Tesis sobre el tema "Précipitations solides"
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Therrien, Charles. "Établissement d'une courbe de correction des précipitations solides en fonction de l'intensité du vent et validation par l'utilisation de modèles de simulation de la couverture de neige". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22934/22934.pdf.
Texto completoBonvalet, Manon. "Chemins cinétiques de précipitation dans les solides". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES034.
Texto completoThe precipitation, which is an important phase transformation in condensed matter physics, has been studied in this PhD thesis. A thermodynamic model accounting for the observed increase of the solute content in coherent precipitates with their size during precipitation kinetics is developed. The model is based on a Gibbs energy minimization criterion. It proves the importance of the elastic and interfacial energies in investigating the thermodynamic stability of coherent nano-precipitates. The reliability of the model is confirmed by experimental results. The precipitation kinetics in multicomponent alloys is treated with a particle size distribution model where analytical equations of nucleation, growth and coalescence are integrated numerically. This powerful numerical tool for the description of kinetic paths is valid for weakly supersaturated solid solutions and is not time consuming. It provides information on complex compositions evolutions during the transformation due to the competition between thermodynamics and diffusion process. This thesis also discusses the concepts and limits of classical nucleation theory. The reliability of the nucleation rate expression is investigated in terms of supersaturation. It is shown that even if a proper trend is obtained, the results are not quantitative since the matrix depletion has not been taken into account. To compare some of our results with experiments, precipitation patterns in the CuAg binary alloy are studied by TEM
Guerin, Guillaume. "Évaluation du devenir de la circulation atmosphérique dans le sud-est de la France et de l'enneigement dans les Alpes du Sud entre 1950 et 2100". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2034.
Texto completoThe thesis explores the impacts of climate change on atmospheric circulation and snow cover in southeastern France, particularly in the Southern Alps. Climate change significantly affects the Mediterranean region, causing variations in snowfall and snow cover since the 1980s. The Southern Alps, which rely heavily on snow cover for winter tourism, are particularly vulnerable to these changes. The study focuses on several key objectives : analyzing historical trends in snowfall, understanding the synoptic mechanisms responsible for solid precipitation, and projecting the future of snowfall using climate models. The research questions also include identifying specific atmospheric circulations that influence snowfall. The thesis draws on climate reanalyses (ERA-INTERIM and ERA5), CMIP6 projection models, and local observations from the Météo-France network of snow stations to analyze past and future trends. Advanced statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification, are used to develop a precise classification of atmospheric circulation types. The results show a general warming trend, with rising temperatures and increased variability in solid precipitation. Cyclonic and meridional configurations are identified as favoring heavy snowfalls, particularly in the presence of depressions over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) scenarios show a downward trend in the frequency of atmospheric circulations favorable to snowfall, suggesting significant changes in the region's climate dynamics. The thesis thus makes an important contribution to regional cli-matology by enhancing the understanding of interactions between atmospheric circulation and solid precipitation in the Southern Alps. It offers crucial future projections for water resource management and the adaptation of tourist infrastructure in a warming climate context
Marchand, Philippe. "Modèle general de la précipitation aqueuse des solides à surface rugueuse, appliqué à la ferrihydrite". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28100.
Texto completoVivier, Richard. "Etude de la précipitation de l'oxyde d'argent en présence d'une charge solide dispersée". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPL027N.
Texto completoThe maste:ry of the silver oxide precipitation in the presence of a dispersed solid charge leading to powders with given properties for the manufacturing of composite electrical contact materials are the purposes of this thesis. To this end, we compare different options of material composition and manufacturing techniques. The silver oxide precipitation stands out because of wide composition ranges, flexibility and efficiency in dispersing the sol id charge. W e expose the subsequent operations necessary to endow the material with a usage shape. The mechanisms controlling the precipitate properties, that is to say nucleation, growth and aggregation are presented. The specifie properties and the physico-chemist:ry of silver oxide suspensions are studied in order to propose a model for the precipitation reaction. The rheological behaviour of the suspension as so the parti cie size distribution and structure are studied allowing to define the nature of the aggregates and the repartition of the charge. The electrical quality of sorne materials fabricated in batch or semi-batch reactors is controlled on wear machines in order to locate the relevant operating parameters. The electrical quality depends hardly on the alcali residual content in the material. For this reason, we have developed an original method for the determination of low sodium concentration values in composite silver materials. Investigations have also shown a link between thermal properties and electrical quality of the powder
Gil, Martin Ana. "Etude des mécanismes de compensation de charge dans les solutions solides d’oxalates d’actinides". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10083.
Texto completoResearches on future options for new nuclear cycles are oriented towards the synthesis of mixed actinide solids, which can be employed as precursors for the fabrication of new fuel or transmutation targets. Oxalic co-conversion is one of the most studied options for the synthesis of mixed oxides. Co-precipitated solids are commonly actinides III and IV compounds, because of their high yields of precipitation. They are able to develop 2D or 3D metal-oxalate frameworks, wherein single-charged cations are inserted to ensure the electroneutrality of the compound. The aim of this work is to better understand the charge compensation mechamisms during the oxalic co-precipitation of these mixed oxalates. The study has been first carried out on a model system, ThIV et NdIII, free of redox interactions, then applied to purely based actinides, An1IV and An2III, systems. Characterization techniques as powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, SEM, Laser granulometry, ICP-AES, CHN analysis… have been used as an indispensable tool for understanding charge compensation mechanisms
Brahmi, Rachid. "Préparation, caractérisation et activité de catalyseurs cuivre-zinc de méthanolisation : comparaison de précurseurs mono et bimétalliques". Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2262.
Texto completoHort, Cécile. "Contribution à l'étude des phénomènes d'entartrage : influence des solides en contact avec le liquide sur la cinétique de précipitation". Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0056.
Texto completoElayadi, Houda. "Comparaison physico-chimique et sites catalytiques entre les solides Au/CeO2 préparés par deux méthodes différentes : déposition-précipitation et imprégnation". Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0269.
Texto completoTwo 4%Au/CeO2 catalysts have been prepared by two different methods : deposition-precipitation (DP) and impregnation (Imp). From the XRD, SEM and TEM study, nanoparticles of gold have been evidenced in the DP catalyst and agglomerates nearby nanoparticles in the Imp solid. Compared to the Imp solid, the DP catalyst showed a better catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction, the total oxidation of propene and the combustion of carbon black (soots). This difference in the activity is related to the presence of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles on the DP solid surface and a significant quantity of Aun+ located nearby the metallic gold and the O2- ions of the ceria lattice. The weak activity of the Imp catalyst is correlated to the presence on the surface of gold agglomerates and an important amount of chloride ions. These latter species are known as inhibitor in calatysis. In order to elucidate the redox properties of both DP and Imp catalysts, the solids have been degassed and treated under vacuum at 400°C for 1h before the absorption of air. Therefore, the two catalysts have been studied with the EPR technique. Two signals completely different have been evidenced : the first one with g- < g// on DP and the other one, denoted M, with g- > g// on the Imp catalyst. The DP signal has been attributed to O2- species whereas, the attribution of M signal has needed of more detailed study. In fact, the adsorption of air on x%Au/CeO2 (Imp) solids, where 0 <(or egal) x <(or egal) 4, has shown using the EPR technique, the appearance of a new P signal nearby of the M signal for Au contents less than x = 2. 5. From EPR results obtained after absorption, on x%Au/CeO2 (Imp) solids, O2, N2, O2+N2 or air, O2 before N2 ; N2 before O2, NO, N2O and NO2, the P signal has been attributed to O2- , NO2 2- or NO3 2- and M signal M to NO, O- or N2O-. The Nox formed can be considered as intermediate or final products. From these results mechanisms corresponding to all the formed products have been proposed
Nadolny, Margot. "Précipitation des molybdates mixtes zirconium-cérium/plutonium en milieu aqueux HNO3". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10214.
Texto completoSince 1993, a precipitation phenomenon involving molybdenum and zirconium (produced by fission) leads to the fouling of the Areva La Hague factory dissolution equipments. The formed compound, ZrMo2O7(OH)2(H2O)2, tends to include plutonium (IV) which imposes a management of the criticality. In this way, the objective of these thesis is first to study the composition of the precipitate proceeding form higher plutonium contents in expectation of the recycling of MOX or RNR fuels. Secondly, these work aims at increasing the knowledge of the precipitation inhibition mechanisms. The approach consisted in characterizing the formed crystallographic phases when the plutonium amount in solution increases and determining the solutions residence time in dissolution equipment dependence of the solid composition. At first, the researches were realized in feigning system (zirconium and cerium mixed molybdates) then in radioactive environment. The study of a preventive solution to inhibit the fouling phenomenon and the plutonium inclusion in the solid by addition of TeVI in solution showed that such an addition impacts very strongly the precipitation domains of reference compounds. A new phase, amorphous to the X-rays, precipitates in very small quantity on a wide precipitation domain. This phase includes very low or no amount of tetravalent element and we must talk about a “delay” effect of the tellurium on the mixed zirconium and tetravalent elements molybdates precipitation: the presence of tellurium VI delays the thermodynamic equilibrium achievement through the precipitation of an amorphous kinetic metastable phase
Nadolny, Margot. "Précipitation des molybdates mixtes zirconium-cérium/plutonium en milieu aqueux HNO3". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10214.
Texto completoSince 1993, a precipitation phenomenon involving molybdenum and zirconium (produced by fission) leads to the fouling of the Areva La Hague factory dissolution equipments. The formed compound, ZrMo2O7(OH)2(H2O)2, tends to include plutonium (IV) which imposes a management of the criticality. In this way, the objective of these thesis is first to study the composition of the precipitate proceeding form higher plutonium contents in expectation of the recycling of MOX or RNR fuels. Secondly, these work aims at increasing the knowledge of the precipitation inhibition mechanisms. The approach consisted in characterizing the formed crystallographic phases when the plutonium amount in solution increases and determining the solutions residence time in dissolution equipment dependence of the solid composition. At first, the researches were realized in feigning system (zirconium and cerium mixed molybdates) then in radioactive environment. The study of a preventive solution to inhibit the fouling phenomenon and the plutonium inclusion in the solid by addition of TeVI in solution showed that such an addition impacts very strongly the precipitation domains of reference compounds. A new phase, amorphous to the X-rays, precipitates in very small quantity on a wide precipitation domain. This phase includes very low or no amount of tetravalent element and we must talk about a “delay” effect of the tellurium on the mixed zirconium and tetravalent elements molybdates precipitation: the presence of tellurium VI delays the thermodynamic equilibrium achievement through the precipitation of an amorphous kinetic metastable phase
Pierre, Amandine. "Ajustements du biais de mesure de précipitation solide et effets sur les bilans hydrologiques en milieu forestier boréal". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40168.
Texto completoThis work joins two complementary research projects and contributes to improve the knowledge on solid precipitation measurements and hydrological modelling strategy in the boreal forest environment. All the data used in this work comes from the Montmorency Forest, which is the teaching and research forest of Université Laval located in Quebec. The uncertainty related to flows forecast by hydrological models depends on the choice of the model, but are also linked to the quality of incoming meteorological data. This work aims first to quantify uncertainties related to solid precipitation measurements, then to propose an innovative method of adjustment and finally to establish a hydrological modelling strategy for the boreal forest environment. The development of a large meteorological database, including data from two world reference instruments, was done thanks to the Neige site deployed since 2014. Regarding uncertainties related to the solid precipitation undercatch phenomenon, five deterministic approaches from the literature are first evaluated. Results show that the initial bias is 30% on average and there is still an overestimation of the solid precipitation quantity after a deterministic adjustment. A probabilistic approach is developed and results show that the bias is divided by 5 on average. Finally, sensitivity analysis of hydrological models’ parameters, and their performance facing different solid precipitation quantities, is done on a set of 20 conceptual models based on the hydrological database of the catchment area called the HautMontmorency. This study highlights that the snow water equivalent measurement bias of the snowpack could influence the quality of water balances in the catchment under certain conditions. A deep sensitivity analysis of hydrological models showed that an adjustment of the solid precipitation was required prior to their calibration. The originality of this thesis depends on the exceptional studied sites, the quality of technicians work and the collaboration of numerous public and private partners.
Manfoumbi, Christian. "Précipitation des gels de silice en solution aqueuse sursaturée à forte acidité : mécanismes et mésostructures, application à la filtrabilité des pulpes dans les procédés hydrométallurgiques". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30251/document.
Texto completoThe formation of silica gels in hydrometallurgical processes is very often problematic for the performance of the solid-liquid separation steps, due to clogging of the filters. These steps are carried out downstream of leaching aiming to solubilize the elements of interests, in particular in solutions with strong acidity. Also dissolved during acidic leaching, the silicon then precipitates in the form of silicon oxide and forms gels extremely detrimental to filtration. In collaboration with ERAMET Research, a research center of ERAMET, a french mining group that designs hydrometallurgical processes, we studied the influence of the leaching conditions of a specific ore on the dissolution kinetics of silicon as well as on the mechanisms of precipitation of silica in an acidic solution. We have shown that below a pH value of 2, silica polymerizes to form gels following mechanisms independent of the ionic composition of the solution. Based, on the structural study of the gels, carried out by small angle radiation scattering (SAXS) we proposed a model for the mesotructure, which explain the impact on filtration rates. Subsequently, strategies to modify the mesostructure of the gels by physical or physicochemical approaches were considered. The results have shown the potentialities of these strategies in the short term to improve the filterability of precipitated silica gels in a hydrométallurgical process
Jakab, Sandrine. "Cinétique de précipitation par voie électrochimique et de dissolution de solides mixtes de type molybdates ou hydroxydes/oxydes de lanthanide : étude de gravimétrie". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066774.
Texto completoDumay, Alexis. "Amélioration des propriétés physiques et mécaniques d'aciers TWIP FeMnXc : influence de la solution solide, durcissement par précipitation et effet composite". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL014N/document.
Texto completoTWIP steels deformation occurs by twinning and by dislocations gliding which leads to high a strain hardening. The deformation mechanisms are controlled by the stacking fault energy (SFE). A model for the prediction of the SFE and a law for TNéel (antiferro to paramagnetic transition) for austenite are proposed in FeMnXC systems (X = Cu, Cr, Al, Si et Ti). The studied FeMnCuC grades have a lower SFE than the Fe22Mn0,6C reference. The formation of [epsilon]-martensite replaces twinning without any deterioration of the mechanical properties. The flow stress decreases with the carbon content and the formation of [alpha]'-martensite at the lowest SFEs reduces the elongation to fracture. Substituting a part of the manganese content by copper leads to a 20% increase of the Young's Modulus at room temperature by decreasing TNéel below 0ºC. The precipitation of intragranular vanadium carbide increases the yield stress but does not influence the strain hardening rate. No interaction between precipitates and twins has been observed by microscopy. The coherency calculations and the TEM observations show that the carbides have an orientation relation with the austenite and are semi-coherent with a low residual coherency. The resulting stresses do not seem to be high enough to trap large quantities of hydrogen. The FeMnC + TiC alloys exhibit a strong hardening by composite effect at the beginning of deformation, while the strain hardening due to TWIP effect is not modified by the presence of the TiC particles. Meanwhile, cleavage occurs in the largest primary precipitates, which reduces the elongation to fracture
Teyssier, Angélique. "Caractérisation des phases solides colmatantes observées lors du traitement acide de minerais uranifères : contribution à l’étude des équilibres liquides-solides dans le système complexe Al – Fe – K – P – S – H2O (± Ca et Mg)". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10132.
Texto completoDuring the uranium extraction by acid leaching, AREVA observed the precipitation of not well crystallized solid phases, leading to the clogging of various equipment. The analyses of these precipitates highlighted the formation of a minor yellow precipitate and a major white precipitate containing calcium sulphate and aluminium hydroxisulphate. To understand the phenomena leading to the precipitation and to predict, prevent or at least limit their formation, this thesis work consisted of the solid-liquid equilibria experimental study of the Al–Fe–K–P–S–H2O (± Ca and Mg) system in an acidic environment at 25°C, with the identification of solid phases which may appear in natural ore as the major goal. The results could complete the thermodynamic database used to model global behaviour of the environment during acid mining. Based on the observed precipitates, two quaternary systems were defined, such as the H2O-Al3+, Ca2+ // O2-, SO42- system. After the development of appropriate analytical techniques, the work focused on the delimitation of the liquid-solid equilibria of the system based on the white precipitate and particularly on the analysis of the ternaries involving aluminium hydroxisulphates. As clogging occurs during acidification, the hydroxisulphate precipitation depending on the pH was studied in the presence of minority cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), in order to characterise the solid phases which were formed, and to define their solubility constants. For the solubility constant determination, a calculation model of the ion activity coefficients in solution was used. A dynamic survey on a column containing natural ore was done and compared to static results
Cordier, Catherine. "Influence des élèments substitutionnels sur les distributions d'interstitiels et la précipitation de nitrures dans les solutions solides et les composés du fer et de l'azote". Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10104.
Texto completoAbi, rached Eleonora. "Molybdates de zirconium-cérium/plutonium issus du retraitement du combustible nucléaire usé : structure locale et mécanismes de précipitation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CLIL0010.
Texto completoThe recycling of plutonium from spent nuclear fuel, coming from pressurized water reactors, allows a significant saving of resources and a reduction of the long-term radiotoxicity of waste. The implementation of multi-recycling would increase these advantages. However, its impact on the composition of the dissolution solution and, consequently, on the precipitation of undesirable phases such as zirconium molybdate must be carefully studied in advance.A first thesis was able to establish the predominance diagram of zirconium molybdates, as a function of the element IV content in the dissolution solution, by using concentrations that allow the optimization of the amount of precipitate for research purposes. The present thesis was carried out with the objective of reproducing the precipitation studies under conditions closer to the industrial dissolution environment, aiming to understand the mechanisms of the phase formation, and to determine the origin of the composition differences of one of them compared to the reference compound, ZrMo2O7(OH)2(H2O)2.The application of various characterization techniques involving the solution and the solid (powder X-ray diffraction, in situ X-ray scattering at several scales, NMR, Raman) has permitted to refine the existence diagram of zirconium and element IV molybdates using those concentrations that are similar to the industrial conditions in both simulant (cerium) and active (plutonium) system. These techniques has also allowed to suggest precipitation mechanisms through the cluster neoformation and to consider a substitution mechanism between molybdenum and zirconium within the ZrMo2O7(OH)2(H2O)2 phase, which would explain the molybdenum over-stoichiometry of the precipitated samples
Giteau, Alexandra. "Mise au point et développement de microparticules biodégradables contenant une protéine à l'état solide". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00346463.
Texto completoTamain, Christelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation structurale de composés oxalate à base d’actinides". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10143.
Texto completoOxalic acid is a well-known reagent to recover actinides thanks to the very low solubility of An(IV) and An(III) oxalate compounds in acidic solution. Therefore, considering mixed-oxide fuel or considering minor actinides incorporation in ceramic fuel materials for transmutation, oxalic co-conversion is convenient to synthesize mixed oxalate compounds, precursors of oxide solid solutions. As the existing oxalate single crystal syntheses are not adaptable to the actinide-oxalate chemistry or to their manipulation constrains in gloves box, several original crystal growth methods were developed. They were first validate and optimized on lanthanides and uranium before the application to transuranium elements. The advanced investigations allow to better understand the syntheses and to define optimized chemical conditions to promote crystal growth. These new crystal growth methods were then applied to a large number of mixed An1(IV)-An2(III) or An1(IV)-An2(IV) systems and lead to the formation of the first original mixed An1(IV)-An2(III) and An1(IV)-An2(IV) oxalate single crystals. Finally thanks to the first thorough structural characterizations of these compounds, single crystal X-ray diffraction, EXAFS or micro-RAMAN, the particularly weak oxalate-actinide compounds structural database is enriched, which is essential for future studied nuclear fuel cycles
Arab-Chapelet, Bénédicte. "Étude fondamentale des mécanismes réactionnels intervenant lors de la synthèse par co-conversion oxalique de composés oxyde à base d'actinides". Lille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LIL10147.
Texto completoAt the end of the nuclear fuel reprocessing, co-conversion by oxalic co-precipitation is one of the routes investigated to immobilize actinides in a solid compound before their subsequent recycling. The development of this process requires a good knowledge of the structure of the co-precipitated compounds. The structural resolution by single crystal X-ray diffraction of U(IV)-Ln(III) oxalates, where lanthanides simulate the actinides behaviour, led to elucidate three solid solutions characterized by an unexpected U(IV)-Ln(III) mixed site and to the constitution of a structural database decisive for the identification of actinides co-precipitated compounds. In addition, the thorough investigation of these mixed oxalates has allowed (i) to specify the solid solution domains; (ii) to underline the quantitative transfer of actinides initially in solution to the co-precipitated solid, without modification of their oxidation state; (iii) to clarify the role of monovalent cations taking part in the deficit charge compensation in the structure. Finally, these original results were extended to the An(IV)-An(III) mixtures and mixed oxalates exhibiting structures similar to those obtained for the U(IV)-Ln(III) co-precipitates, were synthesised. The existence of An(IV)-An(III) mixed site within a compound oxalate is totally original and at the basis of the original properties of the co-precipitate. Then, actinides co-precipitation allows to elaborate particularly homogeneous solid compounds with desired composition which can be advantageously used as starting materials for mixed oxides synthesis
Rua, Gonzalez Diego. "Synthèse de matériaux catalytiques de type oxydes mixtes pour la production de méthanol par la précipitation en flux continu en système microfluidique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAF001.
Texto completoGlobal warming is a concern for the current and future generations due to the increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere, mainly due to the dependence on fossil fuels. The use of alternative fuels such as sustainable methanol produced from renewable H2 and from CO2 would contribute to reduce the GHG emissions and the effects of climate change. The synthesis of methanol using CO2 rich feedstock is preferentially done by using a solid catalyst composed of CuO, ZnO and ZrO2. This type of catalyst can be produced by coprecipitation of the metal species using a microfluidic device, with advantages that have been demonstrated over catalysts synthesized by batch coprecipitation. In this work, different catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol were synthesized using the microfluidic technique under different conditions, in order to explore different synthesis parameters that could lead to the development of more active catalysts. The differences in the properties and activity between a catalyst synthesized by the microfluidic method and another synthesized by the batch method were investigated, followed by an exploration of the effects of the aging time and the coprecipitation temperature on the catalysts. Lastly, the effect of different compositions of catalysts on the properties and activity were determined, by investigating different CuO contents, the use of CeO2 as a catalyst promoter, and the use of In2O3 as a catalyst promoter and as active metal
Thiery, Jacques. "Influence d'une contrainte de traction sur la décomposition de la solution solide et le durcissement structural d'alliages d'aluminium à 4% de cuivre". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10443.
Texto completoCharlot, Alexandre. "Synthèse et Evaluation de silices hybrides mésoporeuses pour l'extraction de l'uranium en milieu sulfurique". Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENCM0006/document.
Texto completoNuclear industries are perpetually looking for technical, economic and environmental progresses. Important volumes of acidic waste are generated by nuclear plants of the front end. The extraction of uranium from these solutions is required to decontaminate effluents (decrease of the radioactivity) and value uranium (reincorporation in the cycle). Uranium leaching is mostly achieved using sulfuric acid leading to the production of aqueous effluents that contain a large grade of sulfate complexes. In such conditions, uranyl sulfate complexes constitute the predominant uranium species in solution and its extraction represents a real scientific and technological challenge. Commonly, precipitation, solvent extraction or solid phase extraction are used. The last one is particularly adapted for low grade solutions due to it weak environmental footprint (no solvent are handling) and the facility of the process involved (i.e. fixed bed column). Among the available solid-phase extraction candidates, hybrid mesoporous silicas get a crucial part. They develop a very high specific surface areas and a driven porosity which give them a high potential of extraction capacities.In this manuscript the tailoring and the evaluation of hybrid mesoporous silicas have been investigated. Firstly, the work focus on the organic part grafted by post-synthetic pathway, the N,N-dialkylcarbamoylphosphonate based molecules have been identified to get interesting extraction properties. This study emphasizes that acid groups are required and that alkyl substituents get a real importance in the extraction efficiency. On the second hand, the role of pore size has been investigated. The results obtained disclosed that pores size diameters directly impact the grafting ratio as well as the homogeneity of the material: (1) materials with a pore size below 3 nm are heterogeneously functionalized due to steric issues, (2) a homogeneous organic monolayer grafted onto the silica skeleton occurs when the pore size ranges from 3 nm to 20 nm and (3) functionalization of material having pore size above 30 nm results in an organic multilayer covalently linked to the surface. The organic self-organization drives the extraction efficiency, only monolayers lead to promising results. At the saturation state, two molecules are required to extract one uranyl ion. To describe the molecular scale of the uranyl complex onto the solid, the local structure has been investigated by a parametric study and spectroscopic techniques (IR, EXAFS and DRX). Results reveal that two diamido-phosphonates are involved in the uranyl extraction. By this work, it is shown how the molecular scale helps to understand the macroscopic phenomena.Finally, continuous extraction in a fixed bed column confirms the extractive properties obtained in batch mode experiments and points out the potential of such material to be reused several times without any damages
Loubert, Gaël. "Etude de la précipitation quantitative de l’uranium(VI) et du plutonium(IV) en milieu acide nitrique par de nouveaux ligands organiques". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R074.
Texto completoDue to the uranium natural resource depletion and the high growth in energy requirements, the fourth-generation nuclear power plants, with FNR, which involve the uranium and plutonium recycling, can be a future appropriate industrial route. Nonetheless, these evolutions modify potentially the spent fuel reprocessing. Furthermore, U(VI) and Pu(IV) precipitation, without any valency adjustment, would provide an answer to the efficiency and safety demands. In this context, the present work is interested in new organic ligands research allowing the quantitative precipitation of uranium(VI) and plutonium (IV) in a concentrated acid medium. The whole studies led to the identification of new organic ligands, and these new ligands are able to massively precipitate uranium(VI) in a nitric acid medium. Among these identified molecules, the oxalic acid/NCP ligands association has been used to precipitate both of these two actinides. A determination of the precipitate has been done in order to identify the structures and the morphologies of the precipitate. The solubility measurements over time have allowed to assess the fast precipitating kinetic and the very low solubility of the precipitated component. Finally, the thermal treatment of the precipitate gives rise to the formation of actinides oxides whose properties match the requirements of the fuel shaping step. The extension of these results made it possible to offer an innovating conversion process of both actinides in a nitric acid medium and that without any valency adjustment, which fit to all the conditions of the requirement specifications of the spent fuel reprocessing for the fourth generation of nuclear reactors
Bigot, Annabelle. "Etude par sonde atomique tomographique de la précipitation durcissante d'alliages d'aluminium des séries 2XXX, 6XXX et 7XXX". Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES026.
Texto completoRenaudin, Guillaume. "I/ Etude d'un hydroxyde simple d'aluminium : La bayerite II/ Etude d'une famille d'hydroxydes doubles lamellaires d'aluminium et de calcium : les phases AFM (Aluminates Tétracalciques Hydrates)". Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0302_RENAUDIN.pdf.
Texto completoBamini, Edwige. "Influence de l'azote dans les aciers inoxydables austénitiques sur les phénomènes de précipitation et sur la résistance à la corrosion". Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG4212.
Texto completoArnaud, Brigitte. "Evolution des microstructures de fatigue à chaud dans des solutions solides à base nickel : mise en évidence d'une cavitation intragranulaire". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066054.
Texto completoParmentier, Delphine. "Étude cinétique de la nucléation primaire et de la croissance cristalline au cours de la coprécipitation de solutions solides d’oxalates d’actinides". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0425.
Texto completoCurrent concepts for future nuclear systems aim at improving the fuel cycle with the co management of actinides in order to enhance the fuel performance and to reduce the proliferation risk. Actinides coconversion processes play an important role by producing mixed actinides compounds used as starting materials for fuel re-fabrication. Oxalic coprecipitation is one investigated way to synthesize solid solutions of actinides – lanthanides mixed oxalates which have to meet strict standards. The nucleation and growth kinetic laws involve a fundamental crystallization parameter such as the supersaturation. For the precipitation of solid solutions, different theories are developed in the literature, however none have been verified experimentally. A new suitable expression for the supersaturation ratio applicable is presented in order to determine a general model for the expression of nucleation and growth rates. The experimental study of the primary nucleation kinetics is based on a “stopped flow” apparatus which provides a very good micromixing of the reactants. The kinetic laws of solid solutions verify the theory of Volmer and Weber applied to the coprecipitation. The method of calculating the supersaturation developed allows to find the typical behavior of nucleation. The experimental results demonstrate that the coprecipitation of the solid solution is kinetically favored over the precipitation of simple oxalates due to a lower energy barrier for the solid solution. The crystal growth rate is determined from a spectrophotometric monitoring of the reactant concentrations using a seed charge. The crystal growth is controlled by the surface integration with a spiral mechanism
Corvisier, Jérôme. "Implémentation des phénomènes de germination/mûrissement/croissance des phases solides secondaires dans un modèle de transport-réactif en milieu poreux géologique. Développement du code de calcul ARCHIMEDE". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00102898.
Texto completoDans le code ARCHIMEDE (développé à l'E.N.S.M-S.E, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, en collaboration avec l'I.F.P, Institut Français du Pétrole), seule la partie géochimie est concernée. Outre quelques difficultés qui empêchaient de traiter les variations de volume occasionnées par les réactions et que nous nous sommes efforcés de résoudre en reprenant l'ensemble du programme, l'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été la conception et l'implémentation d'un modèle de germination/mûrissement/croissance pour les minéraux secondaires.
Notre démarche a consisté à analyser précisément l'apparition de nouveaux minéraux dans des assemblages naturels d'où ils sont absents initialement. Quelques simulations numériques ont permis de montrer les limites inhérentes à la représentation, inadaptée, de la précipitation de ce genre de minéraux par croissance cristalline. La mise en avant de ces faiblesses a défini alors le cadre pour un nouveau modèle de précipitation propre aux minéraux secondaires. Une étude détaillée de la phase de germination, à savoir l'apparition des premiers cristaux d'un minéral, a conduit à la construction d'un modèle pour sa cinétique. Par suite, la mise en compétition du processus de germination avec celui de croissance, destiné à prendre plus tard le relais de la production de volume du nouveau solide, a nécessité la prise en charge de cristaux de tailles variées et le recours au mûrissement d'Ostwald, via un calcul parallèle. Il en a résulté un algorithme élaboré pour gérer, pour chaque minéral secondaire, la phase initiale de germination/mûrissement et ensuite le passage à la phase de croissance cristalline. La sensibilité de ce nouveau modèle complet de germination/mûrissement/croissance vis-à-vis des différents paramètres qui le composent a pu être analysée moyennant de nouvelles simulations numériques. Son comportement, en terme d'acuité des prédictions, a également pu être mis à l'épreuve et finalement jugé satisfaisant.
Larguet, Nour-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la formation de l'état quasicristallin". Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUES025.
Texto completoLachal, Marie. "Etude des mécanismes d'insertion/désinsertion des cations alcalins (Li+/Na+) au sein de la structure olivine FePO4 pour accumulateurs Li-ion et Na-ion". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI035/document.
Texto completoAs part of the development of Na-ion technology, NaFePO4 compound, chemical equivalent of theattractive LiFePO4 material, would be a promising option facing possible lithium shortage. However,olivine-type LiFePO4 and NaFePO4 display different structural and electrochemical behaviors duringcationic insertion. This thesis presents an analysis of the (de)insertion mechanisms of Li+ and Na+ ionswithin olivine-type FePO4 by chemical and electrochemical means. Samples of LiFePO4 weresynthesized by two different methods (hydrothermal and precipitation), then chemically delithiated bydifferent processes. In a first step, structural analysis (XRD) associated with nuclear analyses enabledfollowing the reaction kinetics. We have pointed out that the presence of grain boundaries, resultingfrom the heat treatment, strongly limits the delithiation kinetics. The analysis of the evolution of thecoherency domains enabled us to propose an original "Shrinking Core" type delithiation mechanismwith a core of LiFePO4, observed by HRTEM and STEM-EELS. In a second step, in order to comparechemical and electrochemical mechanisms, insertion and cyclability of Li+ and Na+ were characterizedin lithium and sodium half-cells. Although the electrochemical signature of LiFePO4 and NaFePO4materials is different, the performances in terms of restored capacity or power capability are similar.Finally, electrochemical insertion of Li+ and Na+ in a powder comprising structural defects wascharacterized by operando XRD, during a charge / discharge cycle performed at low rate. Theseanalyses revealed that the cationic co-insertion takes place via a solid solution LixNayFePO4(0
Ma, Yangzhou. "Modeling and development of new materials for fuel cells solid electrolyte". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0286/document.
Texto completoThe Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) defined by its ceramic and oxide electrolyte, is an electrochemical energy conversion device that produces electricity directly from the chemical reaction of fuel. Nowadays, apatite type rare earths silicates and germaniums attract many interests as the solid electrolyte due to the superior transport properties with high ionic conductivity and low activation energy. They can operate stably at intermediate temperature over a wide oxygen partial pressure range and maintain excellent performances, being considered as a candidate for IT-SOFC electrolytes. Among this series of conductors, the La-Si-O type has a higher conductivity and the performance would be modified by different doping elements.The objective of this thesis is to study the effects of element substitution/doping and synthesis methods on the structural and conductivity properties of apatite type lanthanum silicates. In this study, we use a double approach: a simulation approach and an experimental approach to optimize the electrolyte materials purity and performance.Using simulation approach, a first principle calculation based on DFT (Density Functional Theory) was carried out to investigate the effect on doping positions: Sr dopant at La position and Ge dopant at Si position. The calculation results give a connection to the ionic conductivity obtained by experiments.With experimental approach, we present the synthesis and characterization of Sr-doped La10Si6O27 (LSO) prepared through an optimized water-based sol-gel process. The results show that the ionic conductivity is thermally activated and values lies between 4.5×10-2 and 1×10-6 Scm-1 at 873 K as a function of the composition and powder preparation conditions
Moog, Iona. "Sur des oxydes de cérium contenant du fer nanostructurés et de morphologies contrôlées". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806578.
Texto completoSchmuck-Pareige, Cristelle. "Etude par sonde atomique tomographique et simulation Monte Carlo de la mise en ordre et de la séparation de phase dans des superalliages modèles Ni-Cr-Al". Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES073.
Texto completoMacchi, Juan Agustin. "Phase transformations, microstructure heterogeneities and resulting mechanical properties in as-quenched and tempered martensitic steels". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0248.
Texto completoMartensitic steels have been known and used for millennia now, but the origins of their strength and work hardening have remained a source of controversy. Since few years, the understanding of their mechanical behavior is changing paradigm. Many researchers have put into evidence the interest not to describe lath martensite as an homogeneous microstructure but more as a multiphase aggregate, a composite, resulting from the sequential nature of the phase transformation at low temperature. According to such new schemes, the martensite behavior is controlled by the microstructural heterogeneities, ie. the spatial distribution of lath sizes, of dislocations, of carbon segregations and of carbides and not only by their mean values. To these observable microstructural elements are added large distributions of hydrostatic and deviatoric internal stresses resulting from the displacive phase transformation process. This work contributes to this new movement by providing a quantitative description of these distributions in as-quenched and further tempered martensitic steels and their impact on their mechanical behaviors thanks to a complete micromechanical approach.We have first developed a methodology to determine the dislocation densities in martensite and in austenite along the transformation by in situ HEXRD experiments. Based on a metallurgical reasoning, the spatial dislocation density distribution as well as its associated hardening were estimated for the first time. In situ HEXRD tempering experiments were also performed to characterize the recovery from the as-quenched state. An original modeling approach accounting for the spatial distribution of dislocations was set up to predict their density decrease during a heat treatment.In the same way, the microtextures of the studied microstructures were investigated by SEM-EBSD in order to assess the size distribution of the different features of martensite, as laths, blocks, packets and prior austenite grains. A statistical approach combining this latter contribution to the hardening with the one associated with dislocations explains successfully the observed distribution of the local yield strength in the as-quenched microstructures.In situ HEXRD tempering experiments and additional APT and TEM observations were used to characterize also the respective precipitation state of transition carbides and cementite as well as the carbon segregations along heat treatments. All this experimental work has served to develop and calibrate a phase transformation model to calculate carbon segregation on dislocations, transition carbides and cementite precipitation states. Such model was for instance able to predict the suppression of transition carbide precipitation in very low carbon steels. The investigation of tempering is necessary to understand the strengthening due the sole carbon in martensite.Finally, our original micromechanical model describing the martensite behavior as an extended elastic/plastic transition accounts for the previous combined hardening due to size effects and dislocations, the distribution of internal stresses due to the transformation and the tempering state (relaxation, recovery, segregation and precipitation state). The model successfully explains the strength and work-hardening of the studied steels (as quenched and tempered)
"Établissement d'une courbe de correction des précipitations solides en fonction de l'intensité du vent et validation par l'utilisation de modèles de simulation de la couverture de neige". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22934/22934.pdf.
Texto completoVoisin, Didier. "Composition chimique détaillée d'un nuage mixte. Etude in situ des mécanismes d'incorporation d'acides forts et faibles dans la précipitation solide". Phd thesis, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00704919.
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