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Uddin, Azhar. "Solar fuels via two-step thermochemical redox cycles for power and fuel production". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671139.
Texto completoEl aumento del CO2 antropogénico y el calentamiento global y el aumento de la demanda de energía primaria hace que se requieran medidas para la transición energética y la diversificación con energías renovables e infraestructuras existentes basadas en combustibles fósiles. Además de implementar medidas para la captura y el secuestro de carbono, también se necesita desarrollar métodos para la utilización de CO2. En ese sentido, los ciclos redox termoquímicos son particularmente interesantes para producir combustible sintético que, a su vez, pueden utilizarse para la producción de otras substancias químicas. La rotura de CO2 / H2O (CL) mediante una vía termoquímica de dos pasos está compuesta por dos reacciones redox con un óxido metálico. El primer paso es la reducción de los óxidos metálicos al perder oxígeno y crear vacantes en la red a una temperatura más alta y convertirse en óxido de metal de valencia más baja. Durante la etapa de oxidación, los gases reactivos CO2 / H2O reaccionan con el óxido metálico reducido formando CO y H2. Se ha investigado el uso de diferentes óxidos metálicos en función de su capacidad de transporte de oxígeno y sus propiedades para realizar ciclos redox continuos a distintos valores de temperatura y presión. Después de un examen cuidadoso, se ha seleccionado a la ceria para la división de CO2 / H2O a gran escala. En el presente trabajo, se investigan las divisiones termoquímicas de CO2 / H2O impulsadas por energía solar y la reducción de metano para la producción de gas de síntesis, con especial atención a su aplicación en reactores no estructurados. Se evalúa el uso de reactores de lecho móvil basado en flujo contracorriente y reactores de lecho fluidizado que funcionan en diferentes regímenes de fluidización. Es un reactor de lecho móvil tanto para la etapa de reducción como para la etapa de oxidación se obtienen altas selectividades de CO y H2 con volúmenes óptimos del reactor, mientras que en un reactor de lecho fluidizado el volumen requerido es mucho más alto, lo que lo hace inviable. Los modelos de reactor se han desarrollado en Aspen plus y se validan a partir de la literatura. Un análisis de sensibilidad ha revelado que la unidad CL depende en gran medida de la temperatura y la presión. El análisis se ha ampliado integrando la unidad desarrollada de CL como una unidad adicional a una central eléctrica de 100 MW con captura de carbono. La eficiencia de la planta se ha investigado considerando sólo la división de CO2, sólo la del H2O y la mezcla de CO2 y H2O como alimentación al reactor de oxidación de la unidad CL. El resultado es de una potencia máxima de 12.9 MW con una eficiencia de energía solar a eléctrica de 25.4%. Esta potencia adicional reduciría la pérdida de eficiencia debido a la captura de carbono de 11.3 a 6%. Para lograr esto, el reactor de reducción de la unidad CL debe funcionar a 1600 ° C y 10-7 bar de presión. Estas condiciones necesitarían un enorme campo solar y la operación, en ausencia de almacenamiento térmico, se limitaría a unas pocas horas durante el día. El análisis técnico-económico ha revelado que el coste nivelado de la electricidad es de 1321 $/MWh sin incluir incentivos ni impuestos sobre el carbono. Posteriormente, se ha considerado la reducción del metano como una alternativa a la reducción térmica. Al principio, se realizaron análisis termodinámicos de la unidad de CL impulsada por metano. A partir del análisis, se ha demostrado que la temperatura mínima requerida es de 900°C con 50% de exceso de metano para la reducción, lo que supone una eficiencia de la unidad CL de 62% con un rendimiento óptimo de CO y H2. La división de CO2/H2O en el reactor de oxidación a una mayor temperatura de salida beneficiaría considerablemente la eficiencia energética del ciclo redox CL completo. La variación de la relación H2/CO en la salida con respecto a los parámetros de entrada variables que incluyen la composición del gas al reactor de oxidación se ha estudiado con el fin de especificar las condiciones operativas idóneas. Posteriormente, la unidad CL impulsada por metano se ha integrado como una unidad adicional a una central eléctrica de 500 MW alimentada por oxígeno. Se ha investigado el rendimiento de un sistema con un ciclo combinado de gas natural convencional con o sin captura de carbono. Se ha obtenido una eficiencia de sistema y eficiencia energética de 50.7 y 47.4%, respectivamente. La eficiencia del sistema podría mejorarse a 61.5%, sujeto a la optimización del sistema. La evaluación tecno-económica ha revelado un coste de capital durante la noche de 2455 $/kW con un coste de ahorro de CO2 de 96.25 $/tonelada CO2 y un LCOE de 128.01 $/MWh. Sin embargo, con créditos de carbono de 6 $/tonelada CO2, el LCOE caería por debajo de 50 $/MWh.
Con l'aumento delle emissioni di CO2 antropogenica che contribuiscono al riscaldamento globale e l'incremento della domanda mondiale di energia primaria, sono richieste significative misure per favorire la diversificazione delle fonti e la transizione energetica tramite fonti rinnovabili a partire dalle infrastrutture esistenti basate su combustibili fossili. Prima ancora degli interventi per la cattura e il sequestro dell’anidride carbonica, anche l’utilizzo della CO2 rappresenta una misura necessaria al raggiungimento degli obiettivi di decarbonizzazione. In questo senso, i cicli redox termochimici hanno acquisito particolare interesse per la produzione di combustibile sintetico da utilizzare come intermedio nella produzione di altri prodotti chimici. La separazione chimica di CO2/H2O attraverso un ciclo termochimico – chemical looping splitting (CL) – in due fasi è composta da due reazioni redox con un ossido di metallo. La prima fase del ciclo avviene alla temperatura più elevata e consiste nella riduzione dell’ossido di metallo, che cede ossigeno creando vacanze nel reticolo e diventando ossido di metallo a bassa valenza. Durante la fase di ossidazione, i gas reagenti CO2/H2O reagiscono con l'ossido di metallo ridotto che forma CO e H2. Una mappatura dettagliata dei diversi ossidi di metallo è stata effettuata in base alla loro capacità di trasporto dell’ossigeno e alle proprietà nei cicli di ossido-riduzione a funzionamento continuo in condizioni di variazione di temperatura e pressione. Dopo un attento esame, l’ossido di Cerio - ceria - è stato selezionato per l'applicazione che può essere disponibile per la scissione CO2 / H2O su larga scala. In questo lavoro, sia la separazione termochimica di CO2/H2O alimentata tramite energia solare, sia i cicli con riduzione tramite metano, entrambi finalizzati all produzione di syngas sono stati studiati con particolare attenzione ai reattori non strutturati. Per il ciclo termochimico basato su energia solare, è stata effettuata la valutazione dei reattori a letto mobile a flusso in controcorrente e a letto fluido che operano in diversi regimi di fluidizzazione. Il reattore a letto mobile è stato individuato come il più performante sia per la riduzione che l’ossidazione, con elevate selettività verso CO e H2 e volumi ottimali del reattore, mentre una resa analoga con reattori a letto fluidizzato potrebbe essere ottenuta solo con volumi di reattore molto alti, rendendo questa scelta irrealizzabile nella pratica. I modelli di reattore sono stati sviluppati in Aspen plus e sono stati validati dalla letteratura. Un'analisi di sensitività ha rivelato che la performance dell'unità CL è in larga misura dipendente dalla temperatura e dalla pressione di riduzione. L'analisi è stata estesa integrando l'unità CL sviluppata come unità aggiuntiva di una centrale elettrica a ossicombustione da 100 MW con cattura di carbonio. L'efficienza dell'impianto è stata studiata considerando di alimentare il reattore di ossidazione dell'unità CL sia con CO2, sia con H2O, sia con una miscela di CO2 e H2O. I risultati indicano una potenza massima di 12,9 MW con un rendimento da solare a elettricità del 25,4% generabile grazie all’unità di CL. Questa potenza aggiuntiva ridurrebbe la perdita di efficienza dovuta alla cattura di carbonio dall'11,3 al 6%. Per ottenere ciò, il reattore di riduzione dell'unità CL deve operare a 1600 ° C con una pressione di 10-7 bar. Queste condizioni avrebbero bisogno di un enorme campo solare e l'operazione sarebbe limitata a poche ore durante il giorno senza l’integrazione di un accumulo termico. L'analisi tecno-economica ha rivelato che il costo livellato (levelizad cost) dell'elettricità era di 1321 $ / MWh, senza includere incentivi o tassazione sul carbonio. Successivamente, è stata considerata la riduzione della ceria con metano come alternativa alla riduzione termica. Inizialmente, sono state condotte analisi termodinamiche dell'unità CL con riduzione a metano. Dall'analisi è emerso che la temperatura minima richiesta era 900 °C per la riduzione con un eccesso di metano del 50%, che ha prodotto un'efficienza dell'unità CL del 62% con una resa ottimale di CO e H2. In questo caso, la scissione di CO2/H2O nel reattore di ossidazione consisteva nell'ossidazione completa esotermica della ceria, per cui una temperatura di uscita più elevata avrebbe notevolmente migliorato l'efficienza energetica del ciclo CL redox completo. La variazione del rapporto H2 / CO all'uscita rispetto ai vari parametri di input, compresa la composizione del gas inviato al reattore di ossidazione, è stata studiata per specificare le condizioni operative necessarie. Successivamente, l'unità CL a metano è stata integrata come unità aggiuntiva in una centrale elettrica a ossicombustione da 500 MW. Sono state studiate le prestazioni del sistema in una valutazione comparativa con un ciclo combinato convenzionale a gas naturale, un ciclo a ossicombustione con cattura di carbonio e l'impianto proposto. Sono stati ottenuti per l’impianto rispettivamente un rendimento del sistema e un'efficienza energetica del 50,7% e del 47,4%. L'efficienza del sistema potrebbe essere migliorata fino al 61,5% tramite l'ottimizzazione del recupero termico del sistema, valutata attraverso la pinch analysis del sistema. Una dettagliata valutazione tecno-economica ha rivelato un costo specifico del capitale di 2455 $ / kW (overnight cost), un costo livellato delle emissioni di CO2 evitate 96,25 $ / tonnellata di CO2, e un costo dell’elettricità (LCOE) di 128,01 $ / MWh. Tuttavia, considerando un incentivo di 6 $ / tonnellata di CO2 evitata, il LCOE scenderebbe sotto i 50 $ / MWh. L'unità CL a metano viene successivamente integrata come unità aggiuntiva in un impianto di poligenerazione che produce elettricità e dimetil-etere. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'impianto può produrre 103 MWe e 2,15 kg/s di DME con un’efficienza energetica ed exergetica del 50% e del 44% rispettivamente. L'investimento di capitale richiesto per l'impianto ammonta a 534 M$. Con un valoré per la carbon tax di $ 40 / tonnellata di CO2, il DME e l’elettricità raggiungerebbero la parità con gli attuali prezzi di mercato, pari a $18/GJ per il DME e $50/MWh per l’elettricità. I costi risultanti sono dovuti all'unità di separazione dell'aria richiesta per la centrale elettrica a ossicombustione e può essere ridotta sostituendo l'unità di separazione dell'aria con una tecnologia a membrana per la separazione dell'ossigeno. Poiché in letteratura non esiste un modello completo per cinetica dello stato solido che descriva la riduzione con metano della ceria, esso è stato ricavato per via sperimentale. Sono stati condotti esperimenti in un reattore tubolare orizzontale a letto fisso in un intervallo di temperatura di 900-1100 °C. E’ stata studiata la cinetica della scissione della CO2, essendo una reazione più complessa rispetto alla scissione dell'acqua, la cui cinetica è stata invece ottenuta dalla letteratura. In base all’analisi sperimentale condotta, il modello cinetico Avrami-Erofe'ev (AE3) è risultato essere il migliore per entrambe le reazioni, con le rispettive energie di attivazione ottenute rispettivamente come 283 kJ/mol e 59,68 kJ/mol. L'ordine della reazione è stato ricavato come relazione tra temperatura e concertazione dei reagenti. L'analisi è stata effettuata seguendo un approccio termodinamico, ma la reazione eterogenea dell'ossido di metallo e dei gas reagenti limita il raggiungimento dell'equilibrio durante la reazione e dipende sempre dal tipo di reattore scelto per x l'applicazione. Pertanto, un modello di reattore a letto mobile è stato sviluppato considerando la riduzione del metano ottenuta sperimentalmente e la cinetica di splitting della CO2 è stata incorporata per valutare i due impianti proposti: la centrale elettrica e l'impianto di poligenerazione. È stata osservata una riduzione del 20% nell'efficienza dell'unità CL. Tuttavia, grazie all’integrazione termica interna al sistema, l’efficienza termica dell'impianto complessivo è molto simile a quella raggiunta nell’analisi termodinamica, con un valore del 50,9%. Tuttavia, a differenza del layout termodinamico, non è disponibile calore in eccesso per migliorare ulteriormente l'efficienza del sistema. Oltre al riciclo e all'utilizzo della CO2, come criteri di valutazione della sostenibilità per il layout proposto sono stati analizzati anche l’occupazione del suolo terreno e il fabbisogno idrico. Sia il fabbisogno di terra che di acqua aumentano di 2,5 volte rispetto ad una centrale convenzionale a ciclo combinato a gas naturale. Inoltre, anche l’impianto di poligenerazione con produzione di energia elettrica e dimetil etere (DME) è stato studiato considerando un modello dell’unità CL basato sulla cinetica e ha rilevato che la produzione di DME scenderebbe da 2,15 kg/s a 1,48 kg/s e la potenza elettrica prodotta da 103 a 72 MW. Pertanto, la cinetica ha una forte influenza sulla prestazione complessiva del sistema, e considerarla nell’analisi porta a ridurre la produzione di energia e DME di circa il 30% con un aumento di costo del 30%. Complessivamente, l'integrazione dell'unità CL come unità aggiuntiva ad una centrale elettrica a ossicombustione risulta più adatta rispetto alla poligenerazione, considerando il prezzo di mercato attuale per le commodities prodotte.
XXX, AZHARUDDIN. "Solar fuels via two-step thermochemical redox cycle for power and fuel production". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2744933.
Texto completoBenedetto, Michael V. "A possible solution for the U.S. Navy's addiction to petroleum : a business case analysis for transitioning the U. S. Navy from petroleum to synthetic fuel resources /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FBenedetto.pdf.
Texto completoThesis Advisor(s): Daniel A. Nussbaum. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99). Also available in print.
PESSOA, JOAO S. "Projeto piloto do etanol - PPE. Alternativa energetica para substituicao parcial ou total do oleo combustivel em plantas de geracao termoeletrica". reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11185.
Texto completoMade available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09996.pdf: 9839112 bytes, checksum: 191077eddeaa1bbd2d98314d2e7d250a (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
May, John R. (John Robert) 1978. "Sustainability of electricity generation using Australian fossil fuels". Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9537.
Texto completoNavarro-Perez, Rogelio. "Voltage collapse proximity assessment for the operational planning of power systems". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241887.
Texto completoTerry, Kevin B. "Synthetic fuels for naval applications produced using shipboard nuclear power". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26288.
Texto completoTerry, Kevin B. (Kevin Brian). "Synthetic fuels for naval applications produced using shipboard nuclear power". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11590.
Texto completoXiao, Hua. "Combustion of green fuels for power generation in gas turbine". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111951/.
Texto completoTrivedi, Parthsarathi. "Environmental and economic tradeoffs of feedstock usage for liquid fuels and power production". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90805.
Texto completoCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-63).
The thesis is divided into two parts - 1) assessing the energy return on investment for alternative jet fuels, and 2) quantifying the tradeoffs associated with the aviation and non-aviation use of agricultural residues. We quantify energy return on energy investment (EROI) as one metric for the sustainability of alternative jet fuel production. Lifecycle energy requirements are calculated and subsequently used for calculating three EROI variants. EROI₁ is defined as the ratio of the lower heating value (LHV) of the liquid fuel produced, to lifecycle (direct and indirect) process fossil fuel energy inputs and fossil feedstock losses during conversion. EROI₂ is defined as the ratio of fuel LHV to total fossil fuel energy input, inclusive of the fossil energy embedded in the fuel. EROI₃ is defined as the ratio of fuel LHV to the sum of renewable and non-renewable process fuel energy required and feedstock energy losses during conversion. We also define an approximation for EROI₁ using lifecycle CO₂ emissions. This approach agrees to within 20% of the actual EROI₁ and can be used as an alternative when necessary. Feedstock-to-fuel pathways considered include jet fuel from conventional crude oil; jet fuel production from Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processes using natural gas, coal and/or switchgrass; HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) jet fuel from soybean, palm, rapeseed and jatropha; and advanced fermentation jet (AF-J) fuel from sugarcane, corn grain and switchgrass. We find that ERO₁ 1 for conventional jet fuel from conventional crude oil ranges between 4.9-14.0. Among the alternative fuel pathways considered, FT-J fuel from switchgrass has the highest baseline EROI₁ of 9.8, followed by AF-J fuel from sugarcane at 6.7. Jet fuel from oily feedstocks has an EROI₁ between 1.6 (rapeseed) and 2.9 (palm). EROI₂ differs from EROI₁ only in the case of fossil-based jet fuels. Conventional jet from crude oil has a baseline EROI₂ of 0.9, and FT-J fuel from NG and coal have values of 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. EROI 3 values are on average 36% less than EROI₁ for HEFA pathways. EROI₃ for AF-J and FT-J fuels considered is 50% less than EROI₁ on average. All alternative fuels considered have a lower baseline EROI₃ than conventional jet fuel. Using corn stover, an abundant agricultural residue, as a feedstock for liquid fuel or power production has the potential to offset anthropogenic climate impacts associated with conventional utilities and transportation fuels. We quantify the environmental and economic opportunity costs associated with the usage of corn stover for different applications, of which we consider combined heat and power, ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) middle distillate (MD) fuels, and advanced fermentation (AF) MD. Societal costs comprise of the monetized attributional lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint and supply costs valued at the shadow price of resources. The sum of supply costs and monetized GHG footprint then provides the societal cost of production and use of corn stover for a certain application. The societal costs of conventional commodities, assumed to be displaced by renewable alternatives, are also calculated. We calculate the net societal cost or benefit of different corn stover usages by taking the difference in societal costs between corn stover derived fuels and their conventional counterparts, and normalize the results on a feedstock mass basis. Uncertainty associated with the analysis is captured using Monte-Carlo simulation. We find that corn stover derived electricity and fuels reduce GHG emissions compared to conventional fuels by 21-92%. The mean reduction is 89% for electricity in a CHP plant, displacing the U.S. grid-average, 70% for corn stover ethanol displacing U.S. gasoline and 85% and 55% for FT MD and AF MD displacing conventional U.S. MD, respectively. Using corn stover for power and CHP generation yields a net mean societal benefit of $48.79/t and $131.23/t of corn stover, respectively, while FT MD production presents a mean societal benefit of $27.70/t of corn stover. Ethanol and AF MD production from corn stover result in a mean societal cost of $24.86/t and $121.81/t of corn stover use, respectively, driven by higher supply costs than their conventional fuel counterparts. Finally, we note that for ethanol production, the societal cost of CO₂ that would need to be assumed to achieve a 50% likelihood of net zero societal cost of corn stover usage amounts to approximately -$100/tCO₂, and for AF MD production to ~$600/tCO₂.
by Parthsarathi Trivedi.
S.M.
Foster, Jack Warren. "Development and implementation of a response-function concept for spent nuclear fuel cask analysis". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17275.
Texto completoSöderlund, Karl. "Fuel availability in nuclear power : An overview of the present demand and supply situation of nuclear fuels and possible future developments". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-145113.
Texto completoMason, Patrick Edward. "On the combustion of solid biomass fuels for large scale power generation : investigations on the combustion behaviour of single particles of pulverised biomass fuel". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15490/.
Texto completoDunnu, Gregory [Verfasser]. "Characterisation of Solid Recovered Fuels for Direct Co-firing in Large-Scale PF Power Plants / Gregory Dunnu". Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051574951/34.
Texto completoGunn, Jeffrey. "Pipelines of Influence: The Fossil Fuels Industry, Climate Change, and the Policy Planning Network". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19353.
Texto completoNyamhingura, Amon. "Characterization and chemical speciation modelling of saline effluents at Sasol Synthetic Fuels Complex-Secunda and Tukuta power station". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7974_1297940655.
Texto completoThe study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.
Meister, Bradley Carl. "Fluidized bed gasification of biomass and waste fuels with product characterization for close-coupled gasifier-boiler power systems /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Texto completoChuayboon, Srirat. "Solar fuels production from thermochemical gasification and reforming of carbonaceous feedstocks". Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0019.
Texto completoThe investigated solar thermochemical processes consist of the thermochemical conversion of solid and gaseous carbonaceous feedstocks into syngas as well as metal oxides reduction into metal commodities utilizing concentrated solar energy to drive endothermic chemical reactions, thereby enabling intermittent solar energy storage into solar fuels and avoiding CO2 emissions. This work aims to experimentally investigate three key solar thermochemical conversion approaches regarding biomass gasification, chemical looping reforming of methane, and carbothermal reduction of ZnO and MgO. Solar gasification and solar chemical looping reforming allowed valorizing wood biomass and methane into syngas, while solar carbothermal reduction was applied to produce Zn and Mg from ZnO and MgO. Such solar thermochemical processes were performed in 1.5 kWth prototype solar chemical reactors, utilizing highly concentrated sunlight provided by a solar concentrator at PROMES laboratory, Odeillo, France. The impact of controlling parameters of each process on the reaction mechanism, conversion, yields, and process performance, during on-sun testing was investigated and evaluated thoroughly. Such processes were proved to significantly improve the chemical conversion, syngas yields, energy efficiency, with solar energy storage into transportable fuels, thereby outperforming the conventional processes. Moreover, their feasibility, reliability, and robustness in converting both methane and biomass feedstocks to syngas as well as producing Mg and Zn metals in batch and continuous operation under vacuum and atmospheric conditions during on-sun operation were successfully demonstrated
Haeussler, Anita. "Solar fuels production by CO2 and H2O splitting via thermochemical processes". Thesis, Perpignan, 2021. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2021PERP0003.pdf.
Texto completoThis study is focused on the development of thermochemical H2O and CO2 splitting processes using non-stoichiometric metal oxides and concentrated solar energy to produce solar fuels. The redox process is composed of two distinct reactions: first, a thermal reduction at high temperature of the metal oxide with creation of oxygen vacancies in the crystallographic structure, resulting in released oxygen; second, the re-oxidation of the metal oxide by H2O and/or CO2, leading to H2 and/or CO production. Ceria and perovskite materials have been investigated as reactive oxides for thermochemical cycles. To increase the thermochemical process efficiency, different aspects were investigated, such as chemical composition and morphology of the metal oxide, operating parameters, and solar reactor configuration. The redox activities, kinetics and thermodynamics of different perovskite materials were first experimentally investigated for two-step thermochemical cycles. Then, the thermochemical performances of various reactive materials shaped as porous structures or particulate media were investigated in solar reactors (monolithic or packed-bed configurations) able to perform two-step thermochemical cycles. A detailed parametric study was performed to determine fuel production rates and yields. The highest CO production rate (9.9 mL/min/g) was achieved with ceria reticulated foams. Finally, a solar membrane reactor was developed for isothermal and continuous production of CO (or H2) by CO2 (or H2O) splitting with a reactive and oxygen-permeable membrane. The highest CO production rate reached 0.133 µmol/cm2/s at 1550 °C using a perovskite-coated ceria membrane
He, Jie. "GASIFICATION-BASED BIOREFINERY FOR MECHANICAL PULP MILLS". Licentiate thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för tillämpad naturvetenskap och design, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17472.
Texto completoSeres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
Texto completoKaltschmitt, Torsten [Verfasser] y O. [Akademischer Betreuer] Deutschmann. "Catalytic Reforming of Higher Hydrocarbon Fuels to Hydrogen: Process Investigations with Regard to Auxiliary Power Units / Torsten Kaltschmitt. Betreuer: O. Deutschmann". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2012. http://d-nb.info/103224318X/34.
Texto completoMARCHESE, MARCO. "Conversion of industrial CO2 to value-added fuels and chemicals via Fischer-Tropsch upgrade". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2914540.
Texto completoAlpalhão, Ana Margarida Machado. "Equity research - Galp Energia SGPS SA : valuation of the power business unit". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20710.
Texto completoEste projeto consiste num relatório de avaliação da empresa GALP Energia S.G.P.S., S.A., com especial foco na unidade de negócio de eletricidade e a contribuição dos seus projetos solares mais recentes para o preço-alvo de 2020YE. O relatório segue o formato recomendado pelo CFA Institute, uma vez que, grande parte do mesmo, foi submetido para o CFA Institute Research Challenge de 2020. A GALP é a principal Empresa Integrada de Petróleo em Portugal. Opera em toda a cadeia de valor do combustível fóssil, desde a extração do mesmo, o seu transporte e refinação, e por fim a comercialização dos diferentes subprodutos. Foi aplicada a abordagem de Soma das Partes para avaliar a GALP, aplicando o FCFF DCF a cada unidade de negócio, de forma a refletir todas as idiossincrasias de cada unidade. O resultado gerou um preço-alvo de 12,1€/sh. Foram também utilizados outros métodos para complementar a avaliação, como o FCFF DCF para a empresa como um todo, o FCFE DCF, o APV e o DDM. Foi ainda realizada uma análise complementar à contribuição dos projetos mais recentes da GALP em energia solar, para o preço-alvo inicial de 12,1€/sh, uma vez que o nosso relatório inicial não considerou esses projetos porque apenas foram anunciados após a conclusão do relatório inicial. Ao adicionar os investimentos mais recentes da GALP em projetos de energia solar, a minha recomendação de investimento fornece informações mais precisas e atualizadas aos investidores e às suas decisões de investimento. Este capítulo reforça a nossa recomendação de compra.
This project is an Equity Research of GALP Energia S.G.P.S., S.A., with a special focus on the value added by the power business unit's most recent solar projects to the initial 2020YE price target. The report follows the CFA Institute format, as a significant portion of it was submitted for the 2020 CFA Institute Research Challenge. Only public information released until January, 2nd 2020 was considered. GALP is the leading Portuguese Integrated Oil Company. It operates throughout the whole fossil fuel value chain, from extracting fossil fuel, to transporting and refining it, and then commercializing the different by-products. It was applied a Sum-of-the-Parts approach to value GALP, where a FCFF DCF was applied to each business unit, reflecting all the idiosyncrasies of each unit. The result yielded a final price target of 12.1€/sh. Other methods were also used to support the valuation, such as a FCFF DCF for the company as a whole, FCFE DCF, the APV and the DDM. A complementary analysis to the contribution of GALP's most recent projects in solar energy to the initial price target of 12.1€/sh was carried out, since our initial report didn't incorporate these projects, as they were announced after the initial report was concluded. By adding GALP's most recent investments in solar energy projects, I believe our investment recommendation provides more accurate and updated information to investors and to their investment decision. It is also of importance to highlight that this chapter further supports our buy recommendation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
SEYEDNEJADIAN, SIAVASH. "Renewable Power to Fuels: Dynamic Modeling of Slurry Bubble Column Reactor in Lab-scale for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis under variable loads of synthesis gas". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2713310.
Texto completoKastis, Stelios y Vaggelis Kitsios. "The energy system of Greece : A Techno-economic and Environmental Approach". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23879.
Texto completoPalchak, Elizabeth. "An Analysis Of Energy Transitions At Different Scales: Fossil Fuel Divestment In Higher Education And Individual Behavior". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1147.
Texto completoRaji, Atanda Kamoru. "Performance evaluation and improvement of grid-connected technology". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1198.
Texto completoThe confluence of the limited resources of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas), environmental degradations leading to climate change, security of supplies and fossil fuels high costs have demanded a tremendous efforts on humanity to seek for a sustainable and unlimited natural energy sources. Amongst these renewable energy sources stands out solar energy because of its ubiquitousness. Solar energy is converted to DC electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems installed in commercial and industrial buildings are a good example of distributed power generation. Here the energy consumption and production match and thus electricity taken from the grid during daytime peak hours can be reduced. This is beneficial as the transmission losses in the grid are avoided and also transmission need is reduced. The cost effectiveness of a solar energy system has hindered its wide adoption and deployment in terms of the initial capital cost even though it has a zero energy cost and very minimal operating and maintenance costs. Different governments have instituted many financial incentives for fast adoption of PV systems for both residential and commercial applications. However, all these incentives are not sustainable in the longer term forecast. For PV system to attain grid parity requires more than unsustainable approach of many governments providing time limited subsidies. The technical solution to the problem is to reduce the overall system cost through technical innovations. One such method is the adoption of transformerless inverter technology as the grid interface system. Transformerless inverter topology provides galvanic isolation through innovative inverter topology and switching strategies that eliminates problems created by not employing the service of transformer.
Mireles, Omar R. (Omar Roberto). "Non-Nuclear Materials Compatibility Testing of Niobium - 1% Zirconium and 316 Stainless Steel for Space Fission Reactor Applications". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5267.
Texto completoZanoni, Naubert. "Análise da viabilidade da implantação de um sistema híbrido para geração de energia elétrica". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/3827.
Texto completoHybrid systems consist of two or more electricity generating sources, usually one or more conventional sources and one or more renewable sources, and aim to promote fuel economy and obtain a reliable source of energy supply, off-grid or grid-connected to the distribution network. This work aims to evaluate through the HOMER software the technical, economic and environmental feasibility of implementing a hybrid electricity generation system. This system consists of a biogas generator, biodiesel generator and solar energy capture. The entire system is located in the municipality of Serafina Corrêa where there is a high concentration of swine farmers that, through the treatment of pig waste, can lead to the production of biogas to be used as fuel for electric power generation. Several configurations were evaluated under economic and environmental aspect. The optimum configuration of the hybrid system structure is composed of electric generation from photovoltaic panels with 172,4 kW, 55 kW biogas generator and 110 kW inverter. In this scenario, the initial capital amounts to R$ 1.150.055,00, net present value of R$ 1.150.004,00 and the cost of energy (COE) is R$ 0.22. The payback defined by the software is 7.1 years, proving to be economically viable. In this context, the HOMER software presents itself as an important decision-making tool, being configured as an evaluation method for the best scenario for the installation of hybrid systems.
Mahlati, Andile. "Evaluating current energy management strategy : case study of an automotive manufacturer in the Eastern Cape". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017152.
Texto completoWeiland, Daniel Albert. "Rooftop pv impacts on fossil fuel electricity generation and co2 emissions in the pacific northwest". Thesis, Portland State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1547603.
Texto completoThis thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research.
Corotti, Raquel de Paiva. "Produção e caracterização de redes de Bragg gravadas em fibra multimodo e aplicadas ao setor de biocombustíveis". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1186.
Texto completoNeste trabalho é descrito um sensor de índice de refração baseado em redes de Bragg em fibra multimodo para o setor de combustíveis líquidos. A utilização dos dispositivos propostos visa superar as desvantagens associadas com a monitoração de amostras de índice de refração elevados. A sensibilidade do transdutor pode ser adaptada, ajustando o diâmetro final da fibra na qual a rede de Bragg é gravada. Devido à relação entre a razão sinal-ruído e a sensibilidade, os parâmetros do sensor devem ser otimizados para obter uma faixa dinâmica de índice de refração adequada para aplicações específicas. A características metrológicas do sensor são determinadas, resultando em resoluções entre 5,6% v/v e 0,4% v/v para os índices de refração variando entre 1,4562 e 1,4729. Os resultados mostram o potencial do dispositivo em aplicações específicas relativas à avaliação da qualidade do biodiesel e análise de conformidade de misturas diesel-biodiesel.
In this work, a multimode fiber Bragg refractive sensor for the liquid fuel sector is described. The use of etched devices is proposed to overcome the drawbacks associated with sensing high refractive index samples employing fiber transducers. The transducer sensitivity can be tailored by adjusting the final diameter of the etched Bragg grating. Due to a trade between the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity, operational parameters of the sensor must be designed to match the expected refractive index dynamic range for specific applications. Metrological properties of the sensor are determined, resulting in resolution from 5.6% v/v to 0.4% v/v for refractive indexes ranging from 1.4562 to 1.4729. Specific applications regarding the quality assessment of biodiesel and conformity analysis of diesel- biodiesel blends are discussed.
Almutairi, Hamad Hhn. "Low energy air conditioning for hot climates". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/low-energy-air-conditioning-for-hot-climates(8e4fe7e9-c0d0-4bc3-8b81-96ced66331e1).html.
Texto completoSheline, William Robert. "Concentrated solar chemistry: design stage theoretical thermodynamic analysis of an iron-ethylene production process". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51757.
Texto completoTesfahunegn, Samson Gebre. "Fuel Cell Assisted PhotoVoltaic Power Systems". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16942.
Texto completoShantaram, Avinash. "Power Management for Microbial Fuel Cells". Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/shantaram/ShantaramA0505.pdf.
Texto completoNicolas, Degrenne. "Power Management for Microbial Fuel Cells". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064521.
Texto completoSheu, Elysia J. (Elysia Ja-Zeng). "Hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78189.
Texto completoCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-92).
In this thesis, a literature review of hybrid solar-fossil fuel power generation is first given with an emphasis on system integration and evaluation. Hybrid systems are defined as those which use solar energy and fuel simultaneously, thus excluding the viable alternative of solar thermal plants which use fossil fuels as backup. The review is divided into three main sections: performance metrics, the different concentrated solar receiver technologies and their operating conditions, and the different hybridization schemes. In addition, a new linear combination metric for analysis of hybrid systems, which considers trade-off of different metrics at the fleet level, is presented. This metric is also compared to alternative metrics from multi-objective optimization. Some previous work only evaluates the hybrid cycle at a certain point in time, which can be misleading as this evaluation would not take into account certain aspects of hybrid cycle such as fluctuating solar supply. Furthermore, almost all previous work designs the hybrid solar-fossil fuel systems for a certain point in time and then evaluates the performance of the system for an entire year. By not taking into account fluctuating solar supply and selling price of electricity in the design of the system, the best possible annual performance of the hybrid cycle may not be reached. Second, an analysis of solar reforming as the integration method for the hybrid cycle is presented, in particular steam reforming of methane. Two solar reforming systems are analyzed: one with a parabolic trough and the other with a solar tower. From the analysis, it is determined that parabolic troughs are not suitable for steam reforming due to the relatively low operating temperatures. The tower reformer system is integrated with a standard combined cycle, and the design and operation of the hybrid cycle is optimized for highest work output for a fixed fuel input and solar collector area (essentially optimizing for maximum cycle efficiency). A heuristic two step procedure is used for the optimization due to the limitation of the optimizer which cannot simultaneously optimize both design and operation. From the optimization, it is determined that the tower reforming integration method is a promising integration option in that this type of hybrid cycle yields high incremental solar efficiencies and also satisfies the linear combination metric for efficiency and CO₂ emissions (i.e., the analyzed hybrid cycle has a higher efficiency for a fixed CO₂ emissions compared to a linear combination of solar only and fossil fuel only cycles).
by Elysia J. Sheu.
S.M.
Trujillo, Caballero Juan Carlos. "Power conditioner based fuel cell and backup power system with supercapacitor". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96179.
Texto completoBergman, Andrew. "Determinants of Fuel Choice in New Electric Power Plants". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/774.
Texto completoKivisaari, Timo. "System Studies of Fuel Cell Power Plants". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3226.
Texto completoThis thesis concerns system studies of power plants wheredifferent types of fuel cells accomplish most of the energyconversion.
Ever since William Grove observed the fuel cell effect inthe late 1830s fuel cells have been the subject or more or lessintense research and development. Especially in the USA theseactivities intensified during the second part of the 1950s,resulting in the development of the fuel cells used in theApollo-program. Swedish fuel cell activities started in themid-1960s, when ASEA (now ABB) ran a fuel cell projectdeveloping fuel cells to power submarines.
When the then project manager, Olle Lindström, wasappointed professor of Chemical Technology at KTH, the fuelcell activities at KTH were initiated, these activities havesince then been pursued at varying levels of intensity.
The fuel cell development experienced a recession during thelatter part of the 1970s and early 1980s, only to bere-vitalised during the 1990s as the full potential of theadvantages of environmental benefits and efficiency wereidentified.
System studies and process simulation utilising differentcomputer software programs may be used to study the behaviourand characteristics of fuel cells and their supportsystems.
Paper I describes the characteristics of a naturalgas-fuelled fuel cell power plant using alkaline fuel cells,both regarding efficiency and economics.
In paper II, a benchmark study of three different types ofsimulation software is presented. Theintention was to clarifyhow the selection of software might influence the resultsobtained, and some of the associated possible pitfalls.
Paper III presents a study of a fuel cell power plant wherethe primary source of energy is biomass (wood chips), which viahigh-pressure gasification and subsequent gas cleaning is madeavailable for conversion into electricity and heat by moltencarbonate fuel cells.
The last paper, paper IV, presents a s system study of ahigh-temperature fuel cell system, where the primary fuel iscoal, which through gasification is converted into a gaseousform. This study was a vital part of an EU-project studying thetechnical and economical feasibility of such systems.
Keywords: fuel cells, fuel cell systems, system studies,process simulation, system analysis, alkaline fuel cells,high-temperature fuel cells.
Moore, Christopher Wayne. "Microfabricated Fuel Cells To Power Integrated Circuits". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7106.
Texto completoColella, W. G. "Combined heat and power fuel cell systems". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411153.
Texto completoEsquivel, Bojorquez Juan Pablo. "Microfabricated Fuel Cells as Power Sources for MEMS". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48532.
Texto completoThe increasing complexity of portable electronic devices demands energy sources that meet the requirement of delivering a high power density within a reduced size, and in many cases the possibility of achieving complete integration. In this sense, an intense research effort has been focused towards the miniaturization of powering devices in a wide variety of technologies. A similar trend has been followed in the micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology field, where the smart-system concept has impelled the development of a new generation of powering devices, such as batteries, fuel cells or energy harvesters, which altogether are known as powerMEMS. Among the different energy generation systems, micro fuel cells have received special attention due to their particular features, i.e. high energy density, non-toxic emissions and the possibility of avoiding movable parts simplifying the fabrication process and reducing the risk of failure. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are particularly attractive due to their capability of working at room temperature using both hydrogen and liquid fuels. The possibility to operate using liquid fuels, such as methanol or organic compounds, represent an important advantage for portable applications due to the great simplification of fuel storage and handling processes. This thesis presents the first developments and technological contributions to the micro fuel cell field performed at IMB-CNM (CSIC). Particularly, this work is dedicated to the design and fabrication of microfabricated fuel cells as power sources to be integrated within the microsystems to be powered. The work is organized in seven chapters: one introductory chapter and six experimental chapters that have been divided in three sections. The first section describes the development of a micro direct methanol fuel cell using a hybrid approach, which was used to identify and measure the effects that influence the most on the device performance at a microscale. The second section presents different strategies regarding the integration of all micro fuel cell components into a more compact device by taking advantage of microfabrication compatible technologies. These approaches involved the use of different polymer micropatterning techniques as a way to optimize the device dimensions and reduce materials and production cost. Finally, the third section presents two particular applications of the developed micro fuel cells, a microfabricated bio fuel cell using microorganisms as biocatalysts of organic compounds and a fuel cell powered microfluidic platform that can be of great interest for Lab-on-a-Chip or micro Total Analysis Systems (µTAS).
Tingelöf, Thomas. "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells in Reformate Power Generators". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-26938.
Texto completoQC 20101130
Hu, Yukun. "CO2 capture from oxy-fuel combustion power plants". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48666.
Texto completoQC 20111123
Söderholm, Patrik. "Two studies on fuel choice in power generation". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Samhällsvetenskap, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26687.
Texto completoGodkänd; 1997; 20061128 (haneit)
Messina, Marco. "Secondary particulate formation from solid fuel power plant". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420599.
Texto completoGanguli, Rahul. "High power density yeast catalyzed microbial fuel cells". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1835552461&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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