hyperbolic conservation laws /". access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2009. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?phd-ma-b23749921f.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009."Submitted to Department of Mathematics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-95)
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Li, Xiao Lin. "Cooperation and procedural centralization in insolvency cases for multi-jurisdictional enterprise groups :a proposal for Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3959552.
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Swan, George Julius Fraser. "Understanding conservation conflicts surrounding predation and game shooting interests". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32644.
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Many predatory species cause negative impacts on human interests by threatening game, livestock or human safety. These impacts can create conflicts where stakeholders differ over wildlife management and when one party is perceived to exert their interests at the expense of the other. Finding effective methods to mitigate conservation conflicts requires an interdisciplinary perspective that investigates (i) the reality of the apparent impacts, (ii) the efficacy of any methods intended to remedy them and (iii) the perceptions, motivations and objectives of key stakeholders. In this thesis, I investigated a conservation conflict in the U.K. surrounding predators and game management. I did so with specific reference to the common buzzard Buteo buteo, a species that, due to predation of released pheasants Phasianus colchicus, is both subject to illegal persecution and on- going controversy concerning the licenced selective removal of ‘problem individuals’. I first review the literature to assess the ecological evidence that certain ‘problem individuals’ can be both disproportionately responsible in impacts upon human interests and more likely to reoffend. I show that while there is evidence for these animals across many different taxa, the benefits of their removal can sometimes be short-lived. I highlight possible indirect impacts of selective management and identify it as a potential compromise between different stakeholder groups. Next, I evaluate the performance of Bayesian stable isotope mixing models (BSIMMs) in quantifying the diets of wild animals. By comparing indirect and direct observations of buzzard foraging, I demonstrate that, with the correct selection of trophic discrimination factors, stable isotope analyses can provide a reliable picture of dietary composition that mirrors direct observations. I then apply these mixing models to evaluate the ecological basis of selective removal of ‘problem buzzards’. The results suggest that the consumption by buzzards of released pheasants is not limited to release pens where gamekeepers perceive buzzard predation to be a problem. However, I then show that stable isotope analysis of blood sampled from two of the four buzzards caught inside pens indicates frequent consumption of released pheasants, relative to the rest of the buzzard population. These results suggest that, while some pheasant consumption may go undetected, selecting only buzzards inside pens for removal is likely to target ‘problem birds’. I then investigate buzzard foraging and breeding ecology on land managed for pheasant shooting. I find that buzzards nest at higher density in areas with greater abundances of pheasants and rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus. However, records of provisioning from nest cameras showed that only rabbits were caught in proportion to their abundance and only rabbit provisioning rate was associated with buzzard productivity. I suggest that the positive relationship between buzzard and pheasant abundance, although seemingly unconnected to pheasant predation, might influence how gamekeepers perceive buzzard impact. Next, I conduct semi-structured interviews on the subject of predator control with 20 gamekeepers across the south of England, to explore the underlying beliefs, norms and information sources that motivate their behaviour. From these interviews, I identify a number of separate, but interconnected, motivations that influence predator control including professional norms, potential penalties, and interpretations of what is ‘natural’. The influences of these motivations are discussed in detail and a conceptual model, incorporating the theory of planned behaviour, is developed. Finally, the key contributions of this thesis are drawn together and discussed in their wider context. Taken together, the results of this thesis illustrate how predator management occurs simultaneously within social and ecological contexts that incorporate the individual attributes of both predators and people. The results of this thesis have direct implications for the management of predators, the representation of stakeholder perspectives and the design of conflict mitigation measures.
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De-Xing, Kong y Yao Hui. "Global exact boundary controllability of a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws II". Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2656/.
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In this paper, by a new constructive method, the authors reprove the global exact boundary controllability of a class of quasilinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws with linearly degenerate fields. It is shown that the system with nonlinear boundary conditions is globally exactly boundary controllable in the class of piecewise C¹ functions. In particular, the authors give the optimal control time of the system. Finally, a new application is also given.
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Spinner, David. "The Edmonton arts and youth feasibility study : a qualitative look at running an arts education program for youth in conflict with the law". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99170.
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The Edmonton Arts and Youth Feasibility Study was conducted as a result of the question being asked "Can a structured art program be run with youth in conflict with the law?" It was a three month, arts-based, targeted prevention program run in an already existing drop-in centre for delinquent youth. This article reports on the qualitative findings of in-depth interviews conducted with the key stakeholders: participating adolescents (aged 14-19 years), lead artists, research assistants, and site directors. Findings suggest that the art curriculum, the strong relationships built, and the gains made were all strengths of the program. These gains include the acquisition of art skills, social skills and an improved ability to problem solve. Findings from this study also suggest the need for future research, including outcome studies and a program evaluation.
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Arteau, McNeil Raphaël. "An Approach to the Laws: the problem of the harmony of the goods in Plato's political philosophy". Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/960.
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Thesis advisor: Christopher BruellThis dissertation is an approach to Plato’s longest political work, The Laws, with a view to the problem of the harmony of the goods. Since I understand the problem of the harmony of the goods as a universal one, i.e., as a problem stemming from human condition rather than from the reading of Plato, the first task is to present what it means to adopt a Platonic perspective on this problem. This is what I do in the first chapter through a discussion of the Euthydemus and the Statesman. This discussion leads me to these three questions: (1) What is the relation between the happiness of the individual and that of the city? (2) What is the model that guides the statesman’s work of harmonizing the goods in one whole? (3) How can the knowledge of harmonizing the various goods be passed to the citizens? Since these three questions concern the city, it is the city that I examine next. But since there are two cities in the Platonic corpus, I thus turn to a brief exposition of the Republic (Books I-VII) and the Laws (Books I-III). From my discussion of the Republic, in the first part of chapter two, I draw the conclusion that the happiness of the city and that of the individual may not necessarily coincide. This conclusion justifies my turn to the Laws in the second part of chapter two, for in the Laws the emphasis is more on individual happiness than on that of the city, as it is in the Republic. I then show that the first Books of the Laws provide an answer to the central question phrased at the end of chapter one, namely that it is by translating the natural hierarchy of the goods into a coherent and harmonized way of life that the good lawgiver can pass his knowledge to the citizens. Yet, since this solution is challenged in the sequel, I then move on in that dialogue. The third and last chapter is devoted to the Books IV and V of the Laws. The core of that chapter consists in a close analysis of the general prelude to the law code of the city to be built in the Laws. I show that the aim of the prelude is to educate the citizens and that the prelude is therefore the means by which the lawgiver passes on his knowledge to them. Yet, since the prelude is a twofold speech which conveys a teaching that can be understood in accordance with the power of the listener’s soul, I come to the conclusion that the answer to the question about the lawgiver’s solution to the problem of the harmony of the goods is inseparable from my own interpretation of the prelude. My interpretation of the prelude is that the harmony of the goods will always remain partly imperfect and that this is why the knowledge of the hierarchy of the goods is, ultimately, more important than that of the harmony of the goods. This I take to be Plato’s position
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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ROSSI, ELENA. "Balance Laws: Non Local Mixed Systems and IBVPs". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/103090.
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Scalar hyperbolic balance laws in several space dimensions play a central role in this thesis. First, we deal with a new class of mixed parabolic-hyperbolic systems on all R^n: we obtain the basic well-posedness theorems, devise an ad hoc numerical algorithm, prove its convergence and investigate the qualitative properties of the solutions. The extension of these results to bounded domains requires a deep understanding of the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) for hyperbolic balance laws. The last part of the thesis provides rigorous estimates on the solution to this IBVP, under precise regularity assumptions.
In Chapter 1 we introduce a predator-prey model. A non local and non linear balance law is coupled with a parabolic equation: the former describes the evolution of the predator density, the latter that of prey. The two equations are coupled both through the convective part of the balance law and the source terms. The drift term is a non local function of the prey density. This allows the movement of predators to be directed towards the regions where the concentration of prey is higher. We prove the well-posedness of the system, hence the existence and uniqueness of solution, the continuous dependence from the initial data and various stability estimates.
In Chapter 2 we devise an algorithm to compute approximate solutions to the mixed system introduced above. The balance law is solved numerically by a Lax-Friedrichs type method via dimensional splitting, while the parabolic equation is approximated through explicit finite-differences. Both source terms are integrated by means of a second order Runge-Kutta scheme. The key result in Chapter 2 is the convergence of this algorithm. The proof relies on a careful tuning between the parabolic and the hyperbolic methods and exploits the non local nature of the convective part in the balance law.
This algorithm has been implemented in a series of Python scripts. Using them, we obtain information about the possible order of convergence and we investigate the qualitative properties of the solutions. Moreover, we observe the formation of a striking pattern: while prey diffuse, predators accumulate on the vertices of a regular lattice.
The analytic study of the system above is on all R^n. However, both possible biological applications and numerical integrations suggest that the boundary plays a relevant role. With the aim of studying the mixed hyperbolic-parabolic system in a bounded domain, we noticed that for balance laws known results lack some of the estimates necessary to deal with the coupling. In Chapter 3 we then focus on the IBVP for a general balance law in a bounded domain. We prove the well-posedness of this problem, first with homogeneous boundary condition, exploiting the vanishing viscosity technique and the doubling of variables method, then for the non homogeneous case, mainly thanks to elliptic techniques. We pay particular attention to the regularity assumptions and provide rigorous estimates on the solution.
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Heldt, Tobias. "Sustainable nature tourism and the nature of tourists' cooperative behavior : recreation conflicts, conditional cooperation and the public good problem /". Uppsala : Department of Economics, Uppsala University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5856.
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Walck, Pamela E. "Reporting America's "Colour Problem": How the U.S. and British Press Reported and Framed Racial Conflicts during World War II". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438173577.
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Sexton, Martha Ph D. RN CNS. "Determinants of Healthcare Professionals' Self-Efficacy to Resolve Conflicts that Occur Among Interprofessional Collaborative Teams". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396104234.
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Kuzma, Jevgenijus. "Netarptautinis ginkluotas konfliktas ir jo dalyvių teisinės padėties problemos". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080128_103232-51133.
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Visus ginkluotus konfliktus tarptautinė humanitarinė teisė skirsto į tarptautinius, t.y. vykstančius tarp dviejų ar daugiau suverenių valstybių, ir netarptautinius, t.y. vykstančius vienos valstybės teritorijoje. Pabrėžtina, kad tarptautinės bendruomenės dėmesys šiems skirtingų rūšių ginkluotiems konfliktams yra skirtingas. Akivaizdu, jog absoliuti dauguma tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normų buvo skirta tarptautiniams ginkluotiems konfliktams reguliuoti. Toks šių ginkluotų konfliktų teisinis reguliavimas neatitinka šių dienų tendencijų, kadangi būtent netarptautiniai ginkluoti konfliktai tampa pagrindine ginkluotų konfliktų rūšimi.
Toks skirtingas tarptautinės bendruomenės dėmesys skirtingų rūšių ginkluotiems konfliktams, paaiškinamas tuo, kad bet koks tarptautinis dėmesys valstybės viduje vykstantiems procesams iš karto susidurdavo su stipriu valstybių pasipriešinimu, motyvuojant tuo, kad tarptautinis dėmesys ir siekiai sureguliuoti vidaus ginkluotus konfliktus pažeis kiekvienos iš jų suverenitetą, ir, kad vidaus reikalai yra pačių valstybių reikalas, kurie turi būti tvarkomi savarankiškai kiekvienos valstybės.
Tik XX a. viduryje buvo imtasi pirmųjų teisinių priemonių netarptautiniams ginkluotiems konfliktams sureguliuoti. 1949 m. Ženevos konvencijų bendrasis 3 str. bei 1949 m. Ženevos konvencijų 1977 m. Papildomas protokolas dėl netarptautinių ginkluotų konfliktų aukų apsaugos yra laikomi pagrindiniais tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės aktais, skirtais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The international humanitarian law divides all armed conflicts into international, i.e. taking place between two or more sovereign states, and non – international, i.e. taking place on the territory of one country. It should be emphasized that the international community's attention to these armed conflicts of different kind differs. It is obvious that the absoliute majority of standards of international humanitarian law were intended for regulation of international armed conflicts. Such legal regulation of armed conflicts is not compatible with today's tendencies as namely non – international armed conflicts become the main type of armed conflicts. Such varied attention of international community to armed conflicts of different kind can be explained by the fact that any international attention to internal processes of a country immediately collided with strong resistence of the country motivating that international attention and attemps to regulate internal armed conflicts would infringe its sovereignty and that the internal affairs were the matter of the countries themselves and they should be settled by each country independently. The first legal measures of non – international armed conflicts regulation were taken only in the middle of the 20th century. The Common Article 3 of Geneva Conventions 1949 and 1977 Protocol Additional to Geneva Conventions 1949 Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non – International Armed Conflicts are considered to be the... [to full text]
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Almonayyes, Ahmed. "Improving problem understanding by combining Explanation-Based Learning and Case-Based Reasoning : a case study in the domain of international conflicts". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240414.
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Meyer, Marcus. "Parameter identification problems for elastic large deformations - Part II: numerical solution and results". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901876.
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In this paper we continue the considerations of [5] (CSC/09-05). A numerical study for the parameter identification problem with linear elastic material and large deformations is presented. We discuss the numerical implementation in MATLAB and illustrate some results for a 2D test problem.
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Stöcker, Christina. "Level set methods for higher order evolution laws". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1205350171405-81971.
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A numerical treatment of non-linear higher-order geometric evolution equations with the level set and the finite element method is presented. The isotropic, weak anisotropic and strong anisotropic situation is discussed. Most of the equations considered in this work arise from the field of thin film growth. A short introduction to the subject is given. Four different models are discussed: mean curvature flow, surface diffusion, a kinetic model, which combines the effects of mean curvature flow and surface diffusion and includes a further kinetic component, and an adatom model, which incorporates in addition free adatoms. As an introduction to the numerical schemes, first the isotropic and weak anisotropic situation is considered. Then strong anisotropies (non-convex anisotropies) are used to simulate the phenomena of faceting and coarsening. The experimentally observed effect of corner and edge roundings is reached in the simulation through the regularization of the strong anisotropy with a higher-order curvature term. The curvature regularization leads to an increase by two in the order of the equations, which results in highly non-linear equations of up to 6th order. For the numerical solution, the equations are transformed into systems of second order equations, which are solved with a Schur complement approach. The adatom model constitutes a diffusion equation on a moving surface. An operator splitting approach is used for the numerical solution. In difference to other works, which restrict to the isotropic situation, also the anisotropic situation is discussed and solved numerically. Furthermore, a treatment of geometric evolution equations on implicitly given curved surfaces with the level set method is given. In particular, the numerical solution of surface diffusion on curved surfaces is presented. The equations are discretized in space by standard linear finite elements. For the time discretization a semi-implicit discretization scheme is employed. The derivation of the numerical schemes is presented in detail, and numerous computational results are given for the 2D and 3D situation. To keep computational costs low, the finite element grid is adaptively refined near the moving curves and surfaces resp. A redistancing algorithm based on a local Hopf-Lax formula is used. The algorithm has been extended by the authors to the 3D case. A detailed description of the algorithm in 3D is presented in this workIn der Arbeit geht es um die numerische Behandlung nicht-linearer geometrischer Evolutionsgleichungen höherer Ordnung mit Levelset- und Finite-Elemente-Verfahren. Der isotrope, schwach anisotrope und stark anisotrope Fall wird diskutiert. Die meisten in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Gleichungen entstammen dem Gebiet des Dünnschicht-Wachstums. Eine kurze Einführung in dieses Gebiet wird gegeben. Es werden vier verschiedene Modelle diskutiert: mittlerer Krümmungsfluss, Oberflächendiffusion, ein kinetisches Modell, welches die Effekte des mittleren Krümmungsflusses und der Oberflächendiffusion kombiniert und zusätzlich eine kinetische Komponente beinhaltet, und ein Adatom-Modell, welches außerdem freie Adatome berücksichtigt. Als Einführung in die numerischen Schemata, wird zuerst der isotrope und schwach anisotrope Fall betrachtet. Anschließend werden starke Anisotropien (nicht-konvexe Anisotropien) benutzt, um Facettierungs- und Vergröberungsphänomene zu simulieren. Der in Experimenten beobachtete Effekt der Ecken- und Kanten-Abrundung wird in der Simulation durch die Regularisierung der starken Anisotropie durch einen Krümmungsterm höherer Ordnung erreicht. Die Krümmungsregularisierung führt zu einer Erhöhung der Ordnung der Gleichung um zwei, was hochgradig nicht-lineare Gleichungen von bis zu sechster Ordnung ergibt. Für die numerische Lösung werden die Gleichungen auf Systeme zweiter Ordnungsgleichungen transformiert, welche mit einem Schurkomplement-Ansatz gelöst werden. Das Adatom-Modell bildet eine Diffusionsgleichung auf einer bewegten Fläche. Zur numerischen Lösung wird ein Operatorsplitting-Ansatz verwendet. Im Unterschied zu anderen Arbeiten, die sich auf den isotropen Fall beschränken, wird auch der anisotrope Fall diskutiert und numerisch gelöst. Außerdem werden geometrische Evolutionsgleichungen auf implizit gegebenen gekrümmten Flächen mit Levelset-Verfahren behandelt. Insbesondere wird die numerische Lösung von Oberflächendiffusion auf gekrümmten Flächen dargestellt. Die Gleichungen werden im Ort mit linearen Standard-Finiten-Elementen diskretisiert. Als Zeitdiskretisierung wird ein semi-implizites Diskretisierungsschema verwendet. Die Herleitung der numerischen Schemata wird detailliert dargestellt, und zahlreiche numerische Ergebnisse für den 2D und 3D Fall sind gegeben. Um den Rechenaufwand gering zu halten, wird das Finite-Elemente-Gitter adaptiv an den bewegten Kurven bzw. den bewegten Flächen verfeinert. Es wird ein Redistancing-Algorithmus basierend auf einer lokalen Hopf-Lax Formel benutzt. Der Algorithmus wurde von den Autoren auf den 3D Fall erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird der Algorithmus für den 3D Fall detailliert beschrieben
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Stöcker, Christina. "Level set methods for higher order evolution laws". Doctoral thesis, Forschungszentrum caesar, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24054.
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A numerical treatment of non-linear higher-order geometric evolution equations with the level set and the finite element method is presented. The isotropic, weak anisotropic and strong anisotropic situation is discussed. Most of the equations considered in this work arise from the field of thin film growth. A short introduction to the subject is given. Four different models are discussed: mean curvature flow, surface diffusion, a kinetic model, which combines the effects of mean curvature flow and surface diffusion and includes a further kinetic component, and an adatom model, which incorporates in addition free adatoms. As an introduction to the numerical schemes, first the isotropic and weak anisotropic situation is considered. Then strong anisotropies (non-convex anisotropies) are used to simulate the phenomena of faceting and coarsening. The experimentally observed effect of corner and edge roundings is reached in the simulation through the regularization of the strong anisotropy with a higher-order curvature term. The curvature regularization leads to an increase by two in the order of the equations, which results in highly non-linear equations of up to 6th order. For the numerical solution, the equations are transformed into systems of second order equations, which are solved with a Schur complement approach. The adatom model constitutes a diffusion equation on a moving surface. An operator splitting approach is used for the numerical solution. In difference to other works, which restrict to the isotropic situation, also the anisotropic situation is discussed and solved numerically. Furthermore, a treatment of geometric evolution equations on implicitly given curved surfaces with the level set method is given. In particular, the numerical solution of surface diffusion on curved surfaces is presented. The equations are discretized in space by standard linear finite elements. For the time discretization a semi-implicit discretization scheme is employed. The derivation of the numerical schemes is presented in detail, and numerous computational results are given for the 2D and 3D situation. To keep computational costs low, the finite element grid is adaptively refined near the moving curves and surfaces resp. A redistancing algorithm based on a local Hopf-Lax formula is used. The algorithm has been extended by the authors to the 3D case. A detailed description of the algorithm in 3D is presented in this work.In der Arbeit geht es um die numerische Behandlung nicht-linearer geometrischer Evolutionsgleichungen höherer Ordnung mit Levelset- und Finite-Elemente-Verfahren. Der isotrope, schwach anisotrope und stark anisotrope Fall wird diskutiert. Die meisten in dieser Arbeit betrachteten Gleichungen entstammen dem Gebiet des Dünnschicht-Wachstums. Eine kurze Einführung in dieses Gebiet wird gegeben. Es werden vier verschiedene Modelle diskutiert: mittlerer Krümmungsfluss, Oberflächendiffusion, ein kinetisches Modell, welches die Effekte des mittleren Krümmungsflusses und der Oberflächendiffusion kombiniert und zusätzlich eine kinetische Komponente beinhaltet, und ein Adatom-Modell, welches außerdem freie Adatome berücksichtigt. Als Einführung in die numerischen Schemata, wird zuerst der isotrope und schwach anisotrope Fall betrachtet. Anschließend werden starke Anisotropien (nicht-konvexe Anisotropien) benutzt, um Facettierungs- und Vergröberungsphänomene zu simulieren. Der in Experimenten beobachtete Effekt der Ecken- und Kanten-Abrundung wird in der Simulation durch die Regularisierung der starken Anisotropie durch einen Krümmungsterm höherer Ordnung erreicht. Die Krümmungsregularisierung führt zu einer Erhöhung der Ordnung der Gleichung um zwei, was hochgradig nicht-lineare Gleichungen von bis zu sechster Ordnung ergibt. Für die numerische Lösung werden die Gleichungen auf Systeme zweiter Ordnungsgleichungen transformiert, welche mit einem Schurkomplement-Ansatz gelöst werden. Das Adatom-Modell bildet eine Diffusionsgleichung auf einer bewegten Fläche. Zur numerischen Lösung wird ein Operatorsplitting-Ansatz verwendet. Im Unterschied zu anderen Arbeiten, die sich auf den isotropen Fall beschränken, wird auch der anisotrope Fall diskutiert und numerisch gelöst. Außerdem werden geometrische Evolutionsgleichungen auf implizit gegebenen gekrümmten Flächen mit Levelset-Verfahren behandelt. Insbesondere wird die numerische Lösung von Oberflächendiffusion auf gekrümmten Flächen dargestellt. Die Gleichungen werden im Ort mit linearen Standard-Finiten-Elementen diskretisiert. Als Zeitdiskretisierung wird ein semi-implizites Diskretisierungsschema verwendet. Die Herleitung der numerischen Schemata wird detailliert dargestellt, und zahlreiche numerische Ergebnisse für den 2D und 3D Fall sind gegeben. Um den Rechenaufwand gering zu halten, wird das Finite-Elemente-Gitter adaptiv an den bewegten Kurven bzw. den bewegten Flächen verfeinert. Es wird ein Redistancing-Algorithmus basierend auf einer lokalen Hopf-Lax Formel benutzt. Der Algorithmus wurde von den Autoren auf den 3D Fall erweitert. In dieser Arbeit wird der Algorithmus für den 3D Fall detailliert beschrieben.
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Dafinger, Markus [Verfasser], Daniel [Akademischer Betreuer] Grieser y Ian M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Anderson. "Invariant Source Forms, Conservation Laws, and the Inverse Problem of the Calculus of Variations / Markus Dafinger ; Daniel Grieser, Ian M. Anderson". Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/118931326X/34.
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Montealegre, Scott Juan. "Initial value problem for a coupled system of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili II equations in Sobolev spaces of negative indices". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/95255.
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Meyer, Marcus. "Parameter identification problems for elastic large deformations - Part I: model and solution of the inverse problem". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-200901869.
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In this paper we discuss the identification of parameter functions in material models for elastic large deformations. A model of the the forward problem is given, where the displacement of a deformed material is found as the solution of a n onlinear PDE. Here, the crucial point is the definition of the 2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor by using several material laws including a number of material parameters. In the main part of the paper we consider the identification of such parameters from measured displacements, where the inverse problem is given as an optimal control problem. We introduce a solution of the identification problem with Lagrange and SQP methods. The presented algorithm is applied to linear elastic material with large deformations.
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Wilson, Michael Peter. "The politics of privacy protection: An analysis of resistance to metadata retention and encryption access laws". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199696/1/Michael_Wilson_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the politics of privacy protection, focusing on how privacy advocates contest a moral equivalence at the core of the 'problem of going dark' – a claim that privacy-enhancing technologies enable the evasion of criminal investigations. Using the analytical constructs of signification, subjectivation, and identification, the thesis argues that Australian privacy advocates contest this claim via the articulation of a civic duty to disrupt the relations of domination that enable 'morally arbitrary' surveillance powers. Overall, the thesis argues this property of 'moral arbitrariness' is important for clarifying the distinction between advocating privacy protection and enabling methods of criminal evasion.
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Silva, Andrea Monlleo Martins da. "Relação jurídica entre agências de turismo e turistas-consumidores (problemas e conflitos em Porto Alegre/RS)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2006. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/117.
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A dissertação de Mestrado intitulada ´Relação Jurídica entre Agências de Turismo e Turistas-consumidores - Problemas e Conflitos em Porto Alegre/RS` aborda a relação jurídica existente entre agências de turismo (prestador de serviços turísticos) e turistas (consumidor). Este estudo inicia com uma síntese evolutiva da legislação turística. Nesse sentido, aborda aspectos marcantes da legislação turística brasileira ao longo dos tempos, dando maior ênfase àquelas que dispõem sobre agências de turismo, e também àquelas de relevância no regime jurídico atual. Em seguida, aborda a Relação Jurídica e Turismo, a partir de dois subitens. O primeiro refere-se às partes envolvidas nessa relação, ou seja, a agência de turismo e o turista. O segundo estuda a relação jurídica existente entre agências e turistas, a partir da caracterização da mesma e das conseqüências dessa relação, seja quanto aos aspectos gerais dos contratos, contratos eletrônicos ou, ainda, em deveres acessórios. Após este estudo teórico, parte-se para a pesquisa de campo, que foi realizada junto aos cartórios das varas cíveis e juizados especiais cíveis do Fórum Central de Porto Alegre. Esta análise permitiu fazer uma caracterização geral dos processos envolvendo agências de turismo, para em seguida assinalar as ações judiciais em andamento entre agências de turismo e turistas-consumidores. Por meio deste estudo foi possível analisar os problemas e conflitos existentes nesta relação, bem como propor medidas para a minimização destes conflitos.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-05T16:44:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andrea Monlleo Martins da Silva.pdf: 232386 bytes, checksum: ac2e334377a0718f3e78e19fb9970711 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-05T16:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andrea Monlleo Martins da Silva.pdf: 232386 bytes, checksum: ac2e334377a0718f3e78e19fb9970711 (MD5)
The work entitled ´Juridical Relation between Travel Agencies and Tourists-consumers - Problems and Conflicts in Porto Alegre/RS` concerns the juridical relations between travel agencies (provider of tourism services) and tourists (consumer). This study begins with an evolutionary synthesis of tourism-related laws, giving greater importance to those regarding travel agencies and to the ones applicable in the current legal system. Next, it examines the Juridical Relations and Tourism, in two sections. The first refers to the parties involved in this relation, that is, the travel agency and the tourist. The second studies the juridical relation between travel agencies and tourists, its characteristics and consequences, in general aspects of contracts, electronic contracts and accessory obligations. After this theoretical study, a field research was conducted in the Central Civil Court of Porto Alegre. This research allowed a general description of lawsuits including travel agencies as one of the parties, to then establish which disputes include travel agencies and tourists-consumers. With this study it was possible to analyze the existing problems in this relation and also to develop measures to minimize these conflicts.
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Mezmur, Benyam Dawit. "Children at both ends of the gun : towards a comprehensive legal approach to the problem of child soldiers in Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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While the participation of children in armed conflict has been evident for some time, internal community mobilization on the issue is fairly recent. In 1993, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolution 48/157 in response to a request by the Committee on the Rights of the Child.At the present the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers reports that approximately 300,000 children in over 40 countries worldwide are engaged in armed conflict. Of the estimated 300,000 child soldiers in the world, 120,000 can be found in Africa alone.
Apart from making them direct combatants, both governments and armed groups use children as messengers, lookouts, porters, spies able to enter small spaces, and even use them as suicide bombers and human mine detectors. In the due course of such use and abuse children are forced to kill or are themselves killed, sexually assaulted, raped, forced to become wives of the commanders, exposed to drugs and forced labour, showing the cross cutting nature and magnitude of the problem of child soldiers.
There are a variety of international legal standards which, at first glance, seem to give some direction and guidance in the protection of child soldiers. In spite of these legal instruments for the protection of child soldiers in Africa, however, much remains to be done as the problem is continuing at a larger scale every day and new challenges keep cropping up. This study will look into ways of addressing these problems in the context of Africa.
Therefore, in order to address the issue to the best possible level, the normative framework in place may need to be strengthened. Moreover, in an attempt to be comprehensive in addressing the problem, ways of dealing with child soldiers who have allegedly committed atrocities during armed conflict should be included. This piece explores how these issues could possibly be addressed to provide for protection to the child soldier in Africa.
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Baribonekeza, Jean-Baptiste. "Political participation of refugees as a means to realise the right to repatriation : the search for a durable solution to the refugee problem in Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3730_1190369773.
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This paper sought to discuss the questions whether refugees have the right to return to their country of origin and whether their participation in the political life of that country may be used as a means to realise their right to return.
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Kadletz, Andreas. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law, the contracts of carriage by air, aviation insurance, aircraft purchase, finance, the creation of security rights in aircraft and a common general part". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29831.pdf.
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Kadletz, Andreas 1969. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law : the contracts of carriage by air, aviation insurance, aircraft purchase, finance, the creation of security rights in aircraft and a common general part". Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27456.
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This thesis deals with the problems of conflicts of laws with respect to contractual private air law, focusing on those contracts which are of a practical importance. As compared to traditional studies of this legal area, this study applies a very innovative approach to the topic. Due to the vast amount of legal instruments, jurisprudence and legal writings to be handled, it does not appear appropriate to deal with the problems without pointing out common approaches, methods and solutions. In accordance with the economic legal working methods which have been developed by Middle European legal systems, and increasingly can also be observed in a number of common law systems, the aspects, which are common to all kinds of international contracts in private air law, are dealt with in a common General Part. Aspects such as the method of interpretation of international conventions, their "interrelations" with the conflicts of laws, and the general approach to "conflicts justice" (Kegel) as opposed to the modern American "Choice of Law Revolution" approaches are discussed. The Specific Part deals with the particulars of each kind of contract; significant aspects such as the effects of the new IATA Inter-Carrier Agreement (signed at Kuala Lumpur, 1995) are examined, as well as the problems which are encountered in international contracts of aviation insurance, cross-border finance of aircraft, and the creation of security rights, which, because of the sheer monetary sums involved, are of enormous practical significance. The conclusion at the end of the thesis provides two rules to resolve the conflicts of laws with respect to all contractual aspects of private international law: one single common rule as to contractual obligations, and another rule as to real rights in aircraft (iura in rem) which require a slightly different approach.
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Bedjaoui, Nabil, Joaquim Correia, Sackmone Sirisack y Bouasy Doungsavanh. "Traffic Modelling and Some Inequalities in Banach Spaces". Master's thesis, Edited by Thepsavanh Kitignavong, Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Laos, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26575.
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Modelling traffic flow has been around since the appearance of traffic jams. Ideally, if we can
correctly predict the behavior of vehicle flow given an initial set of data, then adjusting the
flow in crucial areas can maximize the overall throughput of traffic along a stretch of road.
We consider a mathematical model for traffic flow on single land and without exits or entries. So, we are just observing what happens as time evolves if we fix at initial time (t = 0) some special distribution of cars (initial datum u_0). Because we do approximations, we need the notion of convergence and its corresponding topology. The numerical approximation of scalar conservation laws is carried out by using conservative methods such as the Lax-Friedrichs and the Lax-Wendroff schemes.
The Lax-Friedrichs scheme gives regular numerical solutions even when the exact solution is discontinuous (shock waves). We say the scheme is diffusive meaning that the scheme is solving in fact an evolution equation of the form u_t+f(u)_x = epsilon u_xx, where epsilon is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t.
The Lax-Wendroff scheme is more precise than the Lax-Friedrichs scheme, and give the right position of the discontinuities for the shock waves. But it develop oscillations. We say the scheme is dispersive what means the scheme is solving approximatively an evolution equation of the form u_t + f(u)_x = delta u_xxx, where delta is a small parameter depending on ∆x and ∆t.
An elaboration and an implementation of Lax-Friedrichs schemes and of Lax-Wendroff schemes even extended to second order provided numerical solutions to the problem of traffic flows on the road. Since along the roads the schemes present the same features as for conservation laws, the new and original aspect is given by the treatment of the solution at junctions.
Our tests show the effectiveness of the approximations, revealing that Lax-Wendroff schemes is more accurate than Lax-Friedrichs schemes.
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Maria, Wikenståhl. "Käppar i hjulet : En fallstudie av cykelvägen från Uppsala till Bälinge". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-218117.
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Mkdad, Rudeina. "Problem representations of 'racisms' between people with migrant backgroundin online Swedish mass media". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för samhälls- och välfärdsstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158105.
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This project explores, identifies, and interrogates how Swedish online mass media represent the issue of 'racisms' between people with migrant background/migrant groups and the implications of these representations on their lives. The materials are analyzed using the WPR approach (Bacchi 1999) and content media analysis. The theoretical background draws from social psychological theory of intergroup relations, postcolonial theory and critical race theory in order to establish an overview of the concept of ‘racism’ and how it can be used in relation to migrant groups. Where the media representations maintained that migrants can produce 'racism', led to further stigmatization and exclusion of migrant groups. Internalizing racism by migrants can result in self-hatred and practicing migrant respectability in order to differentiate themselves from undesirable migrants as represented in the materials. This project contributes in exploring the system of hierarchies which can deepen our understanding of how tensions and conflicts work between migrant groups.
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Zanchet, Marília. "A proteção dos vulneráveis no direito internacional privado brasileiro". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7506.
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As relações de consumo, da mesma forma como relações privadas em geral, têm assumido caráter internacional. O crescente fenômeno acarreta, contudo, o incremento de vulnerabilidade do consumidor, a qual, em nível nacional, já exige que o direito restabeleça o desequilíbrio intrínseco à relação de consumo. Em nível internacional, assim, esses desafios aumentam, especialmente porque as normas conflituais clássicas foram construídas a partir da sociedade liberal moderna, que buscava basicamente a manutenção da igualdade formal entre os indivíduos, sem preocupações de cunho material. No Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro essa situação se repete. Busca o presente trabalho, portanto, construir propostas para o Direito Internacional Privado Brasileiro de defesa do consumidor. Na primeira parte do trabalho, então, são analisadas as causas da vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo, constatando-se estar no liberalismo jurídico e suas conseqüências na disciplina, bem como o duplo papel do princípio da autonomia da vontade. Por um lado, a autonomia permite o reconhecimento do indivíduo no plano internacional, mas por outro demonstra a insuficiência do modelo conflitual clássico. Diante da crise do modelo liberal moderno, discutem-se, na segunda parte do trabalho, os remédios para superar a vulnerabilidade na relação internacional de consumo. Analisa-se a informação enquanto forma de mitigar a vulnerabilidade do consumidor. Abordam-se, ainda, as formas de se encontrar a lei mais favorável ao consumidor. Nas conclusões, enfim, constrói-se uma sugestão de redação para a lei brasileira de proteção internacional do consumidor.Consumers’ relations are becoming international, as private relations in general. This change brings, however, more difficulties to consumers’ protection, which is already hard in every kind of consumer’s relations. In international terms the difficulties increase, specially because the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory were built on the modern liberal society, whose basic aim was to maintain the formal equality between individuals, without any material concerns. In Brazilian Private International Law this situation is confirmed. Therefore, this present paper intend to find solutions to overcome the problems, based on the analysis of the vulnerability causes of the international consumer’s relations, providing proposals to the Brazilian Private International Law. At the first part, the causes of the international consumer’s relations vulnerability will be study, analyzing the legal liberalism and its consequences to the field. To reach this aim the solutions provided by the Classic Conflicts of Law Theory to the international consumer’s protection will be discussed, based on conflict rules and public order exception. In addiction, the double function of party autonomy is study, analyzing its positive and negative aspects in the international consumer’s relation. In the second part, the solutions to overcome the vulnerability are concerned, also analyzing the information´ rule, considering the language problem in the international relations. The paper attempt to find the best ways to find criteria that benefit the consumers, through alternative connections and imperative rules. As conclusion, a suggestion to a Brazilian rule of law to protect consumers internationally is built.
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Diagne, Mamadou Lamine. "Modelling and control of systems of conservation laws with a moving interface : an application to an extrusion process". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10098/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des systèmes de lois de conservation couplés par une interface mobile. Un modèle dynamique d’un procédé d’extrusion obtenu à partir des bilans de masse, de taux d’humidité et d’énergie est proposé. Ce modèle exprime le transport de la matière et de la chaleur dans une extrudeuse par des systèmes d’équations hyperboliques définis sur deux domaines complémentaires variant dans le temps. L’évolution des domaines est dictée par une Equation aux Dérivées Ordinaires (EDO) issue du bilan de masse total dans une extrudeuse. Par le principe des applications contractantes l’existence et l’unicité de la solution pour cette classe de système sont prouvées. Le problème de stabilisation de l’interface mobile est aussi abordé en utilisation le formalisme des systèmes à retard. La méthode des caractéristiques permet de représenter le système composé des équations issues du bilan de masse par un système à retard sur l’entrée. Au moyen d’un contrôleur prédictif la position de l’interface est stabilisée autour d’un point équilibre. La dernière partie de ce travail est dédiée à l’étude des systèmes Hamiltoniens à ports frontière couplés par une interface mobile. Ces systèmes augmentés de variables couleur qui sont des fonctions caractéristiques du domaine peuvent s’exprimer comme des systèmes Hamiltoniens à ports frontièreThis thesis is devoted to the analysis of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) which are coupled through a moving interface. The motion of the interface obeys to an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) which arises from a conservation law. The first part of this thesis concerns the modelling of an extrusion process based on mass, moisture content and energy balances. These balances laws express heat and homogeneous material transport in an extruder by hyperbolic PDEs which are defined in complementary time-varying domains. The evolution of the coupled domains is given by an ODE which is derived from the conservation of mass in an extruder. In the second part of the manuscript, a mathematical analysis has been performed in order to prove the existence and the uniqueness of solution for such class of systems by mean of contraction mapping principle. The third part of the thesis concerns the transformation of an extrusion process mass balance equations into a particular input delay system framework using characteristics method. Then, the stabilization of the moving interface by a predictor-based controller has been proposed. Finally, an extension of the analysis of moving interface problems to a particular class of systems of conservations laws has been developed. Port-Hamiltonian formulation of systems of two conservation laws defined on two complementary time-varying intervals has been studied. It has been shown that the coupled system is a port-Hamiltonian system augmented with two variables being the characteristic functions of the two spatial domains
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Samarasinghe, Ruwan P. "Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka in the light of self-determination and sovereignty of states". Thesis, View thesis, 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/30155.
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This thesis analyses the Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka in the light of self-determination and state sovereignty. State practice with respect to self-determination is discussed, in particular cases of Aaland Island, Katanga, Biafra and Bangladesh. Historical background, location and composition, as it relates to the Tamil minority problem in the country, are described, and the specific issue of self-determination in the Sri Lankan context of secession is dealt with. The research attempts to ascertain the legal conditions which would warrant secession.
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Delport, Kandi Sue. "Conflicts in the role of business as a social partner in the South African economy : a study of skills development in the Border-Kei region". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1011784.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis analyses conflicts in the role of business as a social partner in the South African economy by studying skills development in the Border-Kei Region. Skills development is a key component of the South African government’s programme of labour market regulation and is founded on a participatory approach. The skills development framework requires the participation and co-operation of multiple social partners but relies heavily on the role of business in the attainment of national and sectoral skills development objectives. Unfortunately, however, there are significant conflicts in the role which business is expected to play which consequently hinder the efficiency of the framework and the likelihood that that these objectives will be realised. One of the most pertinent examples of these conflicts is the voluntary nature of the skills development framework, which incentivises but does not compel organisations to invest in training and development. Other conflicts include dissonances between national and employer led strategies and organisational disincentives to engage in training and development. This qualitative study uses an interpretive approach to study how and to what extent the Skills Development Act is implemented in selected organisations in Buffalo City as well as studying the issues pertaining to the implementation process. By using a purposive sampling approach, this research includes both primary data in the form of semi-structured interviews and secondary data in the form of documentary sources. The data represents the perspectives of business, labour and government and provides significant depth of insight into the discussions and issues surrounding skills development in Buffalo City. This dissertation argues that South Africa’s vocational training system, institutionalised through appropriate legislation, may not be sufficient to mobilise social partners, and of primary concern in this research – business – to invest in skills development. It suggests that extensive reliance on business is an insufficient way in which to upskill the labour market. However, with few alternatives to this approach, it is subsequently essential that business is encouraged to buy into the collective interest of skills development objectives. This primarily entails overcoming the challenges that embody the framework and increasing state emphasis on skills development.
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Sherwood-Johnson, Fiona. "Exploring the meaning of protection from abuse : problem construction in Scottish adult support and protection practice and policy". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17004.
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This PhD project by publication begins to explore how Scottish adult support and protection (ASP) policy and practice carves out its role and remit. It examines the ways that concepts like “abuse”, “vulnerability” and “protection” have been constructed, both by individual practitioners and at a policy level. The submission comprises five papers published in peer-reviewed journals and this contextualising document, which knits together the work and draws out overall conclusions and implications. The papers themselves report on a literature review, a further analysis of case study research into ASP practice and a critical policy comparison. The case study research was conducted immediately prior to legislative changes in Scotland with respect to ASP, and the policy comparison was conducted subsequently to these changes. Overall, the findings highlight the ways that a social constructionist approach can usefully deepen our understandings of ASP. That is, they show how understanding concepts like “protection”, “vulnerability” and “abuse” to be actively constructed in unique and complex contexts can promote criticality in policy-making, practice and research.
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Kinyua, Frederick Joses. "Understanding sources of conflict between landlords and tenants in Kenya". University of South Africa, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/145.
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Nebojša, Dedović. "Delta udarni talasi i metod praćenja talasa". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2014. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=84813&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U doktorskoj disertaciji posmatrani su Rimanovi problemi kod strogo i slabo hiperboličnih nelinearnih sistema PDJ. U uvodu je predstavljena jednačina zakona održanja u jednoj prostornoj dimenziji i definisani su Košijevi i Rimanovi problemi. U drugoj glavi, date su osnovne osobine nelinearnih hiperboličnih zakona održanja, uvedeni supojmovi stroge hiperboličnosti i slabog rešenja zakona održanja. Definisani su Rankin-Igono i entropijski uslovi kao i opšte rešenje Rimanovog problema (za dovoljno male početne uslove). U trećoj glavi detaljno je objašnjena Glimova diferencna šema. Metod praćenja talasa predstavljen je u četvrtoj glavi. Pokazano je da se ovom metodom, za dovoljno male početne uslove, dobija stabilno i jedinstveno rešenje koje u svakom vremenu ima ograničenu totalnu varijaciju. U petoj glavi, posmatrana je jednačina protoka izentropnog gasa u Lagranžovim koordinatama. Uz pretpostavku da je početni uslov ograničen i da ima ograničenu totalnu varijaciju, pokazano je da Košijev problem ima jedinstveno slabo rešenje ako je totalna varijacija početnog uslova pomnožena sa 0<ε<< 1 dovoljno mala. Slabo rešenjedobijeno je metodom praćenja talasa. U glavi šest ispitana je interakcija dva delta talasa koji su posmatrani kao specijalna vrsta shadowtalasa. U glavi sedam, pokazano je da za proizvoljno velike početne uslove, rešenje Rimanovog problema jednodimenzionalnog Ojlerovog zakona održanja gasne dinamikepostoji, daje jedinstveno i entropijski dopustivo, uz drugačijuocenu snaga elementarnih talasa. Data je numerička verifikacija interakcije dva delta talasa korišćenjem metode praćenja talasa.In this doctoral thesis, Riemann problems for strictly and weakly nonlinear hyperbolic PDE systems were observed. In the introduction, conservation laws in one spatial dimension were presented and the Cauchy and Riemann problems were defined. In the second chapter, the basic properties of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws were intorduced, as well as the terms such as strictly hyperbolic system and weak solution of conservation law. Also, Rankine -Hugoniot and entropy conditions wereintroduced and the general solution to the Riemann problem (for sufficiently small initial conditions) were defined. Glimm’s difference scheme was explained in the third chapter. The wave front tracking method was introduced in the fourth chapter. It was shown that, using this method, for sufficiently small initial conditions, it could be obtained a unique solution with bounded total variation for t ≥0. In the fifth chapter, the Euler equations for isentropic fluid inLagrangian coordinates were observed. Under the assumption that the initial condition was bounded and had bounded total variation, it was shown that the Cauchy problem had a weak unique solution, provided that the total variation of initial condition multiplied by 0<ε<<1 was sufficiently small. Weak solution was obtained by applying the wave front tracking method. In the sixth chapter, the interaction of two delta shock waves were examined. Delta shock waves were regarded as special kind of shadowwaves. In the chapter seven, it was shown that for arbitrarily large initial conditions, solution to the Riemann problem of one-dimensional Euler conservation laws of gas dynamics existed, it was unique and admissible. New bounds on the strength of elementary waves in the wave front tracking algorithm were given. The numerical verification of two delta shock waves interaction via wave front tracking method was given at the end of the thesis.
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Ali, Amir. "L'assimilation juridique du statut personnel mahorais". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1016/document.
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L’étude a examiné la question de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais. Elle a permis surtout d’élucider le processus de la substitution des règles du Code civil aux institutions juridiques locales initialement d’essence islamique et coutumière. Certes, des avancées notables ont été réalisées durant la dernière décennie. Néanmoins, il subsiste des zones d’ombres qui exigent une intervention imminente du législateur afin que la lumière soit faite. En effet, le droit ne peut se satisfaire d’incertitudes. Pour son efficacité, il a besoin de l’énonciation de principes clairs. Les règles qu’il pose doivent être limpides pour écarter tout risque d’arbitraire. Il s’agit là d’un préalable, pour faciliter le travail du juge chargé s’en assurer l’observation. C’est aussi une armure avec laquelle chaque justiciable peut s’envelopper pour se sentir en sécurité. Le législateur doit être en mesure de garantir ces besoins élémentaires propres à fonder l’harmonie dans la société. Ce voyage dans les méandres de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais, a été également l’occasion de découvrir le renouveau de cette notion, et sillonner l’horizon qui se présente à elle. A charge maintenant pour le législateur, d’en explorer toutes les potentialités, et lui restituer son véritable sensThe study examined the question of assimilation status Mayotte staff. It allowed especially to elucidate the process of substitution of the Civil Code of rules to local legal institutions initially Islamic and customary gasoline. While significant progress has been made over the past decade. Nevertheless, there are still gray areas that require imminent legislative action so that light be shed.Indeed, the right can not be satisfied uncertainties. For efficiency, it requires the articulation of clear principles. The rules must be clear that it poses to rule out any risk of arbitrariness. This is a prerequisite to facilitate the work of the judge to ensure compliance. It is also an armor with which each individual can wrap himself to feel safe. The legislator must be able to guarantee these basic needs own to found harmony in society. This journey through the maze of assimilation status Mayotte staff, was also an opportunity to discover the revival of this concept, and crisscross the horizon that presents itself. A now supported for the legislature, to explore all potential and restore its true meaning
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Sanja, Ružičić. "Dopustiva singularna rešenja sistema gasne dinamike sa nepozitivnim pritiskom". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=114114&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Karakteristika hiperboličnih sistema zakona odrržanja je da čak i u slučaju glatkog po-četnog uslova rešenja uglavnom razvijaju prekide u konačnom vremena. Zbog toga se posmatraju slaba rešenja koja dati sistem zadovoljavaju u distributivnom smislu i mogu biti čak i neograničena što se ispoljava kroz pojavu Dirakove delta funkcije u rešenju. U ovoj disertaciji se akcenat stavlja na analizu protoka stišljivog neviskoznog fluida koji ne menja pravac prilikom kretanja. Protok je opisan Ojlerovim sistemom iz gasne dinamike koji se sastoji iz zakona održanja mase, količine kretanja i energije, dok su karakteristike fluida određene konstitutivnim relacijama. U slučaju izentropskog ili izotermnog protoka sistem se svodi na zakone održanja mase i količine kretanja. Glatka rešenja takvog sistema automatski zadovoljavaju zakon održanja energije, dok prelaskom na slabu formulaciju dolazi do gubitka energije. Za predstavnike sistema gasne dinamike sa nepozitivnim pritiskom su uzeti sistem gasne dinamike bez pritiska i model za Čapliginov gas i njegova uopštenja. Data su rešenja Rimanovih problema za te sisteme koja se mogu predstaviti kao kombinacija klasičnih elementarnih talasa i senka talasa koji aproksimiraju rešenja u obliku delta udarnih talasa i koji omogućavaju rešavanje početnog problema koji u početnom uslovu sadrži delta funkciju. Na primeru modela za uopšten Čapliginov gas dokazano je da uslov prekompresivnosti nije jači od entropijskog uslova, što je prvi takav rezultat u literaturi. Dalje su korišćena rešenja Rimanovih problema, kao i problema singularne interakcije i dat je algoritam za konstrukciju globalnog dopustivog približnog rešenja početnog problema za sistem gasne dinamike bez pritiska. Algoritam je univerzalan i ideja se može proširiti na veliki broj sistema zakona održanja i veliki broj početnih uslova. Diskutovane su promene energije u približnom rešenju i posle interakcija. Dobijeno približno rešenje slabo konvergira u prostoru Radonovih mera sa predznakom.A solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws systems starting out as smooth often develop singularities in a finite time. As a consequence, we are forced to look for weak solutions that satisfy the system in distributional sense. Those solutions are often unbounded, which is expressed through the appearance of Dirac delta function. In this theses we study a one-dimensional, compressible and inviscid flow of a fluid. The process is described by compressible Euler gas dynamics system which consists of conservation laws of mass, linear momentum and energy, while the characteristics of the fluid are described using constitutive relations. In the case of isentropic or isothermal flow the system reduces to conservation laws of mass and linear momentum. The energy is conserved for smooth solutions to such systems, but while passing to the weak formulation the energy is being dissipated. As representatives, we consider pressureless gas dynamics system, as well as Chaplygin gas model and its generalizations. We give the solutions to Riemann problems which can be represented as a combinations of classical elementary waves and shadow waves that approximate the solutions in the form of delta shock and allow as to solve the problems with initial data containing delta function. We use generalized Chaplygin gas model as demonstration of the fact that overcompressibility condition is not stronger that entropy condition, which is the first result of that kind in the literature. Further, we use solutions to the Riemann problems, as well as singular interaction problems to give the algorithm for construction of global admissible approximate solution to the pressureless gas dynamics initial value problem. The algorithm is universal and idea can be applied to large number of conservation laws systems and large number of initial data. We discuss energy changes in approximate solution and after the interactions. The constructed approximate solution converges in the space of signed Radon measures.
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Beltran, Nicole. "Artificial Intelligence in Lethal Automated Weapon Systems - What's the Problem? : Analysing the framing of LAWS in the EU ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, the European Parliament Resolution on autonomous weapon systems and the CCW GGE guiding principles". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412188.
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Lethal automated weapon systems (LAWS) are developed and deployed by a growing number of state and non-state actors, although no international legally binding framework exists as of yet. As a first attempt to regulate LAWS the UN appointed a group of governmental experts (GGE) to create the guiding principles on the issue of LAWS AI. A few years later the EU appointed an expert group to create the Ethics guideline for trustworthy and the European Parliament passed a resolution on the issue of LAWS. This thesis attempts to make the underlying norms and discourses that have shaped these guiding principles and guidelines visible. By scrutinizing the documents through the ‘What’s the problem presented to be’-approach, the discursive practices that enables the framing is illuminated. The obscured problems not spoken of in the EU and UN documents are emphasised, suggesting that both documents oversimplifies and downplays the danger of LAWS, leaving issues such as gender repercussions, human dignity and the dangers of the sophisticated weapons system itself largely unproblematised and hidden behind their suggested dichotomised and anthropocentric solutions, which largely results in a simple “add human and stir”-kind of solution. The underlying cause of this tendency seems to stem from a general unwillingness of states to regulate as LAWS are quickly becoming a matter of have- and have nots and may potentially change warfare as we know it. A case can also be made as to AI’s ‘Hollywood-problem’ as influencing the framing of LAWS, where the dystopian terminator-like depiction in popular culture can be seen reflected in international policy papers and statements.
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Sinibaldi, Edoardo. "Implicit preconditioned numerical schemes for the simulation of three-dimensional barotropic flows". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85704.
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A numerical method for simulating three-dimensional, generic barotropic
flows on unstructured grids is developed. Space and time discretizations
are separately considered. A finite volume compressible approach, based on
a suitable Roe numerical flux function, is proposed and the accuracy of the
resulting semi-discrete formulation for nearly-incompressible flows is ensured
by ad hoc preconditioning. Moreover, a linearized implicit time-advancing
technique is proposed, only relying on the algebraic properties of the Roe
flux function and therefore applicable to a variety of problems. This implicit
strategy is extended so as to incorporate the aforementioned preconditioning.
The considered numerical ingredients are firstly defined in a one-dimensional
context; after validation, they are extended to three-dimensional non-rotating
as well as rotating frames. Finally, the resulting numerical method is validated
by considering complex industrial flows, namely the water flow around
a hydrofoil (for which specific experimental data are available) and the water
flow around a rotating turbo-pump inducer.
By starting from a particular industrial problem (namely the numerical simulation
of propellant flows around an axial inducer belonging to the feed
turbo-pump system of a liquid propellant rocket engine), a numerical method
which can be applied to generic barotropic flows is defined. Along the way,
a constructive procedure for solving the 1D Riemann problem associated
with a generic convex barotropic state law is proposed. This solution, also
exploited for defining a Godunov numerical flux suitable for incorporation
into finite volume schemes, is systematically used in order to define exact
benchmarks for the quantitative validation of the proposed one-dimensional
numerical methods.
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Masson, Anne-Sophie. "Le droit de la guerre confronté aux nouveaux conflits asymétriques : généralisation à partir du conflit Afghan (2001-2013)". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH03.
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Le conflit afghan (à partir de 2001) peut être considéré comme un nouveau conflit asymétrique reprenant les caractéristiques des conflits asymétriques classiques (rapport de force disproportionné entre les belligérants) à l’exception de la territorialisation, remplacée par l’appartenance à une idéologie commune. En conséquence, le champ de bataille y est devenu secondaire, la guerre est devenue cognitive. La séparation entre la paix et la guerre s’est atténuée à tel point qu’il est devenu impossible de compartimenter le droit de la guerre en fonction de l’intensité du conflit ou de son internationalisation. Faute de s’y être adapté, le droit de la guerre a cessé de faciliter le rétablissement de la paix et a été perçu par les militaires occidentaux comme une entrave aux combats. C’est pourquoi, certains belligérants ont tenté de s’en affranchir en ayant recours à des méthodes de combats illégitimes. Ces effets ont été médiatisés et ont participé à la perte de légitimité des Etats occidentaux allant jusqu’à remettre en question la division du monde en Etats souverains. L’absence de résolution de ces conflits pourrait conduire à une guerre civile globalisée. En réponse, l’harmonisation du droit de la guerre autour de la garantie inconditionnelle des droits inaliénables doit être affirmée par les Etats et les nouveaux acteurs internationaux. Elle pourrait émerger d’un « Parlement mondial », garant du droit international. De plus, l’irréprochabilité morale des belligérants est attendue. Le droit et la place des armées au sein de la société doivent le refléterThe Afghan war (since 2001) may be seen as a new asymmetric conflict. It has all characteristics of the former asymmetric conflicts except territoriality, which has been replaced by ideology. Therefore, the battlefields have been displaced to the cognitive war. The distinction between war and peace became so small that it is now impossible to distinguish the law of war in regard to its intensity or to the implication of several states. The law of wars, due to its lack of adaptation stopped to ease the peace recovery, becoming a hindrance to combat. In consequence, some warriors have been tempted to use forbidden combat methods. Whose effects have been mediatized and took part of the western states legitimacy crisis (and questionning the World division in sovereign states). The lack of conflicts settlement could lead to a worldwide civil war. Unless, law of wars are harmonized through universal core rights mandatory for states and new international actors; a “World Parliament” could protect them. Furthermore, moral integrity of warriors is expected, it may be reflected into the military laws and their position into the civil society
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Dymski, Nikodem. "Lois de conservation pour la modélisation de dynamiques de groupe". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4073.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation macroscopique du trac routier ou celle-ci décrit le trac avec des variables moyennées sur plusieurs voitures. Il se concentre principalement sur une situation dans laquelle le flux maximal de voitures est limité par un point qui reste fixe sur la route. Grâce à ces considérations, nous pouvons décrire le trafic à des postes de péage et à des chantiers. D'un point de vue mathématique des systèmes hyperboliques de lois de conservation avec condition de contrainte. La recherche est basée sur trois modèles macroscopiques, à savoir le modèle de Lighthill-Witham-Richards (LWR), le modèle Aw-Rascle-Zhang (ARZ) et le modèle de transition de phase (TP). Le but de la thèse est d'établir l'existence et les propriétés d'une solution faible. La thèse comprend 6 chapitres et 2 annexes. Dans le premier chapitre, nous introduisons les idées de base de la modélisation du trafic. Le second chapitre est dédié à une discussion détaillée des modèles macroscopiques de base dans le trac. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous décrivons le modèle LWR contenant une contrainte ponctuelle locale sur le flux. Le quatrième chapitre est dédié au modèle ARZ avec une contrainte ponctuelle locale sur le flux. Nous prouvons là l'existence de la solution faible correspondant au solver de Riemann non conservatif dans la classe des fonctions à variations bornées. Le but est obtenu en montrant la convergence d'une suite de solutions approchées construites à partir de la méthode de Wave Front Tracking. Dans le chapitre 5, nous décrions deux modèles TP avec contrainte ponctuelle locale sur le flux. Ensuite nous étudions leurs consistances, leurs L1loc - continuités et leurs domaines invariants. Le reste du chapitre est dédié à l'existence d'une solution faible dans la classe des fonctions a variations bornées pour l’un de ces modèles. Le but est obtenu en montrant la convergence d'une suite de solutions approchées construites à partir de la méthode de Wave Front Tracking. Le sixième chapitre est consacré à deux modèles macroscopiques sur les réseaux routiers. Le premier est le modèle LWR avec une contrainte mobile et le second est le modèle PT présenté dans le deuxième chapitreThis thesis is devoted to macroscopic traffic flow modelling, which describes traffic flow by variables averaged over multiple vehicles. It mainly focuses on a situation in which the maximum flow of cars is limited at a fixed point along the road. Thanks to such considerations, we can model traffic flow through toll gates or construction sites. From a mathematical point of view we consider systems of hyperbolic conservation laws with constraint condition. Research is based on three macroscopic models, namely Lighthill-Witham-Richards model (LWR), Aw-Rascle-Zhang model (ARZ) and phase transition model (PT). The aim of thesis is to establish the existence and properties of a weak solutions. The thesis consists of 6 chapters and 2 appendices. In the first chapter, we introduce basic ideas of traffic modelling. The second chapter is devoted to a detailed discussion of basic macroscopic traffic flow models. In the third chapter, we describe the LWR model with a local point constraint on the flow. The fourth chapter is devoted to ARZ model with local point constraint on the flow. We prove there the existence of the weak solutions, corresponding to a non-conservative Riemann solver, in the class of functions with bounded variation. The goal is obtained by showing the convergence of a sequence of approximate solutions constructed via the Wave Front Tracking method. In the fifth chapter, we describe two PT models with the local point constraint on the flow. Then we examine their consistency, L1loc-continuity and invariant domains. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the existence result of a weak solution in the class of function with bounded variation for one of these models with a metastable phase. The goal is obtained by showing the convergence of a sequence of approximate solutions constructed via Wave Front Tracking method. The sixth chapter is devoted to two macroscopic models on road networks. The first is the LWR model with moving constraint on the flow and the second is the PT model introduced in the second chapter