Tesis sobre el tema "Prise de décision en maintenance"
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Cherkaoui, Hajar. "Vers une prise de décision robuste en maintenance conditionnelle". Thesis, Troyes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TROY0040.
Texto completoThis thesis is a contribution to robust decision making in maintenance of systems subject to gradual degradation. Our first contribution is to develop a criterion allowing the joint evaluation of the mean economic performance and the robustness of different types of maintenance strategies. The advantage of the proposed criterion is that it adapts to different types of maintenance strategies and provides access to a simple and relevant evaluation model. The second contribution is devoted to the development and the evaluation of a joint maintenance and spares parts management strategy that applies to multi-component systems with different qualities. For the proposed joint strategy, prognostic indicator is used for both maintenance and procurement decision-making. The evaluation criterion proposed above is used for the evaluation of this policy as well. The third contribution corresponds to the proposal of two conditional maintenance strategies with hybrid inspections for the maintenance of multi-component systems with different and unknown qualities. For the strategies proposed, online monitoring information is used to disclose the quality of system components to be maintained using statistical techniques of classification and estimation
Thomas, Edouard. "Contribution à la prise de décision dynamique en maintenance prévisionnelle par formalisation d'un principe d'opportunité". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00420000.
Texto completoCes nouvelles formes de maintenance posent de nombreux défis scientifiques et industriels, dont certains sont étudiés dans les présents travaux : Quel est le " meilleur " instant pour réaliser une intervention de maintenance préventive donnée ? Comment regrouper deux actions de maintenance préventive ? Qu'est-ce qu'une opportunité pour la maintenance ?
Les réponses à ces questions mobilisent des outils mathématiques variés, allant de l'algorithme de Bruss en analyse stochastique aux relations d'équivalence en algèbre.
Enfin, une application industrielle sur la plateforme TELMA est présentée.
Huynh, Khac Tuan. "Quantification de l'apport de l'information de surveillance dans la prise de décision en maintenance". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788661.
Texto completoHuynh, Khac Tuan. "Qualification de l'apport de l'information de surveillance dans la prise de décision en maintenance". Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0013.
Texto completoCondition and health monitoring can bring out useful information for the maintenance decision-making but few models allow their integration in the decision process. This thesis aims to construct new probabilistic quantitative models to evaluate the value of this kins of information depending on ith quality and on the nature of the observed variables. The proposed stochastic failure and measurement models take account the degradation/failure sensor data, the impact of operational environment on the degradation, as well as the nature of control techniques. Based on these models, we propose different maintenance policies and we develop the associated cost model to study the best methods for the exploitation of monitoring information. The studies in this thesis show the advantage of developing quantitative maintenance decision framework which allows integrating and evaluating the impact of condition monitoring information on the performance of maintenance operations
Hoang, Anh. "Pronostic de la performance d’Efficacité Energétique pour la prise de décision en maintenance dans les systèmes industriels". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0086/document.
Texto completoAmong sustainability consideration, energy is today the key for economic growth in industrial systems. Energy resources are however limited and becomes more and more expensive. The energy optimization of manufacturing systems must therefore be considered as a major challenge to be compliant with environmental impact and management of energy resources. This should be reflected primarily by using energy efficiency (EE) as main key lever to deploy sustainability to plants, i.e. reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. With regards to this EE context, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the problem of considering energy efficiency and its prediction as a new indicator in maintenance decision-making. In that way, we develop first a concept of energy efficiency, called EEI (energy efficiency indicator), applicable to the different levels of abstraction of an industrial system. Then, we propose a generic formulation to evaluate the EEI (and its evolution) taking into account static and dynamic factors of influence. The temporal evolution of this indicator with respect to the degradation of the system is addressed in a predictive maintenance objective. It leads to found an energy efficiency performance concept called REEL (remaining energy-efficient lifetime), representing the residual energy lifetime. To predict the potential evolution of the IEE to calculate REEL, a generic approach based on existing predictive approaches is also developed. Next, we investigate the use of EE in CBM maintenance decision-making. Finally, all these contributions are validated on the TELMA platform
Le, Son Khanh. "Modélisation probabiliste du pronostic : application à un cas d'étude et à la prise de décision en maintenance". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0035.
Texto completoRemaining useful life (RUL) estimation is a major scientific challenge and a principal topic in the scientific community which takes an interest to prognosis problems. The use of tools and methods collected under the terms of prognostic is widely developed in many domains as aerospace industry, electronics, medicine, etc. The common underlying problem is the implementation of models which can take into account on-line the data histories of system and its environment, the diagnosis on its current state and possibly the future operational conditions for predicting the residual lifetime. In this context, the principal problem of our works is the use of probabilistic approaches (type of non-stationary stochastic process) to construct the innovatory prognostic models from a degradation indicator of system and to use the residual lifetime prediction for maintenance implementation. The advantage of these models is to have the regularity proprieties which make easy the probability calculation and RUL estimation. In order to test the performances of our models, a comparative study is carried out on the data provided by the 2008 IEEE Prognostic and Health Management (PHM)
Hoang, Anh. "Pronostic de la performance d’Efficacité Energétique pour la prise de décision en maintenance dans les systèmes industriels". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0086.
Texto completoAmong sustainability consideration, energy is today the key for economic growth in industrial systems. Energy resources are however limited and becomes more and more expensive. The energy optimization of manufacturing systems must therefore be considered as a major challenge to be compliant with environmental impact and management of energy resources. This should be reflected primarily by using energy efficiency (EE) as main key lever to deploy sustainability to plants, i.e. reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. With regards to this EE context, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the problem of considering energy efficiency and its prediction as a new indicator in maintenance decision-making. In that way, we develop first a concept of energy efficiency, called EEI (energy efficiency indicator), applicable to the different levels of abstraction of an industrial system. Then, we propose a generic formulation to evaluate the EEI (and its evolution) taking into account static and dynamic factors of influence. The temporal evolution of this indicator with respect to the degradation of the system is addressed in a predictive maintenance objective. It leads to found an energy efficiency performance concept called REEL (remaining energy-efficient lifetime), representing the residual energy lifetime. To predict the potential evolution of the IEE to calculate REEL, a generic approach based on existing predictive approaches is also developed. Next, we investigate the use of EE in CBM maintenance decision-making. Finally, all these contributions are validated on the TELMA platform
Kaffel, Hédi. "La maintenance distribuée : concept, évaluation et mise en oeuvre". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ66689.pdf.
Texto completoRobert, Elodie. "Gestion de l'état de santé de véhicules pour la maintenance de flotte : prise en compte des contraintes opérationnelles et optimisation conjointe des maintenances et des missions". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAT098.
Texto completoThis thesis work deals with the problems of joint scheduling for maintenance operations and missions for industrial vehicle fleets. The aim is to develop a methodology to adapt the joint scheduling of maintenance and missions according to the vehicles health state but also according to the missions features. These features correspond to the conditions of usage severity that have a significant impact on the truck deterioration and must be taken into account to adapt at best the maintenance operations schedule according to the deterioration evolution. The implementation of a decision support methodology to manage a fleet would improve productivity and reduce the maintenance costs while making the most of the fleet capacity. However, the joint scheduling problem for a fleet is a complex problem to solve and three main dimensions has to be considered. The first one is to jointly schedule missions and maintenance operations in a static case. The second one is to integrate the available monitoring information and the different events that can occur to update the schedule and treat the problem in a dynamic way. The third dimension is the fleet dimension that involves managing several vehicles in parallel.The first step is to jointly schedule the maintenance activity and the missions for a truck in a static case. It is assumed that all the missions to be performed are known and that no monitoring information is available. To do this, a vehicle deterioration model is defined to estimate its remaining useful lifetime to make decisions. It is a model with varying parameters since the vehicle operates under different conditions of usage severity according to the missions. It is the central point for setting up a scheduling algorithm to avoid any excessive risk of failure. The scheduling process is naturally optimized according to a criterion based on either the maintenance costs or the operating incomes.Once this methodology has been defined, it must be completed to include information on the vehicle deterioration, failure occurrences and new missions that may be requested. A dynamic approach has then been developed to solve the scheduling problem for a vehicle. If a breakdown occurs, the schedule must be updated because it is no longer adapted to the evolution of the current vehicle deterioration. Likewise, when a new mission is available, an update is essential because the priority order of the missions, defined by their deadlines, must be considered as soon as possible to avoid delay penalties. On the other hand, deterioration information can have a varying influence on the current schedule. Then, the schedule robustness has to be studied to avoid changing the mission order and the maintenance dates too often.The last step is to integrate the fleet dimension in the decision-making process. It is no longer just a question of mission order and timing for maintenance operations, but also of deciding which vehicle is assigned to which mission. The decision-making process then depends on the whole fleet. An analysis of the impact of considering the fleet dimension in the static case and then in the dynamic case is led.Simulation results are used to illustrate the developed methods and aim at showing their interest and the cost savings they generate
Fabbe-Costes, Nathalie. "Aléa et modélisation de la décision logistique : réalisation d'un système expert de maintenance au coeur de l'efficience du passage portuaire à Marseille-Fos". Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX24002.
Texto completoThe generalisation of the logistic policy in organizing container chains which the very nature a such a transport system enables, entails a complete re-evaluation of port status and demands a new approach of transport production, namely of the handling. As a basic element of port passage and as service production, handling must be satisfactory in terms of container circulation quality -rapidity, reliability, rate. Also, handling must be synchronised with the connected links of the chains. A detailed analysis of quayside production -a crucial operation in port handling shows that there is a need for o more adapted management : exploitation and maintenance should be regarded as the two productive aspects of the activity; on the other hand, quayside production should be integrated so that the global efficiency of actions can be evaluated at the strategic level of "port production". Within this management approach, the development of the maintenance function as an effective logistic support allows a technical and economic control of quayside production. In this aim, the improvement of intervention methods during and off exploitation will guarantee control of hazards and of technical production costs and allow a more scientific management of equipment -of unloading cranes especially. .
Li, Heping. "Condition-based maintenance policies for multi-component systems considering stochastic dependences". Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0030/document.
Texto completoNowadays, industrial systems contain numerous components so that they become more and more complex regarding the logical structures as well as the various dependences (economic, stochastic and structural dependences) between components. The dependences between components have an impact on the maintenance optimization as well as the reliability analysis. Condition-based maintenance which enables to manage maintenance activities based on information collected through monitoring has gained a lot of attention over recent years but stochastic dependences are rarely used in the decision making process. Therefore, this thesis is devoted to propose condition-based maintenance policies which take advantage of both economic and stochastic dependences for multi-component systems. In terms of economic dependence, the proposed maintenance policies are designed to be maximally effective in providing opportunities for maintenance grouping. A decision rule is established to permit the maintenance grouping with different inspection periods. Stochastic dependence due to a common degradation part is modelled by Lévy and Nested Lévy copulas. Condition-based maintenance policies with non-periodic inspection scheme are proposed to make use of stochastic dependence. Our studies show the necessity of taking account of both economic and stochastic dependences in the maintenance decisions. Numerical experiments confirm the advantages of our maintenance policies when compared with other existing policies in the literature
Laloix, Thomas. "Méthodologie d’élaboration d’un bilan de santé de machines de production pour aider à la prise de décision en exploitation : application à un centre d’usinage à partir de la surveillance des composants de sa cinématique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0291/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work has been initiated by Renault, in collaboration with Nancy Research Centre in Automatic Control (CRAN), with the aim to propose the foundation of a generic PHM-based methodology leading to machine health check regarding machine-product joint consideration and facing industrial requirements. The proposed PHM-based methodology is structured in five steps. The two first steps are developed in this PhD work and constitute the major contributions. The first originality represents the formalization of machine-product relationship knowledge based on the extension of well-known functioning/dysfunctioning analysis methods. The formalization is materialized by means of meta-modelling based on UML (Unified Modelling Language). This contribution leads to the identification of relevant parameters to be monitored, from component up to machine level. These parameters serve as a basis of the machine health check elaboration. The second major originality of the thesis aims at the definition of health check elaboration principles from the previously identified monitoring parameters and formalized system knowledge. Elaboration of such health indicators is based on Choquet integral as aggregation method, raising the issue of capacity identification. In this way, it is proposed a global optimization model of capacity identification according to system multi-level, by the use of Genetic Algorithms. Both contributions are developed with the objective to be generic (not only oriented on a specific class of equipment), according to industrial needs. The feasibility and the interests of such approach are shown on the case of machine tool located in RENAULT Cléon Factory
Gay, Antonin. "Pronostic de défaillance basé sur les données pour la prise de décision en maintenance : Exploitation du principe d'augmentation de données avec intégration de connaissances à priori pour faire face aux problématiques du small data set". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0059.
Texto completoThis CIFRE PhD is a joint project between ArcelorMittal and the CRAN laboratory, with theaim to optimize industrial maintenance decision-making through the exploitation of the available sources of information, i.e. industrial data and knowledge, under the industrial constraints presented by the steel-making context. Current maintenance strategy on steel lines is based on regular preventive maintenance. Evolution of preventive maintenance towards a dynamic strategy is done through predictive maintenance. Predictive maintenance has been formalized within the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) paradigm as a seven steps process. Among these PHM steps, this PhD's work focuses on decision-making and prognostics. The Industry 4.0 context put emphasis on data-driven approaches, which require large amount of data that industrial systems cannot ystematically supply. The first contribution of the PhD consists in proposing an equation to link prognostics performances to the number of available training samples. This contribution allows to predict prognostics performances that could be obtained with additional data when dealing with small datasets. The second contribution of the PhD focuses on evaluating and analyzing the performance of data augmentation when applied to rognostics on small datasets. Data augmentation leads to an improvement of prognostics performance up to 10%. The third contribution of the PhD consists in the integration of expert knowledge into data augmentation. Statistical knowledge integration proved efficient to avoid performance degradation caused by data augmentation under some unfavorable conditions. Finally, the fourth contribution consists in the integration of prognostics in maintenance decision-making cost modeling and the evaluation of prognostics impact on maintenance decision cost. It demonstrates that (i) the implementation of predictive maintenance reduces maintenance cost up to 18-20% and ii) the 10% prognostics improvement can reduce maintenance cost by an additional 1%
Abichou, Bouthaina. "Contribution à la formalisation de bilans / états de santé multi-niveaux d'un système pour aider à la prise de décision en maintenance : agrégation d'indicateurs par l'intégrale de Choquet". Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839731.
Texto completoAbichou, Bouthaïna. "Contribution à la formalition de bilans/états de santé multi-niveaux d'un système pour aider à la prise de décision en maintenance : agrégation d'indicateurs par l'intégrale de Choquet". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0020/document.
Texto completoThis work is addressing the health assessment of a multi-component system by means of multi-levels health check-up. Thus scientific Ph. D. objective aims to establish items of a generic health check-up concept. It focuses specifically on the functions of anomaly detection, normalization and aggregation of different indicators to develop a synthetic index representing the overall health status for each element within the system. In that way, it is proposed a new approach for detecting conditional anomalies. This approach has the advantage of quantifying the deviation for each indicator compared to its nominal behavior while taking into account the context in which the system operates. An extension of the Choquet integral used as an operator aggregating indicators is also proposed. This extension regards on the one hand, a process of an unsupervised learning of the capacity coefficients for the lowest level of abstraction, namely components level, and on the other hand, an approach to inference them from one level to another. These contributions are implemented on a ship diesel engine which is the most critical system for the BMCI project of the MER-PACA pole to which this thesis is attached
Abichou, Bouthaïna. "Contribution à la formalition de bilans/états de santé multi-niveaux d'un système pour aider à la prise de décision en maintenance : agrégation d'indicateurs par l'intégrale de Choquet". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0020.
Texto completoThis work is addressing the health assessment of a multi-component system by means of multi-levels health check-up. Thus scientific Ph. D. objective aims to establish items of a generic health check-up concept. It focuses specifically on the functions of anomaly detection, normalization and aggregation of different indicators to develop a synthetic index representing the overall health status for each element within the system. In that way, it is proposed a new approach for detecting conditional anomalies. This approach has the advantage of quantifying the deviation for each indicator compared to its nominal behavior while taking into account the context in which the system operates. An extension of the Choquet integral used as an operator aggregating indicators is also proposed. This extension regards on the one hand, a process of an unsupervised learning of the capacity coefficients for the lowest level of abstraction, namely components level, and on the other hand, an approach to inference them from one level to another. These contributions are implemented on a ship diesel engine which is the most critical system for the BMCI project of the MER-PACA pole to which this thesis is attached
Ghamlouch, Houda. "Modélisation de la dégradation, maintenance conditionnelle et pronostic : usage des processus de diffusion". Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0019/document.
Texto completoA major concern for engineers and managers nowadays is to make high quality products and highly reliable systems. In this context, reliability analysis and failure prediction, besides of efficient maintenance decision-making are strongly required. Deterioration modeling and analysis is a fundamental step for the understanding and the anticipation of system behavior. Consider a functional system operating in unstable conditions or environment where the deterioration level is not observable and could not be determined by direct measures. For this system a set of measurable health indicator that indirectly reflects the system working conditions and deterioration level can be defined and examined. Considering these indicators, the development of a mathematical model describing the system behavior is required.In this thesis, we consider a set of non-monotone indicators evolving in a dynamic environment. Taking into account the major features of the data evolution as well as the impact of dynamic environment consequences and potential shocks, stochastic models based on Wiener and jump processes are proposed for these indicators. Each model is calibrated and tested, and their limits are discussed. A decision-making approach for preventive maintenance strategies is then proposed. In this approach, knowing the RUL of the system, a simulation-based real options analysis is used in order to determine the best date to maintain. Considering a case study of a wind turbine with PHM structure, the decision optimization approach is described
Guyot, Benoît. "Contribution à la modélisation prédictive des coûts de maintenance d'un turboréacteur en développement". Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0007.
Texto completoIn a highly competitive aeronautic market, where airlines companies aims at reducing their operating costs, taking into account maintenance costs becomes usual during material purchase. In order to integrate these criteria during early development phases, maintenance prediction models are built up and used. Nevertheless, performing such predictions is submitted to large uncertainties mainly due to the lacks of knowledge on the deterioration phenomenon related to such systems. This thesis develops a method for predicting maintenance performance metrics (costs and operations frequency), applied to turbofan engines, in order to take them into account during technological decision making processes. It aims at reducing uncertainties related to indevelopment modelling conditions. The proposed method relies on a standard mathematical model built up to estimate the deterioration of systems, functionally and technically comparable. Based on Bayesien Networks, this model allows representing the whole knowledge collected on operating mature systems. This model is then extended to maintenance, by integrating related variables and costs indicators. These two first objectives have been completely fulfilled during this three-year study which provides a standard computerized maintenance model of a turbofan engine. Future actions have to be performed in order to apply this model in the case of mature and in-development turbofan engines
Ben, Mechlia Malek. "Dimensionnement et typologie d’une flotte de véhicules tenant compte de l’impact environnemental et de la maintenance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0344.
Texto completoNowadays, taking into account hard customer requirements, logistics represent one of the most important key of success for companies. It is clear that the expectations have led companies to explore new ways to improve their economic performance while respecting the imposed requirements. In this context, introducing the decision support tools taking into account operational and environmental constraints in the logistics field has become a major issue to turn up this challenge. Therein, we were interested in this research project in the economical sizing of a fleet of vehicles taking into account the environmental impact and maintenance, while considering two types of vehicles (fuel, electric). The operating mode, the energy consumption as well as the environmental impact caused by the means of transport are taken into account in presenting the various works studied. For the sizing and typology of a vehicle fleet based on maintenance and environmental impact we proposed three strategies, where each is illustrated through the development of an analytical model and a numerical resolution based on an example. The first relates to the strategy of acquisition and resale of all vehicles used at the end of missions, the second is about the strategy of leasing and the third concerns the strategy of acquisition, the subcontracting at the end of missions and resale at the end of the subcontracting contract. The optimization of each strategy is developed in order to determine the optimal number of vehicles of each type to be exploited, the duration of its use, and the preventive maintenance (PM) policy to be adopted for each types of vehicles. Numerical results show the differences between strategies and prove the robustness of the analytical models developed. We note that the impact of the period of health crisis (Covid-19) on the preventive maintenance strategy has been taken into consideration for the first strategy developed
Darghouth, Mohamed Noomane. "Decision models for new products sold with warranty and maintenance support under stable and dynamic market". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29487/29487.pdf.
Texto completoLiu, Yinling. "Conception et vérification du système d'Information pour la maintenance aéronautique". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI133.
Texto completoOperational support is one of the most important aspects of aeronautical maintenance. It aims to provide a portfolio of services to implement maintenance with a high level of efficiency, reliability and accessibility. One of the major difficulties in operational support is that there is no platform that integrates all aircraft maintenance processes in order to reduce costs and improve the level of service. It is therefore necessary to build an autonomous aircraft maintenance system in which all maintenance information can be collected, organized, analyzed and managed in a way that facilitates decision-making. To do this, an innovative methodology has been proposed, which concerns modelling, simulation, formal verification and performance analysis of the autonomous system mentioned. Three axes were addressed in this thesis. The first axis concerns the design and simulation of an autonomous system for aeronautical maintenance. We offer an innovative design of an autonomous system that supports automatic decision making for maintenance planning. The second axis is the verification of models on simulation systems. We propose a more comprehensive approach to verifying global behaviours and operational behaviours of systems. The third axis focuses on the analysis of the performance of simulation systems. We propose an approach of combining an agent-based simulation system with the “Fuzzy Rough Nearest Neighbor” approach, in order to implement efficient classification and prediction of aircraft maintenance failures with missing data. Finally, simulation models and systems have been proposed. Simulation experiments illustrate the feasibility of the proposed approach
Vu, Hai Canh. "Stratégies de regroupement pour la maintenance des systèmes à composants multiples avec structure complexe". Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0008/document.
Texto completoIn the recent decades, with a strong development of the global economy and new technologies, the structure of industrial systems is more and more complex. It can be a combination of elementary structures such as series structures, parallel structures, series-parallel structures, etc. In the literature, the most work focused on developing grouping strategies by considering series structures. This assumption is sometimes much penalized and limited the application of these strategies in reality. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to develop dynamic and stationary grouping strategies for the maintenance of multi-component systems with complex structure. These strategies have been developed for age-based models with non-negligible maintenance durations. In addition, dynamic conditions (dynamic context) such as maintenance opportunities, changes of the structure, etc., are considered and integrated into the maintenance scheduling.Our studies show the necessity and the difficulties of taking into account of the complex structure in the maintenance decisions. Numerical examples confirm the advantages of our maintenance strategies by comparing with other existing strategies in the literature
Laloix, Thomas. "Méthodologie d’élaboration d’un bilan de santé de machines de production pour aider à la prise de décision en exploitation : application à un centre d’usinage à partir de la surveillance des composants de sa cinématique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0291.
Texto completoThis PhD work has been initiated by Renault, in collaboration with Nancy Research Centre in Automatic Control (CRAN), with the aim to propose the foundation of a generic PHM-based methodology leading to machine health check regarding machine-product joint consideration and facing industrial requirements. The proposed PHM-based methodology is structured in five steps. The two first steps are developed in this PhD work and constitute the major contributions. The first originality represents the formalization of machine-product relationship knowledge based on the extension of well-known functioning/dysfunctioning analysis methods. The formalization is materialized by means of meta-modelling based on UML (Unified Modelling Language). This contribution leads to the identification of relevant parameters to be monitored, from component up to machine level. These parameters serve as a basis of the machine health check elaboration. The second major originality of the thesis aims at the definition of health check elaboration principles from the previously identified monitoring parameters and formalized system knowledge. Elaboration of such health indicators is based on Choquet integral as aggregation method, raising the issue of capacity identification. In this way, it is proposed a global optimization model of capacity identification according to system multi-level, by the use of Genetic Algorithms. Both contributions are developed with the objective to be generic (not only oriented on a specific class of equipment), according to industrial needs. The feasibility and the interests of such approach are shown on the case of machine tool located in RENAULT Cléon Factory
Latrous, Mohamed Othman. "Modèle d’intégration maintenance conditionnelle, prévisionnelle et maitrise statistique des procédés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2639.
Texto completoIntegrated solutions are evolving to cope with the digitalization of manufacturing processes. One area of improvement is developing new strategies joining maintenance and quality control. A popular hypothesis used in these integrated models is considering that quality control comes down to monitoring a single process or product characteristic. However, for complex systems, this assumption is seldom satisfied as the number of characteristics grows and they can have potential correlations. In fact, a multivariate control chart is more suitable to guarantee better performances of drift detection. Following this perspective, the main objective of this thesis consists in developing new maintenance decision rules based on produced items’ quality data. Multivariate control charts are used to provide detection and identification of potential process shifts and adaptive maintenance actions are triggered, targeting system components responsible for the deterioration of the produced items’ quality. First, a preliminary study is led to highlight the impact of multivariate control charts on the decision making process. Next, integrated maintenance decision rules for condition based and predictive maintenance are proposed using multimodal control charts. The developed decision rules are applied in the context of a simulated manufacturing process exhibiting a quality defect appearing in different dynamics (fast and slow drifts). The new strategies proposed in this thesis have been validated through the development of analytical models expressing the profit of the manufacturing system. This profit was maximized based on decision variables (sampling period and critical intervention threshold) and the existence of optimal solutions has been demonstrated through simulation. The robustness of the developed models has been proven by sensitivity studies, followed by comparative studies in order to highlight the impact of the proposed strategies
Nguyen, Van-Thai. "AI-based maintenance planning for multi-component systems considering different kinds of dependencies". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0070.
Texto completoMaintenance planning for systems consisting of multiple components has still been a challenging problem. Particularly, mathematically describing dependencies between components is usually a complicated task, however, omitting component dependencies in maintenance modeling might result in suboptimal plans. Moreover, the number of maintenance decision variables needed to be optimized increases rapidly in the number of components, causing computational expense for optimization algorithms.To face these issues, this PhD aims to propose an artificial-intelligence-based maintenance optimization approach allowing to consider different kinds of dependencies between components (i.e., economic, stochastic, and structural dependence). Particularly, the maintenance approach integrates a deep maintenance cost model, that allows to compute maintenance costs at system level without requiring individual costs at component level (e.g., setup costs, labor costs and costs of maintaining each component), into the framework of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning, which can be applicable for large sequential decision-making problems, to optimize maintenance decisions. Moreover, a novel degradation interaction model for discrete- state components is also developed and then integrated into the proposed maintenance approach. Numerical studied are conducted on multi-component systems with different configurations under different observability scenarios to investigate the performance and the advantage as well as limits of the proposed maintenance approach
Nguyen, Kim Anh. "Développement de stratégies de maintenance prévisionnelle de systèmes multi-composants avec structure complexe". Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0027/document.
Texto completoToday, industrial systems become more and more complex. The complexity is due partly to the structure of the system that cannot be reduced to classic structure reliability (series structures, parallel structures, series-parallel structures, etc), secondly the consideration of components with gradual degradation phenomena that can be monitored. This leads to the main purpose of this thesis on the development of predictive maintenance strategies for complex multi-component systems. The proposed policies provide maintenance grouping strategies to take advantage of the economic dependence between components. The predictive reliability of components and importance measures allowing taking into account the structure of the system and economic dependence are developed to construct the grouping decision rules. Moreover, a joint decision rule for maintenance and spare parts provisioning is also studied.All the conducted studies show the interest in the consideration of the predictive reliability of components, economic dependencies as well as complex structure of the system in maintenance decisions and spare parts provisioning. The advantage of the developed strategies is confirmed by comparing with the other existing strategies in the literature
Ben, Houria Zeineb. "Optimisation de la gestion du service de maintenance biomédicale". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES057/document.
Texto completoThe hospital is a world that is both sensitive and complex, sensitive because the human life is involved and complex because medical facilities are growing in number and in technical complexity. Then, the problem of the medical equipment maintenance in order to keep them in safe, reliable and with high level of availability has become a major preoccupation of the hospital. The objective of this thesis is to provide tools to help the biomedical maintenance service of the hospital to make decisions that allow a better control of costs, while ensuring patient and user safety and maintaining optimal performance of medical equipment. First, a heuristic has been proposed for the choice of internalization or outsourcing maintenance and for the selection of the appropriate contract. The selection of the contract is based on a set of criteria while considering the available budget constraint. Then, to improve the proposed procedure, we proposed multi-criteria decision-making tools to select the appropriate maintenance strategies. Seven criteria have been designed to study the criticality of medical equipment and the choice of maintenance by providing a coupling of the AHP approach "Analytical Hierarchy Process" with TOPSIS technique "Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution." As the expert judgments of the maintenance department presented some uncertainty, we integrated the fuzzy language assessment of the criticality of the equipment and the selection of the maintenance strategy (Fuzzy AHP coupled with Fuzzy TOPSIS). A mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) was developed to define thresholds of criticality to characterize the three maintenance strategies. According to these thresholds, maintenance cost can be optimized within the available budget. Finally, a second mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) was developed based on the proposed heuristic. This model allows selecting for each equipment, the maintenance strategy, the internalization or the outsourcing of the maintenance and the type of contract while considering the available budget and the workload / capacity of the maintenance department
Liu, Chunmei. "Déterminants d’un BLM (Building Life Management) dans les villes chinoises en se focalisant sur la maintenance". Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2536.
Texto completoThis thesis seeks to identify what are the determinants os sustainable Building Life Management (BLM) in chinese cities, starting from the observation of the short average lifespan of buildings in the People's Republic of china (PPC) and its impact on sustainable development. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part highlights the determining variables of BLM in China. In this part, we demontrate thet buiding maintenance is the main lever of suistainable BLM. Sub-optimal maintenance decision-making is a multifactorail and complex phenomenon, influenced by the economic and political conditions governing the agents's decision on maintenance. The second part studies the five fundamental macroeconomic levers framing the decision-making of agents ; we also discuss the miroeconomic levers explaining the behavior of maintenance decision-making and we apply this model to three archetypes of political systems – liberal, traditional socialism, and mixed. In a thirs part, we return to the political system of China by analyzing the specifics of ownership of land, the tax regulation, the Hukou system, the urban planning and the emerging real estate market. From this analysis, we apply the analysis matrix previously presented in order to understand the causes of underinvestment in maintenance in the chinese context
Glaize, Annabelle. "Prise de décision en santé : une approche de décision multicritère". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1A006.
Texto completoDecisions in healthcare are often complex and difficult to make and justify. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a decision-making tool that has been proven to be useful in numerous applications in healthcare contexts. Specifically, this operations research tool enables the integration of multiple conflicting criteria and encourages stakeholders to participate in the decision-making process. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to contribute to the scientific literature on MCDA methods and how they should be applied in healthcare contexts, which are characterised by complex decision-making, by expanding these methods’ possible applications. This research is composed of three essays, each of which answers a specific research question related to decision-making in healthcare. The first essay maps the literature and assesses how the steps of the MCDA process are followed in different healthcare contexts. The second essay combines the business process improvement (BPI) methodology and lean methods to assess a chemotherapy outpatient service that suffers from difficulties in the patient flow process and propose improvement opportunities. The third essay builds on the findings of the second and applies the ELECTRE III method to define which actions could help improve the quality of care and patient satisfaction of the outpatient service
Toscano, Rosario. "Contribution à la conception d'un système de diagnostic industriel". Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECDL0030.
Texto completoAlcaraz, Fabien. "Circuits thalamocorticaux de la prise de décision". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0446/document.
Texto completoSurvival of living organisms depends on the ability to make decision adapted to theircurrent needs and desires. Such an ability results from the integration of multiple basiccognitive processes such as events prediction and action control. These processes are bestinvestigated within the framework of associative learning. Past research has demonstratedthat these processes are supported by a widespread neuronal circuit, in which the prefrontalcortex and his major afferent structure, the mediodorsal thalamus (MD), play a central role.In this context, this thesis work aimed at investigating the functional role of the exchangesbetween these two structures in decision making.In a first part of this work, we assessed the role of the MD in prediction and control.We showed that MD lesioned rats are unable to adapt their behavior to a change in rewardvalue, in an experimental procedure asking the integration of instrumental and Pavloviancontingencies. This result confirmed the fundamental role of MD in goal representation. As asecond step, we performed an anatomical study in order to characterize the architecture ofthe thalamocortical pathways arising from the MD. We first showed that multiplethalamocortical pathways originate from segregated neuronal populations within the MD.We also discovered a poorly known thalamic structure innervating the orbitofrontal cortex,the submedius nuclei. In order to understand the functional role of these pathways, we useda conditional chemogenetic technique aimed at inactivating neuronal populations selectedon the basis of their projections. Using this technique, we showed that the animal’s abilitiesto represent either the value or the action-reward relationship depend on the directionalityof MD and prefrontal cortex exchanges. Finally, we identified a specific role for thesubmedius nuclei in updating Pavlovian contingencies, by using a more classical lesioningapproach.Taken together, these results support the idea that decision making involved severalthalamocortical loops, differentially supporting prediction and action control
Gingras, François. "Prise de décision à partir de données séquentielles". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0019/NQ56697.pdf.
Texto completoDubus, Jean-Philippe. "Prise de décision multiattribut avec le modèle GAI". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812558.
Texto completoFlora, Dominique. "Organisation, motivation et prise de décision dans l'entreprise". Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100048.
Texto completoMoraïtis, Pavlos. "Paradigme multi-agent et prise de décision distribuée". Paris 9, 1994. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1994PA090046.
Texto completoMathis, Jérôme. "Prise de décision, expertise et information partiellement vérifiable". Cergy-Pontoise, 2005. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/05CERG0263.pdf.
Texto completoOur contemporary societies are marked more and more by a search of productivity and rationalization. This requires the detention and correct use of information (whatever economic, scientist, technological, social or political). Thus, the expert's report and communication activities are increasing. The producers and transmitters of information (experts) can influence the decision-making by strategically withholding some information. This thesis studies from a theoretical, normative and positive point of view, the impact of the possibilities for certifying information on those of influencing the decision outcome. The first part treats an advisory decision-making (the experts are consulted by the decision maker). The second part treats a deliberative decision-making (the decision-making is directly entrusted to the experts having to decide through a deliberation)
Cohen, Gérard. "Théorie de la décision, décision et non-decision dans l'électronucléaire : le rôle du décideur". Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000311.pdf.
Texto completoThe electro-nuclear industry is a minefield for decision makers. The problem has migrated from the economic to the political sphere, a phenomenon which the latter would rather have avoided. . . How and why? The first part of this thesis presents a diagnostic of the formal decision making system in the electro-nuclear field. It is clear that this system is structurally inefficient. The second part explores the true decision making system in the electro-nuclear field, revealing the existence of an underlying, virtually secret decision making system, unique to this industry. This is explained (particularly with a diagram) and proved twice by the facts. The conclusion is also very clear : in the electro-nuclear industry, everyone knows what must (inevitably ) be done, but no one will make any decisions! Quid about a theory in this case ? The third part investigates precisely how academic thought might explain the situation. The conclusion is, again, clear : no theory can satisfactorily explain exactly what is observed. The conclusion of this study proposes defining the electro-nuclear field as a “meta problem” or a “meta organization“. It shows how this particular definition can better explain what is happening in this field, essentially by means of six new diagrams, which, juxtaposed with the first one, can serve as a graphic summary of it
Zhu, Shuguang. "Three essays on mechanism design, information design and collective decision-making". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10008/document.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates several topics in Microeconomic Theory, with a focus on incorporating information control into mechanism design, checking the robustness of mechanisms, and providing a foundation for inconsistent collective decision-making. This work helps to optimize information transmission and acquisition in organizational communications, advertisement and policy design. It also sheds light on how inconsistent group decisions derive from heterogeneity in group members, and proposes ways to restore efficiency. The thesis consists of three chapters, each of which is self-contained and can be read separately. The first chapter studies a mechanism design environment where the principal has control over the agents’ information about a payoff-relevant state. The principal commits to an information disclosure policy where each agent observes a private signal, while the principal directly observes neither the true state nor the signal profile. Examples include (1) assessing whether a new product matches consumers’ preferences through their feedback on sample product trials, and (2) gathering intelligence by authorizing investigators to collect various aspects of information. I establish optimality of individually uninformative and aggregately revealing disclosure policy, where (i) each agent obtains no new information about the state after observing any realization of his own signal, but (ii) the principal can nevertheless infer the true state from the agents’ reports about their signals. Furthermore, this optimal disclosure policy admits simple and intuitive implementation (such as certain types of blinded experiments, or restrictions on access to certain information) under additional assumptions. If attention is restricted to linear settings, I characterize a class of environments (including those satisfying the standard regularity conditions in mechanism design) where an equivalence result holds between private disclosure and public disclosure.The second chapter, co-authored with Takuro Yamashita, is motivated by Chung and Ely (2007), who establish maxmin and Bayesian foundations for dominant-strategy mechanisms in private-value auction environments. We first show that similar foundation results for ex post mechanisms hold true even with interdependent values if the interdependence is only cardinal. Conversely, if the environment exhibits ordinal interdependence, which is typically the case with multi-dimensional environments, then in general, ex post mechanisms do not have foundation. That is, there exists a non-ex-post mechanism that achieves strictly higher expected revenue than the optimal ex post mechanism, regardless of the agents’ high-order beliefs. The third chapter shows that dynamic inconsistency in collective decision-making can derive from heterogeneity in group members’ outside options (i.e. opportunity costs that individuals have to pay in order to join the group), even if individuals share the same exponentially discounting time preference. This model of endogenous dynamic inconsistency facilitatesthe analysis of welfare consequences, since time-consistent individual preferences allow for a well-defined measurement of social welfare. We further characterize the optimal Bayesian persuasion information disclosure policy, which takes the form of upper revealing rules, to alleviate the welfare distortion caused by inconsistent collective decisions. Our framework proves to be highly adaptable to various contexts, including provision of public facilities and assignment on team work
Mokaled, Ghadi. "L'efficacité de la décision administrative". Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT3019.
Texto completoMahboub, Karim. "Modélisation des processus émotionnel dans la prise de décision". Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00696675.
Texto completoStal-Le, Cardinal Julie. "Approche systémique de la prise de décision en entreprise". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786203.
Texto completoImmordino, Giovanni. "Rôle de l'incertitude scientifique dans la prise de décision". Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10055.
Texto completoMahboub, Karim. "Modélisation des processus émotionnels dans la prise de décision". Le Havre, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LEHA0018.
Texto completoEmotion is inseparable from cognitive processes and therefore plays a major role in decision making. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important in today's scientific research. The aim of this thesis is to show the advantages of an emotional approach, and to prove that in certain cases computer models equipped with artificial emotions prove to be more efficient than their purely cognitive equivalents. Based on this observation, two emotional models were realised from different study perspectives. They underline the impact of the addition of an emotional dimension in the elaboration of a fast, adaptive and efficient decision. The first developed model uses a graph for strategies representation in order to solve a ten-year-old pupil mathematics exercise called the "Cascades problem". Emotion is represented there as weighting values in the graph edges dynamically managed by an ant algorithm. The tests carried out on two versions, one emotional and the other one fully cognitive, show that the use of an emotional model produces a more efficient and adaptive solving. In addition, a second model named "GAEA" aims at simulating a robot equipped with sensors and effectors and thrown into a prey-predators environment inside which it must survive. Its behaviour is determined by its internal program that evolves thanks to a linear genetic program algorithm manipulating a population of program individuals. Results are promising and indicate that the population produces individuals whose behaviour is more and more adapted, and whose internal activity is analogous to the emergence of relevant emotional reactions
Froger, Géraldine. "Rationalité et prise de décision en économie de l'environnement". Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010055.
Texto completoEnvironmental risks (the greenhouse effect, acid rains. . . ) take place in a context of ecological globalization and complexity. This result justify our work about decisionmaking based on specific hypothesis of rationality and their abibilty to rationalize some choices of environmental preservation. In complete information, game theory modelize strategic interactions in the field of environmental risks. This analysis, based on substantive rationality, suppose that the instrumental and cognitive rationalities of the agents are strong. We point out this kind of hypothesis is limited to rationalize and explain the choices of environmental preservation. Then we study situations of incomplete information. The expected utility theory, based on substantive rationality, suppose that the cognitive rationality of the agents is a little bit weakened. We developp the reasons why this approach don't take complexity and indetermination into consideration. This results justify the necessity to adopt a larger criterion of rationality called procedural rationality. The naiade method, based on this hypothesis of rationality, suppose that the instrumental and cognitive rationalities of the agents are weakened. We illustrate how this method which articulates multicriteria analysis and fuzzy set theory justify some choices of environmental preservation
Castellanos-Paez, Sandra. "Apprentissage de routines pour la prise de décision séquentielle". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAM043.
Texto completoIntuitively, a system capable of exploiting its past experiences should be able to achieve better performance. One way to build on past experiences is to learn macros (i.e. routines). They can then be used to improve the performance of the solving process of new problems. In automated planning, the challenge remains on developing powerful planning techniques capable of effectively explore the search space that grows exponentially. Learning macros from previously acquired knowledge has proven to be beneficial for improving a planner's performance. This thesis contributes mainly to the field of automated planning, and it is more specifically related to learning macros for classical planning. We focused on developing a domain-independent learning framework that identifies sequences of actions (even non-adjacent) from past solution plans and selects the most useful routines (i.e. macros), based on a priori evaluation, to enhance the planning domain.First, we studied the possibility of using sequential pattern mining for extracting frequent sequences of actions from past solution plans, and the link between the frequency of a macro and its utility. We found out that the frequency alone may not provide a consistent selection of useful macro-actions (i.e. sequences of actions with constant objects).Second, we discussed the problem of learning macro-operators (i.e. sequences of actions with variable objects) by using classic pattern mining algorithms in planning. Despite the efforts, we find ourselves in a dead-end with the selection process because the pattern mining filtering structures are not adapted to planning.Finally, we provided a novel approach called METEOR, which ensures to find the frequent sequences of operators from a set of plans without a loss of information about their characteristics. This framework was conceived for mining macro-operators from past solution plans, and for selecting the optimal set of macro-operators that maximises the node gain. It has proven to successfully mine macro-operators of different lengths for four different benchmarks domains and thanks to the selection phase, be able to deliver a positive impact on the search time without drastically decreasing the quality of the plans
Haydar, Jamal. "Prise de décision orientée QoS dans les réseaux hétérogènes". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066184.
Texto completoHarang, Laurence. "Rationalité de l'action et rationalité de la décision". Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX10039.
Texto completoVeron, Paul. "La décision médicale". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD064.
Texto completoThe medical relationship is traditionally addressed by the private law academia through the prism of the of the contract concept. In line with another part of the academia, this study aims to put forth a renewed reading, centered on another paradigm: the decision. The law does not govern here a meeting of minds producing obligations but rather a care decision whose purpose is performing a medical procedure on a patient, primarily taken as a human being. The approach can a priori rest on a certain degree of common sense: isn’t medicine, after all, primarily an art – which partly became a science – of the decision?To approach the concept of decision in the field of medical law requires to give up the dominant meaning given to that term in the various legal disciplines. Well-known figure of public law and procedural law, emerging in private law, the notion of decision is largely identified with a unilateral legal action. Such strict interpretation cannot prevail for understanding our object of study: first, the medical decision is not a legal action; secondly, it may be unilateral or bilateral, or, to be precise, it can be individual or shared. It appears to be preferable, in the field of medical law, to return to a common meaning of this notion of decision, as opposed to strictly legal: it is a selecting process geared towards the implementation of a deed.The way the law addresses a medical decision can be summarized in four questions : Who decides? Addressing the issue of identifying the decision makers. How should the decision be taken? Addressing the decision-making procedure. Why and to what aim is a decision taken? Addressing the question of reasons and purposes on which the medical decision is based. Finally, what can we decide? Which means can we implement to cure? This addresses the question of the purpose of the decision. While the first two points are related to the process of decision-making, the last two refer to the issue of decision taken.This approach essentially has dual benefits. First, it offers a unique mean of interpreting the medical care relationship, regardless of the context (public hospital, private clinic or private practice), which appears necessary in view of the legal developments in the last two decades. Second, it allows the conceptualisation of the medical relationship in a theory of power, medical decisions being analysed, in this aspect, as the expression of private power
Cauvin-Hardy, Clémence. "Optimisation de la gestion du patrimoine culturel et historique à l’aide des méthodologies avancées d’inspection". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC057.
Texto completoThe objective of the thesis is to optimize the management of cultural and historical building heritage using advanced inspection methodologies with HeritageCare project.The answer to this problem is detailed in five chapters: (1) a state of the art of preventive management methodologies, the HeritageCare project and the identification of the state of degradation, (2) the implementation of the general methodology on preventive management is decomposed into 4 steps (anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy and control), (3) proposal of aggregation models (4), results of the application of the management approach preventive and finally (5) the application of models. These make it possible to prioritize the buildings on the basis of 37 criteria organized into sub-criteria and indicators, highlight the decision-making of the owners on the basis of a criticality matrix combining the values of the indicators, determine the useful life of the buildings with the deterioration curves, propose and prioritize maintenance actions based on a developed database.The methodology is illustrated by its application on fourteen buildings representing the French cultural and historical heritage
Deschênes-Beaulieu, Sara Maude. "La prise de décision éthique des consultants : compréhension du processus". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/136.
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