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Pavlović, Tomislav, Ivan Župan, Viktor Šunde y Željko Ban. "HIL Simulation of a Tram Regenerative Braking System". Electronics 10, n.º 12 (9 de junio de 2021): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121379.
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Regenerative braking systems are an efficient way to increase the energy efficiency of electric rail vehicles. During the development phase, testing of a regenerative braking system in an electric vehicle is costly and potentially dangerous. For this reason, Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is a useful technique to conduct the system’s testing in real time where the physical parts of the system are replaced by simulation models. This paper presents a HIL simulation of a tram regenerative braking system performed on a scaled model. First, offline simulations are performed using a measured speed profile in order to validate the tram, supercapacitor, and power grid model, as well as the energy control algorithm. The results are then verified in the real-time HIL simulation in which the tram and power grid are emulated using a three-phase converter and LiFePO4 batteries. The energy flow control algorithm controls a three-phase converter which enables the control of energy flow within the regenerative braking system. The results validate the simulated regenerative braking system, making it applicable for implementation in a tram vehicle.
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Mihalič, Franc, Mitja Truntič y Alenka Hren. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations: A Historical Overview of Engineering Challenges". Electronics 11, n.º 15 (8 de agosto de 2022): 2462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152462.
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The design of modern industrial products is further improved through the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. Realistic simulation is enabled by the closed loop between the hardware under test (HUT) and real-time simulation. Such a system involves a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and digital signal processor (DSP). An HIL model can bypass serious damage to the real object, reduce debugging cost, and, finally, reduce the comprehensive effort during the testing. This paper provides a historical overview of HIL simulations through different engineering challenges, i.e., within automotive, power electronics systems, and different industrial drives. Various platforms, such as National Instruments, dSPACE, Typhoon HIL, or MATLAB Simulink Real-Time toolboxes and Speedgoat hardware systems, offer a powerful tool for efficient and successful investigations in different fields. Therefore, HIL simulation practice must begin already during the university’s education process to prepare the students for professional engagements in the industry, which was also verified experimentally at the end of the paper.
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Xinyuan, Gao, Gu Kanru y Zhou Qianru. "Hardware in the Loop Real-time Simulation of Doubly Fed Off-grid Wind Power System". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2137, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2137/1/012018.
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Abstract Hardware in the Loop (HIL) semi-physical real-time simulation can shorten the research period and complete the harsh working condition test, which is difficult to be carried out on the physical platform. Taking the off-grid Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind power system as the research object, this paper proposes the bottom modelling method of HIL real-time simulation. Using the Hardware Description Language VERILOG, the bottom real-time models of DFIG, converter and load are designed on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), connected with the real controller, and the HIL real-time simulation platform is constructed. The experiments of conventional working conditions and unbalance load are carried out on the HIL platform and the physical platform. The operation speed of the HIL platform reaches 0.48μs. Compared with the physical platform, the error of HIL platform is between 1.17 ~ 3.29% under various working conditions.
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García-Vellisca, Mariano Alberto, Carlos Quiterio Gómez Muñoz, María Sofía Martínez-García y Angel de Castro. "Automatic Word Length Selection with Boundary Conditions for HIL of Power Converters". Electronics 12, n.º 16 (17 de agosto de 2023): 3488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163488.
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Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) is a common technique used for testing in power electronics. It draws upon FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays) because they allow for reaching real-time simulation for mid-high switching frequencies. FPGA area and delay are keys to reaching a compromise between performance and accuracy. To minimize area and delay, signal word length (WL) is critical. Furthermore, the input and output’s WL should be carefully chosen because these signals come from ADCs (analog-to-digital converters) or go to DACs (digital-to-analog converters). In other words, the role of ADCs and DACs is the boundary condition when assigning all the signal WLs in an HIL model. This research presents an automatic method for computing the signal WLs in the corresponding model by considering input/output boundary conditions. This automatic method needs a single simulation to decide both the integer and fractional width of every signal. Our method accelerates the process, showing an advantage over manual methods and those requiring multiple simulations. The proposed method is applied to create all the WL assignments to the signals involved in a fixed-point coded buck converter model, which shows its feasibility.
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Estrada, Leonel, Nimrod Vázquez, Joaquín Vaquero, Ángel de Castro y Jaime Arau. "Real-Time Hardware in the Loop Simulation Methodology for Power Converters Using LabVIEW FPGA". Energies 13, n.º 2 (13 de enero de 2020): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020373.
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Nowadays, the use of the hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation has gained popularity among researchers all over the world. One of its main applications is the simulation of power electronics converters. However, the equipment designed for this purpose is difficult to acquire for some universities or research centers, so ad-hoc solutions for the implementation of HIL simulation in low-cost hardware for power electronics converters is a novel research topic. However, the information regarding implementation is written at a high technical level and in a specific language that is not easy for non-expert users to understand. In this paper, a systematic methodology using LabVIEW software (LabVIEW 2018) for HIL simulation is shown. A fast and easy implementation of power converter topologies is obtained by means of the differential equations that define each state of the power converter. Five simple steps are considered: designing the converter, modeling the converter, solving the model using a numerical method, programming an off-line simulation of the model using fixed-point representation, and implementing the solution of the model in a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). This methodology is intended for people with no experience in the use of languages as Very High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) for Real-Time Simulation (RTS) and HIL simulation. In order to prove the methodology’s effectiveness and easiness, two converters were simulated—a buck converter and a three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)—and compared with the simulation of commercial software (PSIM® v9.0) and a real power converter.
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Sobanski, Piotr, Milosz Miskiewicz, Grzegorz Bujak, Marcin Szlosek, Nikolaos Oikonomou y Kai Pietilaeinen. "Real Time Simulation of Power Electronics Medium Voltage DC-Grid Simulator". Energies 14, n.º 21 (5 de noviembre de 2021): 7368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217368.
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Power electronics medium-voltage (MV) systems must comply with the requirements defined in grid codes. These systems’ compatibility with the standards can be validated by specialized testing equipment: grid simulators. This paper presents a hardware in the loop (HiL) implementation and the simulation results of a MV multiphase DC/DC converter designed for MV DC grid emulation. By using ABB’s reliable, patented power converter hardware topology (US 10978948 B2) and by applying advanced control algorithms, the presented system can be used for special purposes, such as the emulation of fault events in a DC-grid used for the certification of other devices, or for other research goals. The presented concept of a power electronics DC-grid simulator (PEGS-DC) is characterized by high power capability and high voltage quality. In this paper, the general idea of a power electronics grid simulator applied for the testing of MV electrical systems is discussed. Then, details related to the PEGS-DC, such as its hardware topology and the applied modulation method are presented. Subsequently, the HiL setup is described. The main scope of this article focuses on model the description and presenting recorded HiL simulations.
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Roskam, Rolf y Elmar Engels. "A New Slip Algorithm for Use in Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation to Evaluate Anti Slip Control of Vehicles". Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (enero de 2014): 740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.740.
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Hardware in the Loop (HIL) systems is widely used for testing vehicle controllers in automotive industry. But algorithms for simulation of the vehicle dynamics have to consider the special restrictions for HIL that is a fixed simulation time constant. Due to limitations of computing power the step size often is set to 1ms. Especially for calculation of the wheel slip this will cause a problem when speed starts from zero. Thats why a lot of authors propose a small vehicle speed at the beginning of the simulation. For evaluation of anti slip controllers in HIL systems this is not possible because stand still is the general starting point for the anti slip controller. Different ideas exist in literature to solve this problem but none of them consider the HIL restriction in an overall approach. In this paper a new algorithm for slip calculation is presented. Therefore two different approaches will be analyzed and combined to a new algorithm. Simulation results show the feasibility for HIL systems.
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Cabeza, Luisa F., David Verez y Mercè Teixidó. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Techniques for Complex Systems Analysis: Bibliometric Analysis of Available Literature". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 14 (12 de julio de 2023): 8108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148108.
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Simulating complex systems in real time presents both significant advantages and challenges. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has emerged as an interesting technique for addressing these challenges. While HIL has gained attention in the scientific literature, its application in energy studies and power systems remains scattered and challenging to locate. This paper aims to provide an assessment of the penetration of the HIL technique in energy studies and power systems. The analysis of the literature reveals that HIL is predominantly employed in evaluating electrical systems (smart grids, microgrids, wind systems), with limited application in thermal energy systems (energy storage). Notably, the combination of electrical hardware-in-the-loop (EHIL) and thermal hardware-in-the-loop (THIL) techniques has found application in the assessment of vehicle thermal management systems and smart cities and, recently, has also been adopted in building systems. The findings highlight the potential for further exploration and expansion of the HIL technique in diverse energy domains, emphasizing the need for addressing challenges such as hardware–software compatibility, real-time data acquisition, and system complexity.
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Song, Ke, Yimin Wang, Cancan An, Hongjie Xu y Yuhang Ding. "Design and Validation of Energy Management Strategy for Extended-Range Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using Bond Graph Method". Energies 14, n.º 2 (12 de enero de 2021): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020380.
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In view of the aggravation of global pollution and greenhouse effects, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have attracted increasing attention, owing to their ability to release zero emissions. Extended-range fuel cell vehicles (E-RFCEVs) are the most widely used type of fuel cell vehicles. The powertrain system of E-RFCEV is relatively complex. Bond graph theory was used to model the important parts of the E-RFCEV powertrain system: Battery, motor, fuel cell, DC/DC, vehicle, and driver. In order to verify the control effect of energy management strategy (EMS) in a real-time state, bond graph theory was applied to hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) development. An HiL simulation test-bed based on the bond graph model was built, and the HiL simulation verification of the energy management strategy was completed. Based on the comparison to a power-following EMS, it was found that fuzzy logic EMS is more adaptive to vehicle driving conditions. This study aimed to apply bond graph theory to HiL simulations to verify that bond graph modeling is applicable to complex systems.
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Kiss, Dávid y István Varjasi. "Power-HIL Application Analysis of a 3-level Inverter for PMSM Machine". Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 65, n.º 1 (18 de enero de 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.16645.
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Power-HIL simulation is one of the emerging areas in power electronics development nowadays. It offers a convenient test environment for the whole power electronics hardware but eliminates the necessity of motor test benches and rotating machines. Selecting a suitable power amplifier for the simulator is however a challenging task. Switching power supplies can be an interesting option as Power Amplifier, but they have to offer superior power capability and dynamic performance over the DUT (Device Under Test), while maintaining high enough switching frequency to meet the dynamic requirements as well. Using commercially available inverters as Power Amplifiers would be an attractive option, if they can achieve the desired emulation accuracy. This paper investigates the possibility of using a common 3-level inverter with an L-C-L coupling network as a Power Amplifier for a P-HIL simulator, to emulate a PMSM (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine) machine.
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Lamo, Paula, Angel de Castro, Alberto Sanchez, Gustavo A. Ruiz, Francisco J. Azcondo y Alberto Pigazo. "Hardware-in-the-Loop and Digital Control Techniques Applied to Single-Phase PFC Converters". Electronics 10, n.º 13 (29 de junio de 2021): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10131563.
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Power electronic converters for power factor correction (PFC) play a key role in single-phase electrical power systems, ensuring that the line current waveform complies with the applicable standards and grid codes while regulating the DC voltage. Its verification implies significant complexity and cost, since it requires long simulations to verify its behavior, for around hundreds of milliseconds. The development and test of the controller include nominal, abnormal and fault conditions in which the equipment could be damaged. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) is a cost-effective technique that allows the power converter to be replaced by a real-time simulation model, avoiding building prototypes in the early stages for the development and validation of the controller. However, the performance-vs-cost trade-off associated with HIL techniques depends on the mathematical models used for replicating the power converter, the load and the electrical grid, as well as the hardware platform chosen to build it, e.g., microprocessor or FPGA, and the required number of channels and I/O types to test the system. This work reviews state-of-the-art HIL techniques and digital control techniques for single-phase PFC converters.
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Khan, Ayesha, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery, Yaqoob Javed, Jehangir Arshad, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Rabia Khan, Mohit Bajaj y Mohammed K. A. Kaabar. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Three-Phase Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter for Power Quality Improvement". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (14 de octubre de 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8032793.
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The excessive use of nonlinear load causes electric current harmonics that ultimately downgrades the electrical power quality. If a failure exists due to internal integration of a power system in any one of the internal networks, it causes uncomplimentary consequences to the entire power system’s performance. This paper proposed a hybrid shunt active harmonic power filter (HSAHPF) design to reduce harmonic pollution. A digital controller HIL simulator has been modeled using a three-phase voltage source inverter to test the efficiency of HSAHPF and the performance of control algorithms. Moreover, the instantaneous active and reactive current theory (Id − Iq) and instantaneous active and reactive power theory (Pq0) control algorithms are implemented for the reference current generation in HSAHPF, resulting in reduced harmonic distortions, power factor improvement for a balanced nonlinear load. The control algorithms are further employed in Arduino MEGA to keep the factor of cost-effectiveness. The simulation of the proposed design has been developed in Simulink. The validation and testing of HSAHPF using controller HIL simulation prove the control algorithms’ ability to run in a portable embedded device. The statistical analysis of the proposed system response provides a minimum total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.38 from 31.74 that lies in IEEE 519-1992 harmonic standards with an improved stability time of 0.04 s. The experimental verification and provided results of the HIL approach validate the proposed design. Significant mitigation of harmonics can be observed, consequently enhancing the power quality with power factor near unity.
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Kiesbye, Jonis, David Messmann, Maximilian Preisinger, Gonzalo Reina, Daniel Nagy, Florian Schummer, Martin Mostad, Tejas Kale y Martin Langer. "Hardware-In-The-Loop and Software-In-The-Loop Testing of the MOVE-II CubeSat". Aerospace 6, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6120130.
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This article reports the ongoing work on an environment for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and software-in-the-loop (SIL) tests of CubeSats and the benefits gained from using such an environment for low-cost satellite development. The satellite tested for these reported efforts was the MOVE-II CubeSat, developed at the Technical University of Munich since April 2015. The HIL environment has supported the development and verification of MOVE-II’s flight software and continues to aid the MOVE-II mission after its launch on 3 December 2018. The HIL environment allows the satellite to interact with a simulated space environment in real-time during on-ground tests. Simulated models are used to replace the satellite’s sensors and actuators, providing the interaction between the satellite and the HIL simulation. This approach allows for high hardware coverage and requires relatively low development effort and equipment cost compared to other simulation approaches. One key distinction from other simulation environments is the inclusion of the electrical domain of the satellite, which enables accurate power budget verification. The presented results include the verification of MOVE-II’s attitude determination and control algorithms, the verification of the power budget, and the training of the operator team with realistic simulated failures prior to launch. This report additionally presents how the simulation environment was used to analyze issues detected after launch and to verify the performance of new software developed to address the in-flight anomalies prior to software deployment.
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Zhang, Yi, Qiang Guo y Jie Song. "Internet-Distributed Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Platform for Plug-In Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles". Energies 16, n.º 18 (21 de septiembre de 2023): 6755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186755.
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In order to simulate a PHEV’s dynamic characteristics with high fidelity and study the degradation process of a PHEV’s power sources in real-world driving conditions, an Internet-distributed hardware-in-the-loop (ID-HIL) simulation platform for PHEVs is established. It connects several geographically distributed hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) subsystems (including an in-loop vehicle, Cloud server, driving motor, fuel cells, and lithium battery) via the Internet to simulate the powertrain of a plug-in fuel cell hybrid vehicle (PHEV). In the proposed ID-HIL system, the in-loop vehicle without a hybrid powertrain can simulate a PHEV’s dynamic characteristics. Meanwhile, the other in-loop subsystems can work in the same way as if they were on board. Thus, the degradation process of the power sources, such as the fuel cells and lithium battery, can be studied in real-world driving conditions. A 21 km on-road driving test proves the ID-HIL’s feasibility and fidelity.
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Baghdadi, Mohamed, Elmostafa Elwarraki y Imane Ait Ayad. "FPGA-Based Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Emulation of Power Electronics Circuit Using Device-Level Behavioral Modeling". Designs 7, n.º 5 (5 de octubre de 2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs7050115.
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Accurate models of power electronic converters can greatly enhance the accuracy of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulators. This can result in faster and more cost-effective design cycles in industrial applications. This paper presents a detailed hardware model of the IGBT and power diode at the device level suggested for emulating power electronic converters on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The static visualization of the IGBT component involves an arrangement of equivalent models for both the MOSFET and bipolar transistor in a cascading configuration. The dynamic aspect is represented by inter-electrode nonlinear capacitances. In an effort to expedite the development process while still producing reliable results, the algorithm for the simulation system was built utilizing FPGA-based rapid prototyping via the HDL Coder in MATLAB software (R2019b). Essentially, the HDL Coder transforms the Simulink blocks of these devices within MATLAB into a hardware description language (HDL) suitable for implementation on an FPGA. To evaluate the suggested IGBT hardware model and the nonlinear circuit simulation technique, a chopper circuit is replicated, and an FPGA-in-the-loop simulation is carried out to compare the efficacy and accuracy of the model with both offline simulation results and real-time simulation results using MATLAB Simulink software and the Altera FPGA Cyclone IV GX development board.
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Sidwall, Kati y Paul Forsyth. "A Review of Recent Best Practices in the Development of Real-Time Power System Simulators from a Simulator Manufacturer’s Perspective". Energies 15, n.º 3 (2 de febrero de 2022): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031111.
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As the power system undergoes continued change—widespread integration of inverter-based resources, electrification of transportation systems, decentralization, and increased digitization—the best practices for power system studies and device testing are also evolving. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is being used progressively by transmission and distribution system operators, equipment manufacturers, education and research institutions, and consultants who require a greater depth of analysis than is possible with traditional (RMS-based) system representation. Real-time simulation is becoming increasingly prevalent in the aforementioned verticals as it provides an efficient means of EMT analysis and also enables hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of protection, control, and power devices. Real-time simulator manufacturers must continually develop their technology to improve the scope and accuracy of the power system components and phenomena that can be represented, the range and quantity of devices that can be subjected to HIL testing, and ease of use. This review paper will summarize recent advances and best practices in real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing from the perspective of RTDS Technologies, the manufacturer of the RTDS® Simulator. The focus is on power electronics modeling and testing, IEC 61850 simulation and interfacing, and graphical user interface advancements for this particular brand of a real-time simulator.
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Farkas, Balázs y Károly Veszprémi. "Design of HIL for Multilevel Inverter Using Zynq-7000 Platform – Part 2". Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 61, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2017): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppee.10934.
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Development of power electronic devices requires multi -disciplined engineering activities. These cover the thermal, electrical and software design. Due to this design complexity rapid prototyping methods and model-based design are becoming more and more important in the R&D projects in this field. This article is the second part of the series which introduces the development of Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) device for the simulation of Cellular H-Bridge inverter (CHB). Zynq-7000 platform is chosen as a hardware platform for HIL. This part focuses on the details of the model transformation, development of the hardware environment and the verification of the HIL. FPGA development is also demonstrated including interfaces, IPs and introduction of the resource utilization. Apart from them, operation of the system software in ARM core is also described including TCP/IP interface, IRQ handling and Matlab synchronisation mechanism. Finally, the Matlab interface and simulation results are introduced.
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Guo, Xizheng, Jiaqi Yuan, Yiguo Tang y Xiaojie You. "Hardware in the Loop Real-Time Simulation for the Associated Discrete Circuit Modeling Optimization Method of Power Converters". Energies 11, n.º 11 (21 de noviembre de 2018): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113237.
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Due to the complicated circuit topology and high switching frequency, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) can stand up to the challenges for the hardware in the loop (HIL) real-time simulation of power electronics converters. The Associated Discrete Circuit (ADC) modeling method, which has a fixed admittance matrix, greatly reduces the computation cost for FPGA. However, the oscillations introduced by the switch-equivalent model reduces the simulation accuracy. In this paper, firstly, a novel algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal discrete-time switch admittance parameter, Gs, which is obtained by minimizing the switching loss. Secondly, the FPGA resource optimization method, in which the simulation time step, bit-length, and model precision are taken into consideration, is presented when the power electronics converter is implemented in FPGA. Finally, the above method is validated on the topology of a three-phase inverter with LC filters. The HIL simulation and practicality experiments verify the effect of FPGA resource optimization and the validity of the ADC modeling method, respectively.
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Zhang, Liang, Bin Jiao y Xiu Hong Guo. "Control and HIL Simulation of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Dynamic Programming Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (agosto de 2014): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1149.
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Hybrid electric vehicles has the potential to save energy consumption and relieve exhaust gas emission while the power flow control techniques are very important for improving a hybrid electric vehicle’s performance. In this paper, the system simulation and control method of series hybrid electric vehicles were proposed. The control method was based on enhancing the energy transfer efficiency based on dynamic programming algorithm. The hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation was constructed containing a real-time driver and controller in the simulation platform, which can be used to evaluate the proposed strategy.
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Estrada, L., N. Vázquez, P. I. Tafoya, J. E. E. Gonzalez, J. Ortega y J. Vazquez. "Practical considerations for HIL simulations of power converters using different numerical methods". Journal of Applied Research and Technology 21, n.º 6 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2023.21.6.1816.
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The use of Hardware-In-the-Loop systems implemented in FPGAs is constantly growing due to their performance. However, hardware implementation of numerical methods to solve differential equations presents some challenges when applied to power converters. This paper shows a comparison of several numerical methods: Euler, Heun, Midpoint and 4th order Runge-Kutta, taking into account the accuracy of the methods and how they can be applied to power converters, where the equations change depending on the status of the switches. Results show that the speed in the solution of the numerical method is the main variable that affects the accuracy of the simulation, so in order to keep a fast resolution speed numerical method with low resources should be used.
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Alsarayreh, Saif y Zoltán Sütő. "Optimal Selection of Switch Model Parameters for ADC-Based Power Converters". Energies 17, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17010056.
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Real-time hardware-in-the-loop-(HIL) simulation integration is now a fundamental component of the power electronics control design cycle. This integration is required to test the efficacy of controller implementations. Even though hardware-in-the-loop-(HIL) tools use FPGA devices with computing power that is rapidly evolving, developers constantly need to balance the ease of deploying models with acceptable accuracy. This study introduces a methodology for implementing a full-bridge inverter and buck converter utilising the associate-discrete-circuit-(ADC) model, which is optimised for real-time simulator applications. Additionally, this work introduces a new approach for choosing ADC parameter values by using the artificial-bee-colony-(ABC) algorithm, the firefly algorithm (FFA), and the genetic algorithm (GA). The implementation of the ADC-based model enables the development of a consistent architecture in simulation, regardless of the states of the switches. The simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in selecting optimal parameters for an ADC-switch-based full-bridge inverter and buck converter. These results indicate a reduction in overshoot and settling time observed in both the output voltage and current of the chosen topologies.
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Kaven, Lennard, Anica Frehn, Maximilian Basler, Uwe Jassmann, Heiko Röttgers, Thomas Konrad, Dirk Abel y Antonello Monti. "Impact of Multi-Physics HiL Test Benches on Wind Turbine Certification". Energies 15, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2022): 1336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041336.
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Recently developed nacelle test benches for wind turbines, equipped with multi-physics Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) systems, enable advanced testing and even certification of next-generation wind turbines according to IEC61400-21. On the basis of three experiments carried out with a commercial 3.2 MW wind turbine, this paper shows to which extent test bench hardware and HiL systems influence certification results. For the crucial Fault-Ride-Through tests, all deviations were found to be below 1% compared to field and simulation results. For this test, the power HiL system and the accuracy of its impedance emulation are found to be of most relevance. The results for the test items Frequency Control and Synthetic Inertia were found to be more sensitive to shortcomings of the mechanical HiL with its control system. Based on these findings, the paper mentions general procedures to ensure the quality of test benches with HiL systems and, with that, ensure the quality of certification.
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Vafaeipour, Majid, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Florian Verbelen, Peter Sergeant, Joeri Van Mierlo y Omar Hegazy. "Experimental Implementation of Power-Split Control Strategies in a Versatile Hardware-in-the-Loop Laboratory Test Bench for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Equipped with Electrical Variable Transmission". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 12 (21 de junio de 2020): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124253.
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The energy management strategy (EMS) or power management strategy (PMS) unit is the core of power sharing control in the hybridization of automotive drivetrains in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Once a new topology and its corresponding EMS are virtually designed, they require undertaking different stages of experimental verifications toward guaranteeing their real-world applicability. The present paper focuses on a new and less-extensively studied topology of such vehicles, HEVs equipped with an electrical variable transmission (EVT) and assessed the controllability validation through hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) implementations versus model-in-the-loop (MiL) simulations. To this end, first, the corresponding modeling of the vehicle components in the presence of optimized control strategies were performed to obtain the MiL simulation results. Subsequently, an innovative versatile HiL test bench including real prototyped components of the topology was introduced and the corresponding experimental implementations were performed. The results obtained from the MiL and HiL examinations were analyzed and statistically compared for a full input driving cycle. The verification results indicate robust and accurate actuation of the components using the applied EMSs under real-time test conditions.
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Yohan Fajar Sidik, F. Danang Wijaya, Roni Irnawan, Muhammad Ridwan, Kevin Gausultan y Sriyono. "Single-Phase Shift Modulation of DAB Converter in Typhoon HIL Simulation". Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 13, n.º 1 (30 de enero de 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v13i1.6876.
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Solid-state transformer (SST) could be a solution for a future distribution system, in which many renewable energy sources (RES) are integrated. The SST consists of a single-phase dual-active bridge (DAB) converter, which is scale-down the dc voltage level. The control objective of the DAB converter used in the SST is to control its output voltage. This control strategy consists of a proportional-integral (PI) controller and a single-phase shift (SPS) modulation. Numerous literatures have mentioned about the SPS modulation for the DAB converter. However, they do not provide procedures in implementing the SPS modulation in the real controller. This paper aims to develop the SPS modulation in the real controller of the STM32F446RE microcontroller. The proposed SPS modulation is based on a master-slave timer feature, which is available in the STM32 microcontroller. The development process and testing of the complete control strategy of the DAB converter were carried out in the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation using Typhoon HIL. This scheme speeds up the development of process and reduces the costs. The experiment in the HIL environment shows that proposed control strategy of the DAB converter consisting of the PI controller and the SPS modulation is successfully implemented in the real microcontroller of the STM32F446RE. The proposed control strategy of the DAB converter is capable of bidirectional power flow, which is useful for integrating distributed generators in the load side. Moreover, this control strategy can reject the disturbance caused by loads.
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Shchur, Ihor, Vsevolod Shchur, Ihor Bilyakovskyy y Mykhailo Khai. "Hardware in the loop simulative setup for testing the combined heat power generating wind turbine". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp499-510.
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This paper describes the design and implementation of hardware in the loop (HIL) system based on induction motor wind turbine emulator for the study of the operation of a combined heat-power (CHP) generating wind energy conversion system (WECS). The energy generation part of the WECS consists of two specially designed generators that are placed on a common vertical axis, which is connected to the induction motor through a gearbox. The first generator is an electric two-armature axial PMSG and the second one is a thermal electromagnetic retarder. The software part of the HIL setup simulates the interaction of the wind flow with a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) and is implemented in a programmable logic controller based on the model developed in the MATLAB/Simulink. The results of experimental studies of the CHP WECS with the created HIL simulative setup at both constant and turbulent wind speeds have shown good agreement with the corresponding results of computer simulation. The created HIL simulative setup will be used for the development of an energy management system for CHP WECS.
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Difronzo, Michele, Md Multan Biswas, Matthew Milton, Herbert L. Ginn y Andrea Benigni. "System Level Real-Time Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of MMCs". Energies 14, n.º 11 (24 de mayo de 2021): 3046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113046.
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In this paper we present an approach for real-time simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) that rely on switching models while supporting system level analysis. Using the Latency Based Linear Multistep Compound (LB-LMC) approach, we achieved a 50 ns simulation time step for systems composed of several MMC converters and for converters of various complexity. To facilitate system level testing, we introduce the use of a serial communication-based (Aurora) interface for HIL testing of MMC converters and we analyzed the effect that communication latency has on the accuracy of the HIL test. The simulation and HIL results are validated against an MMC laboratory prototype.
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Gong, Peng, Haowei Yang, Haiqiao Wu, Huibo Li, Yu Liu, Zhenheng Qi, Weidong Wang, Dapeng Wu y Xiang Gao. "Co-Simulation Platform with Hardware-in-the-Loop Using RTDS and EXata for Smart Grid". Electronics 12, n.º 17 (2 de septiembre de 2023): 3710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173710.
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The modern smart grid is a vital component of national development and is a complex coupled network composed of power and communication networks. The faults or attacks of either network may cause the performance of a power grid to decline or result in a large-scale power outage, leading to significant economic losses. To assess the impact of grid faults or attacks, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation tools that integrate real grid networks and software virtual networks (SVNs) are used. However, scheduling faults and modifying model parameters using most existing simulators can be challenging, and traditional HIL interfaces only support a single device. To address these limitations, we designed and implemented a grid co-simulation platform that could dynamically simulate grid faults and evaluate grid sub-nets. This platform used RTDS and EXata as power and communication simulators, respectively, integrated using a protocol conversion module to synchronize and convert protocol formats. Additionally, the platform had a programmable fault configuration interface (PFCI) to modify model parameters and a real sub-net access interface (RSAI) to access physical grid devices or sub-nets in the SVN, improving simulation accuracy. We also conducted several tests to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed platform.
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Qin, Feng, Ying Lin y Diqiang Lu. "Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of high-speed maglev transportation five-segment propulsion system based on dSPACE". Transportation Systems and Technology 4, n.º 2 (13 de septiembre de 2018): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20184262-72.
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Aim: For exploring and testing the key technology of high-speed maglev transportation propulsion control system, this paper designs and establishes a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation system of the high-speed maglev transportation five-segment propulsion system.
Materials and methods of the studies: According to the route conditions and propulsion segment division of Shanghai maglev demonstration and operation line, the real-time simulation platform based on dSPACE multiprocessor systems is implemented. The simulation system can achieve the functional simulation of all the high-power related equipment in the 5-segment area, including 8 sets of high-power converter units, 2 sets of medium-power converter units, 2 sets of low-power converter units, five-segment trackside switch stations and long-stator linear synchronous motors. The mathematical models of linear motors and converters are built in MATLAB/Simulink and System Generator, after compiling, they can be downloaded and executed in Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA). All the interfaces connecting the simulation system to the propulsion control system physical equipment use real physical components as in the field, such as analog I/O, digital I/O, optical signals and Profibus.
Results: By using CPU+FPGA hardware configuration, the simulation steps are greatly shortened and the response speed and accuracy of real-time simulation system are improved. The simulation system can simulate multiple operating modes such as multi-segment, multi-vehicle, double-track, double-feeding, step-by-step stator section changeover, and so on. The simulation results show that the maximum speed of the simulation system can reach 500 km/h.
Conclusion: This HIL system can provide detailed real-time on-line test and verification of high speed maglev propulsion control system.
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Frivaldsky, Michal, Jan Morgos, Michal Prazenica y Kristian Takacs. "System Level Simulation of Microgrid Power Electronic Systems". Electronics 10, n.º 6 (10 de marzo de 2021): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060644.
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In this paper, we describe a procedure for designing an accurate simulation model using a price-wised linear approach referred to as the power semiconductor converters of a DC microgrid concept. Initially, the selection of topologies of individual power stage blocs are identified. Due to the requirements for verifying the accuracy of the simulation model, physical samples of power converters are realized with a power ratio of 1:10. The focus was on optimization of operational parameters such as real-time behavior (variable waveforms within a time domain), efficiency, and the voltage/current ripples. The approach was compared to real-time operation and efficiency performance was evaluated showing the accuracy and suitability of the presented approach. The results show the potential for developing complex smart grid simulation models, with a high level of accuracy, and thus the possibility to investigate various operational scenarios and the impact of power converter characteristics on the performance of a smart gird. Two possible operational scenarios of the proposed smart grid concept are evaluated and demonstrate that an accurate hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system can be designed.
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Chung, Mai Van, Do Tuan Anh, Phuong Vu y Linh Manh Nguyen. "Hardware in the loop co-simulation of finite set-model predictive control using FPGA for a three level CHB inverter". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1719-1730.
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Along with the development of powerful microprocessors and microcontrollers, the applications of the model predictive controller, which requires high computational cost, to fast dynamical systems such as power converters and electric drives have become a tendency recently. In this paper, two solutions are offered to quickly develop the finite set predictive current control for induction motor fed by 3-level H-Bridge cascaded inverter. First, the field programmable gate array (FPGA) with capability of parallel computation is employed to minimize the computational time. Second, the hardware in the loop (HIL) co-simulation is used to quickly verify the developed control algorithm without burden of time on hardware design since the motor and the power switches are emulated on a real-time platform with high-fidelity mathematical models. The implementation procedure and HIL co-simulation results of the developed control algorithm shows the effectiveness of the proposed solution.
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Terlizzi, Cristina, Antonio Magnanimo, Francesco Santoro y Stefano Bifaretti. "Development of a Scalable MMC Pulsed Power Supply through HIL Methodology". Energies 16, n.º 10 (15 de mayo de 2023): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104106.
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Nuclear fusion experiments are becoming one of the most interesting focuses of research, given the hope of generating programmable, safe, and green energy. Among them, ASDEX (axially symmetric divertor experiment) upgrade has been operating at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) research center since 1991. To ignite and confine the plasma, several coils must be supplied through controllable high-current pulsed power supplies. The toroidal field magnets are here considered and a modular multilevel converter (MMC)-like system was designed and tested thanks to a small-scale prototype in previous works. The MMC-like topology, consisting of full-bridge submodules (SMs) with IGBTs and supercapacitor and exploitable also for other industrial applications, was chosen because of its modularity, redundancy, fault tolerance, and large amount of stored energy. The prototype, made of four SMs, was necessary to highlight critical key points in the design process. However, its scalability must be further tested before building a full-scale power supply, meant to reach almost 2400 SMs to guarantee the energy required by the load. This paper aims at validating hardware-in-the-loop (a powerful, safe, and relatively inexpensive real-time simulation environment that enables testing with real control boards) as a useful technology for power supply scalability studies and not only for control strategy tests. The results obtained previously from the prototype will allow us to finally increase the number of SMs and test the MMC-like scalability.
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El-Baz, Wessam, Lukas Mayerhofer, Peter Tzscheutschler y Ulrich Wagner. "Hardware in the Loop Real-Time Simulation for Heating Systems: Model Validation and Dynamics Analysis". Energies 11, n.º 11 (14 de noviembre de 2018): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113159.
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Heating systems such as heat pumps and combined heat and power cycle systems (CHP) represent a key component in the future smart grid. Their capability to couple the electricity and heat sector promises a massive contribution to the energy transition. Hence, these systems are continuously studied numerically and experimentally to quantify their potential and develop optimal control methods. Although numerical simulations provide time and cost-effective solutions for system development and optimization, they are exposed to several uncertainties. Hardware in the loop (HiL) approaches enable system validation and evaluation under different real-life dynamic constraints and boundary conditions. In this paper, a HiL system of a heat pump testbed is presented. It is used to present two case studies. In the first case, the conventional heat pump testbed operation method is compared to the HiL operation method. Energetic and dynamic analyses are performed to quantify the added value of the HiL and its necessity for dynamics analysis. In the second case, the HiL testbed is used to validate a model of a single family house with a heat pump participating in a local energy market. The energetic analysis indicates a deviation of 2% and 5% for heat generation and electricity consumption of the heat pump model, respectively. The model dynamics emphasized its capability to present the dynamics of a real system with a temporal distortion of 3%.
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Wu, Chien-Hsun y Yong-Xiang Xu. "The Optimal Control of Fuel Consumption for a Heavy-Duty Motorcycle with Three Power Sources Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation". Energies 13, n.º 1 (19 de diciembre de 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010022.
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This study presents a simulation platform for a hybrid electric motorcycle with an engine, a driving motor, and an integrated starter generator (ISG) as three power sources. This platform also consists of the driving cycle, driver, lithium-ion battery, continuously variable transmission (CVT), motorcycle dynamics, and energy management system models. Two Arduino DUE microcontrollers integrated with the required circuit to process analog-to-digital signal conversion for input and output are utilized to carry out a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. A driving cycle called worldwide motorcycle test cycle (WMTC) is used for evaluating the performance characteristics and response relationship among subsystems. Control strategies called rule-based control (RBC) and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) are simulated and compared with the purely engine-driven operation. The results show that the improvement percentages for equivalent fuel consumption and energy consumption for RBC and ECMS using the pure software simulation were 17.74%/18.50% and 42.77%/44.22% respectively, while those with HIL were 18.16%/18.82% and 42.73%/44.10%, respectively.
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Letrouve, Tony, Walter Lhomme, Alain Bouscayrol y Nicolas Dollinger. "Control validation of Peugeot 3∞8 HYbrid4 Vehicle Using a Reduced-scale Power HIL Simulation". Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 8, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jeet.2013.8.5.1227.
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Le, Phuong-Truong, Huan-Liang Tsai y Phuong-Long Le. "Development and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic (PV) Evaluation and Fault Detection System Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for PV Applications". Micromachines 14, n.º 3 (18 de marzo de 2023): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14030674.
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This paper originally presents a photovoltaic (PV) evaluation and fault detection (PVEFD) system for PV applications based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The PVEFD system consists of an STM32F103C8T6 chip with a 32-bit Arm Cortex-M3 reduced instruction set computer (RISC) and 12-bit resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to measure important parameters of PV applications, such as solar irradiance as well as the back-surface cell temperature, operating voltage, and output current of PV devices. The measured data of irradiance as well as back-surface cell temperature and operating voltage of PV devices are then fed into a built-in PV model in the on-chip Arm Cortex-M3 RISC for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation to obtain the simulated output current and power of PV devices. The resulting data are transmitted to a cloud server for remote monitoring and automatic warning function through a Raspberry PI 3 module and WiFi network. The simulation results are compared with in-field measurement data from PV modules and displayed on a human–machine interface (HMI) and an Android app. The results of the study illustrated that the proposed system features high accuracy and sufficient confidence. Furthermore, the fault detection function through the built-in HIL simulation function in PV systems was validated. Therefore, the proposed system is a small, compact, and cost-effective HIL-on-chip machine for remote surveillance of PV power systems.
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Ha, Vo Thanh, Le Trong Tan, Nguyen Duc Nam y Nguyen Phung Quang. "Backstepping control of two-mass system using induction motor drive fed by voltage source inverter with ideal control performance of stator current". International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp720-730.
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<p>This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.</p>
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Castellini, Luca, Federico Gallorini, Giacomo Alessandri, Erick Fernando Alves, Dan Montoya, Bhavana Mudigonda y Elisabetta Tedeschi. "Comparison of Offline, Real-Time Models and Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Results of a Power Take-Off for Wave Energy Applications". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n.º 11 (14 de noviembre de 2022): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111744.
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The power take-off (PTO) of a wave energy converter (WEC) converts mechanical power extracted from the waves into electrical power. Increasing PTO performance under several operational conditions is therefore essential to reduce the levelized cost of energy of a given wave energy concept and to achieve higher levels of technology readiness. A key task in the WEC design will then be the holistic assessment of the PTO performance in combination with other subsystems. It is hence important that WEC designers are aware of the different modeling options. This paper addresses this need and presents two alternative wave-to-wire modeling approaches based on a 250 kW modular electromechanical PTO coupled to an oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) device. The first is a detailed and accurate offline model. The second model is a simplified and faster version of the first, being adequate for rapid analyses and real-time (RT) simulation. The paper presents the benchmarking of the offline model against the RT model and the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tests of the PTO. The normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) is considered as a quantitative indicator for the measurement of real-time and HIL test results against the offline simulation. Results show that the dynamics of the offline model are well represented by the RT model with execution times up to 10 times faster. The offline model also depicts well the behavior observed in the HIL tests with the NRMSE values for the PTO position, velocity, and force above 0.90, which shows the HIL test results replicates with fidelity the dynamic behavior of the complete model. Meaningful differences are however present and highlighted in this paper. An understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of these three approaches is fundamental to properly design a WEC during its project cycle and validate PTO concepts with a certain level of simplification.
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Zamiri, Elyas, Alberto Sanchez, Angel de Castro y Maria Sofia Martínez-García. "Comparison of Power Converter Models with Losses for Hardware-in-the-Loop Using Different Numerical Formats". Electronics 8, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2019): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8111255.
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Nowadays, the Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) technique is widely used to test different power electronic converters. These real-time simulations require processing large data at high speed, which makes this application very suitable for FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) as they are capable of parallel processing. This paper provides an analytical discussion on three HIL models for a full-bridge converter. The three models use different possible numerical formats, namely float and fixed-point, the latter with and without optimizing the width of signals to the embedded DSP (Digital Signal Processors) blocks of the FPGA. The optimized fixed-point model (OFPM) uses three and two times fewer DSP blocks or LUTs (Look Up Tables), and the maximum achievable clock frequency is also up to 35 % and 25 % higher than the float model and non-optimized fixed-point model (nOFPM), respectively. Furthermore, the models’ accuracy is proportional to the clock frequency, thus the OFPM is also the most accurate model. Finally, the paper shows the differences in the simulation when the models include or not losses, proving that not including losses leads to high errors, especially during transients.
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Zhang, Jiaming, Jun Fang, Tianhong Zhang, Lingwei Li y Xinglong Zhang. "Component-Level Modeling of More Electric Auxiliary Power Units for Cooperative Control". Aerospace 9, n.º 12 (7 de diciembre de 2022): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9120803.
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Today, the more electric aircraft (MEA) concept is gaining tremendous popularity. As a key component of the MEA, a more electric auxiliary power unit (MEAPU) integrated model with high accuracy and real-time performance is essential when conducting cooperative control and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test research. This paper proposes a novel MEAPU integrated model consisting of a MEAPU component-level-model (CLM) and a starter-generator (SG) model. Firstly, a MEAPU CLM was built and a continuous scaling method for the component characteristic map in the CLM is proposed to improve the model’s accuracy. Then, a double winding induction starter-generator (DWISG) model based on the electromagnetic theory, which is quite time consuming, was simplified using the pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier linearization method. Finally, considering the coupling relationship between the MEAPU CLM and DWISG, an accurate real-time MEAPU integrated model was built and its simulation results were analyzed. Compared with the test results, the error of the proposed model was less than 0.5%; meanwhile its single-step simulation time was less than 20 ms, which can meet the demands of cooperative control and HIL test research. Furthermore, the continuous scaling method and PWM rectifier linearization method were found to be effective for modeling other MEAPUs and more electric engines (MEE).
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Mehdi, S., R. Amraoui y A. Aissat. "Numerical investigation of organic light emitting diode OLED with different hole transport materials". Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2022): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.781.
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In this paper, a comparative study between four OLEDs devices is carried out. The bi- layers device (A) (consists of) Hole Injection Layer (HIL)/Electron Transport Layer (ETL), the multilayer device (B) (consists of) HIL Layer/Hole Transport Layer (HTL)/ETL Layer. The influence of the hole transporting material on the performance of the three layers OLEDs was investigated. Three different HTL materials were used: α- NPD, TAPC and p-TTA with the same electron transporting material as Alq3; (these holes transport material consists the devices (B), (C) and (D) respectively). The carrier injection, Langevin recombination rate, singlet exciton density and the power of luminescent are demonstrated. The simulation results shows that the insertion of a thin HTL layer between HIL and ETL layers increases the characteristics of the device (B)as: 6.19.1025 cm-3s-1 of the Langevin recombination rate, 1.16.1015cm-3 of the singlet exciton density and 0.04232 W/μm2 of the luminescence power. Moreover, the insertion of TAPC as HTL material gives rise to 1.36.1026 cm-3s-1 of the Langevin recombination rate, 2.1015cm-3 of the singlet exciton density and 0.075 w/μm2 of the luminescence power.
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González-Castaño, Catalina, Carlos Restrepo, Fredy Sanz, Andrii Chub y Roberto Giral. "DC Voltage Sensorless Predictive Control of a High-Efficiency PFC Single-Phase Rectifier Based on the Versatile Buck-Boost Converter". Sensors 21, n.º 15 (28 de julio de 2021): 5107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155107.
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Many electronic power distribution systems have strong needs for highly efficient AC-DC conversion that can be satisfied by using a buck-boost converter at the core of the power factor correction (PFC) stage. These converters can regulate the input voltage in a wide range with reduced efforts compared to other solutions. As a result, buck-boost converters could potentially improve the efficiency in applications requiring DC voltages lower than the peak grid voltage. This paper compares SEPIC, noninverting, and versatile buck-boost converters as PFC single-phase rectifiers. The converters are designed for an output voltage of 200 V and an rms input voltage of 220 V at 3.2 kW. The PFC uses an inner discrete-time predictive current control loop with an output voltage regulator based on a sensorless strategy. A PLECS thermal simulation is performed to obtain the power conversion efficiency results for the buck-boost converters considered. Thermal simulations show that the versatile buck-boost (VBB) converter, currently unexplored for this application, can provide higher power conversion efficiency than SEPIC and non-inverting buck-boost converters. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation for the VBB converter is performed using a PLECS RT Box 1 device. At the same time, the proposed controller is built and then flashed to a low-cost digital signal controller (DSC), which corresponds to the Texas Instruments LAUNCHXL-F28069M evaluation board. The HIL real-time results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed architecture to operate with high power conversion efficiency and to regulate the DC output voltage without sensing it while the sinusoidal input current is perfectly in-phase with the grid voltage.
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Ben Said, Salwa, Kamel Ben Saad y Mohamed Benrejeb. "HIL simulation approach for a multicellular converter controlled by sliding mode". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, n.º 17 (abril de 2017): 12790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.198.
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Sanchez, Alberto, Angel de Castro, Maria Sofía Martínez-García y Javier Garrido. "LOCOFloat: A Low-Cost Floating-Point Format for FPGAs.: Application to HIL Simulators". Electronics 9, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010081.
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One of the main decisions when making a digital design is which arithmetic is going to be used. The arithmetic determines the hardware resources needed and the latency of every operation. This is especially important in real-time applications like HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop), where a real-time simulation of a plant—power converter, mechanical system, or any other complex system—is accomplished. While a fixed-point gets optimal implementations, using considerably fewer resources and allowing smaller simulation steps, its use is very restricted to very specific applications, as its design effort is quite high. On the other side, IEEE-754 floating-point may have resolution problems in case of the 32-bit version, and excessive hardware usage in case of the 64-bit version. This paper presents LOCOFloat, a low-cost floating-point format designed for FPGA applications. Its key features are soft normalization of the results, using significand and exponent fields in two’s complement. This paper shows the implementation of addition, subtraction and multiplication of the proposed format. Both IEEE-754 versions and LOCOFloat are compared in this paper, implementing a HIL model of a buck converter. Although the application example is a HIL simulator, other applications could take benefit from the proposed format. Results show that LOCOFloat is as accurate as 64-bit floating-point, while reducing the use of DSPs blocks by 84 % .
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Herrera, Luis, Cong Li, Xiu Yao y Jin Wang. "FPGA-Based Detailed Real-Time Simulation of Power Converters and Electric Machines for EV HIL Applications". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, n.º 2 (marzo de 2015): 1702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2014.2350074.
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Abdurraqeeb, Akram M., Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a, Abdulaziz Alkuhayli, Abdullah M. Noman y Khaled E. Addoweesh. "RST Digital Robust Control for DC/DC Buck Converter Feeding Constant Power Load". Mathematics 10, n.º 10 (23 de mayo de 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10101782.
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The instability of DC microgrids is the most prominent problem that limits the expansion of their use, and one of the most important causes of instability is constant power load CPLs. In this paper, a robust RST digital feedback controller is proposed to overcome the instability issues caused by the negative-resistance effect of CPLs and to improve robustness against the perturbations of power load and input voltage fluctuations, as well as to achieve a good tracking performance. To develop the proposed controller, it is necessary to first identify the dynamic model of the DC/DC buck converter with CPL. Second, based on the pole placement and sensitivity function shaping technique, a controller is designed and applied to the buck converter system. Then, validation of the proposed controller using Matlab/Simulink was achieved. Finally, the experimental validation of the RST controller was performed on a DC/DC buck converter with CPL using a real-time Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL). The OPAL-RT OP4510 RCP/HIL and dSPACE DS1104 controller board are used to model the DC/DC buck converter and to implement the suggested RST controller, respectively. The simulation and HIL experimental results indicate that the suggested RST controller has high efficiency.
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González-Castaño, Catalina, Carlos Restrepo, Freddy Flores-Bahamonde y Jose Rodriguez. "A Composite DC–DC Converter Based on the Versatile Buck–Boost Topology for Electric Vehicle Applications". Sensors 22, n.º 14 (20 de julio de 2022): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145409.
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The composite converter allows integrating the high-efficiency converter modules to achieve superior efficiency performance, becoming a prominent solution for electric transport power conversion. In this work, the versatile buck–boost dc–dc converter is proposed to be integrated into an electric vehicle composite architecture that requires a wide voltage range in the dc link to improve the electric motor efficiency. The inductor core of this versatile buck–boost converter has been redesigned for high voltage applications. The versatile buck–boost converter module of the composite architecture is in charge of the control stage. It provides a dc bus voltage regulation at a wide voltage operation range, which requires step-up (boost) and step-down (buck) operating modes. The PLECS thermal simulation of the composite architecture shows a superior power conversion efficiency of the proposed topology over the well-known classical noninverting buck–boost converter under the same operating conditions. The obtained results have been validated via experimental efficiency measures and experimental transient responses of the versatile buck–boost converter. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation system of a 4.4 kW powertrain is presented using a PLECS RT Box 1 device. The HIL simulation results verified the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.
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Subham, G. Tekeshwar, Rajeswari Ramachandran, Jeevitha Kandasamy y Reshma Muralidharan. "Automatic Load Frequency Control of Renewable Energy Integrated Hybrid Power System". March 2022 4, n.º 1 (25 de mayo de 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2022.1.002.
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Frequency aberration, power quality, and system instability may be caused by the general perception of Renewable Energy (RE). To control the frequency with the tolerable limit, load frequency control is being performed. Automatic Load Frequency Control (ALFC) must be provided with a proper controller. Ziegler-Nichols method is being used to tune the parameters of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for Load Frequency Control of Hybrid Power System (HPS). Traditional PID controllers are capable of handling a larger varieties of rapid changes in load variations in renewable energy hybrid power systems. This work considers the HPS of 2000 MW power system including RE resources. The OP4510 is utilized for hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation to test the accomplished controller's real-time applicability. The MATLAB simulation and the Real-Time simulator provide identical results.
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Singh, Vijay Kumar y Ravi Nath Tripathi. "An FPGA Hardware-in-the-Loop Approach for Comprehensive Analysis and Development of Grid-Connected VSI System". Energies 16, n.º 2 (9 de enero de 2023): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020759.
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Power electronic converters are used for an efficient and controlled conversion of power generated from renewable energy sources and can interface generated power to the grid. Among available power converters, voltage source inverters (VSIs) have been widely employed for grid-connected applications due to better controllability with higher efficiency. Although various conventional, as well as modern control techniques, have been developed for grid connected VSI system, there is a need to select suitable control technique based on application and control requirements. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) is considered as a realistic approach for the development of system and control due to the inclusion of an actual hardware system. In this paper, a HIL approach is adopted for the comprehensive analysis and development of a grid connected VSI system using a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The control techniques must deal with trade-off, based on the features and limitations. Therefore, a grid-connected VSI system is developed considering employment of two different conventional control techniques: hysteresis current control (HCC) and PI-based space vector modulation (PI-SVM), as well as finite state model predictive control (FS-MPC) as a modern control technique for investigation considering different parameters. All three control systems are developed through a digital simulator of Xilinx that is integrated with MATLAB-Simulink, while considering an FPGA based system development and testing through FPGA HIL co-simulation methodology.
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Chowdhury, M. M. R., L. Strayóczky y Z. Süto. "Real-time Simulation Framework for Validating Controllers of Virtual Synchronous Generators". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 21, n.º 1 (julio de 2023): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj21.299.
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The utilization of active rectifiers as converters in the interface between AC and DC microgrids has become a prevalent practice owing to their capacity to facilitate bidirectional power flow. The contemporary methodology for the development of power converters includes the integration of real-time simulation steps for the validation of control schemes and the assurance of safe implementation with hardware. The present study proposes a methodology for developing a real-time Hardware-in-theLoop (HIL) simulation framework, which aims to facilitate the rapid prototyping of advanced control algorithms for an ActiveFront-End (AFE) rectifier, especially a Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control strategy. This approach aims to enhance the dynamic performance and stability of low-inertia power systems by mimicking the behavior of a synchronous generator, thereby providing virtual inertia to the power system. The control schemes and the primary circuit models are designed and implemented utilizing Matlab/Simulink and are optimized for code generation.
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Jiang, Wei, Linfeng Sun, Yan Chen, Haining Ma y Seiji Hashimoto. "A Hardware-in-the-Loop-on-Chip Development System for Teaching and Development of Dynamic Systems". Electronics 10, n.º 7 (28 de marzo de 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070801.
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This paper proposes a low-cost on-chip Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) platform for teaching and fast prototyping of dynamic systems. A dual-core digital signal controller (DSC)-based solution is proposed for the HIL system. CPU core A, as the simulation engine, is dedicated to circuit and system simulation. The actuation and control logic are implemented in CPU core B, which is working as the control engine. Inter-processor communication is used to interchange variables between the CPUs. The digital-to-analog converter and digital outputs are used to send the duty cycle and system state variables to the oscilloscope for users’ visual feedback. Two typical systems with fast and slow dynamics are modeled and implemented in the simulation engine. Under the excitation generated by the control engine, system dynamics can be observed for studying purposes. Close-loop control for a buck converter is also demonstrated on the developed prototype, where both input voltage and load variations performance are tested. The test results indicate that the digital simulator can well emulate the average small signal model of a power converter in open-loop and close-loop scenario. Meanwhile, the control parameters can be modified for system performance evaluation and education purposes. The proposed low-cost HIL system can be easily applied to the engineering teaching as well as fast prototype development phase of product design.