Tesis: "Private and procedural international law"

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Mejlerö, Anna. "International Arbitral Awards : A Study of Enforcement in China". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-115.

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The increase in international trade creates a growing number of disputes between parties from different countries. International arbitration is the most preferred mechanism to solve disputes in international trade. If the failing party does not voluntarily comply with the award, the successful party must apply for recognition and enforcement of the award in order to obtain the remedies. Since China is one of the major business markets in the world, several of the companies committed to arbitral procedures are likely to have assets in China. This means that, if a party fails to honour an award, an enforcement procedure may begin within a Chinese court. The enforcement procedures in China are said to be insufficient and not to comply with international standards. International conventions and treaties provide for a high level of security in the recognition and enforcement procedure of the arbitral award. The most used and important instrument for recognition and enforcement is the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, to which China as well as Sweden are Contracting States. According to the Convention, an international arbitral award may only be refused under certain grounds laid down in the Convention. An analysis of the legal situation in China confirms that there are problems associated with the enforcement of arbitral awards. These problems are not, however, connected with the concept of international arbitral awards, but rather with the entire judicial system in China. Even though an enforcing party can do little to overcome these problems, certain measures can be taken in order to ease the enforcement procedure.

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2

Saranovic, Filip. "Private international law aspects of freezing injunctions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270457.

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The Commercial Court in London is frequently dealing with applications for a freezing injunction. The vast majority of academic literature and court decisions directly or indirectly adopt the view that freezing injunctions have stood the test of time and are so frequently granted in commercial litigation that there is no need for any serious concern about their scope, let alone the need to identify and question the legitimacy of the justifications for their existence. Contrary to the traditional view, this thesis has identified equipage equality as the primary function of freezing injunctions. This recognition that freezing injunctions seek to establish a level-playing field in litigation has led the author to conclude that the current scope of the relief is excessively claimant-friendly and involves illegitimate interference with the sovereignty of foreign states. Taking into account the tactical reasons for seeking a freezing injunction, the author challenges the current interpretation of the substantive preconditions for granting the relief. Their current interpretation does not strike a fair balance between the interests of the parties. The author argues that these concerns are exacerbated by the current international scope of freezing injunctions due to the insufficient regard for the principles of public international law. The encroachment on the jurisdiction of foreign states undermines equipage equality by enabling claimants to make multiple applications for interim relief in respect of the same assets. In the light of the above, the author has sought to make a range of proposals to restrict the scope of freezing injunctions with the aim of bringing the relief in line with equipage equality.

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3

Ghajar, Homa. "Ett europeiskt småmålsförfarande". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12205.

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Förordningen om inrättande av ett europeiskt småmålsförfarande (EG) nr. 861/2007 trädde ikraft den 1 augusti år 2007. Förordningen tillämpas fullt ut från och med 1 januari år 2009. Förordningen tillämpas i samtliga medlemsstater utom i Danmark. Förfarandet som inrättas genom förordningen utgör endast ett alternativ till befintliga rättegångsförfaranden. För Sveriges del innebär detta att förordningen ska vara ett alternativ till bestämmelserna i rättegångsbalken. I verkställighetsdelen ska förordningen vara ett alternativ till Bryssel I-förordningen.

Förordningens syfte är att förenkla, påskynda samt kostnadseffektivisera handläggningen av småmål. Förordningen gör det även enklare för parterna att få erkännande och verkställighet av ett avgörande i det europeiska småmålsförfarandet i en annan medlemsstat. Förordningen är tillämplig inom privaträttens område, tvisten ska ha en gränsöverskridande karaktär, fordran får inte överstiga 2 000 euro samt domstolen måste vara behörig.

Det finns både för- och nackdelar med förordningen utifrån ett svenskt perspektiv. En nackdel kan vara den ökade målströmningen till de allmänna domstolarna, vilket kan vara resurskrävande. Även antalet exekvaturmål i Svea hovrätt kommer förmodligen att öka. Den största fördelen med förordningen är att den har avskaffat exekvaturförfaranden i form av nationella verkställighetsförklaringar. Sådana verkställighetsförklaringar finns dock i Bryssel I-förordningen men på ett mer förenklat sätt.

On the first of August 2007, the regulation of a European small claim procedure (EU) No. 861/2007 entered into force. The regulation is however fully administered from the first of January 2009, and shall be used in all member states, besides Denmark. The small claim procedure composes only an alternative procedure to the member states existing small claim provisions. In Sweden the regulation composes an alternative to the provisions in the Act (1942:740) of procedure.

The aims of the regulation are to simplify, precipitate and to make the handling of small claims inexpensive. It also aims to make it easier for the parties to get recognition and enforcement of judgments in the European Union. The regulation is to be used in civil law and has to be a cross-border contention. The claim cannot exceed the limit of 2 000 euro and it has to be a tribunal that carries jurisdiction.

From a Swedish point of view, the regulation carries both advantages as well as disadvantages, a disadvantage would be the increased civil action to the common courts and it will be resource-demanding. The quantity of exequatur contention in Swedish court of appeal will most believably also increase. The main advantage of the regulation is the abolishment of the exequatur when the Brussels I, on the other hand, only set out to simplify it.

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Ahonen, Joel. "Internationellt tvingande regler : En genomgång och jämförelse av artikel 3.4 och artikel 9 i Rom I-förordningen". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12185.

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Andersson, Ida. "Internetauktioner och lagval". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-13996.

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När något lagval inte gjorts gällande köpeavtal vid auktionsförsäljning av lösa saker är det lagen i det land där auktionen äger rum som ur svenskt perspektiv ska tillämpas, 4 § 3 st. lag (1964:528) om tillämplig lag beträffande internationella köp av lösa saker (IKL). Därmed krävs att internetauktioners fysiska plats fastställs, vilket leder till svårigheter eftersom det inte finns en geografisk plats för hemsidor. På området finns även Europaparlamentets och rådets förordning (EG) nr 593/2008 av den 17 juni 2008 om tillämplig lag för avtalsförpliktelser (Rom I-förordningen), vilken dock lämnar företräde för IKL. Rom I-förordningen har en bestämmelse lik den i IKL men med en väsentlig skillnad, nämligen att auktionsregleringen endast är tillämplig om en fysisk plats kan fastställas. I annat fall tillämpas först och främst säljarens lag och det finns även möjlighet till avvikelse när köpeavtalet har en uppenbart närmare anknytning till ett annat land än det som utpekats. Var en internetauktion har sin fysiska plats är långtifrån klart även om olika förslag till en sådan har framförts. En strikt tillämpning av IKL ger till skillnad från Rom I-förordningen inte någon möjlighet till beaktande av köpeavtalets anknytningar till olika länder, vilket är anledningen till att en tillämpning av Rom I-förordningen skulle vara eftersträvansvärd. Dock är det IKL som ska tillämpas och då det är mycket osäkert var och om fysisk plats för internetauktioner överhuvudtaget kan fastställas, är det möjligt att huvudregeln för köp av varor i IKL måste tillämpas. Det skulle innebära en tillämpning av säljarens lag, vilket dock inte är eftersträvansvärt vid auktionsförsäljning. Med hänsyn till att konsumentköp vid internetauktioner blivit allt vanligare kan även konsumentskyddsregler påverka den tillämpliga lagen.

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Jeremejev, Jimmie. "En utredning av Rom I-förordningens artikel 4.1(h)". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12241.

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Article 4.1(h) in the Rome I regulation establishes which law that will be applicable on contracts concerning financial instruments concluded in multilateral systems. The main problem is that most contracts concluded within these systems have standard clauses which contain a clause on the applicable law. If this is the case, Article 3.1 in the Rome I Regulation is applicable instead. This problem makes it difficult to find a need for article 4.1(h) if it will only be applicable in exceptional cases. However, the legal position on this matter is still unclear since the Rome I Regulation has just been put into force. It is therefore important that future case law, in a clear and precise way, determines how article 4.1(h) shall be used in order for it to be properly used within the sphere of international private law.

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Babakhanloo, Ani. "Juridiska personers möjligheter att flytta sitt säte inom EU : En analys av etableringsrätten enligt FEUF samt inkorporerings- och sätesprinciperna". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Akademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-13156.

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Den europeiska internationella privaträtten inom EU avseende de anknytningskriterier medlemsstaterna tillämpar för att fastställa en juridisk persons nationalitet är inte harmoniserad. Inom EU står följaktligen inkorporerings- och sätesprinciperna mot varandra. De länder som tillämpar inkorporeringsprincipen, eller registreringsprincipen som den också kallas, avgör frågan om bolagets rättsliga hemvist utifrån var bolaget är registrerat. I de andra staterna som utgår ifrån sätesprincipen, avgörs istället frågan utifrån var bolaget har sitt faktiska säte. Den europeiska internationella privaträttens relation till EU-rätten är genomgående stark. I artikel att 81.2.c FEUF föreskrivs en skyldighet för EU:s lagstiftande organ att besluta om åtgärder för att säkerställa förenlighet mellan tillämpliga bestämmelser i medlemsstaterna om lagkonflikter och om domstolars behörighet, särskilt när det är nödvändigt för att den inre marknaden ska fungera väl. Emellertid har några europeiska internationella privaträttsliga harmoniseringsåtgärder för att bringa klarhet i frågan om vilken lagvalsprincip som ska ha företräde vid lagvalskonflikter inte vidtagits. Problemen med att medlemsstaterna tillämpar skilda lagvalsprinciper blir som tydligast när bolag önskar flytta sitt säte från en medlemsstat till en annan inom ramen för bestämmelserna om etableringsfrihet enligt artiklarna 49 och 54 FEUF. Om ett bolag som exempelvis har bildats och registrerats i ett land som tillämpar inkorporeringsprincipen, flyttar sitt faktiska säte till en stat som tillämpar sätesprincipen, riskerar bolaget att komma att lyda under två staters bolagsrätt. Skulle däremot ett bolag som har bildats och registrerats i ett land som tillämpar sätesprincipen flytta sitt säte till en stat som tillämpar inkorporeringsprincipen uppkommer den situationen istället att ingen av staterna anser sin associationsrättsliga lagstiftning vara tillämplig på bolaget. Dessa komplicerade problem med juridiska personers mobilitet har delvis lösts genom EUD:s rättspraxis. När det gäller en förflyttning av det faktiska eller det registrerade sätet utan byte av nationalitet gäller enligt Cartesio-domen den princip som slogs fast i Daily Mail-domen för över 20 år sedan. Bolag existerar endast i kraft av de olika nationella lagarna som reglerar bildandet av dem och deras funktion. Frågan om under vilka förutsättningar en sådan förflyttning av sätet är möjlig bestäms således av ursprungsstaten. Däremot är frågan om bolag får flytta säte med byte av nationalitet i första hand beroende av i vilken utsträckning mottagarstaten tillåter det. Cartesio-domen lämnar dock ingen vägledning i frågan om i vilken utsträckning medlemsstaten i fråga får bestämma förutsättningarna för en sådan transaktion. Har medlemsstaten full frihet? Rättsläget är alltjämt oklart i det hänseendet. Det finns följaktligen ingen förutsebarhet och klarhet för juridiska personer som önskar flytta sitt säte inom EU idag. EU-rättsliga harmoniseringsåtgärder för att underlätta för bolag har vidtagits genom upprättandet av bland annat SE-förordningen och Direktivet om gränsöverskridande fusioner av bolag med begränsat ansvar. Dessa utgör dock inga reella alternativ för nationella bolag som önskar flytta sitt säte. Ett 14:e bolagsdirektiv om gränsöverskridande förflyttning av säte är enligt författarens mening det enda alternativet för att överbrygga svårigheterna med att medlemsstaterna tillämpar två skilda internationellt privaträttsliga principer i utformningen av sin bolagsrätt. Två principer som leder till olika behandling av juridiska personer i EU och riskerar att hindra ett fullt genomslag av etableringsfriheten för juridiska personer.

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8

Danilovic, Branko. "Råder det diskrepans mellan 8 kap. 4 § UB och vissa EU-rättsliga förordningar som reglerar gränsöverskridande verkställighet av domar?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14116.

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Under 2000-talet har två EU-rättsliga förordningar stiftats i syfte att reglera erkännande och verkställighet av domar på privaträttens område inom EU. Först stiftades Bryssel I-förordningen. I enlighet med den förordningen kan en dom som meddelats av domstol i en medlemsstat verkställas i en annan medlemsstat. Dessförinnan skall domen förklaras verkställbar i den medlemsstat där verkställighet önskas. Den andra förordningen, EEO-förordningen, tillkom bara några år senare. I denna förordning har förfarandet varigenom en dom förklaras verkställbar i en annan medlemsstat avskaffats. Istället skall domen efter ansökan kunna intygas vara en europeisk exekutionstitel av domstolen i den medlemsstat där domen har meddelats. Med ett sådant intyg får domen därefter verkställas fritt i samtliga medlemsstater utan något mellanliggande förfarande. Förordningarna reglerar inte hur själva verkställigheten skall gå till. Verkställigheten skall ske i enlighet med den nationella lagstiftning i medlemstaten där verkställighet begärs. För svenskt vidkommande skall betalningsdomar verkställas genom utmätning. Enligt svensk rätt får verkställigheten inte slutföras förrän betalningsdomen vunnit laga kraft. Enligt EEO-förordningen å andra sidan får verkställigheten slutföras omedelbart. Det finns en någorlunda stor sannolikhet att en utländsk dom vinner laga kraft innan en verkställighetsförklaring gör detsamma. Enligt svensk rätt skulle det i sådant fall vara tillåtet att verkställa domen fullt ut medan reglerna i Bryssel I-förordningen inte skulle tillåta annat än vidtagande av säkerhetsåtgärder i ett sådant skede. Det är också möjligt att den svenska regeln om begränsningar i verkställigheten strider mot diskrimineringsförbudet i Amsterdamfördraget eller den allmänna principen om likabehandling.
During the last decade two EC Regulations have been adopted in order to regulate and introduce uniform standards for procedures regarding recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters within the EU. The first regulation to be adopted was the Brussels I Regulation. According to its provisions a judgement delivered in one Member State can be enforced in an other Member State. Previously the judgement must be declared enforceable in the Member State where the judgement is to be enforced. A few years later the second regulation called the EEO Regulation was adopted. According to the EEO Regulation a declaration of enforceability is not required anymore. Instead a judgement can be certified as a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims by the court or a competent authority in the Member State where the judgement was delivered. The enforcement procedure itself shall however be governed by the law of the Member State of enforcement. In accordance with Swedish law a judgement concerning payment claims should be enforced by distraint. According to Swedish law a Debtor’s property is allowed to be seized but not retailed until time for an appeal has expired. The EEO Regulation on the other hand allows the enforcement procedure to be finalized immediately. There is a high probability that the time for an appeal against a foreign judgement may expire before such time in which an appeal against the declaration of enforceability can be lodged expires. In that case the Swedish law would permit the executor to finalize the enforcement procedure while in according to the Brussels I Regulation, the enforcement procedure in such case should still be limited to protective measures. It is also quite possible that the Swedish provision infringes the non-discrimination rule in the Treaty of Amsterdam or The General Principle of Equality.

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Lundin, Annica. "Betydelsen av artikel 6.2 i Rom I-förordningen : Ska regler från en eller två länders lagar tillämpas på konsumentavtalet?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12211.

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EU:s inre marknad med fri rörlighet för bland annat varor har skapat ett ökat handelsutbyte över gränserna även för konsumenter. När en tvist uppstår i ett konsumentavtal med internationell karaktär är frågan bland annat vilken lag som ska tillämpas på tvisten. Inom EU regleras lagvalsfrågan i Rom I-förordningen.

Enligt huvudregeln i artikel 6.1 i Rom I-förordningen ska lagen i landet där konsumenten har sin vanliga vistelseort tillämpas. I artikel 6.2 i Rom I-förordningen ges parterna möjligheten att göra ett gemensamt lagval, dock med begränsningen att det inte får vara till nackdel för konsumenten jämfört med huvudregeln. Ett tolkningsproblem uppstår då den partsvalda lagen till vissa delar är till nackdel för konsumenten, men till fördel i andra delar.

Ett sätt att lösa tolkningsproblemet är genom en tillämpning av den så kallade russinteorin. Konsumenten tillåts då att välja de för honom mest gynnsamma reglerna ur respektive lag och därigenom skapa ett mycket långtgående skydd som inte kan erhållas enligt någon nationell rättsordning. Alternativet är att lösa problemet genom att en lag tillämpas på hela avtalet. Konsumenten väljer då en regel ur någon av lagarna och den lagen blir därigenom tillämplig på hela avtalet.

Frågan är vilken av tolkningsmetoderna som kan anses mest lämplig för att lösa problemet med tillämpningen av artikel 6.2. För att besvara frågan har en analys av respektive alternativ gjorts. Dessutom har tre tolkningsmetoder från EU-domstolen använts för att utröna vilket tolkningsalternativ som är mest lämpligt.

Både russinteorin och alternativet med en lag har både för- och nackdelar. Russinteorin ger ett mer långtgående skydd för konsumenten och för därför också med sig stora nackdelar för näringsidkaren och möjliga negativa effekter på den inre marknaden. Alternativet med en lag ger inte ett lika långtgående skydd, det är dock tillräckligt med en lag för att överensstämma med målen om att skydda konsumenten. Nackdelarna för näringsidkaren är inte lika många eller omfattande och den inre marknaden bör inte heller påverkas i någon större utsträckning av alternativet.

Sammantaget leder tolkningsmetoderna från EU-domstolen till att alternativet med en lag som tillämpas på hela avtalet anses som den bästa lösningen på tolkningsproblemet i artikel 6.2 i Rom I-förordningen.

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10

Torstensson, Frida. "Erkännande och verkställighet av utländska domar". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12207.

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Sverige har traditionellt sett haft en negativ inställning till erkännande och verkställighet av utländska domar. Enligt 3 kap 2 § utsökningsbalken krävs stöd i lag för erkännande och verkställighet av en utländsk dom i Sverige.

Sedan Sveriges inträde i EU, och Bryssel I-förordningens införande, har synen på domar som härrör från medlemstater inom EU förändrats. Det kan numera sägas att fri rörlighet av domar förekommer inom EU. Det leder till att Sverige erkänner och verkställer utländska domar som har avgjorts inom EU.

Mellan Sverige och tredje land är läget ett annat. Problem uppstod då Nacka tingsrätt valde att lägga amerikanska domar till grund för en svensk dom, utan stöd i lag. Tingsrätten argumenterade för att svenska medborgare som väcker talan utomlands måste stå för konsekvenserna. I uppsatsen analyseras Nacka tingsrätts dom och om 3 kap 2 § utsökningsbalken behöver revideras.

Efter en jämförelse av rättsfall i uppsatsen är bedömningen att Sveriges syn på utländska domar har förändrats något. Sverige bör i viss mån kunna öka samarbetet med vissa stater. Jag anser att 3 kap 2 § utsökningsbalken bör behållas med med vissa förändringar i form av undantag till huvudregeln.

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Morosanu, Mariana-Daniela. "Ett harmoniserat forum necessitatis? : En analys av institutet ur ett svenskt och EU-rättsligt perspektiv". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15735.

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Bryssel I-förordningens behörighetsregler är inte tillämpliga på svarande från tredje land. I sådana fall hänvisar förordningen till nationell rätt (s.k. restkompetens). Inom EU varierar de nationella behörighetsreglerna med avseende på svarande som har hemvist utanför EU avsevärt mellan medlemsstaterna, vilket ibland kan leda till orimliga konsekvenser. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva vilka internationellt privat- och processrättsliga (IPP) problem som kan uppkomma till följd av nuvarande regelverk samt analysera kommissionens förslag till införandet av en regel om reservforum (s.k. forum necessitatis). För att ge läsaren tillräcklig bakgrund för analysen beskrivs rättsläget vad gäller forum necessitatis ur både ett svenskt och EU-rättsligt perspektiv. Resultatet av denna framställning är att förslaget till införandet av en regel om forum necessitatis bidrar till en ökad rättssäkerhet och förutsägbarhet. Den föreslagna regeln har dock en del brister som gör att bestämmelsen bör revideras.
The jurisdiction rules of the Brussels I-Regulation do not apply for third country defendants. In these cases refers the Regulation to national law (so-called residual jurisdiction). The national rules on the jurisdiction for defendants domiciled outside the EU vary widely between Member States, which can lead to undue hardship in some cases. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the private international law issues that may arise as a result of the current set of regulations and then analyze the Commission’s proposal to the creation of a forum of necessity (so-called forum necessitatis). In order to provide the reader with enough background information for the analysis the legal position regarding forum necessitatis is described from both a Swedish and European legal perspective. The result of this thesis is that the proposed solution would increase legal certainty and predictability. The proposed rule has some shortcomings that imply that the provision should be revised.

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Karlsson, Josefine. "EU:s behörighetsregler utvidgas? : En studie av kommissionens förslag till en reviderad Bryssel I-förordning". Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15327.

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The Brussels I-Regulation, often referred to as the Jurisdiction Regulation, is said to be the matrix of the European judicial cooperation system within the area of international private law. The Regulation states how jurisdiction is to be determined in an international dispute. The aim of the Regulation is to ensure that parties in a dispute within the EU have access to justice.The Regulation is considered to be working well in general, and have been since it came in-to force in 2007. Although it is held to be well functioning it does not exclude that some improvements might be needed. The commission ordered a review of the Regulation and the result was that some deficiencies were identified. Some of the deficiencies that were found were concerned with the relation to defendants from third countries. It was held that the regulation was unsatisfactory in this aspect. These deficiencies resulted in the working group presenting a proposal of a review of the regulation.The aim of this thesis is to investigate some of the consequences that might come with the proposed solutions. The investigation is limited to only discussing some sections of the Regulation. The parts that will be discussed are the ones that are concerned with the rela-tion to defendants from third countries. The investigation shows that although the propos-al means positive developments within the area it is far from clear and precise. The result of these unclear rules might be that they are hard to interpret and apply.The author comes to the conclusion that although the proposal means positive and sought after development within the area of private international law it needs to be reworked due to the ambiguities with the proposed solutions. If the proposal is not reworked the EUD will probably have to interpret the meaning of the proposed rules which might lead to a time consuming and costly process.

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Cavicchioli, Claudia. "Le traitement juridictionnel des stratégies procédurales touchant au choix de for dans le contentieux commercial international". Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D046.

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Confrontés à un phénomène d’effacement des frontières, les demandeurs à un contentieux commercial international sont appelés à choisir le tribunal devant lequel introduire leur action. Un tel choix de for entraînera des conséquences tant sur le plan des règles procédurales et substantielles applicables au litige que quant à la facilité avec laquelle la partie adverse pourra assurer sa défense. L’étude de la pratique du contentieux commercial international révèle que le choix de for devient ainsi l’objet de stratégies procédurales mises en œuvre par les plaideurs. Les mécanismes de réaction des juges français se montrent toutefois insuffisants pour appréhender et pour répondre convenablement au phénomène grandissant des stratégies procédurales touchant au choix de for qui sont élaborées par les plaideurs. Il est partant proposé de créer une nouvelle catégorie juridique, le forum shopping malus, fondée sur une analyse de l’atteinte causée par la stratégie procédurale en cause aux droits fondamentaux de la partie adverse. En faisant application du principe de proportionnalité privatisée, une série de critères sont élaborés visant à ouvrir un corridor de solutions à l’intérieur duquel le juge national pourra se placer pour vérifier l’existence d’un cas de forum shopping malus. La création du forum shopping malus nécessite une modification de l’office du juge, afin de lui accorder le pouvoir de se dessaisir en faveur d’un autre juge, ainsi que le pouvoir de prononcer des injonctions à l’encontre de l’auteur d’une stratégie procédurale considérée comme étant constitutive d’un cas de forum shopping malus
Faced with a blurring of national boundaries, claimants in international commercial litigations are called upon to decide before which tribunal to lodge their case. Such a choice of forum will entail consequences, as much with respect to the procedural and substantive rules applicable to the case as with respect to the ease with which the opposing party will be able to conduct its own defense. The study of international commercial litigation practice reveals that choice of forum has become the focus of procedural strategies implemented by the litigants. The reaction mechanisms available to French judges have however proved insufficient to properly address and answer the procedural strategies developed by litigants regarding the choice of forum. It is therefore proposed to create a new legal category, forum shopping malus, based on an analysis of the infringement, by a given procedural strategy, of the opposing party’s fundamental rights. By applying the principle of private proportionality (proportionnalité privatisée), a series of criteria are developed in order to establish a panel of solutions against which a judge may lean to assess the existence of a case of forum shopping malus. The creation of forum shopping malus requires a modification of the judge’s function, so that he may be granted the power to relinquish jurisdiction in favour of another judge, as well as the power to issue an injunction against the author of a procedural strategy which is deemed to constitute forum shopping malus

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14

Ljungman, Gustafsson Clara y Elin Nilsson. "Lagval för individuella anställningsavtal vid utstationering". Thesis, Örebro University, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-5115.

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När arbetstagare utstationeras till ett land annat än det ordinarie, är det inte alltid självklart vilket lands lag eller rättsystem som ska reglera anställningsavtalet. Då görs ett lagval, som innebär att utländsk lag kan tillämpas på vissa situationer i de nationella domstolarna. För utstationering inom EU regleras lagvalet av Utstationeringsdirektivet. Detta tillämpas dock under en begränsad tid, och sedan övergår avtalet till att regleras av Romkonventionen. Speciella lagvalsregler för individuella anställningsavtal återfinns i Romkonventionens art. 6. Förändringarna för individuella anställningsavtal i och med Rom I-förordningen ligger främst i att rättsakten blir direkt tillämplig, att EG-domstolen ges tolkningsmöjlighet samt att ordalydelsen moderniseras i art. 8. Att domstolen ges en exklusiv makt att lösa tolkningssvårigheter av lagvalsregler för individuella anställningsavtal innebär att det finns en avsikt att det som stadgas i Rom I-förordningen i framtiden ska utvecklas genom EG-domstolens praxis. Denna praxis kan förmodas att i framtiden skapa ett mer överskådligt rättsläge vid tillämpningen av förordningens art. 8.

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15

Khajehdehi, Armin. "Skadestånd i gränsöverskridande brottmål : Internationellt privat- och processrättsliga frågor om domsrätt och lagval". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-407738.

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Skadestånd i gränsöverskridande brottmål är ett ämne som berör frågor om såväl domstols internationella behörighet som frågor om lagval. I uppsatsen har särskilt frågor om behörighet och lagval diskuterats för det fall det enskilda anspråket avskiljs från brottmålet. Är det självklart att svensk lag ska tillämpas på hela brottmålsprocessen eller ska det vara annorlunda vid handläggningen av det enskilda anspråket? Frågan om domstols internationella behörighet uppmärksammas sällan i domstol, medan bestämmelserna i 2 kap. BrB gör det. När domstolen konstaterat att den är behörig enligt BrB har svensk lag, som regel, tillämpats på hela processen. Det är något som ifrågasätts i uppsatsen. Uppsatsen har också tagit ställning till frågan om vem som ansvarar för att utländsk rätt ska uppmärksammas. Vidare har uppsatsen belyst problemet att tillämpningen av skadeståndsrättsliga principer varierar beroende på vilken myndighet som handlägger frågan. Sammanfattningsvis är det min uppfattning att lagvalsfrågor inte hanteras enligt gällande rätt. Ett annat problem som uppmärksammas är att EU:s Bryssel I a-förordning och Rom II-förordning får något av en fakultativ ställning i svensk rätt i så kallade blandade mål – det vill säga när domstolen handlägger brottmålet och tvistemålet gemensamt i en och samma rättegång. Uppsatsen illustrerar att svensk nationell lagstiftning i fråga om behörighet och lagval behöver ses över för att bättre samspela med unionsrättsliga bestämmelser i skadeståndsfrågor i gränsöverskridande brottmål. En av slutsatserna i uppsatsen är att de oklarheter som föreligger i dessa avseenden leder till rättsosäkerhet.
This master thesis illustrates and analyzes the various problems which might occur when dealing with questions of damages in cross-border criminal cases. In the Nordic legal systems the tradition is to join the private claim with the criminal case and handle them together in the criminal trial procedure. In Sweden the criminal case is decided under the Swedish Criminal Code (brottsbalken, SFS 1962:700) while the question of indemnity liability is decided under the Tort Liability Act (skadeståndslagen, SFS 1972:207) which is a part of the civil procedural law. In modern days Internet is often used as an aid to commit crimes. The Internet-related crimes have increased during the past decades. The perpetrator in one country can, by using Internet, commit crimes towards victims in other countries. Accordingly, I have analyzed the following questions: How should the courts’ international jurisdiction be decided when dealing with a private claim in a criminal case? Furthermore, which law is applicable when deciding the private claim? Other issues concern under what circumstances a court can separate the private claim from the criminal case. My analysis may shed some light on the needs of updating national regulations in these questions. Some of the issues this master thesis focuses on are that the Brussels Ibis Regulation and Rome II Regulation is treated as optional law instead of non-optional law. These instruments are to have priority as they originate in EU law. This master thesis shows that these issues must be dealt with in order to have confidence in the legal system and also to defend the rule of law such as legal security and foreseeability.

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16

Chalas-Kudelko, Sophie. "La coopération en droit international privé : originalités d’une méthode". Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100015/document.

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La coopération en droit international privé revêt deux caractéristiques essentielles : elle est visible et elle est technique. Visible, elle est unique par la structure qu’elle requiert, notamment par la détermination d’entités spécifiques au sein des Etats impliqués par ce mécanisme de traitement du contentieux comportant un élément d’extranéité. L’interaction de ces entités requiert un engagement de la part de ces Etats par la voie d’accords internationaux interétatiques ou supraétatique. Technique, elle bouleverse le droit international privé en général. Tout d’abord, elle implique une meilleure organisation du traitement de la procédure par la mise en avant du for compétent au fond. La coopération est dépendante des règles de conflit de juridictions pour sa mise en œuvre, dont le caractère obligatoire varie selon les objectifs poursuivis par les instruments de coopération. Cette concentration du procès « international » est autorisée par la hiérarchisation des procédures qu’entraînent les mécanismes de coopération. On peut distinguer la procédure principale, des procédures accessoires, lesquels n’ont pas pour objectif de faire trancher le litige au fond. Le corollaire est la diffusion de la loi procédurale du for compétent au fond vers d’autres Etats, contraire au principe de territorialité. Inversement, le pouvoir décisionnel du for peut être altéré en raison de l’intervention préalable des entités de l’Etat d’exécution requise en matière de protection des personnes. En général, la coopération crée des règles procédurales matérielles, lesquelles doivent être analysées conformément aux droits fondamentaux de procédure dont elles sont censées défendre les objectifs
Technicity and visibility characterize cooperation in private international law. This method is unique considering the structure it requires to be enforced. Each member State to a convention or a European regulation containing rules of cooperation shall designate specific entities which will be able to cooperate with similar foreign entities for the management of a procedure with external elements. This interaction between state entities implies a form of involvement by the states through a convention or a regulation. The interaction between cooperation and traditional method of international private law are obvious. Both aim to a better organization of proceedings implying extraneity. Cooperation and rules of jurisdiction contribute to a concentration of the debates on the authority which can hear the case because of the strength of the links between the situation and its territory. Most of the cooperation tools create subordinate proceedings before incidental authorities. This hierarchisation of proceedings has such consequences that it allows the procedural rules of the main authority to be spread abroad under conditions. Anyway some mechanisms temper with the ability of this main authority to elaborate its decisions. In matters of protection of individuals, it may be required that such authority shall ask the authority of the state of enforcement of the foregoing decision whether that decision might be enforced on its territory. Cooperation in private international uniformises procedural law for international cases and put forward fundamental rules of procedure, such as they may be found in the European convention on Human Rights

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17

Damiens, Audrey. "La procédure en droit international privé : recherche en droit de l’Union européenne". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE0001/document.

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La question de la procédure en droit international privé parait de prime abord simple à résoudre tant la compétence de la loi du for est empreinte d’évidence. C’est sous l’angle des méthodes du droit international privé – et particulièrement la méthode conflictuelle et la méthode des règles matérielles – dans le cadre de l’action de l’Union européenne que la réflexion a été développée. La place de cette dernière dans les sources des deux premières justifie cette position. L’évidence de la règle énoncée ci-dessus s’est rapidement fait ressentir. Elle a pu faire douter de la pertinence du recours à la méthode conflictuelle pour résoudre les difficultés que l’institution régionale entend annihiler dans les litiges comportant un élément d’extranéité. Mais les difficultés de définition de la catégorie procédure retiennent tout aussi rapidement l’attention. Il apparait ainsi un premier champ d’action de l’Union, déjà exploré certes, mais devant être complété. Toutefois, l’édification de l’espace judiciaire européen – car là est l’objectif poursuivi – semble nécessiter, de l’aveu même des autorités européennes, d’endiguer les disparités procédurales. Ce sont les règles matérielles elles-mêmes qui paraissent, souvent, poser question dans les litiges transfrontières en rendant difficile, notamment, la libre circulation des décisions. C’est donc vers cette seconde méthode du droit international privé que l’Union européenne a dû se tourner. La vocation à agir de l’Union ayant été établie, et un rapide état des lieux de l’acquis ayant été dressé, il a pu être recherché les règles matérielles qui semblaient nécessaires. Au-delà de celles-ci, la méthode conflictuelle assure la complétude du système
The issue of procedure in private international law seems simple, at first glance, to solve as the jurisdiction of the law of the forum is imbued with evidence. This is from the perspective of private international law methods - especially the conflict method and method of the substantive rules - as part of the action of the European Union that reflection has been developed. The position of the last in the first two sources justifies this position. The evidence of the rule above quickly felt. It conducts to douter the relevance of the use of conflict method to solve the difficulties that regional institution intends to annihilate in disputes involving a foreign element. But the difficulties of definition of the category procedure quickly hold the attention also. It thus appears a first field of action of the Union, already explored, but must be completed. However, the construction of the European judicial area – because there is the objective - seems to require, by the admission of the European authorities, contain procedural disparities. These are the substantive rules themselves that appear often ask questions in cross-border disputes by making it dificult in particular the free movement of judgments. So it is to this second method of private international law that the European Union had to turn. The vocation of the Union to act having been established, and a quick inventory of the achievement have been drawn up, it could be sought substantive rules that seemed necessary. Beyond these, the conflict method ensures the completeness of the system

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18

Bachand, Frédéric. "L'intervention du juge canadien avant et durant un arbitrage commercial international". Thèse, Paris 2, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2438.

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Cette thèse précise les conditions dans lesquelles les tribunaux judiciaires canadiens peuvent intervenir avant ou durant un arbitrage commercial international, soit afin d'y prêter assistance, soit afin d'en contrôler la légalité. Elle soumet également ces conditions à l'analyse critique, dans le but d'esquisser une théorie générale de l'intervention avant et durant un arbitrage commercial international des juges oeuvrant dans les États qui ont choisi d'accorder leur concours à la justice arbitrale internationale. Principalement, cette théorie repose sur l'idée selon laquelle l'intervention judiciaire survenant avant le prononcé de la sentence ne doit - à quelques exceptions près - servir que les intérêts des opérateurs du commerce international, les intérêts publics prépondérants ne devant être pris en compte que dans l'élaboration des conditions de l'intervention judiciaire survenant après le prononcé de la sentence. De cette idée directrice découlent deux conséquences majeures. D'abord, les ordres juridiques des États qui accordent leur concours à la justice arbitrale internationale doivent être perméables à des faits normatifs transnationaux qui s'intéressent à l'intervention judiciaire avant et durant un arbitrage commercial international, car l'adoption d'une loi ayant vocation à régir spécialement l'arbitrage commercial international ne peut jamais - à elle seule - assurer que les tribunaux judiciaires agiront de manière pleinement satisfaisante. Ensuite, les conditions de cette intervention doivent surtout avoir pour objectif d'accroître l'efficacité - envisagée du point de vue des opérateurs du commerce international - de ce système de justice internationale.
This thesis sets out the conditions under which Canadian courts can intervene prior to and during an international commercial arbitration, either to assist the arbitral process or to control its legality. These conditions are also analyzed in a critical manner, with a view to elaborating a general theory of judicial intervention prior to and during an international commercial arbitration in States that have chosen to support international arbitral justice. This theory essentially rests on the idea that judicial intervention occurring before the rendering of the award must almost entirely be geared towards satisfying the interests of international business operators, as superior public interests need only be reflected in the conditions under which courts may intervene after an award has been rendered. Two major consequences flow from this idea. Firstly, the legal orders of States that have chosen to support international arbitral justice must be permeable to transnational normative facts which relate to judicial intervention prior to and during an international commercial arbitration, as the adoption of legislation dealing specifically with international commercial arbitration can never - in itself - ensure that courts will act in a fully satisfactory manner. Secondly, the conditions of such intervention must essentially be aimed at increasing the efficiency - assessed from the point of view of international business operators - of this system of international justice.
"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université de Montréal en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.) et à l'Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris II) Droit-économie-Sciences Sociales en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (Arrêté du 30 mars 1992 modifié par l'arrêté du 25 avril 2002)"

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19

Usman, Muhammad. "Does Cyberspace outdate Jurisdictional Defamation Laws?" Thesis, University of Bradford, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17461.

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Cyberspace produces friction when the law is implemented by domestic courts using 'state-laws'. These laws are based on a ‘physical presence’ of an individual within the territory. It elevates conflicts relating to cyberspace jurisdiction. This research examines private international law complications associated with cyberspace. The paradigm of libel that takes place within the domain of social media is used to evaluate the utility of traditional laws. This research is conducted using ‘black-letter’ methodology, keeping in mind the changes constituted by the Defamation Act 2013. It pinpoints that the instantaneous nature of social media communication demands an unambiguous exercise of 'personal-jurisdiction', beyond the doctrine of territoriality. An innovation to the code of Civil Procedure is recommended to revise the process of service for non-EU defendants. The permission to serve a writ via social networks (or to the relevant Embassy of the defendant’s domicile state), can accelerate the traditional judicial process. This thesis can be utilised as a roadmap by libel victims for preliminary information. It contributes to the knowledge by discovering that the thresholds under Section 1 and Section 9 of the Defamation Act 2013 overlap with the conventional ‘forum-conveniens’ tests. This crossover is causing legal uncertainty in the application of existing rules to the digital libel proceedings. Section 1 and Section 9 thresholds do not fulfil the purpose of eliminating ‘libel-tourism’ and maintaining a balance between speech freedom and reputation rights. They raised the bar for potential victims and restricted their rights to justice. It is proposed that the traditional ‘conveniens test’ must be used for social media libel victims to produce legal certainty in cyberspace defamation.

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20

Chang, Mann-Long. "Harmonisation of procedural law in international commercial arbitration". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9931.

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The principle of party autonomy is widely accepted in the practice of international commercial arbitration. However, it still encounters certain limitations in its applications, especially for the fact that the demands of natural justice and the public good cannot be neglected by the parties. The various states in the international system have and operate peculiar systems of mandatory rules and public policies, which tend to impart significantly on the arbitral procedure, thereby creating a situation of discordance of outcomes of arbitration in different countries. For this reason, this writer intends to examine ways by which the various procedural laws can actually be harmonised. This thesis shall therefore focus on the discordances and confusion that often arise in the interacion of the various laws that may be applicable to the arbitral process in International commercial arbitration, as well as ways of achieving a harmonisation of these laws.

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21

Panagopoulos, George C. "Restitution in private international law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340238.

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22

Rushworth, A. "Remedies and international private law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550578.

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This thesis seeks to determine how remedies inter-relate with the European rules on international private law. The thesis is broadly separated into two Parts, the first Part discussing the relationship between remedies and the general part of European international private law, and the second Part discussing the relationship between remedies and the specific parts of European international private law. From this analysis, three threads can be drawn. First, primary right, secondary right and the court order vindicating them are so closely related that, ideally, the same law ought to apply to all. They form a unit which should remain unbroken. Second, the distinction between substantive and ancillary rights is of crucial importance for remedies in the context of both jurisdiction and choice of law. Ancillary rights are those which arise by virtue of the trial process itself, whereas substantive rights are, or are perceived to be, created prior to the trial. The orthodox jurisdictional and choice of law rules only apply to substantive rights. Ancillary rights have their own, separate, rules. With one exception, the only court with jurisdiction over those ancillary rights is the court with jurisdiction over the substantive right to which they are ancillary. Furthermore, the lex fori must be applied to determine the nature of the ancillary right. Third, there exists a rule of exclusion which is of crucial importance for remedies in the context of both the enforcement of foreign judgments and choice of law. This rule of exclusion applies where the application of the foreign court order, whether applied by virtue of enforcing a foreign judgment, or applied by virtue of applying a foreign governing law under the choice of law process, would be too inconvenient for the forum court's machinery. Under such circumstances, the forum court can disapply the foreign law and substitute the closest order it can from its own legal system.

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23

Neuwirth, Rostam Josef. "International law and the public/private law distinction". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64296.pdf.

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24

Smith, Henry Forbes. "The scope of private international law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620468.

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25

Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence Antony. "International law and the procedural regulation of internment in non-international armed conflict". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50abc9c2-44fa-43f3-a7b2-bf660f8678fa.

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'International humanitarian law' (IHL) has long differentiated between international and non-international armed conflicts, regulating the latter, at least at the level of treaty law, far less than the former. One of the starkest examples of this is in the case of administrative detention on security grounds or 'internment'. Thus, IHL applicable in international armed conflicts establishes a seemingly robust regime regarding internment. As such, it specifies the limited grounds on which an individual may be interned, the procedural safeguards that must be provided to internees, and the point at which the internee must be released. In the conventional IHL provisions applicable in non-international armed conflicts, on the other hand, no equivalent rules are made explicit. In addition, the application in such situations of international human rights law (IHRL), which also contains procedural rules applicable to detention, is considered by many to be very controversial. This has led to considerable confusion over the current state of the law governing detention in non-international armed conflict, and it is here that some of the most controversial practices and intractable debates within IHL of the last decade have developed. The present thesis seeks to clarify the law here and does so through a comprehensive examination of both IHL and IHRL. It begins with a discussion of the general context in which the thesis falls, i.e. the distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts. This is considered from an historical perspective, considering the basis for the distinction as well as its appropriateness in contemporary international law. Having considered this general question, the thesis then moves on to an examination of the current lex lata with regard to internment in non-international armed conflicts, with a comprehensive examination of both IHL and IHRL. Regarding IHL, it is shown that, whilst there remains a dearth of conventional and customary rules here, one can discern a general prohibition of internment that is not necessary as a result of the conflict. The application of the IHRL rules on detention in non-international conflicts and their interaction with relevant rules of IHL are then explored, with substantial reference to the practice of both states and human rights treaty bodies. It is shown that, absent derogation, human rights treaty rules continue fully to regulate detentions by states in relation to non-international armed conflicts, alongside the minimal rules of IHL. However, it is also demonstrated that the current law remains inadequate in this area. First, there is significant disagreement between the human rights treaty bodies on the extent to which derogation from these rules is permitted. Second, persons detained in non-international conflicts by non-state armed groups or by states with no human rights treaty obligations are protected by the far more basic customary rules in this area. The thesis, therefore, concludes with a set of concrete proposals for developing the law here, in a manner that builds upon and clarifies the current obligations of all states and non-state armed groups.

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Lindsay, Bobby William Milroy. "The exclusion of foreign law in international private law". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30593/.

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It is an axiom of the conflict of laws that one state will not enforce the revenue, penal, or ‘other public’ laws of another. This thesis shall criticise this position, arguing that these exclusionary principles should be replaced with a general principle of enforceability, subject to the control of public policy. It shall begin by sketching the general landscape of the exclusion of foreign law in Anglo-Scots international private law. Thereafter, a detailed account shall be given – for each of the revenue, penal, and ‘other public’ law rules – of the historical development of those exclusions, and their present scope of operation. This exposition provides a foundation for a critical examination of those rules.

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27

Ruiz, Abou-Nigm Verónica. "Arrest of ships in Private International Law : analysis of English, Scots and international law on the arrest of ships from a private international law perspective". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27318.

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The arrest of ships is a truly Private International Law (PIL) institution. Its main rationale is to provide a useful device for international commerce and to compensate for the difficulty of enforcing judgments abroad. The arrest of ships is the typical provisional measure used in maritime claims; but it is as typical for maritime claims as it is atypical as a provisional measure. Arrest of ships is also a typical jurisdictional basis in the maritime sphere; but outside maritime claims it is nowadays completely atypical as a jurisdictional basis, i.e. arrest of non -maritime property to found jurisdiction is regarded as unacceptably exorbitant. Moreover, arrest of ships is a means of security, but its security- related effects are differently understood in comparative law. What is it about the arrest of ships that makes it so distinctive, particularly from a PIL perspective? This thesis analyses the theme in English and Scots law in the light of the international Conventions in the field. It examines the three main functions of arrest of ships, i.e. its protective function, its security function and its jurisdictional function, within the three classical domains of PIL, i.e. applicable law, jurisdiction, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. It looks at the role of the lex fori; its impact on characterization issues; its subtleties when applied qua lex causae; and its so often too far -reaching scope when applied qua lex fori. In practice its influence is unhelpful and poses a drawback to the uniformity sought by the international community. Its downside is apparent in English law where the frame in which arrest of ships currently develops is the action in rem, and where the impossibility to separate the two has complicated matters in various ways. In Scots law, due to the fact that arrestment of ships pertains to the broader law of diligence, the distinction between the different functions of the arrest of ships is clearer. Furthermore, recent law reform has brought the arrestment of ships in Scotland into line with the latest international trends in the sphere of provisional and protective measures. Central to this thesis is the jurisdictional function of arrest of ships. Forum arresti, the paradigmatic forum selection criterion in English and Scots law, has survived as a specific jurisdictional basis for maritime claims in the process of Europeanization of PIL. This thesis establishes that forum arresti in the case of arrest of ships is a cooperative forum. It advances the dynamic objective of PIL, i.e. the juridical continuity of legal relations across national borders. In this context, the conceptual distinction between jurisdiction on the merits and jurisdiction for the sole purpose of interim relief becomes paramount. Ultimately, the whole analysis shows that the combination of civilian legacy, common law creativity and international attempts for uniformity has profoundly affected the nature of arrest of ships; not only in England and in Scotland, but, through their influence on international Conventions, in the entire shipping world.

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28

Mills, Alex. "The confluence of public and private international law : justice, pluralism and subsidiarity in the international constitutional ordering of private law /". Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780521731300.

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Rylander, Lisa. "Effective private enforcement of EU competition law : A justification for legislative harmonization of national procedural rules?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-196484.

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In the strive towards a highly competitive market, the European Commission has long promoted an extensive use of so-called private enforcement, where individuals claim their rights, as guaranteed by the acquis communautaire, before national courts. The incentive to litigate is, mostly, the right to receive damages for loss suffered due to another private party’s violation of the EU antitrust rules, established by the CJEU in its famous ruling in Courage, in 2001. Lately, the Commission seems to believe that the aim of a more effective private enforcement of antitrust law justifies rather extensive intrusions into the internal legal systems of the Member States. In a White Paper of 2008, the Commission proposed several measures aimed at enhancing the possibilities for individuals to be awarded with compensation for having suffered from a breach of the antitrust rules. These measures include the harmonization of certain national procedural laws, to facilitate inter alia damages claims at a national level. One year later, in 2009, an internal document with a draft for a directive was leaked out from the Commission, which suggests that there are advanced plans for issuing a harmonizing legislation. Extensive critique has been aimed at the Commission’s proposal, mainly on the basis that procedural rules should be left unaltered by the European Union. Procedural rules are often considered to be the result of careful considerations of specific domestic characteristics and problems, which over time have resulted in a well-balanced internal system based on legal traditions and culture. Even though national rules would still apply in purely domestic situations, it is said that the internal balance of the national procedural systems would be undermined if certain procedural rules were to be harmonized throughout the Union. This thesis aims at analysing whether the aim of an effective private enforcement of Union competition law does justify a harmonization of procedural rules that could facilitate inter alia private damage claims before national courts. In the case of a confirmative answer, the work also aims at answering to the question of what form such a harmonization should take: should the Commission initiate a legislative process or should it be left to the CJEU to continue developing the state of law through sporadic rulings on the matter? Recourse is made throughout the work to several important general principles of Union law, such as the principles of national procedural autonomy, subsidiarity, and equality.
I sin strävan efter att åstadkomma en marknad med hög konkurrenskraft har Europeiska kommissionen länge förespråkat ett mer extensivt nyttjande av så kallad private enforcement (ung. privat genomförande) där individer åberopar sina rättigheter, som följer av acquis communataire, inför nationella domstolar. Incitamentet för att driva processer består i dessa fall mestadels av rätten att erhålla skadestånd för den skada som klaganden lidit på grund av en annan privat aktörs brott mot konkurrensreglerna, grundad av EU-domstolen (EUD) i målet Courage, 2001. På senare tid tycks kommissionen anse att målet med en mer effektiv private enforcement rättfärdigar relativt djupa intrång i medlemsstaternas interna rättssystem. I en Vitbok från 2008 föreslog kommissionen flera medel för att förbättra möjligheterna för individer att erhålla kompensation för skada orsakad av konkurrensöverträdelser. Förslagen skulle innebära en harmonisering av vissa processuella regler för att underlätta bland annat skadeståndstalan på nationell nivå. Ett år efter Vitbokens publicering läckte ett annat dokument ut från kommissionen, innehållande ett utkast på ett direktiv som föreslår liknande regler som Vitboken. Detta tyder på att det finns långt skridna planer för att skapa en harmoniserande lagstiftning på EU-nivå. Omfattande kritik har riktats mot kommissionens förslag, mestadels på grunden att processuella regler bör undanhållas från Europeiska Unionens inflytande. Processuella regler anses ofta vara en produkt av noggranna överväganden av nationella särdrag och problem, som under tidens gång lett till ett välbalanserat internt system baserat på gamla rättstraditioner och rättskultur. Trots att nationella regler skulle fortsätta att gälla för rent interna situationer, påstås det att den interna balansen inom de nationella processuella systemen skulle undergrävas vid en harmonisering. Denna magisteruppsats syftar till att analysera huruvida målet med en effektiv private enforcement av Unionens konkurrensregler rättfärdigar en harmonisering av processuella regler, för att underlätta bland annat privata skadeståndstalan i nationella domstolar. Om så visar sig vara fallet skall arbetet även undersöka vilken form en sådan harmonisering borde ta: skall kommissionen initiera en lagstiftningsprocess eller skall det vara upp till EUD att fortsätta utveckla det relevanta rättsläget? Under arbetet används genomgående några viktiga generella EU-rättsliga principer som referensramar. Dessa är bland annat principen om nationell processautonomi, subsidiaritet och likabehandling.

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30

Petrochilos, Georgios C. "Procedural detachment in international commercial arbitration : the law applicable to arbitral procedure". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:41c82c4d-d708-4cfe-b853-d50e41ea0773.

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This thesis seeks to ascertain the rules of private international law determining the procedural law of international commercial arbitral proceedings. In an Introduction, the author outlines the fundamental notions, introduces the topic and the major doctrines and issues, and sets out his methodology and structure of the work. The thesis examine first, as a preliminary issue, the considerations influencing the assumption of jurisdiction over arbitral proceedings. Chapter 1 discusses the various theories on the lex arbitri (the law supplying the general legal framework of an arbitration) as relevant to the procedural law, and concludes that they are deductive and therefore unable to satisfactorily to determine the applicable procedural law. Chapter 2 analyses major national laws as case-studies of the technique and scope of application of international arbitration law, and suggests a model of legislative and court jurisdiction based on the legal concept of 'seat of the arbitration' and on considerations based on the most appropriate court to control an arbitration. Chapter 3 discusses the obligations of the state of the seat under the European Convention on Human Rights and confirms the findings in Chapter 2. In a second part, the thesis elaborates on the title and extent of permissible municipal law interference. Chapter 4 tests the validity of the propositions derived from Chapters 2 and 3 against arbitral practice and concludes that seldom will arbitrators derogate from the law of the seat. Chapter 5 examines the particular case of arbitrations with states and similar entities. The third part discusses the relevance of compliance with the law of the seat at the stage of enforcement of an award. Chapter 6 deals with the technical issue of whether annulment at the place of making precludes enforcement in other fora. That chapter gives the opportunity to discuss models of separation of international jurisdiction and co-operation between different jurisdictions from a practical perspective. It thus serves as a convenient introduction to Chapter 7, which discusses the more abstract question of the nexus required between an arbitral award and the municipal law of the state of rendition in order for the award to enter, in limine, the scope of application of the international instruments in the field. The thesis ends with Conclusions in the form of model provisions for municipal law and arbitration rules.

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31

Rose, Cecily Elizabeth. "International regulation of private sector corruption". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648506.

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32

Bianco, Giuseppe. "Restructuring Sovereign Debt : Private Creditors and International Law". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D075.

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La thèse examine le cadre juridique de la restructuration de la dette souveraine vis-à-vis des créanciers privés et le rôle joué par le droit international public. La problématique est la suivante : Quel est le rôle actuel et potentiel du droit international public dans la restructuration de dettes souveraines ? Le cadre juridique actuel est fragmenté, avec une multitude d'acteurs et de pratiques. Le contexte politique influence le processus plus que des coutumes ou des principes généraux. La jurisprudence révèle les défis pour les cours nationales et les tribunaux internationaux. L'approche contractuelle incite les créanciers à un contentieux créatif, qui perturbe les négociations. L'arbitrage relatif aux investissements s'est révélé inadéquat. Les incohérences entre les différents fora entraînent des résultats insatisfaisants pour les créanciers et les débiteurs, au détriment de la sécurité juridique. Pour les perspectives d'avenir, les concepts de dette odieuse et d'état de nécessité ne peuvent offrir que des améliorations limitées. Leur contenu apparaît trop peu défini pour protéger une restructuration. La réforme du cadre juridique de la restructuration de la dette souveraine a mis en concurrence les approches fondées sur le droit international public et sur le droit privé. Cela a été le plus évident avec le processus à l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies et la modification concomitante des clauses contractuelles. Un cadre futur pourrait inclure une réduction de l'accès au contentieux, un rôle plus important reconnu aux droits de l'homme de la population débitrice et une action de l'Union européenne à mi-chemin entre les deux approches
This thesis considers the legal framework of sovereign debt restructuring in relation to private creditors and the relevant rules of public international law. The research question is : What is the actual and potential role of public international law in sovereign debt restructurings ? The current legal framework is fragmented, and a multitude of actors and practices coexist. Political expediency governs the process and the outcomes, with little room for customary rules or general principles of law. The case law reveals the challenges for both domestic courts and international tribunals in dealing with sovereign debt restructurings. The contractual approach provides incentives for creditors to attempt creative litigation, which disrupts negotiations. Investment arbitration has proved an inadequate response. The inconsistencies among the different fora bring about unsatisfactory results for creditors and debtors alike, let alone the implications for legal certainty. For the future prospects, the concepts of odious debt and state of necessity can provide limited improvements, at best. Their content and contours appear too ill-defined to be relied upon by States wishing to shield a restructuring. The reform of the legal framework for sovereign debt restructuring has set a competition between approaches based on public international law and on private law. This has been most evident with the process at the United Nations General Assembly and the concomitant modification of contractual clauses. A future framework could potentially feature less avenues for litigation, a focus on the human rights of the debtor population, and a middle ground shaped by the European Union

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33

Lagerberg, Eric M. "Conflicts of laws in private international air law". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59992.

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The thesis deals with problems of conflict of laws and its latest developments, especially in Europe, in relation to international air transport. (1) The contractual situations connected with air transport are analysed in light of the applicable international air law conventions and of a comparative survey of the conflict of laws rules of some states and international conventions on conflict of laws concerning contracts. Where the international air law conventions do not supply the solution or where they are not applicable resort has to be made to the conflict of laws. (2) Conflict of laws also arises in the legal interaction (contracts, sale of goods, transfer of ownership--res in transitu, torts, marriages, wills, etc.) between persons onboard an aircraft in flight. (3) The aircraft as an expensive and highly mobile chattel poses problems from the rights in rem point of view in the conflict of laws. (4) Aircraft accidents and the tortious liability of persons and entities involved as well as obligations arising from assistance and rescue operations pose conflict of laws problems.

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34

Seatzu, Francesco. "Insurance in private international law : a European perspective". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364461.

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35

Johnson, Phillip Michael. "Private international law, intellectual property and the Internet". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1829.

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Intellectual property is a territorial right; yet despite this there are a number of international treaties mandating standards. Historically, this has allowed private international law and intellectual Property to ignore each other. With the advent of the Internet this benign neglect has not only ended, but there has been a flood of new ideas on reconciling the territoriality of intellectual property with the global nature of the Internet. These new approaches attempt to deal with the problems associated with international intellectual property litigation - the uncertainty of which law applies, multiplicity of claims andforum shopping - each of which increases the cost for both users and proprietors of intellectual property. This thesis examines these approaches, using wealth maximisation and economic efficiency, and determines that none of themfits within the constructs of an efficient solution. However, the proposalfor a single applicable law, enabling consolidation, is seized upon as efficient. It then follows that the principle of consensual exchange, enabling private parties to agree which court has jurisdiction and which law applies (rather than States mandating these matters), is the efficient solution to the selection problem. This consensual exchange proposal contains two paradigms - the bilateral and the unilateral - which in turn are broken down into ten propositions. The bilateral paradigm permits parties to select not only the jurisdiction to adjudicate the dispute, but also the universal applicable law. The unilateral Paradigm uses the doctrine actor sequitur forum rei, with the universal applicable law being selected ex ante by the proprietor. Finally the propositions are placed within the context of international, regional and domestic law (of the four target jurisdictions: England and Wales, the United States, France and Germany) and questions of compatibility are assessed.

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36

Zhang, Huang. "Directors’ liability from the perspective of private international law". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284240.

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La responsabilidad de los administradores es una buena herramienta que nos permite revelar las diversas teorías y ideologías en materia de gobierno corporativo. Se trata de un tema societario muy importante en el ámbito jurídico internacional. Esta tesis aborda el problema de la aplicación de las normas del Derecho internacional privado a la responsabilidad de los administradores. La primera parte de la tesis realiza un análisis profundo del ordenamiento sustantivo de Francia, Reino Unido, Alemania, España y China, partiendo de una perspectiva comparada. A través de una comparación entre los diferentes sistemas jurídicos se obtiene un panorama general de los ordenamientos sustantivos sobre la responsabilidad de administradores. También se estudian las medidas que se adoptan en los países al establecer sus propios sistemas con el objetivo de tener un buen gobierno corporativo. La segunda parte de la tesis se ocupa de los problemas de competencia judicial internacional en la materia de la responsabilidad de los administradores. Por un lado, se tienen en cuenta aspectos tales como el domicilio del demandado, competencia exclusiva, sumisión de las partes, y obligaciones contractuales y extra-contractuales. El examen se centra en la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Bruselas I en este sector. Por otro lado, se procede tanto a la interacción entre el Reglamento de Insolvencia y el Reglamento Bruselas I, como a la articulación del Derecho europeo con el Derecho nacional. Asimismo, también se presta atención a la búsqueda de una solución para los problemas que se derivan del recurso a los tribunales estatales, y por tanto se tiene en cuenta la aplicabilidad de arbitraje en dicha materia. La tercera parte de la tesis se dedica a la determinación de la ley aplicable a las cuestiones derivadas de la responsabilidad de administradores. Por un lado, se estudia la articulación entre lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti y lex fori. Por tanto, se examinan tanto la aplicabilidad del Reglamento Roma I, Reglamento Roma II, Reglamento de Insolvencia, como la de las normas nacionales del Derecho internacional privado. Por otro lado, se tiene en cuenta tanto el principio de la libertad de establecimiento garantizado por el Derecho europeo, así como en qué medida este principio afecta al régimen de la responsabilidad de administradores
Directors’ liability is an excellent vehicle for revealing the diverse theoretical and ideological approaches to corporate governance. It is a subject of corporate legal work all over the world. Based on directors’ liability, this dissertation focuses on how the private international law rules apply in dealing with this kind of liability. The first part of the dissertation examines comprehensively with detailed analysis the legal systems in France, the UK, Germany, Spain and China from a comparative perspective. By comparing competitive legal systems of different countries, we try to give a panorama on the substantive rules on directors’ liability, and to clarify how the legal systems of different countries are designed to ensure good corporate governance. The second part of the dissertation deals with jurisdictional problems in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we take into account the aspects such as defendant’s domicile, exclusive jurisdiction, party autonomy, and contractual and non-contractual obligations and investigate the applicability of Brussels I Regulation in directors’ liability. On the other hand, we also examine the interaction of Insolvency Regulation with Brussels I Regulation, and the articulation of the EU law and national law in this area. Furthermore, we try to offer another solution to the jurisdictional problems existing in directors’ liability by referring to arbitration as well. The third part of the dissertation deals with the problems relating to applicable law in the regime of directors’ liability. On one hand, we investigate the articulation of lex societatis, lex concursus, lex contractus, lex loci delicti and lex fori. And therefore we examine the applicability of Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation, Insolvency Regulation as well as national private international law rules in this area. On the other hand, we also take into account the EU principle of freedom of establishment and therefore study on how it affects the regime of directors’ liability on the basis of ECJ’s interpretation.

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37

Alen, Balde. "Private antitrust law enforcement in cases with international elements". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7060/.

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The Supreme Court of the United States consented in its Empagran decision that the foreign antitrust injury that is in a dependency relationship with anticompetitive effects (antitrust injury) in the U.S. is to be litigated before the U.S. courts. Since this decision antitrust law litigation in an international context does not depend merely on anticompetitive effects in the U.S., but also on the relationship between anticompetitive effect and (foreign) private antitrust injury. This is something that was not present in pre-Empagran cases. The Supreme Court did not provide conditions on the basis of which the relationship between anticompetitive effects and private antitrust injury could be classified as one of dependency. This means that the Supreme Court left the determination of these conditions to lower U.S. courts. The lower U.S. courts, instead of attempting to determine these conditions, have made foreign private antitrust injury even more difficult to litigate before the U.S. courts. There are three factors that contributed to this development in U.S. case law: the understanding of the Empagran litigation; the understanding of the nature of the international context, and U.S. courts taking a pro-active role in delivering their decisions for which the reasoning is difficult to understand. The greatest obstacle that post-Empagran U.S. courts have placed in front of private antitrust litigants is the requirement that instead of ‘dependency connection’ there should be ‘direct causation’ between anticompetitive effects in the U.S. and litigated (foreign) private antitrust injury. This thesis considers the existing theoretical and practical problems of the current analytical framework under which antitrust violation is analysed in an international context. The thesis introduces the new legal concept of a ‘transborder standard’. This is necessitated by the starting position of this thesis that a factual situation under adjudication cannot be only either ‘domestic’ or ‘foreign’, but can also be ‘transborder’. The introduction of the transborder standard to the existing theoretical framework enables (and requires) the analysis of the factual situation under adjudication in its integrity, bearing in mind also the purpose of private antitrust law enforcement and the right of private parties to be compensated for suffered antitrust injury. The transborder standard provides a framework to analyse antitrust claims brought before the U.S. courts by those private parties who satisfy their private antitrust injury outside the U.S. At the same time, the transborder standard does not enable private litigants to take advantage of simultaneous antitrust litigation before U.S. courts and the courts of non-U.S. countries. ‘Transborder standard’ is a new legal concept. Nevertheless, the existing system of U.S. antitrust law enforcement does support it and, consequently, the transborder standard can be directly applied.

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38

Chun, Changmin. "Intermediated securities and systems in substantive law and in private international law". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18739.

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With the advancement of intermediated systems coupled with the rapid development of information technology, securities holding patterns have drastically changed from direct holdings to intermediated holdings, which facilitated the explosive increase of securities transactions during the last half century. In intermediated systems, traditional functions of securities certificates have faded away and intermediated securities credited to securities account books play a key role in determining proprietary issues. In spite of the innovative development of intermediated systems, legal regimes for the systems have not kept up with the development of the systems. Specifically, there has been much legal hindrance in cross-border securities transactions. In this regard, this thesis first attempts to research substantive laws for intermediated systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Korea. The Unidroit draft convention on intermediated securities is also discussed as neutral fact-centred international substantive rules. In the substantive law analysis, this thesis suggests preparing new rules that are internally sound and internationally compatible, friendly to users and markets, and readily accessible clear, intuitive rules which satisfy basic legal needs of intermediated securities holders and ensure market efficiency and stability. In the private international law analysis, this thesis finds the traditional lex rei sitae (or the lex situs), which calls for application of the law of the place where securities are located, is no longer a proper connecting factor in proprietary issues of an intermediated securities disposition, given that the location of securities has no meaningful function in intermediated systems. The Hague Securities Convention, which refers to the PRIMA (Place of Relevant InterMediary Approach) that localises an intermediary, went beyond the PRIMA and selected its primary rule in an account agreement between an account hold
Avec l'avancement des systèmes d'intermédiaires et les développements technologiques récents, les modèles de détentions des titres d'investissement ont changé dramatiquement au cours des cinquante dernières années. ce qui a facilité l'expansion accrue des transactions. Dans les systèmes intermédiés, la fonction traditionnelle des titres certifiées est en train de se dégrader, et ainsi les titres intermédiés crédités aux livrets de comptes sécuritaires jouent un rôle important dans la détermination des droits de propriété et des droits prioritaires. Malgré les innovations des systèmes d'intermédiaires, les régiments juridiques applicables à ces systèmes n'ont pas évolués au même rythme. Ceci affecte particulièrement les opérations transfrontalières. Cette thèse débute donc avec un examen du droit matériel applicable aux systèmes intermédiés aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni, au Canada, au Japon et en Corée. Le projet de convention d'Unidroit sur les systèmes intermédiés est aussi considéré comme option neutre et centrée sur la dimension factuelle des transactions. Suite à cette analyse du droit matériel, cette thèse recommande l'adoption de nouvelles règles basées sur des fondements juridiques solides et compatibles avec la dimension transfrontalière des échanges; ces règles cherchent à être simples et accessibles, utiles aux usagers et à augmenter la prévisibilité tout en assurant la stabilité et l'efficacité des marchés. Passant ensuite à l'analyse du droit international privé, cette thèse rejette la règle de conflit traditionnelle de la lex rei sitae (ou la lex situs), qui n'est plus adéquate pour régler les problèmes liées à la propriété en matière de disposition des titres intermédiés, puisque la localisation concrètes des titres n'a plus de fonction significative dans les systèmes intermédiés. La Convention de La Haye sur les Titres qui s'inspire plutôt de la règle PRIM

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39

Sjösvärd, Eira. "Legal Approaches to Child Marriage Concluded Abroad : A Comparison between Swedish Private International Law and English and Scottish Private International Law on Child Marriage". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431944.

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40

Elias, Olusoji. "Judicial remedies in English private international law : a critical analysis". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338735.

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41

Posman, Kisakiu Pomalat. "Compensation for nationalization of private foreign investment international law standards". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5078.

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42

Alhoudail, Mamdouh Ali. "Air carrier liability : unfinished unification of private international air law". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98601.

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On 31 November 2003 the 1999 Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air entered into force. Its purpose was to consolidate and modernize the Warsaw system and to reunify the provisions of several international instruments of private international air law under one legal instrument. The Montreal Convention consolidates the positive elements of the Warsaw Convention, the Hague Protocol, the Guadalajara Convention, the Guatemala City Protocol and Additional Protocol Numbers 3 and 4. It also simplifies and modernizes the requirements of documentation relating to the carriage by air of passengers, baggage and cargo. Most importantly, the Montreal Convention modernizes of the liability regime for death and injury to passengers by adopting the passenger liability regime in the IATA Inter-carrier Agreement. It also modernizes the liability regime for damage to baggage and cargo and the delay. In spite of the foregoing, the Montreal Convention fails to advance the unification of private international air law any further than the Warsaw Convention.
This thesis analyzes the provisions of liability regimes under the Warsaw System and the 1999 Montreal Convention. Chapter one studies the liability regime established under the original Warsaw Convention and the subsequent attempts by states, air carriers and other interested entities to update it. Chapter two analyzes the new regime of unlimited liability established by the 1999 Montreal Convention. Chapter three examines the liability of the air carrier for damage caused by terrorist activities. In an effort to demonstrate the innovative elements of the new Convention and to encourage states to ratify it, chapter four surveys the main benefits that have accrued to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its national air carrier upon ratification of the 1999 Montreal Convention.

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43

Tan, Yvette S. "Public Policy in Adult Relationships in English Private International Law". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532232.

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44

Verhagen, Hendrikus Leonardus Engelbertus. "Agency in private international law : The Hague Convention on the law applicable to agency /". Dordrecht : The Hague : M. Nijhoff ; TMC Asser instituut, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37761452c.

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45

Papp, Réka. "Le fonctionnement du Réseau européen de la concurrence : détermination et exercice de compétence par les autorités de concurrence". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0248.

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L'adoption du règlement n° 1/2003 a décentralisé la mise en oeuvre des articles 101 et 102 TFUE et a entraîné la création du Réseau européen de la concurrence. Désormais, les autorités nationales et la Commission partagent la responsabilité de l'application des règles de concurrence de l'Union européenne au sein du Réseau. Le fonctionnement de celui-ci obéit à la logique de la méthode du conflit d'autorités. Ainsi, la question de la compétence des autorités pour traiter une affaire a une importance primordiale dans le contexte du Réseau. Elle détermine la loi applicable à l'inégralité de l'affaire et exerce une influence sur les effets extraterritoriaux des décisions. Les autorités de concurrence emploient une grande variété de méthodes de coopération et de coordination afin d'éviter des conflits de compétence et les solutions contradictoires au sein du Réseau. Malgré la coopération étroite des autorités, les divergences des règles de procédure sont susceptibles de miner l'efficacité de la mise en oeuvre des articles 101 et 102 TFUE ainsi qu'éroder la protection des droits fondamentaux
The entry into force of Regulation 1/2003 resulted in the decentralisation of the application of articles 101 et 102 TFEU. The national authorities and the Commission share the responsibility for the enforcement of the EU competition rules and form together the European Competition Network. According to the theory of conflict of authorities, the designation of the competent authority to deal with a case is crucial for the functioning of the Network, since it determines the applicable law to the case and the extraterritorial effect of the decision. Despite the cooperation and coordination mechanisms at the authorities's disposal, the divergences in national procedural rules can undermine not only the goal of efficient enforcement of competition rules in the EU, but also the protection of fundemantal rights

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46

Bigos, Oren. "Private international law aspects of cross-border wrongs on the internet". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b93606c0-d750-4a00-9635-3b1d16b14d5f.

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Private international law divides the world into territories, each with its own court system and laws. The internet presents challenges to this neat division. It is difficult to identify where an activity takes place on the internet. Wrongs on the internet leave many questions unanswered in transnational litigation. This paper addresses the private international law aspects of cross-border civil wrongs on the internet. Chapter A introduces the internet, and aims to simplify the technical issues. Chapter B asks which court has jurisdiction in a case of wrongs on the internet. The focus is on two sets of rules commonly applied around the globe: the service abroad provisions and the special jurisdiction provisions. The chapter aims to advance general principles applicable in cases of cross-border wrongs committed on the internet, as to the place where a wrong is committed, and the place where damage is suffered. The issue whether a court can grant an injunction against a foreign defendant in respect of foreign conduct is also explored. The exercise of jurisdiction under the service abroad provisions is discretionary. Chapter C examines the forum (non) conveniens discretion in the context of wrongs on the internet. It concludes that, of the US jurisdictional principles developed in internet cases, the sliding scale test should be treated with caution, but the effects test (targeting) should be a factor that is taken into account, in exercising the discretion. Chapter D asks which law applies to a wrong on the internet, concentrating on the divergent choice of law rules in tort in Australia, Canada, the UK and those proposed in the EU. The two chapters that follow consider wrongs to which the internet environment is particularly susceptible, and which deserve separate treatment: intellectual property infringements (Chapter E) and defamation (Chapter F). The final topic, recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments relating to wrongs on the internet, is the subject of Chapter G. The paper rejects the suggestions that new rules should be developed for wrongs on the internet, and concludes that the existing private international law rules are largely workable in the internet context, but require some flexibility in order to be adaptable.

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Abousuwa, Ali Ahmed. "Liability in private international air law for aircraft repair caused accident". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63393.

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Grušić, Uglješa. "The international employment contract : ideal, reality and regulatory function of European private international law of employment". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/583/.

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Private international law has traditionally been perceived as a field of law concerned with resolving individual private disputes and achieving private justice and fairness in individual cases. This dissertation challenges this view by examining the systemic function of European private international law of employment, one of allocating and protecting regulatory (i.e. legislative and adjudicatory) authority of states in the field of labour law, thus maintaining and managing the diversity of European national labour law systems and safeguarding the objectives of uniform and harmonised EU employment legislation. This dissertation also explores the changes that the ‘Europeanization’ of private international law of employment has brought about in the traditional rules and perception in this field of law in England. In addition to introducing special rules of jurisdiction in employment matters that had not existed before, the European private international law instruments have largely merged the traditionally perceived contractual, statutory and tortious claims into one type of claim for choice-of-law purposes, thereby also abolishing concurrent causes of action. The conceptualisation of this field of law in terms of its regulatory function reveals something about the nature of private international law as a whole. The fact that European private international law of employment performs a regulatory function is a piece of evidence for the proposition that the division between the ‘private’ and the ‘public’, traditionally perceived as embedded in the foundations of the discipline and even expressed in its very name, has faded away.

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Hovell, Devika. "The value of procedure : formalist and substantive approaches to procedural fairness in Security Council sanctions decision-making". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711638.

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Paschalidis, Paschalis. "The impact of freedom of establishment on private international law for corporations". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2a154a6-22de-42b8-a745-5ddf3a8bf5a5.

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The present thesis is concerned with private international law for corporate and insolvency disputes in the context of freedom of establishment. First, it presents the traditional rules of conflict applicable to corporate disputes that have been implemented in some major jurisdictions. Second, it analyses the relevant leading judgments of the European Court of Justice and it demonstrates the way in which, contrary to popular belief, the real seat theory has not been held contrary to freedom of establishment. The thesis then deals with the concept of letter-box companies and examines the limitations that are being placed to the use of freedom of establishment. This is followed by a juxtaposition of the factors that have lead and could lead to regulatory competition for corporate law in the USA and the EU respectively. A modest approach is taken towards the possibility of the latter occurring in the EU. Third, the thesis examines the treatment of insolency disputes in this context. A substantial part of it is dedicated to the definition of the basis for international jurisdiction for the opening of insolvency proceedings, namely the centre of main interests. It argues in favour of an objective test for the identification of the centre of main interests (COMI) and the allocations of certain burdens on both the debtor and the creditors. It then focuses on the treatment of forum shopping in the context on international insolvencies. Based on considerations of consent and economic efficiency, it suggests a definition, according to which certain transfers of the COMI should not amount to forum shopping. Finally, the thesis examines the possibility of a regulatory competition for insolvencies in the EU and seeks to demonstrate that the conditions for such a competition are more analogous between US corporate law and EU insolvency, rather than company, law.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Private and procedural international law"

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