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Tesis sobre el tema "Prescribed burning"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 28 de julio de 2024

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1

Kolden, Crystal A. "Climate impacts on escaped prescribed fire occurrence in California and Nevada /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1430445.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"May 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

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2

Rowan, Chad E. "The ecological need for prescribed fire in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, U.S.A". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3869.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 21 p. : col. ill., col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 20-21).

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3

Thapa, Ram Gjerstad Dean H. "Biennial seasonal burning and hardwood control effects on the carbon sequestration in a natural longleaf pine ecosystem". Auburn, Ala., 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/Thapa_Ram_56.pdf.

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4

Stevenson, Aaron P. "Effects of prescribed burning in Missouri Ozark upland forests". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4931.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 3, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

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5

Noble, Alice Kathryn. "The impacts of prescribed burning on blanket peatland vegetation". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22678/.

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Peatlands are internationally important ecosystems, and play a vital role in carbon sequestration, water provision and global biodiversity. Fire occurs on peatlands worldwide and includes prescribed burning for purposes including agriculture and wildfire control. Many UK blanket peatlands are subject to prescribed burning to encourage production of the game bird red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotica), but such burning may not be compatible with environmental outcomes related to carbon, water and biodiversity. Vegetation plays a key role in peatland ecosystem services, so evidence of how fire affects vegetation is needed to inform decisions about the future of prescribed burning. The work in this thesis considers vegetation change in the years following prescribed burning, with a focus on peat-forming Sphagnum mosses. A range of approaches including field monitoring and laboratory experiments were used to investigate the key plant taxa affected, timescales of change, and processes responsible for fire impacts. Important findings include differences in vegetation composition between burned and unburned plots on national and regional scales. Evidence of negative impacts of burning on Sphagnum mosses was found, with lower cover on recently burned plots on a national scale, reduced growth in response to fire-induced changes to peat properties, and increased cell damage after high temperature exposure, although ash addition increased growth. Data from a long-running field experiment revealed that fire impacts on Sphagnum can persist for several decades. Timescales of vegetation change were observed to vary between sites, but in general bare peat and acrocarpous mosses were likely to increase temporarily following burning, and a high abundance of graminoids a few years after fire was followed by dwarf shrub dominance in the longer term. These changes are likely to have consequences for peatland ecosystem services.

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6

W, Wright Elizabeth. "Effects of prescribed burning on ground-foraging ant assemblages". Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10157319.

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Fire is an important tool in the sustainable management of ecosystems at global and local scales. In addition to increasing biodiversity, fire has been shown to decrease exotic species invasion, promote growth of commercially and ecologically important trees, and reduce risk of wildfire. Missouri has a long history of anthropogenic and naturally induced fire aiding the establishment of oak and pine-dominated woodlands and savannas. Fire has been reintroduced through forest management in the region after a period of fire suppression to help retain oak-dominance in forests throughout Missouri. Research on the effects of fire is ample for many wildlife species and plants but virtually excludes insects including ants, especially in Missouri and most of the United States. Ants are considered ecosystem engineers for their contribution to soil turnover, aeration and chemical and structural modification and are important seed dispersers. The effects of prescribed burning on ant assemblage diversity, abundance, composition and function were examined in oak-hickory and oak-pine forests in the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Where fire was present annually for over sixty years, ant abundance, Generalized Myrmicinae, soil and litter nesters and small ants increased. Fire every four years for over sixty years resulted in higher Shannon diversity, Cryptic Species, litter nesters and small and medium ants. In addition, this treatment shared ants with both the control and annually burned plots. Control plots were dominated by Subordinate Camponotini, Cold Climate Specialists, wood nesters and medium sized ants. Ants were also assessed after just two fires over the course of ten years. Five and six years after fire ant assemblages were more affected by topographic position than by prescribed burning. Ant assemblages of burned and unburned sites were homogenous when compared using a Morisita Similiarity index. When comparing these treatments to those that have been burned for over sixty years using the Similarity index, both were more similar to the control. In summary, long term fire implementation results in more lasting changes in ant communities because habitat alteration is maintained over time. Habitat heterogeneity produces a more diverse assemblage of ants at the landscape scale and hence higher functional diversity. Finally, categorization of ant communities may simplify ant sampling so that the natural history of each species need not be known in order to assess ecological effects of ant assemblages associated with burn treatments.

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7

Durham, Daniel Avery. "Aspen response to prescribed fire in Southwest Montana". Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/durham/DurhamD1208.pdf.

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A collaborative effort by the BLM, MAES and MFWP, the Whitetail Watershed Restoration Project used prescribed fire in 2005 and 2006 to address aspen decline, conifer encroachment and altered hydrologic function in a forested watershed within Jefferson County, MT. As part of this effort quaking aspen response to fire was evaluated in two sub-drainages of the Whitetail Basin three years after treatment. Unburned stands were first surveyed to determine whether regeneration was occurring and to measure the distribution of aspen stems by size class. This information was then compared to stem response in burned stands. Big game and cattle impacts on aspen sucker height and density were measured using a series of 3-part ungulate exclosures in a sub-sample of burned stands. Regeneration was occurring in only1 of 40 unburned stands suggesting aspen was declining in this area. Sucker density increased dramatically in the burned stands after three years increasing the likelihood for regeneration. Within the first three years post-fire big game and the combination of big game and cattle did not affect sucker density in the burned stands. Although sucker height was significantly less in plots used by ungulates we did not feel it was enough to prevent regeneration. This assertion was supported by sufficient annual growth rates and the recruitment of individual regeneration stems into stands outside of protected plots. While it appears fire has increased the potential for aspen regeneration in the Whitetail Basin, early growth rates have allowed for some individual stem to surpass browse height to date, suggesting future monitoring will be necessary to learn if the current recruitment levels are sufficient to regenerate the majority of stands.

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8

Wilson, Alexandra Mary. "Prescribed burning for vegetation management on the Blue Ridge Parkway". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80141.

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Fire is a cultural phenomenon. It is among man's oldest tools, the first product of the natural world he learned to domesticate. Since the 1970's, fire has been utilized extensively in forest management practices. This study was designed to compare prescribed burning in the fall or the spring with hand cutting to reduce the overall height of vegetation. Ten scenic overlooks on the Blue Ridge Parkway were selected for treatment. The experiment is a randomized incomplete block design. Four permanent transects were delineated in each unit for vegetation sampling. Four one-by-five meter plots were sampled on each transect for the species and number of root crowns in three height classes: less than one meter, one to three meters and greater than three meters. Vegetation sampling was completed before and after treatment. Rate of spread was determined by non-directional grid sampling. Flame length was measured at five points within the sampling grid and fire intensity was calculated. Prescribed burning and hand cutting stimulate sprouting of existing vegetation. Repetitive burning is necessary to effectively control hardwood sprouting on the Parkway. Fire stimulated the herbaceous community and resulted in a significant increase in the species richness. Changes in soil characteristics were slight and did not degrade the site. Personnel costs were similar but burning required fewer hours of work. Decreases in the number of personal accidents and an expected decrease in the number of personnel required to successfully complete the burns favor the use of fire to control vegetation for forest vista management.
Master of Science

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9

Sutherland, Elaine Kennedy. "The effect of prescribed burning on southwestern ponderosa pine growth". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184954.

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Study objectives included determining whether prescribed burning affected ponderosa pine growth; mathematically modeling the growth response to burning; and determining whether forest management history affected growth response. I sampled 188 trees from two areas near Flagstaff, Arizona; one area (Brannigan Flat) had been logged and thinned, and the other (Chimney Spring) had not; both were burned in 1976. Within each study area, control and burned plots were of similar age, vigor, height, and competition index. Trees at Chimney Spring were older, less vigorous, and taller, and had a higher competition index than at Brannigan. For each tree, periodic basal area increment (PBAI) was calculated for the years 1974-1984. To determine which variable would best model growth, postfire PBAI (individual years, 1977-1984) was correlated with previous growth (average PBAI 1974-1976); crown ratio; competition index; thinning index; and diameter. Two models of growth response were developed; one oriented toward satisfying theoretical and research goals, and the other, toward management applications. Growth was modeled using stepwise multiple linear regression, and the dependent variable was postfire PBAI. Research Model independent variables were previous growth, years (climate), and treatment-year interaction, and 72% of total variance was explained. Fire affected growth significantly and negatively for two years, and then burned trees grew similarly to control trees. Management Model independent variables were crown ratio, competition index, crown ratio, subject tree diameter, year, and treatment, and 52% of total variance was explained. This model, too, indicated a slight negative effect of burning on growth. Management history was not a significant determinant of growth response. Both models validated well; the ratio of observed-to-predicted residual mean square was 1.04 and 0.91 (Research and Management Models, respectively). Thinning index was not significantly related to postfire growth, but a change in carbohydrate allocation from stem wood to crown and root expansion could have resulted in observed burning effects. Management implications include (1) short-term growth decline may result from burning, (2) management history did not affect growth response, and (3) burning impact is greatest in dense stands of small trees.

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10

Harris, Michael Patrick Kevin. "The role of prescribed burning moorland mangement in the Peak District". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539520.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to develop a better understanding of the role of prescribed burning in moorland management within the Peak District National Park. These moorlands are dominated by heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull). Prescribed burning is a management tool that used routinely to manage moorland vegetation for grouse and sheep production. The aim is to remove the above-ground foliage and allow the Calluna to resprout from the burned stems. Normally such prescribed burning is done on a rotational matrix, and the aim is to provide a continual supply of moorland vegetation in different stages. This thesis attempted to answer the following questions: (a)How degraded are the moorlands in the Peak District, and does prescribed burning affect species density and restoration potential? (b) What are the environmental factors that influence the response of the plant communities, and how do the constituent species respond after prescribed fire?) (c) Does prescribed burning affect soil chemical properties? (d) What factors affect biomass reduction in prescribed fires on upland moorland? (e) What changes in above-ground biomass, carbon and nitrogen occur during this burning The context for this work is that British moors are high-priority habitats for conservation and it is increasingly recognized that they provide important ecosystem services (carbon accounting, water provision). A combination of field survey and experiments was used. A chronosequence study carried out on five replicate moors showed the vegetation was severely depauperate relative to the species that might be expected in pristine moorland vegetation. Moreover, the seed bank was also depauperate and propagules must be added to restore them. There was an increase in species richness immediately following prescribed burning with a subsequent decline with time. Multivariate analysis produced two gradients, a continuum from relatively lichen-rich vegetation to a graminoid-dominated one, and (b) a post-fire growth response of the Calluna. Calluna was the only species to show increasing growth after burning; all other species were reduced in the oldest vegetation. A similar study of soil properties showed that prescribed burning had a limited effect; some chemical properties changed with the burn-recovery cycle. In order to develop an improved method of prescribed burning the relationship between fire severity and both fire characteristics and environmental variables was assessed experimentally. The results were inconclusive but suggest that the burns with the highest temperatures were flash fires whereas the burns with the lower residence times were smouldering fires that probably converted more biomass to charcoal). A study of prescribed burns showed that the loss of biomass during prescribed burning was very variable and this almost certainly reflected a range of environmental and management factors. The burning method used in the Peak District is designed to minimize biomass loss and it was demonstrated that in some burns this was very successful. The accumulation of above-ground biomass was measured after burning and the oldest stands had much greater biomass values than literature ones and no sign of an asymptote at 50 years.

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11

Artman, Vanessa L. "Effects of prescribed burning on forest bird populations in southern Ohio". Connect to resource, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1258727258.

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12

Kirkpatrick, Christopher Kreitler. "Trends in grassland bird abundance following prescribed burning in southern Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278702.

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I examined trends in relative abundance and species richness of breeding and wintering grassland birds before (1996) and after (1997, 1998) a spring prescribed burn in a mesquite-dominated desert grassland at Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. The burn was moderate in intensity, patchy in extent, and affected ground cover more strongly than shrub cover, smaller shrubs more strongly than larger shrubs, and killed 1% of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina). Species richness of breeding birds decreased in the first year post-burn. Of breeding species, black-throated sparrows (Amphispiza bilineata) and mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) increased; whereas Botteri's sparrows (Aimophila botterii), Cassin's sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and pyrrhuloxias (Cardinalus sinuatus) decreased in relative abundance. Breeding species characterized as not shrub-dependent exhibited changes that were more pronounced than those for shrub-dependent species. Of wintering birds, ladder-backed woodpeckers (Picoides scalaris) and vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus) increased, and cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) decreased in relative abundance.

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13

Tucker, Ronald A. Jr. "The effects of prescribed fire on riparian groundwater". Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/tucker/TuckerR0507.pdf.

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14

Buenger, Brent A. "The impact of wildland and prescribed fire on archaeological resources". Connect to PDF file, 2003. http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Planning_and_Renewable_Resources/coop_agencies/cr_publications.Par.30817.File.dat/DissertationBuenger_for_merge.pdf.

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15

Webster, Bobbie J. "Response of the understory to low intensity prescribed burning or mechanical and herbicide treatment in a northern mesic eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forest in the Menominee Nation, Wisconsin /". Link for full-text, 2008. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2008/Webster1.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2008.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources (Forest Ecology), College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-128).

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16

Bando, Takashi. "Development for farsite fire growth simulation for the hardwood forest in south eastern Ohio". Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1243901740.

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17

Valor, Ivars Teresa. "The effects of prescribed burning on the vigour of Mediterranean pine species". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664281.

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La crema prescrita consisteix en l’ús planificat del foc en condicions ambientals adequades per tal d’aconseguir objectius de gestió prèviament definits. S’executa amb l’objectiu de reduir el risc d’incendis tot i que també s’utilitza per a la gestió de pastures i la conservació de la biodiversitat. La crema sota arbrat pot reduir el risc d’incendi de capçades, però també pot afectar el metabolisme primari i secundari de l’arbre. Tanmateix, les cremes haurien de minimitzar els efectes negatius del foc als arbres i maximitzar els positius. Així doncs, és important comprendre de quina manera els components específics del règim de foc, com són la intensitat del foc, severitat i estació de crema, afecten el funcionament de l’arbre. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és comprendre la influència que els factors del règim de cremes prescrites tenen en el metabolisme primari i secundari de tres espècies de pi amb tolerància al foc contrastada: Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, P. sylvestris L. i P. halepensis Mill., utilitzant una combinació de tècniques dendrocronològiques, isotòpiques i de quantificació terpènica. El creixement post-crema va dependre del temps transcorregut des de la crema, l’espècie, la resistència de l’arbre, la severitat del foc i del creixement de l’arbre abans de la crema. L’any de la crema, el creixement es va reduir en P. halepensis i no es va veure afectat en P. nigra i P. sylvestris. Amb el pas del temps, el creixement es va incrementar en P. nigra, es va recuperar en P. halepensis i es va reduir en P. sylvestris. La probabilitat de morir va ser menor en P. nigra que en P. sylvestris. L’estació de crema va emergir com un factor important per explicar la mortalitat inicial: la probabilitat que un pi mori és més alta a la primavera que a la tardor per a un cert nivell de capçada socarrimada. La mortalitat tardana va ser més alta a les cremes de tardor que a les de primavera degut als majors temps de combustió registrats a la base dels troncs. Una reducció rellevant de la competència arbrada va augmentar significativament el creixement mitjançant un efecte positiu en la fusta de tardor de P. nigra i P. sylvestris, a mesura que el dany causat pel foc a la tija va disminuir. A més, vam demostrar que una crema executada just després d’un any sec no redueix la resiliència dels pins en comparació amb la dels pins no cremats. En P. halepensis, una reducció significativa de la competència va resultar en majors creixements amb el pas del temps, especialment en pins amb un menor volum de capçada socarrimada. Aquest augment va coincidir amb un any sec i es va associar amb una major conductància estomàtica, el que suggereix que la disponibilitat d’aigua va millorar després de la crema. La crema també va afectar al metabolisme secundari, específicament a la quantitat i al tipus de terpens segons l’espècie de pi i la severitat. A major volum de capçada socarrimada, la concentració de terpens a l’acícula dels pins 24 h post-crema fou major, però 1 any després es va produir una notable disminució. Aquesta reducció va ser més pronunciada en pins beneficiats per l’augment de la disponibilitat de recursos després de la crema, el que suggereix que els productes assimilats pels pins es van assignar al creixement en lloc de a mecanismes de defensa. Aquesta tesi proporciona informació valuosa per ajudar en la millora de la planificació de les cremes als boscos de pi mediterranis, en termes d’intensitat, severitat i estació de crema, oferint una nova finestra d’oportunitat per a l’ús de la crema prescrita com a eina de gestió forestal.
Prescribed burning is the planned use of fire to meet clear management objectives under suitable environmental conditions. It is usually executed to reduce fire hazard, but also to manage range and conserve biodiversity. Prescribed burning applied under a forest canopy can reduce crown fire hazard; however, underburning might affect the primary and secondary metabolism of trees. Planning underburning to reduced fire hazard, while minimizing the negative effects and maximizing the positive effects on trees, requires understanding how specific components of the fire regime, such as fire intensity, severity and season, affect tree performance. The goal of this doctoral thesis is to understand the influence of prescribed burning regime factors and related fire impacts on the primary and secondary metabolisms of three pine species with contrasting fire tolerances: Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, P. sylvestris L. and P. halepensis Mill., using a combination of dendrochronological, isotope and terpene quantification techniques. Post-burning growth variations depended on the time since burning, the pine species, tree resistance, fire severity and tree performance before burning. In the year of burning, growth was reduced in P. halepensis and unaffected in P. nigra and P. sylvestris. However, as time passed, growth increased in P. nigra, recovered in P. halepensis and decreased in P. sylvestris. P. nigra had a lower probability of dying than P. sylvestris. Burning season emerged as an important factor for explaining initial post-burning pine mortality, since for a certain level of crown injury the probability of a pine dying was higher in spring than in fall. In contrast, delayed pine mortality was higher in fall than in spring burns probably due to the longer combustion times recorded during the fall burns at the base of the trunk. A relevant release of tree competition increased growth through a positive effect on the latewood of P. nigra and P. sylvestris as stem injury decreased. Moreover, we showed that burning just after a dry year did not reduce the growth resilience of pines in comparison with unburned pines. In P. halepensis a relevant competition release, especially in pines with lower crown volume scorched, resulted in higher growth rates as time since burning increased. This growth response coincided with a dry year and was associated with higher stomatal conductance, suggesting that water availability was enhanced after burning. Burning also affected the secondary metabolism of pines, and specifically the amount and type of terpene production depending on the pine species and fire severity. Thus, as crown injury increased, needle terpene concentration 24h post-burning also augmented. However, a remarkable decrease occurred at one year post-burning. This reduction was more pronounced in pines benefited by the increase in resource availability after burning, suggesting that pines were allocating assimilates to growth rather than to defence. From a fuel management point of view, this thesis provides valuable information that can be used to better plan prescribed burning in Mediterranean Pinus forests, in terms of required fire intensity, severity and burning season, offering a new window of opportunity for the use of prescribed burning as a forest management tool.

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18

Munter, Emily J. "Seasonal prescribed fire effects on cheatgrass and native mixed grass prairie vegetation /". Chadron, Neb. : Chadron State College, 2008. http://www.nlc.state.ne.us/epubs/G1000/B134-2008.pdf.

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Thesis submitted to the graduate faculty of Chadron State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education.
"October, 2008". Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-64). Also available in PDF via the World Wide Web.

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19

Johnson, Haley Mae Ann. "Impacts of Prescribed Fire and Grazing on Northern Great Plains Rangelands". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29007.

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Prescribed burning was utilized as a management tool on grasslands of the Northern Great Plains. We analyzed the use of fire to manipulate encroaching and unpalatable western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), to promote browsing and improve nutritive quality. Fire was successful at altering the nutrient quality of western snowberry and selectivity of grazing livestock from plant specific to patch specific. Additionally, we evaluated the difference between burn season and frequency on plant community dynamics of an ungrazed tallgrass prairie invaded by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). Fire promoted native forb and grass species, stressing that native species are well adapted to the historical disturbance. Our research emphasizes the need for restored fire regimes in the Northern Great Plains to benefit numerous aspects of prairie ecosystem function, stability, services, and productivity.
U.S. Forest Service
Central Grasslands Research and Extension Center

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20

Oba, Peter Gufu 1952. "EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED BURNING ON THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF LEHMANN LOVEGRASS (ERAGROSTIS LEHMANNIANA)". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275481.

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21

Rigal, Kyna A. "The effects of prescribed burning on mycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus banksiana stand". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0009/MQ33438.pdf.

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22

Malmström, Anna. "Effects of wildfire and prescribed burning on soil fauna in boreal coniferous forests /". Uppsala : Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006111.pdf.

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23

Faulkner, Douglas W. "Short-term effects of prescribed burning on bird communities in coastal Pine Savanna". Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020160.

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A substantial portion of the remaining coastal pine savanna in the southeastern U.S. is burned periodically to maintain habitat for the endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla). However, the effects of this burning on other species of birds are unknown. Therefore, a one-summer study was conducted to determine the short-term response of non-target bird species to changes in vegetation structure due to winter prescribed burning of coastal pine savanna. Eight 25-ha study plots were censused using the spot-mapping technique from May - July 1995 at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge. More species were observed on old burn sites (burned 1.5 - 3.5 yr prior to the study) than new burn sites (burned the previous winter). Gross vegetation features did not differ between treatments. A total of 17 breeding species were recorded during the study. Although there were no significant differences within individual species' densities, seven species were observed only on old burn sites. Winter prescribed burning affected the presence of only shrub-characteristic species.
Department of Biology

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24

Anderson, Sarah Louise. "Restoring Woody-Encroached Savanna and Cattail-Invaded Wetlands Using Prescribed Burning and Grazing". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28494.

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Prairie-Oak Savanna is a temperate, globally-unique, endangered habitat type characterized by old-growth Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) stands, expansive low prairie habitat, and wetland complexes. American Hazel (Corylus americana) and invasive hybrid cattails (Typha x glauca) are encroaching upon the oak savannas and marshes and are targeted by fire and grazing management however the effect of these treatments on savanna structure and secretive marsh bird and passerine populations is under-studied. We calibrate Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) against conventional methods and demonstrate that TLS can estimate biomass and model the structure of savanna but not cattail-invaded wetlands. Species-level density estimates and community-wide ordination suggests little evidence of treatment effect on marsh birds and passerines although mean biomass and vegetation height were significant for both communities. Refuge-wide population estimates for Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustric), Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola), and Sora (Porzana carolina) range from 0.02 to 0.37 birds/ha.

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25

Bastias, Brigitte A. "The influence of repeated prescribed burning and forest conversion on soil fungal communities". Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/21101.

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Fungi are key components in forest ecosystems, being involved in decomposition of plant biomass and the cycling of nutrients in forest soils. Despite their importance little is understood about the influence forest management practices, such as long-term prescribed burning and forest conversion are having on soil fungal communities. Part of the work described in this thesis investigated the effects of long-term repeated prescribed burning on the total soil fungal community, the diversity of mycelial communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the influence of biennial prescribed burning on the cellulolytic soil fungal community using stable isotope probing techniques. The influence of long-term repeated prescribed burning on soil fungal communities was investigated through a series of studies conducted at Peachester State Forest, Queensland, Australia. This site has been the centre of a long-term repeated prescribed burning experiment, established since 1972, consisting of plots subjected to biennial, quadrennial or no burning. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to show that long-term prescribed burning significantly altered the total fungal community structure in the top 10 cm of soil, when compared with unburned plots. Hyphal ingrowth bags, used to target ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelia in soil, along with DGGE analysis, indicated that profiles of the soil fungal community from 2 yr burn plots significantly differed from those of the 4 yr burn and unburned plots. Following analysis of clone assemblages from the different burn regimes, results indicated that this difference reflected an altered ECM fungal community composition. 13C stable isotope probing (SIP), following the incubation of soil with 13C labelled cellulose, and DGGE analysis was found to significantly alter the active fungal community in the upper 10cm of soil at Peachester State Forest. Fewer active fungi in the 2 yr burn plots were found to have incorporated 13C compared to the unburned plots, strongly suggesting that the activities of cellulolytic fungi were negatively affected by the 2 yr burning treatment. The thesis also incorporated work that assessed the effect of forest conversion from native eucalypt to Pinus elliottii plantation on the soil fungal community at Beerburrum State Forest, Queensland, Australia. ITS and 18S RNA and DNA were used, along with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and DGGE analysis, indicating that total and active fungal communities differed significantly between the native eucalypt forest and first rotation P. elliottii plantation. This suggested that the conversion from native eucalypt forest to P. elliotti plantation significantly altered the soil fungal community at the Beerburrum site.

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26

Bastias, Brigitte A. "The influence of repeated prescribed burning and forest conversion on soil fungal communities". View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/21101.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2007.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, Centre for Plant and Food Science, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references.

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27

Paul, Carolyn. "Long-term response of a temperate forest community to prescribed burning and thinning". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/527651.

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Biology
M.S.
Temperate deciduous forests of eastern North America are undergoing a long-term compositional shift from oak/hickory-dominated forests to maple/birch-dominated forests, resulting in decreased species diversity and more homogeneous understory communities. This shift is likely due to secondary regrowth after extensive logging and intensive fire suppression efforts that together allowed shade-tolerant but fire-intolerant species to flourish. Managers have more recently sought to use forest management practices to counteract this shift. Our aim in this study was to improve understanding of how prescribed burning and mechanical tree thinning shape forest communities and the extent to which they favor declining species and communities of temperate eastern deciduous forest. We conducted our study at Fort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training Center in south-central Pennsylvania. Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning have been conducted onsite since 2003. Forestry plots were surveyed in 2003 just prior to management implementation and again about ten years after intensive management began, during 2013-2014. The data collected at forestry plots, including number of stems, tree diameter at breast height, management activities undertaken at the plot, and other environmental characteristics were analyzed using model selection and generalized linear mixed models. A broader community analysis was then conducted using non-metric multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) analyses. Specifically, we analyzed tree species persistence, changes in tree basal area, changes in the abundance of tree stems, and changes in the the distribution of basal area and stems within 16 tree species targeted for management and throughout the forest community as a whole following management action. Burning and thinning both had significant effects on tree species persistence, basal area, and stem abundance. The interaction of the two management techniques was rarely significant, but since thinning and burning affected different species of trees, the two management practices were complementary. At a whole community level, management by both burning and thinning shifted the forest composition back toward an oak/hickory-dominated forest, and without such management the shift to a maple/birch-dominated forest is likely to continue.
Temple University--Theses

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28

Garlough, Emily Claire. "Factors that influence Ponderosa Pine duff mound consumption". Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2010. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05052010-163031.

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29

McKessey, Anika Nkechi Spotila James R. "Effects of fire management on pine plains vegetation at Warren Grove Air National Guard Range, New Jersey /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/893.

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30

Shebitz, Daniela Joy. "The historical role and current restoration applications of fire in maintaining beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt.) habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5467.

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31

Folk, Travis Hayes Grand James Barry. "Population ecology of northern bobwhites". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/doctoral/FOLK_TRAVIS_11.pdf.

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32

Kesler, Herbert C. Guyer Craig. "Conservation of a Florida endemic carnivorous plant Godfrey's butterwort (Pinguicula ionantha) /". Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Theses/KESLER_HERBERT_1.pdf.

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33

Rittenhouse, Chadwick D. "Wildlife response to spatial and temporal changes in forest habitat". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5537.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 15, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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34

Adhikary, Shailendra N. "The long-term effects of low intensity fires in a mature red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation". Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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35

Jones, Joshua Levi. "Development of an advanced stem heating model /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd231.pdf.

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36

Balfour, Victoria Nairn. "The effect of forest fires on runoff rates the role of duff removal and surface sealing by vegetative ash, western Montana /". Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12202007-181528/.

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37

Thomson, S. M. (Sandra Mary). "The initial response of several forage species to prescribed burning in southeastern British Columbia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29047.

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This study was initiated in 1985 to assess the response of seven key forage and browse species to prescribed burning for wildlife habitat and range improvement in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia. The species studied were Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass), Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon), Ceanothus velutinus (snowbrush), Festuca scabrella (rough fescue), Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush), Stipa occidentalis (stiff needlegrass), and Symphoricarpos albus (common snowberry). The primary objective of the study was to determine how these species respond to burning in terms of percent cover and current annual growth. There were two approaches to this study. First, experimentally burned plots were established on two sites. Spring and fall burning were carried out on one site and fall burning on a second site. Second, five previously operationally burned areas were compared with immediately adjacent unburned areas to assess differences in the percent cover of all the species and in the sprouting response of bitterbrush. Three of the sites were sampled in the first postburn growing season, one site was sampled in the second postburn growing season, and one site was sampled in the fourth postburn growing season. The total preburn fuel load on these sites ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 kg/m². Total fuel consumption varied from 53 to 91% on the experimentally burned plots. The variability of each fuel load component was high. In the first growing season following fall and spring burning, and the second growing season following fall burning, there were no significant differences in the percent cover of all species except bitterbrush and stiff needlegrass between burned and unburned plots. There was significantly less bitterbrush following both spring and fall burning. By the second growing season, bitterbrush had recovered slightly following fall burning. There was significantly more (33%) percent cover of stiff needlegrass on the fall burned plots both in the first and second growing season following burning. The only species for which there was a significant difference in the current annual growth on fall burned plots compared with control plots, were bitterbrush and saskatoon. There was 71% less current annual growth of bitterbrush the first growing season following fall burning. Saskatoon had 48% less current annual growth on the fall burned plots compared with the control plots. The results for percent cover were similar on the operationally burned areas. At all but the four-year-old operationally burned site, there was significantly less percent cover of bitterbrush on the burned plots compared with unburned plots. The percent decrease varied from 76 to 90%. At a two-year-old operationally burned site, there was 58% less snowberry on burned plots compared with unburned plots. At the same site there was less rough fescue (94%) but this represented only a 2% decrease in the percent cover. There was 58% more percent cover of stiff needlegrass on one of the one-year-old operationally burned sites. On these sites the postfire survival adaptation of all these species was by resprouting from either buds at the surface or the base of the plant, or from underground rhizomes. Some graminoid species seeded in from off-site seed sources. This study shows that where bitterbrush is the focus of enhancement, prescribed burning may have initial detrimental effects regardless of the timing of burning. The effects appear to be more variable and less dramatic for the other species studied. The implications of the response of these forage species to current prescribed burning practices are discussed and recommendations on future research are made.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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38

Horton, Scott Patterson 1951. "Effects of prescribed burning on breeding birds in a ponderosa pine forest, southeastern Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276570.

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A moderately intense, broadcast, understory, prescribed burn in 3 previously unburned ponderosa pine stands in southeastern Arizona felled or consumed 50% of all ponderosa pine snags ≥ 15 cm dbh. Large moderately decayed snags were most susceptible to burning. Large snags in the early stages of decay were preferred as nest sites by cavity-nesting birds. Numbers of live woody plants were reduced by 40%, mortality was greatest among shrubs and small trees. Canopy volume was reduced by 19%, the greatest impact was below 5 m. No species of cavity-nesting birds, or birds that associated with understory vegetation disappeared in the first season after burning, but 3 species decreased, and 1 species increased in abundance. The minor impacts of a single treatment with broadcast understory burning on bird populations will be ephemeral, but a repeated burns could have greater, and more lasting effects on the avian community.

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39

Bernier, Robert Michael. "Pilot Validation of VSMOKE with Implications for Smoke Management Regulations". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42649.

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Prescribed burning (Rx) has become increasingly subjected to various regulations. Among these regulations are ordinances that restrict downwind impacts of smoke from prescribed fires. Regulations can severely limit burn managers and private landowners from using Rx as a forest management tool. This research can help us move away from these simplistic regulations, and help promote a regulatory environment in which scientific tools and knowledge are used to prohibit only activities for which the evidence suggests there will be adverse consequences. This research was divided into three parts that consisted of: (1) a pilot validation of the smoke emission model VSMOKE-GIS; (2) review of southeastern statesâ smoke management guidelines (SMG); and (3) a geographic analysis of Virginianâ s current SMG. VSMOKE-GIS showed good accuracy in predicting the PM2.5 concentration and location of the smoke plume downwind. Criteria were identified when managing Rx smoke and the strengths, weaknesses, and implications were discussed of the Rx programs. The geographic analysis demonstrated quantitatively how much area may be impacted with minimal apparent benefit. This research should provide a clearer spatial picture of the smoke management barriers associated with Rx on private woodlands in Virginia. These results should be a useful tool in developing a regulatory environment that encourages Rx when the conditions are optimal. We conclude with future recommendations for Virginia.
Master of Science

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40

Kolaks, Jeremy. "Fuel loading and fire behavior in the Missouri Ozarks of the Central Hardwood Region /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420928.

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41

Tenney, Gwendolyn H. "Quantifying the Effects of Prescribed Burning on Soil Carbon Efflux in an Ohio Oak Woodland". Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1177690639.

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42

Ungerer, James L. "Effects of prescribed burning on undesirable plant species and soil physical properties on tallgrass prairies". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16909.

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Master of Science
Department of Agronomy
Walt Fick
Prescribed burning has been a common conservation practice on native prairie dating back to the days of pioneer settlement. Advantages include increased forage quality, reduction of undesirable plants, improved wildlife habitat, removal of accumulated dead plant litter and relatively low costs. While spring is the commonly accepted time to burn, little research has been conducted on late-summer and fall burning for specific objectives that include targeting undesirable plant species and measuring potential effects on soil physical properties. The first part of this study was to evaluate the effect that prescribed burning has on population dynamics of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont] G. Don), rough-leaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii Meyer), and additional woody species. Stem counts and cover estimates were taken from 20, 0.25-m[superscript]2 frames prior to and post-burn. Change in botanical composition, plant density, frequency, and Daubenmire canopy cover estimates were calculated. Sericea lespedeza plant frequency across all clay upland burns decreased 2.27% and increased 4.76% across all loamy/limy upland burns the first growing season post-burn. Dogwood densities increased 3.12 stems m[superscript]-[superscript]2 on spring burns compared to a decrease of 0.30 stems m[superscript]-[superscript]2 on unburned plots the first growing season post-burn. Changes in frequency of other woody species the first growing season post-burn showed significant interactions between burn treatment and ecological site, and between ecological site and year. A significant interaction between burn treatment and ecological site was found on total woody species plant composition changes two growing seasons post-burn for the first year of burn treatments. The secondary part of this study was to evaluate the effect of prescribed burning on soil bulk density and wet-aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected along the same line-transects used for vegetation sampling. Significant differences among mean weight diameters (MWD), percent water-stable aggregates (WSA), and WSA size fractions occurred between burned and unburned soils following burning in the fall of 2011. Monitoring plant and soil response to prescribed burning in different seasons may lead to adjustments being made in management of rangelands where sericea lespedeza, dogwood, and additional woody species occur.

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43

Glasgow, Lance S. "THE EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED BURNING ON INVASIBILITY AND UNDERSTORY COMPOSITION IN A SOUTHEASTERN OHIO FOREST". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1134439605.

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44

Nielsen, Zigourney. "Within-fire patchiness associated with prescribed burning in the northern Jarrah forests of Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2070.

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There is growing understanding of the importance of landscape mosaics and heterogeneity for biodiversity outcomes in Western Australia. However, there is limited information on the patchiness (spatial configuration of unburnt and burnt patches which occur at a range of spatial scales) within the perimeter of a single prescribed burn. Of particular concern is the idea that prescribed burning operations, carried out under very restricted weather and environmental conditions, can lead to structural and floristic homogenization of the area within a burn perimeter. This may be evident as reduced post-fire vegetation patchiness. Western Australian Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forests are managed to reduce fuel loads to protect life and property. Additionally, specific biodiversity and fuel reduction programs are completed by means of low intensity controlled burns carried out by the Parks and Wildlife Service, part of the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. The northern Jarrah forest is thus an ideal study site to test whether prescribed burning homogenizes a within-burn area. The objective of this study was to determine the post-fire patchiness of vegetation following prescribed burning to assess the potential for homogenisation of the within-burn area of Jarrah forests. To achieve this, a set of post-burn surveys were created to determine the patchiness of the burnt areas within 18 prescribed burns. The quantitative post-burn assessment designed in this study was evaluated to determine if it is suitable to be used as a possible future management option. A survey was undertaken to obtain data on 29 environmental variables which capture the variability across an individual prescribed burn area to determine the within-burn fire characteristics. A Pearson correlation matrix table was constructed to determine the significant correlations between variables as well as the strength of the relationships (coefficient of determination, r2). The patchiness between seasons autumn and spring was compared. Generalised Linear Modelling (GLM), and the application of Akaike were used to identify which variables were essential and most significant in predicting patchiness, to produce a list of candidate models. The AICc indicated which models were the most parsimonious or plausible candidate models (AICc < 2). Structured Equation Modelling (SEM) was completed to determine which variables in the ‘most parsimonious’ model were the greatest contributors to the model. It was found that the number of vegetation patches decreased with an increase in fire intensity and percentage of area burnt. Autumn and spring burns were not significantly different in terms of overall patchiness and the majority of patches were found to be small, between 1 – 10 m in length. Surface Moisture Content (SMC) was the only pre-fire condition variable that negatively influenced prescribed burn fire intensity and subsequently patchiness, while time since last burn was found to increase the number of vegetation patches and SMC. The post-fire survey data obtained in this study on the 18 post fire sites was also compared to the post-burn assessments completed by Parks and Wildlife Service on the same sites. GLM and AICc showed that the variables Fire Danger Index, ash cover (%), area burnt (%), month of fire and the number of vegetation patches, are the most parsimonious and ‘best’ fit at predictors of patchiness within a prescribed burn area. While SEM showed that area burnt (%) was the most important predictor of patchiness. Within-burn patchiness appeared to be low in the study sites. Results from the prescribed burns in the northern jarrah forests showed that in most prescribed fires, 90 to 100% of the vegetation area was burnt with a limited number of unburned patches (up to 12 km-1) remaining. Although successful for fuel reduction burning, such large scale vegetation loss has been found to lead to structural homogenisation within a burn area, which in turn can result in long-term impacts on biodiversity. This study thus showed that prescribed burns in the northern Jarrah forest can homogenise the within-burn area and the implications of these findings are discussed in the broader context of landscape patchiness. This study also shows that a quantitative post-fire patchiness survey similar to that designed here should be developed as a future management option.

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45

Lacy, Philip Alan Physical Environmental &amp Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Burning Under Young Eucalypts". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43663.

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Fuels management in eucalyptus plantations is essential to minimise the impact of wildfire. Prescribed burning has the potential to reduce the fuel hazard in plantations, but is not routinely conducted due to concerns relating to tree damage. Through a series of experimental burns, the issues of tree damage are addressed and minimum tree sizes are recommended that are capable of withstanding the effects of low to moderate intensity fires. Data was collected between 2005 and 2007 over six sites, two species, and three age classes. Tree response results came from multiple measurements of over 1700 individual trees. The fuel characteristics commonly found in sub-tropical eucalypt plantations from age four to eleven are described and quantified. These fuel characteristics are related to fire behaviour and new fire behaviour models, specific to young eucalypt plantations, are presented. The fuel characteristics that most influence fire behaviour in young eucalypt plantations are fuel load, fuel height, and fuel moisture content. These characteristics can be used to predict the rate of spread of a plantation fire under benign wind conditions. A novel technique for assessing the extent of stem damage in eucalypts is developed and described. This technique enables immediate assessment of stem damage following fire; previous assessment techniques recommend waiting a considerable period of time (up to 2 years) until dead bark dropped off and fire scars were evident. This new assessment technique is likely to be suitable for post-fire assessment of any eucalypt species and will provide forest managers with the capability of deciding whether to leave a stand to ???grow-on??? or commence recovery operations. Minimum stem sizes recommended to ensure no long-term damage are between 5 ??? 8 cm DBH (diameter at breast height, i.e. 1.3m above ground level) for Eucalyptus dunnii (Dunn???s white gum) and 5 ??? 13 cm DBH for Corymbia spp. (spotted gum) depending on the quantity of fuel around the stem. Stem sizes vary between species because of the variation in bark thickness between species. This thesis provides all the necessary information to conduct prescribed burning operations in young eucalypt plantations.

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46

Allen, Elizabeth A. "Seed banks of pinyon-juniper woodlands the effects of tree cover and prescribed burn /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433416.

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47

Lata, Mary Elizabeth. "Variables affecting first order fire effects, characteristics, and behavior in experimental and prescribed fires in mixed and tallgrass prairie". Diss., University of Iowa, 2006. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/72.

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48

Riccardi, Cynthia L. "The effect of prescribed fire on fuel loads, seed germination, and acorn weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in mixed-oak forests of central Appalachia /". View abstract, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3191715.

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49

Lininger, Jay Charles. "Effectiveness of stand-scale forest restoration, Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12272006-171106/.

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"Professional paper presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Studies, the University of Montana, Missoula, MT, fall 2006."
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 26, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-90).

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50

Fecko, Robert M. "Effects of mechanized thinning and prescribed fire on stand health, productivity, and ecophysiology in eastern Sierra Nevada Jeffrey pine /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1448329.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007.
"August, 2007." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2007]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

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