Tesis sobre el tema "Précipitations (météorologie) – Variabilité – Modèles mathématiques"
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Gelbert, Christine. "Etude de l'intermittence et de la variabilité des champs de précipitation par une approche stochastique". Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10036.
Texto completoYahyaoui, Abdelaziz. "Variabilité spatiale et modélisation statistique des précipitations du Maroc cisatlasique et transatlantique". Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE2034.
Texto completoThe title given to the whole work is spatial variability and statistical modelisation of rains in cisatlasic and transatlantic Morocco it is based on the data given by 16 stations from 1958 to 1987. Four different parts will be developped : - The first deals with the area which will be studied, the meteorological context, the problems raised and data used in the work. -The second part deals which the annual data after criticizing the series using the doublesmass, principal components and regression residues methods. The lacks in the data were filled by the regional vectors method. The second subdivision of this part is a statistical modelisation of the annual series by the law of Gauss which seems appropriate to explain the annual distribution over the different Moroccan stations. When the average of the annual rains is low, the distribution is normal-root. The principal components exhibits sets of stations characterised by coherent time and spatial variations. - The third deals with the monthly rains. A statistical approach of the quantity of rain higher than o,1 mn by the fuller law and also the study of the average, regimes and gradex. - The fourth part deals with the study of the daily rains approched by the fuller law (montly maxima) and the gumbel's law for the annual maxima the final results are shown in the general conclusion. The illustration is composed of : 12 maps, 98 bibliographical references, 33 drawings, 8 tables and 10 riders
Duchiron, Bertrand. "Variabilité interannuelle de la pluviométrie dans l'espace riverain de l'océan indien". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070022.
Texto completoThe interannual variability of rainfall in the coastal areas of the Indian ocean was analysed for the period 1946-1975 and regionalized then we establish statistical forcasting models of rainfall from oceano-atmospheric circulation indicators. A set of 130 well-spatially-distributed stations were selected from a pluviometric database. Missing values were statistically replaced and the output dataset was validated. Multivariate analyes (PCA and clustering analysis) were applied on these data to extract 21 homogeneous pluviometric regions. Times series are strongly correlated over a lag period ranging from 1 to 3 months with some atmospheric and oceanic anomaly indices recorded over the Indian and Pacific oceans. .
Guérin, Adrien. "Dynamique de l'écoulement dans un aquifère non confiné". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. https://hal.science/tel-01884762.
Texto completoRiver hydrographs generally exhibit intense flood events during which the discharge increases quickly during rainfall, anc decreases slowly afterwards. In this manuscript, we show that the dynamics of groundwater in an unconfined aquifer can account for these features. In the frame of the Dupuit-Boussinesq (shallow-water) approximation, the discharge increase rate ˙Q is a non-linear fonction of the rainfall rate R : ˙Q ∝ R 3/2. After the rain, two consecutive asymptotic regimes compose the drought flow. During the early drought flow, the discharge decreases as the inverse square root of time ( Q ∝ 1/ √ t(Polubarinova-Kochina (1962)). Later, the discharge decreases as the inverse square of time (Q ∝ 1/t 2(Boussinesq, 1903)). A laboratory aquifer (homogeneous and bidimensional) submitted to artificial rainfall confirms the existence of these asymptotic regimes. This simplified experimental setup generates a realistic flood signal, in the absence of surface runoff. Field observation in the catchment of the Quiock Creek, Guadeloiipe reveals a similar behaviour. The water table and the river discharge evolve simultaneously during rainfall, and conform to theory. Like in our laboratory experiment, this aquifer reacts non-linearly to forcing by rainfall. The river discharge from three other catchments (Plynlimon, Wales and Laval, France) confirms this non-linear reaction : ˙Q ∝ R n , with n > 1. The exponent, however, is different from 3/2. A preliminary laboratory experiment suggests that this breakdown of the Dupuit-Boussinesq theory is due to vertical groundwater flow
Quarello, Annarosa. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes d’homogénéisation des données atmosphériques GNSS. Application à l’étude de la variabilité climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS457.
Texto completoHomogenization is an important and crucial step to improve the use of observational data for climate analysis. This work is motivated by the analysis of long GNSS Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) data which have not yet been used in this context. These series are affected by inhomogeneities linked to changes in the instrumentation, in the environment, and in the data processing procedure. Due to the natural variability of the series we actually work on the time series of differences, using ERA-Interim reanalysis as reference for the climate signal. A base assumption is that the differences contain only the signature of the abrupt changes from the GNSS series which can be detected by means of a segmentation algorithm. Careful analysis of the segmentation results allows to sort the cases when this assumption is actually not true. The main contribution of this thesis was the development a novel segmentation method dedicated to detecting changes in the mean of the GNSS-ERA-Interim IWV difference series. This segmentation model integrates a periodic bias and a heterogeneous, monthly varying, variance to properly fit the characteristics of the series. The method consists of first estimating the variance using a robust estimator and then estimating the segmentation parameters (the positions of the change-points, the means of the segments) and the periodic bias model in a sequential way. The segmentation parameters and the periodic bias model are estimated iteratively for a fixed number of change-points. The inference is achieved by the classical maximum likelihood procedure using the dynamic programming algorithm for the estimation of the segmentation parameters which provides the exact solution in a reasonable amount of time. The procedure is repeated for all the numbers of change-points tested between 0 and a maximum (about 30). Finally, the optimal number of change-points is chosen using a penalized model selection strategy. Several criteria are tested. The method is implemented in the R GNSSseg package available on CRAN. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by numerical simulations. An application for a real dataset of 120 global GNSS stations in the global IGS network is presented for the period from January 1995 to December 2010. Inspection of the results reveals that the detected change-points contain a fraction (~ 20 %) of outliers which are characterized by double detections with two large offsets, generally of opposite signs, close together, e.g. a few tens of days apart. In order to detect and eliminate the outliers a screening method was developed. The final set of change-points is validated with respect to GNSS metadata which contain information on equipment changes that occurred at the stations. The percentage of validation remains moderate at the level of 20 % despite all the changes are statistically significant. Some of the change-points may actually be due to the reference series (ERA-Interim). Finally, the segmentation information (dates of the change-points) is included in a linear regression algorithm which is used to estimate the GNSS IWV trends. The estimated trends are tested for significance and compared to the ERA-Interim trends. Higher spatial consistency in the GNSS trends and improved consistency is found after homogenisation with ERA-Interim in regions where the reanalysis is known to perform well. [...]
Sempere, Torres Daniel. "Calcul de la lame ruisselée dans la modélisation pluie-débit : limitations des approches globales et introduction simplifiée de la topographie et de la variabilité spatiale des pluies : applications aux bassins versants du Gardon d'Anduze et du Réal Collobrier". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694027.
Texto completoJebri, Beyrem. "Attribution et reconstruction du rôle de la variabilité interne et des forçages externes sur le climat passé récent et du dernier millénaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS162.
Texto completoUsing large ensembles of IPSLCM5A model simulations, we first investigate the roles of internal variability (and in particular the IPO) and external forcing in driving recent Peru-Chile regional cooling. The simulations reproduce the relative cooling, in response to an externally-forced southerly wind anomaly, which strengthens the upwelling off Chile in recent decades. This southerly wind anomaly results from the expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Cell in response to increasing greenhouse gases and stratospheric ozone depletion since ~1980. An oceanic heat budget confirms that the wind-forced upwelling dominates the cooling near the coast while a wind-forced deepening of the mixed layer drives the offshore cooling, irrespectively of the IPO phase, hence indicating the preeminent role of external forcing. Constraining the climate sensitivity from observations remains however fraught with uncertainties due to the limited instrumental window of observation. In a second part, a data assimilation method is developed to reconstruct past natural variability relying on a particles filter using CMIP-class climate models. Such method is confronted with a problem of degeneracy associated with the resolution of a large problem with a limited number of particles. This issue has been resolved using a statistical emulator of the IPSL model (LIM) as an integration model in a particle filter with resampling. The validation of this new method, called SIR-LIM, allows the reconstruction of the climate variability of the past centuries by assimilating observations and proxy records into a CMIP-class coupled model while preserving the physical coherence along the simulation
Fischer, Claude. "Etude des bandes précipitantes dans un front vérifiant le critère d'instabilité symétrique". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30247.
Texto completoChamsi, Nizar. "Estimation des précipitations à partir de la réflectivité radar dans les systèmes convectifs tropicaux". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30134.
Texto completoTenorio, Ricardo Sarmento. "Etude statistique de la distribution de taille des cellules de pluie : implications pour l'estimation des champs de précipitation par radar". Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30167.
Texto completoGraff, Benjamin. "Prédétermination des débits de crue des petits bassins versants torrentiels". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20201.
Texto completoJalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26565.
Texto completoBouali, Lofti. "Prévisibilité et prévision statistico-dynamique des saisons des pluies associées à la mousson ouest africaine à partir d'ensembles multi-modèles". Dijon, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413297.
Texto completoWang, Tao. "Développement et évaluation du modèle de surface ORCHIDEE : apport pour la simulation des cycles de l'eau et du carbone aux hautes latitudes". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0045.
Texto completoThis thesis is to evaluate and develop a land surface model ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic EcosystEms). In the first part, ORCHIDEE on multiple timescales is evaluated by a novel methodology linking Artificial Neural Networks to Singular System Analysis. The joint analysis of observations and simulations uncovers the characteristics of model bias at and across timescales in different plant function types and climate groups, which provide references for future ORCHIDEE developments. To have a throughout understanding of snow effects on present and future carbon fluxes, ORCHIDEE with a decent snow model should be developed. In the second part, a site-synthesis analysis of winter ecosystem respiration and its controls across eddy covariance sites in mid- and high-latitude regions has been conducted. The result corroborates the role of winter respiration in annual carbon budget, and snow effects on winter respiration could be indirectly observed by its insulating effect on soil. The standard ORCHIDEE snow model is a simple bucket model and has been shown to bias snow simulations. In the third part, internal snow processes (e. G. Snow melting/refreezing; water infiltration between snow layers) were thus developed in ORCHIDEE. Moreover, a new forest albedo parameterization was also implemented. In the third and final parts, this newly developed snow model has been validated based on both site and continental levels, and a significant improvement has been seen in terms of snow pack properties examined. This new snow model coupled with permafrost will be used to explore high-latitude water and carbon dynamics in the future
Bernardes, Parracho Ana Claudia. "Etude de la tendance et de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'aide de modèles de climat et d'observations du réseau GNSS mondial". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066524.
Texto completoWater vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability
Yessad, Karim. "Effets de résolution dans le modèle PERIDOT : analyse diagnostique par divergences de flux". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30120.
Texto completoKebe, Cheikh Mouhamed Fadel. "Relation entre les intégrales spatio-temporelles de la couverture nuageuse et la pluie au sol aux latitudes tropicales : implications pour la mesure des précipitations depuis l'espace". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30266.
Texto completoDucrocq, Véronique. "Etude de l'énergétique de bandes précipitantes simulées à l'aide du modèle PERIDOT". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30205.
Texto completoDerouiche, Sabrine. "Impact du changement climatique dans les modèles numériques à l'échelle régionale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ025.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean region is considered one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change because of its socio-cultural wealth and its biodiversity. Several studies about the evolution of different parameters found a significant climate variability at the end of the 20th century. Moreover,according to climate projection models, an intensification of this climate change is expected, over the region, to the end of the 21th century.Consequently, their impacts become more dangerous and expensive. Rain is considered to be the most sensitive signature of climate for humans. Thus, its analysis and the characterization of rainfall regimes over the region allow to apprehend its future evolution. This study is mainly based on daily rainfall observations collected from 70 rain gauge stations over 50-year period (1960-2009) on a regional scale covering all of northern Tunisia. On the other hand, daily precipitations produced by ERA-Interim reanalysis model, equally at regional scale, are also considered in this study. These estimated data have the advantage of being complete over the time and the space. They can have an important role in understanding the climate variability, hence it is essential to assess their quality in relation to observations. The rainfall data processing is novel. Indeed, the analysis of spatial and temporal variability analysis was carried out on the rain event scale. Although rainfall in Tunisia has been analysed by several hydrologists and geographers at different scales ranging from a few minutes to years, the division into rainy episodes and dry episodes proposed in this analysis is original. This approach aims to take into account the intermittent nature of the rain which is one of the fundamental properties of the precipitations. The aggregation of rainy days led to consider six descriptors of rainy events for each measurement point over a period of 50 years. The multidimensional space, thus, created was analysed in the first part by a classic factorial method PCA (Principal Component Analysis), then by the non-linear classification method SOM (Self-Organizing Map) combined with Hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC). The two approaches allowed to understand the rainfall data structures and to define a typology. The principal component analysis summarized the six rainfall descriptors adopted into three main components: the first one is an indicator of the rainfall quantity, the second one represents the intermittent character of rain over the season and the third one is a structure indicator. The spatial interpretation divided the study area into three regions of NE-SW orientation, with an opposition between the North-West facade and its hinterland and the South-East facade and its hinterland with an intermediate zone located between these two regions. Moreover, the thesis investigated the correlations between the principal components of PCAs and climate patterns indices. Significant correlations were found for the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation indices. In addition, relationships between sea surface pressure anomalies and principal components were shown by a composite analysis. The combined methods (SOM and HAC) were applied to rainfall descriptors produced by the rain gauge stations network and highlighted 4 classes with different typologies of wet spells structure. Their spatial and temporal variability was, then, analysed. These classes were used as a reference for the analysis of the reanalysis data.The univariate and multivariate analysis of the model data and the comparison with the observations showed that the number of rainy days and the duration of the events are significantly overestimated in the reanalyses. Moreover, the statistical distributions didn't have the same asymmetry. On the other hand, the model showed a good coherence of the temporal structures of the rainfall classes with the observations on a regional scale
Fumière, Quentin. "Impact du changement climatique sur les précipitations extrêmes dans le sud-est de la France : apport des modèles résolvant la convection profonde". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30239.
Texto completoThe Mediterranean region and more particularly the South-East of France are affected by intense rainfall episodes during the autumn. Determining the future evolution of these events is a major scientific and societal challenge. The objective of this PhD thesis is to study at very high resolution and at climate scales the past representation and future evolution of these intense rainfall events. The approach here is based on the analysis of simulations of a family of explicit deep convection regional climate models (cprcms, 2-3 km) and on the exploitation of a new database of kilometric and hourly precipitation observations : comephore. The evaluation of the cprcms revealed a high added-value of explicit convection models compared with parameterized convection models (12.5 km) for the representation of daily and especially sub-daily extreme precipitation. The robustness of this added value has been showed to changes in cnrm-arome configurations (version, domain and model driving).The added value was also verified in 4 other rcm/cprcm pairs from the cordex fps-convection program. The study of precipitation changes based on 10-year simulations of the four cprcms did not provide a significant response of change in extreme precipitation. It is very natural climate variability is likely to dominate the future response of extreme precipitation over periods of 10 years, which implies that even at the end of the 21st century and in a scenario with high green house-gases emissions, it is likely that some decades will be wetter and others less so than decades of the current climate. It is therefore necessary to extend the simulations to increase the robustness of multi-model results. In addition, the 10-year change results with cnrm-arome are not representative of the changes over 30 years. The 30-year scenario simulation with cnrm-arome according to the rcp8.5 projection for the end of the century suggests an increase in extreme daily and especially hourly precipitation in the Cévennes and more particularly in Roussillon (+15% per degree of warming). In scenario mode, it was possible to show that cprcms can significantly change the rain response to climate change simulated by standard resolution rcms. This work is the first intensive scientific exploitation of the arome model in climate mode. The results obtained open up many possibilities for its future use to study climate at very high resolution and in particular extreme events
Geoffroy, Olivier. "Modélisation LES des précipitations dans les nuages de couche limite et paramétrisation pour les modèles de circulation générale". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30331.
Texto completoThauvin, Valérie. "Etude de la répartition spatiale des précipitations en milieu sahélien à l'aide du réseau dense de pluviographes de l'expérience EPSAT-Niger : application à la détermination de la précision des moyennes surfaciques au pas de temps de l'évènement pluvieux". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20220.
Texto completoFontin, Mickaël. "Contribution à la génération de séries synthétiques de pluies, de débits et de températures". Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT117H.
Texto completoBernardes, Parracho Ana Claudia. "Etude de la tendance et de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'aide de modèles de climat et d'observations du réseau GNSS mondial". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066524/document.
Texto completoWater vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability
Gential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189139.
Texto completoGential, Luc. "Modélisation du bilan de masse en surface de la calotte glaciaire antarctique". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10092.
Texto completoThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB, snow accumulation minus ablation) is sensitive to climate parameters and directly contributes to global mean sea level variations. Therefore, in the perspective of climate change, it is useful to develop tools that can simulate the physical processes involved in the Antarctic surface mass balance. The approach developed in this thesis consists in using a cascade of atmospheric models from large scale to local scale. Thus, a regional climate model (Modèle atmosphérique régional, hereinafter referred to as MAR), forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, provides a diagnostic physical-based rain- and snowfall disaggregation model with meteorological fields at the regional scale (typically 40-km resolution). In a first part, it is shown that the SMB calculated by MAR is in good agreement with observations in most regions. Nonetheless, runoff appears to be overestimated; the problem vanishes when introducing a dependency of albedo with solar zenithal distance. In a second part, it is shown that although the parameterizations invoked in the disaggregation model are fairly simple, the knowledge of small-scale topography (5-km resolution) is efficiently used to improve the spatial variability of precipitation - and therefore SMB - over coastal regions of Antarctica. Model validation is carried out with the help of snow height measurements provided by automatic weather stations. Over the coastal place of Law Dome, the net accumulation gradient is mostly due to orographic forcing of precipitation (rather than blowing snow). The disaggregation model dramatically underestimates precipitation over the Antarctic Plateau, where polar stratospheric clouds associated with radiative cooling could play a role in the formation of precipitation during the polar night
Dezetter, Alain. "Modélisation globale de la relation pluie débit : application en zone de savanes soudanaises (Nord-Ouest de la Côte-d'Ivoire)". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20173.
Texto completoDelaygue, Gilles. "Relations entre surface océanique et composition isotopique des précipitations antarctiques : simulation pour différents climats". Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002821.
Texto completoJeannin, Nicolas. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle des champs de précipitation et des couverts nuageux associés : applications à la propagation terre-espace". Toulouse, ISAE, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ESAE0012.
Texto completoCernesson, Flavie. "Modèle simple de prédétermination des crues de fréquences courante à rare sur de petits bassins versants méditerranéens". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20018.
Texto completoChen, Sheng. "Stochastic simulation of near-surface atmospheric forcings for distributed hydrology". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU005/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work proposes new concepts and tools for stochastic weather simulation activities targeting the specific needs of hydrology. We used, as a demonstration, a climatically contrasted area in the South-East of France, Cévennes-Vivarais, which is highly attractive to hydrological hazards and climate change.Our perspective is that physical features (soil moisture, discharge) relevant to everyday concerns (water resources assessment and/or hydrological hazard) are directly linked to the atmospheric variability at the basins scale, meaning firstly that relevant time and space scales ranges must be respected in the rainfall simulation technique. Since hydrological purposes are the target, other near-surface variates must be also considered. They may exhibit a less striking variability, but it does exist. To build the multi-variable modeling, co-variability with rainfall is first considered.The first step of the PhD work is dedicated to take into account the heterogeneity of the precipitation within the rainfall simulator SAMPO [Leblois and Creutin, 2013]. We cluster time steps into rainfall types organized in time. Two approaches are tested for simulation: a semi-Markov simulation and a resampling of the historical rainfall types sequence. Thanks to clustering, all kind of rainfall is served by some specific rainfall type. In a larger area, where the assumption of climatic homogeneity is not considered valid, a coordination must be introduced between the rainfall type sequences over delineated sub-areas, forming rainy patterns at the larger scale.We first investigated a coordination of Markov models, enforcing observed lengths-of-stay by a greedy algorithm. This approach respects long duration aggregates and inter-annual variability, but the high values of rainfall are too low. As contrast, the joint resampling of historically observed sequences is easier to implement and gives a satisfactory behavior for short term variability. However it lacks inter-annual variability.Both approaches suffer from the strict delineation of homogeneous zones and homogeneous rainfall types.For these reasons, a completely different approach is also considered, where the areal rainfall totals are jointly modeled using a spatio-temporal copula approach, then disaggregated to the user grid using a non-deterministic, geostatistically-based conditional simulation technique. In the copula approach, the well-known problem of rainfall having atom at zero is handled in replacing historical rainfall by an appropriated atmospheric based rainfall index having a continuous distribution. Simulated values of this index can be turned to rainfall by quantile-quantile mapping.Finally, the copula technique is used to link other meteorological variables (i.e. temperature, solar radiation, humidity, wind speed) to rainfall. Since the multivariate simulation aims to be driven by the rainfall simulation, the copula needs to be run in conditional mode. The achieved toolbox has already been used in scientific explorations, it is now available for testing in real-size application. As a data-driven approach, it is also adaptable to other climatic conditions. The presence of atmospheric precursors a large scale values in some key steps may enable the simulation tools to be converted into a climate simulation disaggregation
Djerboua, Abdelatif. "Prédétermination des pluies et crues extrêmes dans les Alpes franco-italiennes : prévision quantitative des pluies journalières par la méthode des analogues". Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0030.
Texto completoFroidurot, Stéphanie. "Approche multi-échelle pour l'évaluation de la pluie dans les modèles climatiques régionaux.Etude dans le sud-est de la France". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU017/document.
Texto completoClimate projections for the end of the century indicate drier summers and more intense precipitation in the Mediterranean.In this respect, the characterization of rainfall in the region is necessary to understand its future changes.Regional climate models (RCM) are essential tools to understand the regional climate and to project its future evolution.This thesis aims at characterizing and evaluating rainfall simulated by RCM in Southeast France, typical of the mediterranean coastal regions.The description of observed rainfall at the same scales as RCM is a prerequisite.Observed and simulated rainfall is described in terms of values and spatial and temporal structure of occurrence and intensity.Weather types are used to explore the relation between rainfall features and the underlying physical processes.In the RCM, the annual total volume of water precipitated over the study region is closed to the observed values.However, this total volume is not distributed the same in space and time in the RCM simulations and in the observations.Among the multiple facets of the rainfall climatology, this study highlights the influence of the relief and of the solar cycle both in the triggering and in the intensity of rain.Rain appears to occur preferentially in the late afternoon, in connection with the daytime heating of the surface.However, the maximum of rain occurrence simulated by the RCM is earlier than in the observations, suggesting a too quick response of the convection scheme to the diurnal cycle of surface fluxes, in relation to the absence of transition between shallow and deep convection in most schemes.Besides, within the study region, the orographic forcing appears to be quite different for the two ranges of the domain and is much more pronounced over the Cévennes.The RCM reproduce the influence of the topography on rainfall features.Yet, the contrast between plains and mountains is more pronounced in the models than in the observations, especially when the large-scale forcing is weak and the convection is prevailing in the study area.The contrast accentuation between plain and relief in the models seems to be due to a too high sensitivity of the convection schemes to the air mass convergence and instability favored by the relief
Jalbert, Jonathan. "Développement d'un modèle statistique non stationnaire et régional pour les précipitations extrêmes simulées par un modèle numérique de climat". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU032/document.
Texto completoPrecipitation extremes plays a major role in flooding events and their occurrence as well as their intensity are expected to increase. It is therefore important to anticipate the impacts of such an increase to ensure the public safety and the infrastructure sustainability. Since climate models are the only tools for providing quantitative projections of precipitation, flood risk management for the future climate may be based on their simulations. Most of the time, the Extreme value theory is used to estimate the extreme precipitations from a climate simulation, such as the T-year return levels. The variance of the estimations are generally large notably because the sample size of the maxima series are short. Such variance could have a significant impact for flood risk management. It is therefore relevant to reduce the estimation variance of simulated return levels. For this purpose, the aim of this paper is to develop a non-stationary and regional statistical model especially suited for climate models that estimates precipitation extremes. At first, the non-stationarity is removed by a preprocessing approach. Thereafter, the spatial correlation is modeled by a Bayesian hierarchical model including an intrinsic Gaussian Markov random field. The model has been used to estimate the 100-year return levels over North America from a simulation by the Canadian Regional Climate Model. The results show a large estimation variance reduction when using the regional model
Dilmi, Mohamed Djallel. "Méthodes de classification des séries temporelles : application à un réseau de pluviomètres". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS087.pdf.
Texto completoThe impact of climat change on the temporal evolution of precipitation as well as the impact of the Parisian heat island on the spatial distribution of précipitation motivate studying the varaibility of the water cycle on a small scale on île-de-france. one way to analyse this varaibility using the data from a rain gauge network is to perform a clustring on time series measured by this network. In this thesis, we have explored two approaches for time series clustring : for the first approach based on the description of series by characteristics, an algorithm for selecting characteristics based on genetic algorithms and topological maps has been proposed. for the second approach based on shape comparaison, a measure of dissimilarity (iterative downscaling time warping) was developed to compare two rainfall time series. Then the limits of the two approaches were discuddes followed by a proposition of a mixed approach that combine the advantages of each approach. The approach was first applied to the evaluation of spatial variability of precipitation on île-de-france. For the evaluation of the temporal variability of the precpitation, a clustring on the precipitation events observed by a station was carried out then extended on the whole rain gauge network. The application on the historical series of Paris-Montsouris (1873-2015) makes it possible to automatically discriminate "remarkable" years from a meteorological point of view
Roquelaure, Stevie. "Prévision d'ensemble locale des brouillards et nuages bas à l'aéroport International de Roissy Charles De Gaulle". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/101/.
Texto completoA Local Ensemble Prediction System (LEPS) designed for fog and low clouds short range prediction at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport is developed for providing short range likelihood of LVP (Low Visibility Procedure - visibility < 600m and/or ceiling < 60m) conditions over the airport. LEPS relies on the local operational deterministic prediction scheme COBEL-ISBA of LVP conditions used at Charles de Gaulle airport. The sources of uncertainty on COBEL-ISBA inputs have been identified for both the initial conditions and the mesoscale. A Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) calibration has been applied to improve the raw ensemble reliability. LEPS validation shows that this probabilistic system provides reliable short range forecast of the likelihood of LVP conditions over Charles de Gaulle airport. As a consequence, LEPS open up interesting perspectives for flight scheduling and the airport safety and management
Peter, Anne-Charlotte. "Variabilité de la température de la couche de mélange océanique en Atlantique équatorial aux échelles saisonnières à interannuelles, à l'aide de simulations numériques". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157983.
Texto completoLes résultats obtenus montrent la prédominance des processus verticaux et des ondes tropicales d'instabilité (<35jours, ~500km) pour expliquer la variabilité de la température de la couche de surface à l'échelle annuelle.
L'étude d'évènements interannuels a permis de distinguer deux processus distincts responsables de la variabilité interannuelle de la température de surface : l'un dynamique et distant crée par les anomalies de vent dans l'ouest du bassin et agissant par l'intermédiaire de la propagation d'ondes de Kelvin équatoriales et le second, thermodynamique et local à l'échelle du Golfe de Guinée, créé par les anomalies interannuelles de flux de chaleur.
Moreau, Melanie. "Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0213/document.
Texto completoThe Pacific Ocean is the place of interannual and multi-decadal climate variabilities, namely the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). There can have globals impacts via teleconnections. Major impacts on populations, economic and environmental activitieshave been attributed to ENSO. It is therefore essential to improve our understanding of the Pacificdynamic, particularly ENSO activity and its evolution under recent climate change.Geochemical measurements (Sr/Ca and 818O) performed on corals are relevant paleoclimatic records for studying the evolution of ENSO and are essential to put into perspective the current climatedynamic in comparison to past climate.After an evaluation of the robustness of the coral geochemical paleothermometer (Sr/Ca), we present the reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) from Eastern tropical Pacific coral (Clippertonatoll) and central tropical Pacific coral (Marquesas archipelago) covering several parts of the last millennium. Our results suggest that ENSO spatial pattern was relatively stable over the past two centuries, mainly indicating an eastern Pacific ENSO pattern (canonical) in comparison to the centralPacific ENSO (Modoki). Although still debated, this spatial pattern could have recently changed dueto global climate change (and this could continue in the future). At the decadal timescale, both studiedareas (central and eastern Pacific) are influenced by the PDO.The results of this Phd thesis also suggest that the present day ENSO activity (under the influence ofanthropogenic forcing) is not atypical throughout the last millennium. The intensity and frequency of ENSO were stronger in the early Little Ice Age (LIA, 16th century). These results are compared withan ensemble of climate simulations (PMIP3) and indicate that ENSO variability is correctly reproduced by numerical climate models but that these models fail to correctly reproduce the mean temperature state of the Pacific
Ichiba, Abdellah. "Données radar bande X et gestion prédictive en hydrologie urbaine". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1007/document.
Texto completoThe main goal of this thesis was to achieve a reliable management tool of storm water storage basins using high resolution X-band radar. It turned out that it required several research developments. The analysed case study includes a retention basin of 10000 m3 located in Val de Marne county downstream of a 2.15 km2 urban catchment. It has a twofold goal: storm water decontamination and flood protection by volume storage. Operationally the management strategies associated with these two aims are conflicting; hence, a predictive management has been set up: a routine exploitation of the basin in the anti-pollution mode, and a switch to the flood protection mode when needed. It should be based a reliable knowledge of short-term rainfall forecasts. A common way to respond to operational needs of the predictive management is to set up a warning system based on the use of radar data. For example, the CALAMAR system relies on the use of single-polarization raw radar data, coming from Meteo-France radar network, being processed with the conventional Z-R conversion methods followed by a calibration with rain gauge. However, the reliability of such warning systems has been subject to debate, often due to a questionable quality of the resulting radar rainfall estimates, compared to local rain gauges. Therefore a new methodology for more meaningful comparison of radar rainfall field products was developed during this PhD project. Being rooted to the multifractal theory, it allows a comparison of the structure and the morphology of rainfall fields in both space and time through scales. It was initially tested on CALAMAR and Meteo-France rainfall products before being applied for results confirmation on initial data from a X band radar, acquired by Ecole des Ponts ParisTech in the framework of the European project RainGain and providing data at higher resolution (up to 100 m in space and 1 min in time). The obtained results not only highlight the crucial influence of raw data processing on the scaling behaviour, but also permit to pre-define the conditions when the CALAMAR optimization may worsen the quality of rainfall estimates. Such conditions would be very difficult to detect with widely used conventional methods, which rely on a very limited number of radar pixels (only those containing rain gauges). Further extensions of the proposed methodology open new horizons for the rainfall data merging. While the scientific literature, notably around the TOMACS experiment in Japan and CASA one in the United States, highlights the operational benefits of higher resolution rainfall measurements thanks to X-band radars, its impact on the performance of hydrological models still remains a subject of debate. Indeed previous research, mainly based on conceptual models remains inconclusive. To overcome these limitations, we used two models relying on two very distinct modelling approaches: CANOE (semi-distributed and conceptual) and Multi-Hydro (fully distributed and physically based research model developed at ENPC). An operational version of CANOE and a new much finer configuration, which increases the sensitivity of the model to spatio-temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, were used. Several extensions of the Multi-Hydro were developed, including an optimization of its resolution, which greatly improves its whole functionality. It appears from this work that by taking into account the spatial and temporal variability of small-scale rainfall, the performance of hydrologic models can be increased up to 20%.Overall, we believe that this dissertation contributes to the development of new, reliable, operational tools to use in their full extent the high-resolution X-band data
Declerck, Louise. "Influence de forçages anthropiques sur la circulation atmosphérique du niveau géopotentiel 500 hPa et sur la diffusion et les concentrations de polluants sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais au XXIème siècle". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10122/document.
Texto completoThe growth of human activities causes significant emissions of gaseous and particulate species in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contribute to increase the average global temperature, it’s called anthropogenic forcing. This temperature increase modifies the various components of the Earth’s climate system. In this thesis, the atmosphere is our topic of interest. The objective of this thesis is to answer two questions on a multidisciplinary basis: (1) can anthropogenic radiative forcing influences atmospheric circulation and more specifically, its variability? (2) And can it affects the spatial distribution of pollutants? This work is based on the comparison of two periods: one from 1960 to 1989 representing the climate without scenarios forcing; the other from 2070 to 2099 considering different scenarios of anthropogenic forcing. The first step is to characterize the atmospheric circulation variability, in wintertime, from the 500 hPa geopotential height at North Atlantic and European scale. The main structures of variability we studied are the so-called modes of variability and weather regimes. In our study, the scenarios do not change their structure in space but rather their frequency of occurrence and mean residence time. The second step concerns modeling of air quality over the French Northern region. Analysis of simulations reveals that actual and future concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide increase, but no direct correlation between changes of variability modes and spatial distribution of pollutants is detected
Tencaliec, Patricia. "Developments in statistics applied to hydrometeorology : imputation of streamflow data and semiparametric precipitation modeling". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM006/document.
Texto completoPrecipitation and streamflow are the two most important meteorological and hydrological variables when analyzing river watersheds. They provide fundamental insights for water resources management, design, or planning, such as urban water supplies, hydropower, forecast of flood or droughts events, or irrigation systems for agriculture.In this PhD thesis we approach two different problems. The first one originates from the study of observed streamflow data. In order to properly characterize the overall behavior of a watershed, long datasets spanning tens of years are needed. However, the quality of the measurement dataset decreases the further we go back in time, and blocks of data of different lengths are missing from the dataset. These missing intervals represent a loss of information and can cause erroneous summary data interpretation or unreliable scientific analysis.The method that we propose for approaching the problem of streamflow imputation is based on dynamic regression models (DRMs), more specifically, a multiple linear regression with ARIMA residual modeling. Unlike previous studies that address either the inclusion of multiple explanatory variables or the modeling of the residuals from a simple linear regression, the use of DRMs allows to take into account both aspects. We apply this method for reconstructing the data of eight stations situated in the Durance watershed in the south-east of France, each containing daily streamflow measurements over a period of 107 years. By applying the proposed method, we manage to reconstruct the data without making use of additional variables, like other models require. We compare the results of our model with the ones obtained from a complex approach based on analogs coupled to a hydrological model and a nearest-neighbor approach, respectively. In the majority of cases, DRMs show an increased performance when reconstructing missing values blocks of various lengths, in some of the cases ranging up to 20 years.The second problem that we approach in this PhD thesis addresses the statistical modeling of precipitation amounts. The research area regarding this topic is currently very active as the distribution of precipitation is a heavy-tailed one, and at the moment, there is no general method for modeling the entire range of data with high performance. Recently, in order to propose a method that models the full-range precipitation amounts, a new class of distribution called extended generalized Pareto distribution (EGPD) was introduced, specifically with focus on the EGPD models based on parametric families. These models provide an improved performance when compared to previously proposed distributions, however, they lack flexibility in modeling the bulk of the distribution. We want to improve, through, this aspect by proposing in the second part of the thesis, two new models relying on semiparametric methods.The first method that we develop is the transformed kernel estimator based on the EGPD transformation. That is, we propose an estimator obtained by, first, transforming the data with the EGPD cdf, and then, estimating the density of the transformed data by applying a nonparametric kernel density estimator. We compare the results of the proposed method with the ones obtained by applying EGPD on several simulated scenarios, as well as on two precipitation datasets from south-east of France. The results show that the proposed method behaves better than parametric EGPD, the MIAE of the density being in all the cases almost twice as small.A second approach consists of a new model from the general EGPD class, i.e., we consider a semiparametric EGPD based on Bernstein polynomials, more specifically, we use a sparse mixture of beta densities. Once again, we compare our results with the ones obtained by EGPD on both simulated and real datasets. As before, the MIAE of the density is considerably reduced, this effect being even more obvious as the sample size increases
Maeght, Jean-Luc. "L'influence de la variabilité climatique sur l’enracinement superficiel et profond d'arbres adultes en plantation : les cas de l’hévéa (hevea brasiliensis) et du teck (tectona grandis) sous contraintes hydriques en Asie du sud est". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20158/document.
Texto completoThe root system is essential but essentially invisible. Plants are anchored to the soil through their root system; their adaptation and survival abilities are highly dependent on their ability to learn to take advantage of the space that surrounds them. Certain trees are nevertheless some of the largest and oldest living species on the planet- evidence of their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Within managed anthropogenic constraints, particular species are vulnerable. It is clear that a wide range of parameters are likely to influence the root system and its operation, which offers many entry points to improve our understanding of a root's capacity for expansion, its dynamics, its role within the plant itself and within the soil plant atmosphere continuum. Available data on the extent and dynamics of plant roots includes several thousand references. However, the vast majority of these observations were made within the first meter of the soil profile. Data acquisition for the fine and/or deep roots is currently limited by constraints of time and financial resources. To overcome this lack of information, while trying to assess root dynamics under different environmental conditions, many models have been developed. However, it is still difficult to describe the complexity of root development in the community and to integrate its "plasticity".To understand such a complex environment, we must work toward establishing a definition of objectives and the tools necessary to develop and implement them. The work developed in the first part of this thesis is the subject of two articles and focuses on a literature review about deep roots. The vital role of the root system for the plant is well highlighted, as is its impact as a link within the atmosphere. We discuss the role of deep roots in carbon storage, which is critical and often underestimated. The different techniques for accessing the root systems in situ are also considered, and we present our access technique for observing the roots down to depths of five meters. We have also developed tools for shooting through a flatbed scanner and image analysis ( IJ_Rizo ) now available online.In the second part of the thesis, we focus on the study of root systems of adult rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis L. RRIM 600) in the northeast of Thailand. Thailand has greatly expanded its acreage to extend its operations beyond its natural climate zone, into areas of high water stress. In this context, we studied the seasonality and dynamics of fine roots for three years and their contribution to the carbon cycle. We were able to highlight the continuity of root dynamics during independent periods of defoliation, yet link these to the seasonality of rainfall. We were also able to characterize the low differentiation of root dynamics at 0 to 4.5 m of depth in this context.The third part of the thesis concerns the study of teak particular to the region of Luang Prabang, Laos. By applying the rain exclusion technique for 2 years on a plantation of twenty-year-old trees, we observed the influence of precipitation patterns. During the period of water stress, an almost total cessation of root growth, at the surface and significant depths, has been highlighted. We conclude that in the case of species with a high dependence on water resources there is a direct impact on the physiological state and stagnated trunk growth. Some individuals have demonstrated an ability to adapt by changing their foliation/defoliation cycle, accompanied by a resumption of trunk growth during the second year of imposed drought. We also demonstrated the importance of rooting as a means of carbon storage, which in this context represents more than 45% of total carbon- roughly double the amount published in other literature .The data obtained for the species studied in this paper can be used for modelling scenarios simulating climate change and changing land use
Abu-Awwad, Abdul-Fattah. "Sur l’inférence statistique pour des processus spatiaux et spatio-temporels extrêmes". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1079/document.
Texto completoNatural hazards such as heat waves, extreme wind speeds, and heavy rainfall, arise due to physical processes and are spatial or spatio-temporal in extent. The development of models and inference methods for these processes is a very active area of research. This thesis deals with the statistical inference of extreme and rare events in both spatial and spatio-temporal settings. Specifically, our contributions are dedicated to two classes of stochastic processes: spatial max-mixture processes and space-time max-stable processes. The proposed methodologies are illustrated by applications to rainfall data collected from the East of Australia and from a region in the State of Florida, USA. In the spatial part, we consider hypothesis testing for the mixture parameter a of a spatial maxmixture model using two classical statistics: the Z-test statistic Za and the pairwise likelihood ratio statistic LRa. We compare their performance through an extensive simulation study. The pairwise likelihood is employed for estimation purposes. Overall, the performance of the two statistics is satisfactory. Nevertheless, hypothesis testing presents some difficulties when a lies on the boundary of the parameter space, i.e., a ∈ {0,1}, due to the presence of additional nuisance parameters which are not identified under the null hypotheses. We apply this testing framework in an analysis of exceedances over a large threshold of daily rainfall data from the East of Australia. We also propose a novel estimation procedure to fit spatial max-mixture processes with unknown extremal dependence class. The novelty of this procedure is to provide a way to make inference without specifying the distribution family prior to fitting the data. Hence, letting the data speak for themselves. In particular, the estimation procedure uses nonlinear least squares fit based on a closed form expression of the so-called Fλ-madogram of max-mixture models which contains the parameters of interest. We establish the consistency of the estimator of the mixing parameter a. An indication for asymptotic normality is given numerically. A simulation study shows that the proposed procedure improves empirical coefficients for the class of max-mixture models. In an analysis of monthly maxima of Australian daily rainfall data, we implement the proposed estimation procedure for diagnostic and confirmatory purposes. In the spatio-temporal part, based on a closed form expression of the spatio-temporal Fmadogram, we suggest a semi-parametric estimation methodology for space-time max-stable processes. This part provides a bridge between geostatistics and extreme value theory. In particular, for regular grid observations, the spatio-temporal F-madogram is estimated nonparametrically by its empirical version and a moment-based procedure is applied to obtain parameter estimates. The performance of the method is investigated through an extensive simulation study. Afterward, we apply this method to quantify the extremal behavior of radar daily rainfall maxima data from a region in the State of Florida. This approach could serve as an alternative or a prerequisite to pairwise likelihood estimation. Indeed, the semi-parametric estimates could be used as starting values for the optimization algorithm used to maximize the pairwise log-likelihood function in order to reduce the computational burden and also to improve the statistical efficiency
Tremblay, Lysandre. "Analyse de la variabilité interannuelle de séries temporelles des niveaux d'eau souterraine dans trois régions du Canada". Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2587/1/M11159.pdf.
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