Artículos de revistas: "Power Trains"

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Milivoj Mandić, Ivo Uglešić y Viktor Milardić. "ELECTRIC RAILWAY POWER CONSUMPTION". Journal of Energy - Energija 58, n.º 4 (16 de septiembre de 2022): 384–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2009584306.

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The electric railways is a specific consumer of the electric power system. For the purpose of using electric energy rationally and making adequate savings, efforts are made to optimize electric energy consumption of electric trains and other electric railway facilities. The work shows the train movement simulation algorithm which serves to determine primarily the mechanical and then also the electric power required for traction. The sections of the electrified tracks are supplied from the electric traction substation (TS) and, for the requirements of the electric traction calculation, an electric network is formed. Based on the maximum time table for a certain time period, calculation is done of the electric circumstances; electricity, voltage, electric power, as well as the total consumed electric energy. For the determination of the electric energy supply of the traction unit, movement resistances of the certain train on each section need to be calculated. Input data necessary for such a calculation are the tracks profile parameters, planned movement speeds on certain sections, and the properties of the train and the locomotive. Besides the train movement simulation model, the article also shows the analysis of impact factors on the electric energy consumption for the electromotor train which travels the Croatian suburban rails. The results are obtained by the train movement simulation algorithm, by virtue of which the locations of trains are calculated, as well as their mechanical and electric powers necessary for traction. The particular example of the supply of the existing SS serves for comparing the results obtained by electric traction calculation and measurement. Some of the results are given of the electric traction simulation for the Zaprešić SS at the supply of the suburban Podsused factory − Samobor − Bregana which is planned for construction.

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2

Agunov, Alexander, Valeriy Varentsov y Denis Sokolov. "The specificities of power loss calculation in electric traction network with allowance for movement of power consuming devices". Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, n.º 4 (20 de marzo de 2019): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2018-4-491-497.

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Summary Objective: To study the speciﬁcities of average currents and power loss calculation in electric traction networks in conditions of constantly changing load. Methods: Probabilistic methods of calculation were applied. Results: Occurrence probability of a certain number of trains in an inter-substation zone was calculated on the basis of train schedule analysis. Calculations of currents and power loss in different elements of a traction energy system with a ﬁxed number of trains in an inter-substation zone were given. It was found that the obtained values of currents and power loss correspond with their occurrence probability depending on the number of trains in an inter-substation zone. For reasons given, a conclusion was made that average values of currents and power loss in traction network elements may be considered as expectation values. Due to the presence of trains with different weight in an inter-substation zone, the method of reducing the currents of these trains to averaged values based on occurrence probabilities of the currents in question was shown for trains with relevant weight range as well as their expectation values. Practical importance: Due to constant electric traction load displacement in an inter-substation zone, and uneven current consumption as well as the presence of a different number of trains, the conducted calculations based on probabilistic methods are the most applicable for determination of energy consumption and power loss in traction energy systems.

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3

Salgado, David R. y J. M. Del Castillo. "Selection and Design of Planetary Gear Trains Based on Power Flow Maps". Journal of Mechanical Design 127, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1828458.

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It is shown that for any planetary gear train (PGT) it is possible to find the relationship existing between the transmission ratio of the train and the power transmitted through each gear pair (gearing power). Specifically, for trains of five and six members, this functional dependence generates a family of curves parameterized by the transmission ratio. A plot of this family of curves is called a power flow map. It allows one to identify those trains that have a potentially high efficiency. In particular, it identifies the transmissions which present power recirculation, a condition that is generally undesirable. Also, an analysis of the power flow maps for the six-member trains leads to the conclusion that, for most of these trains, there is a single expression for the efficiency. The interest of the proposed method is that it is only necessary to know the expression for the PGT’s transmission ratio in order to obtain its power flow map. Also, the map is independent of the constructional solution that is adopted for the train. Finally, the power maps that are obtained are used to find alternatives to the designs of a train consisting of several stages of a basic four-member PGT.

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4

Alnuman, Hammad, Daniel Gladwin y Martin Foster. "Electrical Modelling of a DC Railway System with Multiple Trains". Energies 11, n.º 11 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113211.

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Electrical modelling of rail tracks with multiple running trains is complex due to the difficulties in solving the power flow. The train positions, speed and acceleration are constantly varying resulting in a nonlinear system. In this work, a method is proposed for modelling DC electric railways to support power flow analysis of a simulated metro train service. The method exploits the MathWorks simulation tool Simscape, using it to model the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the rail track system. The model can be simulated to provide voltages at any position in the track and additionally, the voltages seen by any train. The model includes regenerative braking on trains, this is demonstrated to cause overvoltage in the feeding line if it is higher than the power demand of the other trains at that time. Braking resistors are used to protect the network from overvoltage by burning the excess energy. Through the implementation of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), it will be possible to improve the energy efficiency and remove timetabling restrictions of electric railways by effectively controlling the rail track voltage. The paper proposes several methods to validate the model.

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5

Wang, Jibao y Hailin Jiang. "Location-Based LTE-M Uplink Power Control and Radio Resource Scheduling". Sensors 22, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041474.

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Long-Term Evolution for Metro (LTE-M) is adopted as the data communication system in urban rail transit to exchange bio-direction train-wayside information. Reliable data communication is essential in LTE-M systems for ensuring trains’ operation safety and efficiency. However, the inter-cell inference problem exists in LTE results in throughput reduction, especially when trains are in the edge area of adjacent cells, and has negative effects on train operation. The uplink power control and radio resource scheduling scheme is studied in LTE-M system which differentiates from public cellular networks in user numbers and the availability of the trains’ locations. Since the locations of the trains are available, the interferences from the neighbouring cells can be calculated, and a location based algorithm together with soft frequency reuse is designed. In addition, a proportional fair algorithm is taken to improve uplink radio resource scheduling considering the fairness to different train-wayside communication service requirements. Through simulation, the practicability of the proposed schemes in communication system of urban rail transit is verified in aspects of radio power control and data communication throughput.

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6

Seferi, Yljon, Steven M. Blair, Christian Mester y Brian G. Stewart. "Power Quality Measurement and Active Harmonic Power in 25 kV 50 Hz AC Railway Systems". Energies 13, n.º 21 (30 de octubre de 2020): 5698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215698.

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Railway electrical networks rated at 25 kV 50 Hz are characterised by significant levels of voltage and current harmonics. These frequency components are also time varying in nature due to the movement of trains and changing operational modes. Processing techniques used to evaluate harmonic results, although standardised, are not explicitly designed for railway applications, and the smoothing effect that the standard aggregation algorithms have on the measured results is significant. This paper analyses the application accuracy of standardised power quality (PQ) measurement algorithms, when used to measure and evaluate harmonics in railway electrical networks. A shorter aggregation time interval is proposed for railway power quality measurement instruments, which offers more accurate estimated results and improved tracking of time varying phenomena. Harmonic active power present in railway electrical networks is also evaluated in order to quantify the impact it has on the energy accumulated by electrical energy meters installed on-board trains. Analysis performed on 12 train journeys shows significant levels of non-fundamental active power developed for short periods of time. As an energy meter will inadvertently absorb the financial cost of non-fundamental energy produced by other trains or other external power flows, results are provided to support recommendations for future standards to measure only fundamental frequency energy within train energy measurement meters.

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7

Hyman, Mario y Mohd Hasan Ali. "A Novel Model for Wind Turbines on Trains". Energies 15, n.º 20 (15 de octubre de 2022): 7629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207629.

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Wind turbines that are consistently exposed to the air displaced by moving trains have a high potential for energy generation. Researchers have developed mathematical models to simulate wind energy generation from turbines on moving trains but there are significant gaps in the developed model theory. Most models do not consider the negative effects that additional aerodynamic drag, increased weight, and modified dimensions can have on the train’s operation. To overcome the drawbacks of existing models, this work proposes a novel approach of modeling the wind turbines on trains by considering wind turbine exposure only when the train is decelerating or stationary. There are no models that consider all of these realistic physical effects as a function of time. Real-time analysis and power-system simulations showed that the proposed model could produce over 3 MJ of net energy for favorable train trips. The simulated load profile met the demand of a 1 KW generator connected to onboard electrical components. Some recommendations on possible future research on wind turbines on trains are explained.

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8

Gu, Qing, Tao Tang, Fang Cao, Hamid Reza Karimi y Yongduan Song. "Peak Power Demand and Energy Consumption Reduction Strategies for Trains under Moving Block Signalling System". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/940936.

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In the moving block signalling (MBS) system where the tracking target point of the following train is moving forward with its leading train, overload of the substations occurs when a dense queue of trains starts (or restarts) in very close distance interval. This is the peak power demand problem. Several methods have been attempted in the literature to deal with this problem through changing train’s operation strategies. However, most existing approaches reduce the service quality. In this paper, two novel approaches—“Service Headway Braking” (SHB) and “Extending Stopping Distance Interval” (ESDI)—are proposed according to available and unavailable extra station dwell times, respectively. In these two methods, the restarting times of the trains are staggered and traction periods are reduced, which lead to the reduction of peak power demand and energy consumption. Energy efficient control switching points are seen as the decision parameters. Nonlinear programming method is used to model the process. Simulation results indicate that, compared with ARL, peak power demands are reduced by 40% and 20% by applying SHB and ESDI without any arrival time delay, respectively. At the same time, energy consumptions are also reduced by 77% and 50% by applying SHB and ESDI, respectively.

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9

Hsieh, Long Chang y Tzu Hsia Chen. "On the Kinematics and Statics of Planetary Simple Gear Reducers". Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (noviembre de 2012): 2165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2165.

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The power system equipped in machinery contains power source (motor or engine) and gear reducer to get large output torque. The rotation speed of motor is made higher and higher to attach high power with the same volume. Hence, the reduction ratio of gear reducer is required to be higher and higher. Planetary gear trains can be used as the gear reducers with high reduction ratio. However, the planetary gear train with high reduction ratio is compound gear system. This paper proposes planetary simple gear reducers with high reduction ratio. According to train value equation, the kinematic design of planetary simple gear trains with high reduction ratio is accomplished. Some design examples are designed to illustrate the design algorithm. Also, in this paper, the static force analysis is carried out to prove the kinematic design is right. Based on the proposed algorithm, all planetary simple gear trains with high reduction ratio can be synthesized.

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10

Cantone, L. "Simulation of freight trains with up to three traction units in radio communication". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1214, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1214/1/012039.

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Abstract Paper reports the main results of a systematic study on longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) of long freight trains, equipped with radio communication. The simulation results have been used to prepare an experimental test campaign to test the Distributed Power System (DPS) technology. The simulations refer to up/down and level track and they compare the LTD of trains with and without DPS, for different train operations and radio link conditions. The DPS technology is proved (by simulations and test) to be a very effective way to increase the efficiency of future freight trains.

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11

Mizsey, Peter y Esmond Newson. "Comparison of different vehicle power trains". Journal of Power Sources 102, n.º 1-2 (diciembre de 2001): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00802-3.

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12

Haslinger, Josef, Günter Offner, Martin Sopouch y Bianka Zinkiewicz. "Modal Analysis of Vehicle Power Trains". PAMM 15, n.º 1 (octubre de 2015): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510017.

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13

Hsieh, Long Chang, Hsin Sheng Lee y Teu Hsia Chen. "An Algorithm for the Kinematic Design of Gear Transmissions with High Reduction Ratio". Materials Science Forum 505-507 (enero de 2006): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.1003.

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Planetary gear trains can be used as the transmission systems with high reduction ratio for power machinery. The purpose of this paper is to propose an algorithm for the kinematic design of planetary gear trains with high reduction ratio. Based on the concept of train value equation, we propose a new representation to present the kinematic relationship of the members of the train loop. According to this representation graph, we propose an efficient algorithm for the kinematic design of planetary gear trains with high reduction ratio. Three design examples are designed to illustrate the design algorithm. Based on the proposed algorithm, all planetary gear trains with high reduction ratio can be synthesized.

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14

Hatori, Kenji, Shota Saito, Nils Soltau y Eugen Stumpf. "Green SiC Trains". Electric and Hybrid Rail Technology 2021, n.º 1 (julio de 2021): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s2754-7760(23)70018-2.

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15

Dick, C. Tyler, Ivan Atanassov, F. Bradford Kippen y Darkhan Mussanov. "Relative train length and the infrastructure required to mitigate delays from operating combinations of normal and over-length freight trains on single-track railway lines in North America". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, n.º 7 (19 de noviembre de 2018): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718809204.

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Distributed power locomotives have facilitated longer heavy-haul freight trains that improve the efficiency of railway operations. In North America, where the majority of mainlines are single track, the potential operational and economic advantages of long trains are limited by the inadequate length of many existing passing sidings (passing loops). To alleviate the challenge of operating trains that exceed the length of passing sidings, railways preserve the mainline capacity by extending passing sidings. However, industry practitioners rarely optimize the extent of infrastructure investment for the volume of over-length train traffic on a particular route. This paper investigates how different combinations of normal and over-length trains, and their relative lengths, relate to the number of siding extensions necessary to mitigate the delay performance of over-length train operation on a single-track rail corridor. The experiments used Rail Traffic Controller simulation software to determine train delay for various combinations of short and long train lengths under different directional distributions of a given daily railcar throughput volume. Simulation results suggest a relationship between the ratio of train lengths and the infrastructure expansion required to eliminate the delay introduced by operating over-length trains on the initial route. Over-length trains exhibit delay benefits from siding extensions while short trains are relatively insensitive to the expanded infrastructure. Assigning directional preference to over-length trains improves the overall average long-train delay at the expense of delay to short trains. These results will allow railway practitioners to make more informed decisions on the optimal incremental capital expansion strategy for the operation of over-length trains.

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16

YAN, LI-XIN, JIAN-FEI HUA, YING-CHAO DU, YUAN-FANG HUANG, YAN YOU, DAN WANG, WEN-HUI HUANG y CHUAN-XIANG TANG. "UV pulse trains by α-BBO crystal stacking for the production of THz-rap-rate electron bunches". Journal of Plasma Physics 78, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2012): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000281.

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AbstractUltrashort electron bunch trains can be used for plasma wake field acceleration (PWFA) to overcome the limit of transformer ratio of a single electron bunch, or high-power terahertz (Thz) radiation production by various radiation mechanisms. Basic facility for high-power THz radiation development based on ultrashort electron beam has been set up at accelerator lab of TUB. Using birefringent crystal serials, ultraviolet (UV) pulse shaping for photocathode radio frequency gun to produce THz-repetition-rate pulse train was realized. Driven by such pulses, ultrashort electron bunch train with picosecond (ps) spacing was obtained for THz production. Measurement of the stacked UV pulse trains was done by difference frequency generation (DFG), and the measured group velocity mismatch of α-BBO crystal at 266.7-nm wavelength was 0.8 ps/mm. This method may also be applied to form ramped electron bunch trains for PWFA.

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17

Rao, Yu, Xiaoyun Feng, Qingyuan Wang, Pengfei Sun, Zhuang Xiao y Honghui Chen. "Energy‐efficient control of a train considering multi‐trains power flow". IET Intelligent Transport Systems 16, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2021): 380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/itr2.12149.

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18

Yoon, Hyuk-Jin, Su-Hwan Yun, Dae-Hyun Kim, Jae Hee Kim, Bong-Kwan Cho, Gi-Gun Lee, Soon-Eung Park y Young-Chul Kim. "Effect of High-Speed Train-Induced Wind on Trackside UAV Thrust Near Railway Bridge". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 10 (18 de mayo de 2020): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103495.

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Imaging devices attached to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used for crack measurements of railway bridges constructed for high-speed trains. This research aims to investigate track-side wind induced by high-speed trains and its effect on UAV thrust near the railway bridge. Furthermore, the characteristics of train-induced wind in three axial directions along a track, wind velocity, and the effect of train-induced wind on the UAV thrust were analyzed. This was achieved by installing 3-axis ultrasonic anemometers and a UAV thrust measurement system on top of a PSC box girder bridge. The changes in the train-induced wind velocity were monitored along the train travel, width, and height directions. The train-induced wind was measured at distances of 0.8, 1.3, 2.3, and 2.8 m away from the train’s body to analyze wind velocity based on distance. It was found that the maximum wind velocity decreased linearly as the distance from the train’s body increased. The UAV thrust increased by up to 20% and 60%, owing to train-induced wind when the leading and trailing power cars of a high-speed train passed, respectively. Thus, it is necessary to conduct further research to develop robust control and a variable pitch-propeller that can control thrust.

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19

Gao, Guoqiang, Tingting Zhang, Wenfu Wei, Yi Hu, Guangning Wu y Ning Zhou. "A pantograph arcing model for electrified railways with different speeds". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, n.º 6 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 1731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717747754.

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Pantograph arcing is an unavoidable phenomenon in electrified railways, which not only causes damage to the carbon strip and the catenary contact line but also results in voltage surge and electromagnetic interference. In recent years, there are more cases of pantograph arcing due to the increase in speed of trains. Therefore, it is essential to understand the basic electrical characteristics of pantograph arcing at different running speeds of trains. In this work, a pantograph arcing model was proposed, which considers the effects of the speed of a train on the arc-dissipated power. An overall electrical model, concerning the traction power system and the traction drive system, was further established. The results indicated that the running speed of trains significantly influenced the arcing voltage, duration of arcing, and the zero-crossing time. A qualitative relation between the average power of the arc and the speed of the train was also presented. Finally, field tests were carried out, and comparisons between the field testing data and the calculated results were made, which validate the accuracy of the developed model.

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20

Sotnikov, Evgeniy A. y Pavel S. Kholodnyak. "Changes in the carriage and traffic capacity along highly busy routes in case of traffic scheduling for permanently linked multiple trains". Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 78, n.º 5 (23 de diciembre de 2019): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2019-78-5-265.

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The increase in transportation volume through the railroad network requires novel less capital-intensive methods for increasing the carriage capacity with respect to the busy routes that operate at traffic capacity levels of 0.8 and higher. One proposed method is the traffic scheduling of permanently linked multiple trains. Because the existing lines were constructed without considering the usage of permanently linked multiple trains, special preparation of various sections, especially for enhancing the electric power supply system, as well as additional development of stations are required. Compared with single trains, the increase in the length of the linked trains reduces the traffic capacity, affecting the carriage capacity. Further, the peculiarities of interval changes, including the succession times at sections, arrival spacing, and train departure from a station while scheduling linked train traffic on a permanent basis on busy lines, were analyzed. This served as the basis for determination of parameters for the changing traffic and carriage capacity of single and double tracks or traffic routes in general. All the aforementioned intervals increased on the double-track lines, which reduced their traffic capacity. Furthermore, the section occupation duration increased for the linked trains on single-track lines; accordingly, a traffic scheduling period can be established for determining the reduction in traffic capacity. The main station intervals of the single-track traffic schedule of not simultaneous train arrival with the stop and the opposite train without stop are not changed. Some calculation options were introduced for altering the traffic and carriage capacity of the busy lines for different running speeds of trains, shares of linked trains in the total amount of freight transportation, and shares of traffic capacity with respect to passenger traffic. Further, calculations were performed by considering that all the technical infrastructure facilities and rolling stock satisfy the system requirements for arrangement of the linked train traffic on a permanent basis. The usage of this method increases the capacity of the busy routes, reduces the traffic capacity by 1%-6% and increases the carriage capacity by 4%-27% for linked trains with the share from 5% to 40%. This indicates that the method for permanent scheduling of the linked train traffic is a novel method for increasing the carriage capacity along the busy routes.

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21

Vuolle, Paul. "Quality Power Control". Electric and Hybrid Rail Technology 2022, n.º 1 (marzo de 2022): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s2754-7760(23)70040-6.

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22

Hsieh, Long Chang y Hsiu Chen Tang. "The Kinematic Design of 2K-2H Planetary Gear Reducers with High Reduction Ratio". Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (mayo de 2013): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.610.

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The power system equipped in machinery contains power source (motor or engine) and gear reducer to get large output torque. The rotation speed of motor is made higher and higher to obtain high power with the same volume. Hence, the reduction ratio of gear reducer is required to be higher and higher. Planetary gear trains can be used as the gear reducers with high reduction ratio. However, the planetary gear train with high reduction ratio is compound gear system. The purpose of this paper is to propose 2K-2H type planetary gear reducers with high reduction ratio. Based on the concept of train value equation, we propose a new representation to present the kinematic relationship of the members of the train circuit. According to this representation graph, we propose an algorithm for the kinematic design of planetary simple gear trains with high reduction ratio. Some 2K-2H type planetary gear reducers are designed to illustrate the design algorithm.

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23

Zuyev, S. M., R. A. Maleyev, YU M. Shmatkov, P. S. Shirokov y D. R. Yakhutl'. "Study of the combined drive of the road train". Izvestia MGTU MAMI 1, n.º 2 (2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2021-48-2-26-35.

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This article describes purpose, areas of application and main parameters of heavy road trains for the transportation of special and general cargo. Heavy-duty road trains with drive wheels of trailed links are considered. The advantages of using heavy-duty road trains in comparison with single trucks are shown. Additional energy sources for a standard engine (diesel or gas turbine engine for driving a three-phase generator), designed to overcome steep ascents and difficult road sections, are considered. The analysis of the turn of the road train is carried out. The advantages of ring and parallel circuit with individual control are shown. The analysis of the traction forces on the wheels and the spread of losses when turning the road train in a multi-engine drive are made. The traction and dynamic properties of road trains are presented. They characterize the limiting power and kinematic capabili-ties of road trains in various modes of movement. A search for a rational distribution of currents depending on the forces acting on the wheels and losses in the tires was made. The study of the turning of the vehicle was carried out. The values of currents, the magnitude of the spread of currents and their influence on the efficiency were calculated. The economic charac-teristics of road trains were determined. A methodology and algorithms for calculating losses and efficiency were developed. An algo-rithm for calculating at equal currents is presented. Calculations of the efficiency at various speeds and turning radii when the road train is moving are carried out. The analysis of the efficiency at the equality of currents and powers when the speed of movement is changed was made. Various design and technological measures are proposed to improve the technical characteristics of the road train.

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24

Schmidt, L. C. y J. Cagan. "Optimal Configuration Design: An Integrated Approach Using Grammars". Journal of Mechanical Design 120, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1998): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826672.

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A computational approach to design that integrates conceptual design, configuration design, and component selection tasks overcomes some of the barriers to successful design automation. FFREADA is an implementation of a general design generation and optimization algorithm featuring hierarchical ordering of grammar-based design generation processes at different levels of abstraction. FFREADA is used to generate near-optimal hand-held drill power trains in a space exceeding 200 million designs that are not limited to any particular functional architecture or component configuration. Drill power train designs with values within 1 percent of the optimal solution are found in minutes by sampling 302,000 design states on average. Optimal configurations are found for drill power trains with three different torque requirements.

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25

Höhlein, Bernd, Peter Biedermann, Thomas Grube y Reinhard Menzer. "Fuel cell power trains for road traffic". Journal of Power Sources 84, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1999): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00318-3.

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26

Guzzella, L., A. Amstutz y F. Grob. "Optimal Operation Strategies for Hybrid Power-Trains". IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, n.º 1 (febrero de 1998): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)42183-5.

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27

Hrovat, D. y W. E. Tobler. "Bond graph modeling of automotive power trains". Journal of the Franklin Institute 328, n.º 5-6 (enero de 1991): 623–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(91)90046-6.

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28

Hrovat, D. y W. F. Powers. "Computer control systems for automotive power trains". IEEE Control Systems Magazine 8, n.º 4 (agosto de 1988): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/37.7724.

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29

Corbo, P., F. E. Corcione, F. Migliardini y O. Veneri. "Energy management in fuel cell power trains". Energy Conversion and Management 47, n.º 18-19 (noviembre de 2006): 3255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2006.02.025.

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30

Sidorova, Elena Anatolyevna y Svetlana Olegovna Podgornaya. "Determination of basic specific train tractive resistance at analysis of power consumption of electric locomotives". Transport of the Urals, n.º 1 (2020): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2020-1-80-84.

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The paper presents recommendations on determination of basic specific train tractive resistance at analysis of power consumption on traction of trains that plays an important role in the increase of accuracy of standardization and prediction of power consumption with the consideration for assumptions that significantly simplify the necessary calculations.

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31

Fufacheva, M. V. "The laws of distribution of some parameters when organizing the movement of trains". Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, n.º 3 (2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2021-3-27-39.

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The article discusses the key factors for the organization of train traffic. The analysis of statistical parameters of the intervals of departure of freight trains from railway stations and the length of the freight train flow is carried out. Based on these train schedules, graphical dependences of the intervals of departure of trains from separate points on the volume of train traffic and the distribution of train lengths in even and odd directions are constructed. Polynomial dependencies with coefficients of variation are derived. The curve of the second-order Erlang distribution function for the departure intervals is constructed. It is determined that the average departure intensity in one hour is equal to three trains, and the average departure interval lies between the 25th and 35th minutes with a probability of 0.793. There is a correlation between the coefficient of variation (mean square deviation) of the departure interval and its average daily deviation. The power function of the analytical ratio of the coefficient of variation from the average interval of departure of freight trains from the technical stations of the Krasnoyarsk railway during the day is determined using the least squares method. The degrees of correspondence of theoretical and statistical distributions of the number of cars in trains are studied using the Kolmogorov criterion with the calculation of the probability value and confirmation that the distribution of the number of cars in trains obeys the binomial law. Using the Pearson agreement criterion, it is proved that the frequency of departure of freight trains from railway stations obeys the exponential distribution law.

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32

Zhao, Ning y Qing Jian Jia. "The Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of Gear Trains". Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (octubre de 2010): 1000–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1000.

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A kinematic analysis is apply to gear trains of the main reducer of helicopter , and established the mathematical model of the system structure and layout of the gear trains use the graph theory representation to caculate the mechanical efficiency of it base on the kinematics, moment balance theory, power conservation principle and so on. The paper also introduced the constrained optimization function to carried on the gear train to increase the efficiency of the gear trains and improve the layout of the system structure, which to provide the basis of system structural analysis and design of the reducer.

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33

Popov, A. F. y M. Fratu. "Calculation algorithm and method for optimizing electricity consumption for the railway traction system". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1242, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1242/1/012030.

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Abstract This article presents a calculation algorithm for establishing the electricity demand consumed by the railway electric traction system on a railway section, as well as methods for lowering power consumption and cost. In order to conceive the calculation algorithm, the following variables are taken into account: the number of trains in circulation on the section, the slope of the section, the train speed and the speed restrictions. For factors that substantially increase electricity consumption, but can be controlled, optimal values are computed using specific equations in the MATLAB program. The optimal values are implemented using the train’s timetable or a railway control system (SCADA). A decrease in power consumption of 5% can be expected with this method.

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34

Arcidiacono, Gabriele, Rossella Berni, Luciano Cantone, Nedka D. Nikiforova y Pierpaolo Placidoli. "Fast Method to Evaluate Payload Effect on In-Train Forces of Freight Trains". Open Transportation Journal 12, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2018): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801812010077.

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Introduction:This paper introduces a fast method to evaluate the effect of payload distribution on in-train forces.Methods:The method is based on Strong Orthogonal Arrays (SOA) and the excellent space-filling properties of Latin Hypercube Design (LHD): SOA-based-LHD is proved to be very efficient in spanning the range of in-train forces for different types of trains (also considering distributed power/braking) and trains operations.Results:The distribution of the percentage of braked mass is used to consider the effect of payload distribution on in-train forces. Because of its computational efficiency, the method proposed here can be satisfactorily employed to perform an optimization analysis of train composition.

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35

Karlina, A. I., A. R. Akhmetshin, K. V. Suslov, V. A. Olentsevich, A. V. Sivtsov y Yu I. Karlina. "Justification of measures aimed at increasing the capacity of a section of a railway line, taking into account its required electrical capacities". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2176, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2176/1/012041.

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Abstract The annual increase in cargo turnover to the Far Eastern seaports contributes to the optimization of the railway infrastructure in order to increase the level of throughput and processing capacity of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and Trans-Siberian Railway facilities. JSC Russian Railways pays special attention to these issues. Organization and promotion of car traffic through the formation of freight trains using the connection technology, “virtual coupling”, heavy and dual trains that move on an ongoing basis is one of the innovative methods for increasing the carrying capacity for highly loaded sections and directions at a level of utilization of their throughput of 0, 8 or more. Under these conditions, the organization of efficient power supply of railway sections and facilities is the main factor influencing the value of the throughput capacity of transport infrastructure facilities. The article presents a technical justification for the measure aimed at increasing the throughput and processing capacity of a section of a railway line, taking into account the stability check of the devices of the traction power supply system. The predicted parameters of the operation of the traction power supply system of the railway line section are given with a promising train schedule.

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36

Bur’yanovaty, Arkady y Valery Varentsov. "Using of probabilistic methods for current loads estimation in traction circuit components". Bulletin of scientific research results, n.º 1 (20 de diciembre de 2016): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-1-30-36.

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Objective: To develop the method of calculating the electrical loads on the traction circuit components, by using data of train traffic schedule, considering the train weight differences and real-life modes of its traction under the variety of track profile, speed limitations and other parameters of traction and external electric power supply systems. Methods: To determine the mean values and dispersion of current for power supply line of traction circuit, based on the experimental runs and data from movement parameters recorders of locomotives, by type and weight of trains, the methods of probability theory and mathematic statistics were used. The current, consumed by the trains, is considered to be a random variable. Current loads of the trains is put into fixed weight, that allows to obtain statistical expectation and correlation function. Results: The ratios obtained allow to estimate general mean and effective values by sampled values within confidence limits. The paper provides the conditions, under with the current consumption functions have ergodic property cap. It also states the recommendations for train rating, based on its weight. The statistical expectations and mean square deviations of currents of traction power supply components. Practical importance: The load estimations are adjusted, that allows to determine the parameters of power circuits of electric railways in a more substantiated way. Obtained equations allow to determine the possibility of current loads bigger than given value, that should be considered while choosing the capacity of transformers, rectifiers, compensating devices, inverters, power supply and earth leads. Thus, it is possible to reach the required reliability of equipment operation and cost effectiveness of decisions.

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37

Lemieux, Patrick, Roderick Guthrie y Mihaiela Isac. "Optimizing Soft Magnetic Composites for Power Frequency Applications and Power-Trains". JOM 64, n.º 3 (marzo de 2012): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-012-0262-z.

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38

Lee, Samuel C. K., Cara N. Becker y Stuart A. Binder-Macleod. "Catchlike-inducing train activation of human muscle during isotonic contractions: burst modulation". Journal of Applied Physiology 87, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 1999): 1758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1758.

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Stimulation trains that exploit the catchlike property [catchlike-inducing trains (CITs)] produce greater forces and rates of rise of force than do constant-frequency trains (CFTs) during isometric contractions and isovelocity movements. This study examined the effect of CITs during isotonic contractions in healthy subjects. Knee extension was electrically elicited against a load of 10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The stimulation intensity was set to produce 20% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The muscle was tested before and after fatigue with a 6-pulse CFT and 6-pulse CITs that contained an initial doublet, triplet, or quadruplet. For prefatigue responses, the greatest isotonic performance was produced by CITs with initial doublets. When the muscles were fatigued, triplet CITs were best. CITs produce greater excursion, work, peak power, and average power than do CFTs, because CITs produced more rapid rates of rise of force. Faster rates of rise of force enabled the preload on the muscle to be exceeded earlier during the stimulation train.

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39

Bushuev, Sergey. "Ways to Rise Carrying Capacity of Railway Sections". Transport automation research 8, n.º 4 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2412-9186-2022-8-04-343-353.

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The article considers three courses of carrying (traffic) capacity rise: the increase of train length and traffic speed and the decrease of the interval between trains. Reached indicators in these courses and potential in their growth are defined on statistical data basis. The dependence of carrying (traffic) capacity of railway section from being researched parameters is established. The way of group auto-guidance of trains as the development of being applied technology of virtual replacer is proposed. The possibilities and conditions of the reduction of interval between trains, depending on being applied system of interval regulation and expansion of its possibilities on account of group auto-guidance, are presented. The dependencies demonstrating carrying capacity rise at the expense of interval regulation and train length increase are built. Growth potential is determined on account of group auto-guidance application.

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40

Krasyuk, Aleksander y Ivan Lugin. "KEEPEING OF MICROCLIMATE PARAMETERS AT TERMINAL STATION OF SUBWAY LINE". Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, n.º 4 (2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-2-4-122-130.

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In the work results of field studies of speed of air flows initiated by piston effect of trains on terminal station Ploshad Garina-Mikhaylovskogo of Novosibirsk Subway are represented. Actual volumes of cold outside air inflowing into the station and dependences of air flow speeds on movement speed of trains are determined. It is shown when temperature of outside air is below than -10 °, warm air curtains in operation do not provide heating up inflowing into the station cold air to standard temperature. Results of calculating experiments at math model of air distribution are represented, calculated dependences of speed of air flows movement through halls of the station on train movement speed at block “Sibirskaya - Ploshad Garina-Mikhaylovskogo” are discovered. It is shown that the most effective way of reduction of intensity of cold outside air inflowing into the station is change of speed modes of arriving and departing trains. Values of required heat power of warm air curtains at station halls in dependence on outside air temperature and speed mode of trains are determined. Variant of speed mode when train arrives to the station with the speed 60 km/h and departures with the speed 30 km/h is recommended. In this case average rate of inlowing to the hall air is reduced into 2 times compared with air rate of actual train movement schedule. In the context of this variant, power of operated warm air curtains is enough for keeping standard temperature at the halls of the stations when outside air temperature is above -27 °С.

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41

Wang, Lei, Bo Ai, Yong Niu, Xia Chen y Pan Hui. "Energy-Efficient Power Control of Train–Ground mmWave Communication for High-Speed Trains". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, n.º 8 (agosto de 2019): 7704–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2923066.

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42

Koyama, Shinsuke. "On the Spike Train Variability Characterized by Variance-to-Mean Power Relationship". Neural Computation 27, n.º 7 (julio de 2015): 1530–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00748.

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We propose a statistical method for modeling the non-Poisson variability of spike trains observed in a wide range of brain regions. Central to our approach is the assumption that the variance and the mean of interspike intervals are related by a power function characterized by two parameters: the scale factor and exponent. It is shown that this single assumption allows the variability of spike trains to have an arbitrary scale and various dependencies on the firing rate in the spike count statistics, as well as in the interval statistics, depending on the two parameters of the power function. We also propose a statistical model for spike trains that exhibits the variance-to-mean power relationship. Based on this, a maximum likelihood method is developed for inferring the parameters from rate-modulated spike trains. The proposed method is illustrated on simulated and experimental spike trains.

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43

Alcaraz Calderón, Agustín Moisés, Oscar Alfredo Jaramillo Salgado, Nicolas Velazquez Limón, Miguel Robles Perez, Jorge Ovidio Aguilar Aguilar, Maria Ortencia González Díaz y Abigail González Díaz. "Optimisation of an Integrated System: Combined Heat and Power Plant with CO2 Capture and Solar Thermal Energy". Processes 11, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2023): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010155.

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This paper aims to evaluate different design configurations of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with post-combustion CO2 capture. Three cases are involved in this study: case 1 consists of three trains and each train has a configuration of one gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG); case 2 consists of three trains and one steam turbine; and case 3 consists of only two trains. The third case presented the highest CHP efficiency of 72.86% with 511.8 MW net power generation. After selecting the optimum configuration, a parabolic-trough collector (PTC) was incorporated to generate additional saturated steam at 3.5 bar for the capture plant, adding greater flexibility to the CHP because more steam was available. In addition, the efficiency of the cycle increased from 72.86% to 80.18%. Although case 2 presented lower efficiency than case 3, it has a steam turbine which brings the possibility of increasing the amount of electricity instead of steam production. When the PTC was incorporated in case 2, the power generated in the steam turbine increased from 23.22 MW to 52.6 MW, and the net efficiency of the cycle from 65.4% to 68.21%.

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44

Liu, Geng, Shan Chang, Li Yan Wu y Ying Sheng Li. "Analysis System of Marine Planetary Gear Trains". Applied Mechanics and Materials 86 (agosto de 2011): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.86.55.

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Planetary gear train (PGT) with herringbone gears is one of typical transmission styles used in marine power transmission. How to effectively design a PGT with lighter structures and lower vibration and noise is a fatal task for heavily loaded marine gearing. An analysis system which was developed in the past decades is introduced in this paper to simulate the performance of planetary herringbone gear trains. The effects of main crucial parameters on the static and dynamic characteristics of planetary herringbone gear trains are studied by using the analysis system. The results are discussed and show that the presented system is effective and can be used in design of planetary herringbone gear trains.

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45

Jin, Bo, Xiaoyun Feng, Qingyuan Wang, Pengfei Sun y Qian Fang. "Train Scheduling Method to Reduce Substation Energy Consumption and Peak Power of Metro Transit Systems". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2675, n.º 4 (5 de enero de 2021): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120974677.

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The rapid development of metro transit systems brings very significant energy consumption, and the high service frequency of metro trains increases the peak power requirement, which affects the operation of systems. Train scheduling optimization is an effective method to reduce energy consumption and substation peak power by adjusting timetable parameters. This paper proposes a train timetable optimization model to coordinate the operation of trains. The overlap time between accelerating and braking phases is maximized to improve the utilization of regenerative braking energy (RBE). Meanwhile, the overlap time between accelerating phases is minimized to reduce the substation peak power. In addition, the timetable optimization model is rebuilt into a mixed integer linear programming model by introducing logical and auxiliary variables, which can be solved by related solvers effectively. Case studies based on one of Guangzhou Metro Lines indicate that, for all-day operation, the utilization of RBE would likely be improved on the order of 23%, the substation energy consumption would likely be reduced on the order of 14%, and the duration of substation peak power would likely be reduced on the order of 66%.

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46

CHUDAKOV, Alexander I., Valery O. IVASHCHENKO, Alexey P. ZELENCHENKO y Nikolay V. LYSOV. "Optimization of control systems for suburban trains". Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 2021, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2021): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2021-4-499-506.

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Objective: The use of pulse conversion of electricity on direct-current traction rolling stock is discussed. Methods: A variant of the system for regulating the operating modes of traction motors of suburban electric trains using a pulse converter based on insulated gate bipolar transistors is described. (IGBT). Results: The proposed impulse control system is presented as a possible option for the modernization of the applied control systems, which makes it possible to improve the traction and energy indicators of suburban electric trains. The advantages of pulse converters based on IGBTs are shown in comparison with converters based on one- and two-operation thyristors. A simplifi ed electrical diagram of the power circuit of a motor car with a pulse converter is presented, a description of the operation of the power circuit in the traction mode and in the modes of rheostatic and regenerative braking is given. Practical importance: The presented results of the technical and economic comparison of the control systems of the ED4M electric train with a Современные технологии – транспорту 505 ISSN 1815-588Х. Известия ПГУПС 2021/4 contactor-rheostat control system and an electric train with regulation of the operating modes of traction electric motors by a pulse converter based on IGBT prove the best energy effi ciency of an electric train equipped with a pulse control system

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47

Pshikhopov, Viacheslav, Mikhail Medvedev y Anatoly Gaiduk. "Control Method for Vehicles on Base of Natural Energy Recovery". Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (octubre de 2014): 1330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1330.

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This paper is devoted to vehicle movement control method based on the natural energy recovery [1] and position-path control approach [2,3,4]. This method ensures the fullest use of kinematic energy of the controlled vehicle. Method is applied for path profile with variable height. Vehicle velocity is changed to minimize kinematic energy losses. The time of the path passage is accounted in the designed method. In this report typical profiles of the controlled vehicle are considered. In general case the vehicle velocity program is developed on base of solutions for typical profiles. The vehicle velocity program is changing while vehicle is moving. The developed method is applied for control of trains implemented with electrical power drives. On base of train model studying it is proved that optimal mode of trains acceleration is maximal traction. The maximal traction ensures minimum energy consumption of train drives. But the traction of trains is extreme function of the speed wheel slip [5, 6]. Therefore the new extreme control for the train drives is developed. This method supports trains traction in extreme value. The developed method is implemented in simulator based on Matlab and Universal Mechanism. Movement of a freight train on a real track section is simulated.

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48

Lobyntsev, V. V., S. S. Polev y K. G. Mogilevsky. "Study of Performance of RZhFA‑6500 Smoothing Reactors". World of Transport and Transportation 18, n.º 4 (5 de enero de 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-72-83.

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DC traction power supply systems have become widespread in several countries. Electricity consumption by traction power supply systems has pronounced seasonal and daily peaks. The peak nature of consumption leads to additional heating of live parts since time constants of transient thermal and electrophysical processes differ by several orders of magnitude, therefore, reducing ohmic resistance of electrical equipment, other things being equal, is an extremely important task.Within the framework of solving the problem of increasing energy efficiency of equipment of DC traction substations, smoothing reactor filter devices with an armoured radial-cylindrical magnetic core with low ohmic resistance, named RZhFA‑6500, were developed and manufactured.In 2018, two blocks of RZhFA‑6500 smoothing reactors were put into pilot operation at one of the most heavily loaded sections of DC electrified railways, providing traffic of trains weighing up to 9000 tons and traffic volume of about a hundred pairs of trains per day.To determine comparative indicators of energy efficiency, data on consumption of electric power for traction of trains for the compared periods before and after introduction of smoothing reactors of a new type were requested. The data received from JSC Russian Railways contained information on the traffic volume, type of rolling stock, and weight of the transported goods in accordance with the executed traffic schedule through section under consideration. The resulting set of data served as the basis for development of a multivariate methodology for assessing energy efficiency of reactors of a new type, as well as their contribution to efficiency of train operation over the considered comparative time interval. Since efficiency of power equipment also depends on the ambient temperature, the average integral parameter of average daily temperature was introduced into the calculation methodology, which, as it turned out, during processing initial data and construction of characteristic graphical dependencies, has a comparative difference of less than one percent for the same monitored periods.Accurate quantitative accounting of the data on consumption of electrical energy provided for traction of trains, exchange of reactive energy with the supply network, volume of transportation allowed to obtain an objective comparison of contribution of smoothing reactors of a new type to increasing efficiency of train operation and reducing consumption of electrical energy for traction of trains.

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49

Istomin, Stanislav y Aleksandr Shtraukhman. "Simulation model of the heating and air conditioning system of dc electric trains". E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913502018.

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Most of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in the zone of long-term exposure to negative ambient temperatures. In this regard, in the suburban traffic on the railways of the Russian Federation, a significant proportion of the electric power falls on the operation of heating and air conditioning systems. Nowadays, Russia and the world are developing energy-saving methods and tools to reduce the energy consumption of auxiliary needs of electric trains. In this paper, the method of constructing simulation models in the MATLAB Simulink software was used to build an energy-saving heating and air conditioning system, since this method allows studying various options for building the studied systems with lower financial and labor costs in comparison with the experimental method. The correct selection and display of the parameters of the electric train interior will allow achieving the optimal values of energy consumption for heating and air conditioning of the electric trains. In order to verify its adequacy, the simulation model includes standard values of electric energy consumption for heating and conditioning electric trains for various sections and operating conditions, which were obtained earlier during the correlation and regression analysis of data from electric train parameter recorders. The results of the study showed the adequacy of the application of the developed simulation model for organizing the control of electric power consumption for heating and air conditioning of DC electric trains.

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50

Ponorac, Luka, Aleksandar Grkić y Slavko Muždeka. "HYBRID POWER TRAINS FOR HIGH-SPEED TRACKED VEHICLES". Mobility and Vehicle Mechanics 47, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2021): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/mvm.2021.47.03.04.

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