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Daniil, Nickolaos. "Battery emulator operating in a power hardware-in-the-loop simulation : the concept of hybrid battery emulator". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723517.
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Adnan, Muhammad Wasif. "Implementation of an FPGA based Emulator for High Speed Power Electronic Systems". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175752.
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During development of control systems for power electronic systems, it is desirable to test the controller in real-time, by interfacing it with an emulator device. In this context, this work comprises the development of an emulator that can model accurately the dynamics of high speed power electronic systems and provides interfaces that are compatible with the real hardware. The realtime state calculations, based on discrete models, were performed on custom logic, implemented on an FPGA. The realized system allows to emulate Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems, achieving sampling rates up to 12MHz using a low cost Xilinx FPGA. As a result, power electronic systems with very high switching frequencies can be modeled. In addition, the FPGA incorporates a soft-core processor that allows a designer to easily re-configure the system model through software. The emulator system has been validated for a multiphase DC-DC converter, by comparing its results with the real hardware setup.
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De, Cuyper Kevin. "Automated modeling and implementation of power converters on a real-time FPGA-based emulator". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/221698.
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Designing a new power electronic conversion system is a multi-step process that requires the R\&D team(s) to go through an extended prototyping phase whose goal is to validate the design in its nominal state, as well as to test its behavior when it is subjected to abnormal conditions. To properly and safely validate all devices that are external to the power stage itself, such as the controllers and the protection systems, one of the best-suited device is a real-time emulator of the converter circuit, a platform that obeys the same mathematical laws and produces the same signals as the original device withoutactually realizing the power conversion. Unfortunately, these models are often based on analog solvers which are difficult to build, must be redesigned for each modification and are subject to drift and aging. While multiple digital real-time emulators have appeared on the market in the last decades, they typically require powerful and expensive computing platforms to perform their calculations or are not generic enough to emulate the more complex power circuits. In this work, we present a new framework that allows the rapid prototyping of a wide range of power converters by translating a power converter schematic drawn on a computer to a real-time equivalent set of equations which is processed by an FPGA with an emulation time-step of less than one microsecond. Contrary to the previously published works, our tools enable the use of entry-level FPGAs even for the emulation circuits composed of twenty switches or more. This framework takes the form of a tool-chain that starts by extracting the necessary information and a standard description from the initial circuit. However, due to the intricate ways in which the switches and diodes can change their state, this raw information is too complex to be processed and emulated directly.Our first major contribution to the state of the art is a way to automatically analyze these changes in order to reduce the complexity of the problem as much as possible while keeping all the necessary information intact. In this thesis, we develop two tools that are able to find all possible changes in the state of the switches that may appear in the immediate future, thereby reducing the quantity of information required to emulate the circuit. Thanks to the global optimization provided by our tools, simulating a typical AC-to-DC converter composed of 12 switches could require 80\% less resources when compared to existing emulators.To enable the emulation or large power converters, we have created a partitioning method which divides the circuit in multiple sub-circuits which are analyzed and optimized separately. The performances of this partitioning are demonstrated by the emulation of a three-phase three-level converter with a relative error of a less that 5% on the signals.To handle our new framework, a dedicated digital platform has been developed. In order to provide the best results even on small FPGAs, particular attention is given to the low resources usage and the low latency of our design. Through multiple examples, we show that this inexpensive real-time emulation platform is able to accurately emulate many circuits in open- or closed-loop operation with a sampling rate higher than 1 MHzDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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De, Cuyper Kevin. "Automated modeling and implementation of power converters on a real-time FPGA-based emulator". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/221698/4/Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoResumen
Designing a new power electronic conversion system is a multi-step process that requires the R\&D team(s) to go through an extended prototyping phase whose goal is to validate the design in its nominal state, as well as to test its behavior when it is subjected to abnormal conditions. To properly and safely validate all devices that are external to the power stage itself, such as the controllers and the protection systems, one of the best-suited device is a real-time emulator of the converter circuit, a platform that obeys the same mathematical laws and produces the same signals as the original device withoutactually realizing the power conversion. Unfortunately, these models are often based on analog solvers which are difficult to build, must be redesigned for each modification and are subject to drift and aging. While multiple digital real-time emulators have appeared on the market in the last decades, they typically require powerful and expensive computing platforms to perform their calculations or are not generic enough to emulate the more complex power circuits. In this work, we present a new framework that allows the rapid prototyping of a wide range of power converters by translating a power converter schematic drawn on a computer to a real-time equivalent set of equations which is processed by an FPGA with an emulation time-step of less than one microsecond. Contrary to the previously published works, our tools enable the use of entry-level FPGAs even for the emulation circuits composed of twenty switches or more. This framework takes the form of a tool-chain that starts by extracting the necessary information and a standard description from the initial circuit. However, due to the intricate ways in which the switches and diodes can change their state, this raw information is too complex to be processed and emulated directly.Our first major contribution to the state of the art is a way to automatically analyze these changes in order to reduce the complexity of the problem as much as possible while keeping all the necessary information intact. In this thesis, we develop two tools that are able to find all possible changes in the state of the switches that may appear in the immediate future, thereby reducing the quantity of information required to emulate the circuit. Thanks to the global optimization provided by our tools, simulating a typical AC-to-DC converter composed of 12 switches could require 80\% less resources when compared to existing emulators.To enable the emulation or large power converters, we have created a partitioning method which divides the circuit in multiple sub-circuits which are analyzed and optimized separately. The performances of this partitioning are demonstrated by the emulation of a three-phase three-level converter with a relative error of a less that 5% on the signals.To handle our new framework, a dedicated digital platform has been developed. In order to provide the best results even on small FPGAs, particular attention is given to the low resources usage and the low latency of our design. Through multiple examples, we show that this inexpensive real-time emulation platform is able to accurately emulate many circuits in open- or closed-loop operation with a sampling rate higher than 1 MHzDoctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Durago, Joseph Gamos. "Photovoltaic Emulator Adaptable to Irradiance, Temperature and Panel Specific I-V Curves". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/541.
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This thesis analyzes the design and performance of a photovoltaic (PV) emulator. With increasing interest in renewable energies, large amounts of money and effort are being put into research and development for photovoltaic systems. The larger interest in PV systems has increased demand for appropriate equipment with which to test PV systems.
A photovoltaic emulator is a power supply with similar current and voltage characteristics as a PV panel. This work uses an existing power supply which is manipulated via Labview to emulate a photovoltaic panel. The emulator calculates a current-voltage (I-V) curve based on the user specified parameters of panel model, irradiance and temperature. When a load change occurs, the power supply changes its current and voltage to track the calculated I-V curve, so as to mimic a solar panel. Over 250 different solar panels at varying irradiances and temperatures are able to be accurately emulated. A PV emulator provides a controlled environment that is not affected by external factors such as temperature and weather. This allows repeatable conditions on which to test PV equipment, such as inverters, and provides a controlled environment to test an overall PV system.
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Melo, Guilherme de Azevedo e. [UNESP]. "Um sistema eletrônico de 2kW para emulação/simulação experimental da característica estática de saída, tensão (versus) corrente, de sistemas de geração com células combustível tipo PEM". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87239.
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melo_ga_me_ilha.pdf: 6893159 bytes, checksum: a70518b6cdac1869ab5705bc69904150 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e implementação de um emulador para a característica estática de saída (Tensão versus Corrente) equivalente àquela de fontes de energia com células combustível. O emulador apresenta como vantagens, em relação à aquisição de uma FC, o baixo custo, o reduzido espaço físico e a flexibilidade via software para a implementação de diversas características baseadas em diferentes tipos de células combustível. Neste sentido, o emulador proposto permite a realização de ensaios preliminares durante a fase de projeto e os testes dinâmicos dos subsistemas de condicionamento de energia, sem a necessidade do acoplamento com o sistema de geração à células combustível, reduzindo-se os custos associados a estes testes laboratoriais. O emulador proposto consiste em um conversor Buck isolado Full-Bridge, com potência de saída de 2kW e alimentação via barramento de 400VCC, permitindo a emulação da característica nominal de saída de um conjunto de células tipo PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane - Membrana de Troca Protônica), em uma faixa de tensão de saída variando entre 32VCC e 72VCC, dependendo da corrente drenada pela carga. O circuito principal de controle é realizado através...
This work presents a design and implementation of an emulator to the static output characteristic (Voltage versus Current) that is similar to Fuel Cell generators. There are many advantages on using the Fuel Cell emulator. The emulator is cheaper, smaller and more flexible than the real Fuel Cell systems, because it is possible to emulate different characteristics through the use of a computer. In this context, a Fuel Cell emulator is proposed in this work in order to allow laboratory testes in the power conditioning system during its design and development stage. The proposed emulator is an insulated Full-Bridge converter with Buck operation, 2kW output power and 400VCC input voltage. This emulator achieves the output characteristic of a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell stack with output voltage range of 32VCC to 72VCC, depending on the output current. The main control circuit is based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) language. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed emulator achieves the output static characteristic of the PEMFC Fuel Cell System and this output characteristic can be easily modified in order to obtain another desirable static... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Melo, Guilherme de Azevedo e. "Um sistema eletrônico de 2kW para emulação/simulação experimental da característica estática de saída, tensão (versus) corrente, de sistemas de geração com células combustível tipo PEM /". Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87239.
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Orientador: Carlos Alberto CanesinBanca: Fabio Toshiaki Wakabayashi
Banca: Luiz Carlos de Freitas
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e implementação de um emulador para a característica estática de saída (Tensão versus Corrente) equivalente àquela de fontes de energia com células combustível. O emulador apresenta como vantagens, em relação à aquisição de uma FC, o baixo custo, o reduzido espaço físico e a flexibilidade via software para a implementação de diversas características baseadas em diferentes tipos de células combustível. Neste sentido, o emulador proposto permite a realização de ensaios preliminares durante a fase de projeto e os testes dinâmicos dos subsistemas de condicionamento de energia, sem a necessidade do acoplamento com o sistema de geração à células combustível, reduzindo-se os custos associados a estes testes laboratoriais. O emulador proposto consiste em um conversor Buck isolado "Full-Bridge", com potência de saída de 2kW e alimentação via barramento de 400VCC, permitindo a emulação da característica nominal de saída de um conjunto de células tipo PEM ("Proton Exchange Membrane" - Membrana de Troca Protônica), em uma faixa de tensão de saída variando entre 32VCC e 72VCC, dependendo da corrente drenada pela carga. O circuito principal de controle é realizado através... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work presents a design and implementation of an emulator to the static output characteristic (Voltage versus Current) that is similar to Fuel Cell generators. There are many advantages on using the Fuel Cell emulator. The emulator is cheaper, smaller and more flexible than the real Fuel Cell systems, because it is possible to emulate different characteristics through the use of a computer. In this context, a Fuel Cell emulator is proposed in this work in order to allow laboratory testes in the power conditioning system during its design and development stage. The proposed emulator is an insulated "Full-Bridge" converter with "Buck" operation, 2kW output power and 400VCC input voltage. This emulator achieves the output characteristic of a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell stack with output voltage range of 32VCC to 72VCC, depending on the output current. The main control circuit is based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language) language. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed emulator achieves the output static characteristic of the PEMFC Fuel Cell System and this output characteristic can be easily modified in order to obtain another desirable static... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Rosa, Luiz Henrique Leite. "Metodologia para desenvolvimento e aplicação de um emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes em ambiente controlado". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-21092018-140237/.
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O presente trabalho visa propor uma metodologia para desenvolvimento e aplicação de um inovador emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes (REIs) para testes sistêmicos de funcionalidades de Smart Grids envolvendo dispositivos inteligentes (hardware) e sistemas de tecnologia da informação (software) em ambiente laboratorial. Além de dar uma dimensão da importância dos laboratórios de redes elétricas inteligentes para a pesquisa do tema, o levantamento bibliográfico apresentado neste trabalho permite concluir que as pesquisas envolvendo hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tendem a concentrar suas análises nos equipamentos de hardware testados, como dispositivos de medição, equipamentos de potência (inversores de frequência e outros), dispositivos de controle e seus algoritmos e não em estudos que envolvam análises mais sistêmicas e interações dos dispositivos com sistemas de TI normalmente presentes nos Centros de Operação da Distribuição (COD), os quais cumprem papéis cada vez mais importantes nas funcionalidades de Redes Inteligentes. A metodologia proposta parte da premissa de que um ambiente para testes de funcionalidades de Smart Grids deve permitir análises sistêmicas, não apenas focadas nos dispositivos de controle de uma porção particular da rede ou sistemas de automação específicos, mas devem envolver a maior porção de rede possível e necessária para a correta representação das redes elétricas inteligentes. Neste sentido, a metodologia define e caracteriza os principais módulos e etapas de desenvolvimento de um emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes, ao mesmo tempo em que propõe soluções para os desafios de integração destes módulos, aplicando conceitos de hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), e simulação com sincronização orientada a evento, além de propor soluções com simulação de sistemas de potência em regime permanente e hardware de baixo custo que permitiram o desenvolvimento do emulador de redes em laboratório de Smart Grid. As principais características do emulador de REIs desenvolvido e implementado no laboratório de Smart Grid, conforme a metodologia proposta, também são descritas neste trabalho. Por fim, são apresentados os casos teste, mais especificamente provas de conceito, envolvendo redes de teste IEEE/PES e redes reais das concessionárias do grupo EDP, financiador do projeto de implantação do laboratório no âmbito do Programa de P&D ANEEL, os quais serviram de base para a avaliação do desempenho do emulador e discussões finais sobre as contribuições da metodologia de desenvolvimento proposta neste trabalho.This work aims to proposing a methodology for the development and application of an innovative Smart Grid emulator for systemic testing of Smart Grids functionalities involving intelligent devices and information technology systems in a laboratory environment. Besides demonstrating the importance of the Smart Grid for the subject research, the literature review clarifies that the research involving hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tends to concentrate its analyses in the equipment under test, such as power devices, control devices and their algorithms. Instead, it should consider systemic studies involving the interaction of these devices with Operation Centre IT systems, so relevant to the Smart Grid functionalities. The proposed methodology is based on the premise that an environment for testing Smart Grids functionalities should allow systemic analysis instead of focusing only on control devices of a specific area or specific automation systems. Instead, it should involve a more detailed representation of the network that is necessary for the correct representation of the Smart Grid. In this direction, the methodology defines and characterizes the development stages and main modules of a Smart Grid emulator and proposes solutions for integration issues. It applies concepts of hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), simulation with event-driven synchronization, besides steady-state power simulation and low-cost hardware solutions that enabled the development of the Power grid emulator at a Smart Grid laboratory. The main features of the Smart Grid emulator developed and implemented at the Smart Grid laboratory, according to the proposed methodology, are also described in this work. Finally, the description of the Smart Grid laboratory, test cases and proofs of concepts involving IEEE/PES test feeders and real networks of the EDP utility, sponsor of the project for laboratory implementation under the ANEEL R&D Program, are presented to prove the Emulator performance and to discuss the contribution of the methodology herein proposed.
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Leghorn, Jeremy T. "Modeling for ship power system emulation". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4302.
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CIVINSApproved for public release, distribution unlimited
With the U.S. Navy's continued focus on Integrated Fight Thru Power (IFTP) there has been an ever increasing effort to ensure an electrical distribution system that maintains maximum capabilities in the event of system faults. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which has been used extensively for condition based maintenance applications, could simultaneously be used to enhance the existing zonal protection system employed with Multi-Function Monitors (MFM). A test platform with three 5000 watt synchronous generators is being constructed to emulate a U.S. Navy DDG 51 FLT IIA class ship electric plant. This is being accomplished in order to evaluate the feasibility of improving the fault isolation capabilities of the MFM with NILM implementation. The first step in this endeavor will be to electrically relate the test platform to the DDG electric plant. In order to accomplish this step, the fault simulation results from the test platform will be compared to simulated faults using U.S. Navy data from DDG 51 electric plants. This will allow for the fault isolation results from the test platform to be related to the DDG 51electric plant.
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Leghorn, Jeremy T. (Jeremy Thomas). "Modeling for ship power system emulation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50590.
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Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 68).
With the U.S. Navy's continued focus on Integrated Fight Thru Power (IFTP) there has been an ever increasing effort to ensure an electrical distribution system that maintains maximum capabilities in the event of system faults. This is to ensure that the crew has the ability to complete real time tactical missions in the event of battle damage to any localized portions of the electrical distribution system. Fault isolation is a priority component of the U.S. Navy's Next Generation Integrated Power System (NGIPS) Roadmap, which lays out the framework as well as milestone dates for future development. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which has been used extensively for condition based maintenance applications, could simultaneously be used to enhance the existing zonal protection system employed with Multi-Function Monitors (MFM). NILM may be able to, inexpensively, use the existing current and voltage sensors available from the MFM hardware to determine electrical loading which could allow for faster fault isolation capability. A test platform with three 5000 watt synchronous generators is being constructed to emulate a U.S. Navy DDG 51 FLT IIA class ship electric plant. This is being accomplished in order to evaluate the feasibility of improving the fault isolation capabilities of the MFM with NILM implementation. The first step in this endeavor will be to electrically relate the test platform to the DDG electric plant. In order to accomplish this step, the fault simulation results from the test platform will be compared to simulated faults using U.S. Navy data from DDG 51 electric plants.
(cont.) This will allow for the fault isolation results from the test platform to be related to the DDG 51 electric plant.
by Jeremy T. Leghorn.
S.M.
Nav.E.
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Busacca, Fabio Antonino. "AI for Resource Allocation and Resource Allocation for AI: a two-fold paradigm at the network edge". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/573371.
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5G-and-beyond and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are pushing a shift from the classic cloud-centric view of the network to a new edge-centric vision. In such a perspective, the computation, communication and storage resources are moved closer to the user, to the benefit of network responsiveness/latency, and of an improved context-awareness, that is, the ability to tailor the network services to the live user's experience. However, these improvements do not come for free: edge networks are highly constrained, and do not match the resource abundance of their cloud counterparts. In such a perspective, the proper management of the few available resources is of crucial importance to improve the network performance in terms of responsiveness, throughput, and power consumption. However, networks in the so-called Age of Big Data result from the dynamic interactions of massive amounts of heterogeneous devices. As a consequence, traditional model-based Resource Allocation algorithms fail to cope with this dynamic and complex networks, and are being replaced by more flexible AI-based techniques as a result. In such a way, it is possible to design intelligent resource allocation frameworks, able to quickly adapt to the everchanging dynamics of the network edge, and to best exploit the few available resources. Hence, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and, more specifically Machine Learning (ML) techniques, can clearly play a fundamental role in boosting and supporting resource allocation techniques at the edge. But can AI/ML benefit from optimal Resource Allocation? Recently, the evolution towards Distributed and Federated Learning approaches, i.e. where the learning process takes place in parallel at several devices, has brought important advantages in terms of reduction of the computational load of the ML algorithms, in the amount of information transmitted by the network nodes, and in terms of privacy. However, the scarceness of energy, processing, and, possibly, communication resources at the edge, especially in the IoT case, calls for proper resource management frameworks. In such a view, the available resources should be assigned to reduce the learning time, while also keeping an eye on the energy consumption of the network nodes. According to this perspective, a two-fold paradigm can emerge at the network edge, where AI can boost the performance of Resource Allocation, and, vice versa, optimal Resource Allocation techniques can speed up the learning process of AI algorithms. Part I of this work of thesis explores the first topic, i.e. the usage of AI to support Resource Allocation at the edge, with a specific focus on two use-cases, namely UAV-assisted cellular networks, and vehicular networks. Part II deals instead with the topic of Resource Allocation for AI, and, specifically, with the case of the integration between Federated Learning techniques and the LoRa LPWAN protocol. The designed integration framework has been validated on both simulation environments, and, most importantly, on the Colosseum platform, the biggest channel emulator in the world.
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Päivänsäde, V. (Ville). "Dynamic power estimation with a hardware emulation acquired switching activity model". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2016. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201609082736.
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This thesis is a study of dynamic power estimation at register-transfer level using an activity model acquired with a hardware emulator. The thesis consists of a practical part that presents the studied flow and the testing work related to it and a theory part that supports the topics of the practical part. In the theory part, the common sources of power consumption in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor logic are studied, along with brief introductions about their reduction techniques. The electronic design automation tool methodologies, commonly used for power estimation and analysis, are discussed as well. In the practical part, a dynamic power estimation electronic design automation tool flow is presented. The flow estimates a floorplan model of the design from a register-transfer level hardware description with fast synthesis and acquires a simulative activity model with a hardware emulator. The studied power estimation tool was the Joules RTL Power Solution and the hardware emulation system was the Palladium XP II Verification Computing Platform, both by Cadence Design Systems. The overall quality of the flow was analyzed with a test vehicle hardware description as a design model, three different test cases as activity models and an existing gate-level dynamic power analysis flow as a reference model. The variation between the studied register-transfer level flow and the gate-level reference flow was 4,4 % on average in the three test cases. The run time for the full estimation flow, with the fast synthesis step and single frame average computation, was slightly over an hour, while an incremental run without the synthesis step executed in about 15 minutesTässä työssä tutkitaan dynaamista tehonkulutuksen estimointia rekisterinsiirtotasolla laitteistoemuloinnilla tuotetulla aktiivisuusmallilla. Työ koostuu käytännön osuudesta, jossa esitellään tutkittua vuota ja siihen liittyvää testaustyötä, ja teoriaosuudesta, jonka tarkoitus on tukea käytännön osuudessa käsiteltyjä aiheita. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään CMOS-logiikkaan perustuvien mikropiiritekniikoiden yleisimpiä tehonkulutusmekanismeja ja lyhyesti niiden vähennystekniikoita. Lisäksi osiossa käsitellään elektroniikan suunnittelun automaatiotyökalujen yleisimpiä tehonkulutuksen estimointi- ja analyysimetodologioita. Käytännön osuudessa esitellään yhden elektroniikan automaatiotyökalun dynaaminen tehonkulutuksen estimointivuo. Vuossa suunnitelman pohjapiirros estimoidaan rekisterinsiirtotason laitteistokuvauskielisestä mallista nopean synteesin avulla ja aktiivisuusmalli tuotetaan laitteistoemuloinnilla. Tutkittu tehonkulutuksen estimointityökalu oli Joules RTL Power Solution ja laitteistoemulointijärjestelmä oli Palladium XP II Verification Computing Platform, molemmat Cadence Design Systemssiltä. Vuon lopullinen laadukkuus arvioitiin käyttäen laitteistokuvauskielistä testisuunnitelmamallia, kolmea erilaista testitapausta aktiivisuusmalleina ja olemassaolevaa porttitason dynaamista tehonkulutuksen analyysivuota referenssimallina. Esitellyn rekisterinsiirtotason vuon ja porttitason referenssivuon välinen ero oli keskimäärin 4,4 % kolmessa tutkitussa testitapauksessa. Täyden keskiarvoistetun estimointivuon ajoaika oli hieman yli tunnin, kun taas inkrementaalinen ajo ilman nopeaa synteesiä kesti noin 15 minuuttia
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Edwards, Gregory W. "Wind turbine power generation emulation via doubly fed induction generator control". Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FEdwards.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Julian, Alexander L. Second Reader: Cristi, Roberto. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Space Vector Modulation (SVM), wind turbine, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), bi-directional power flow. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75). Also available in print.
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Nie, Zanxiang Jack. "Emulation and power conditioning of outputs from a direct drive linear wave energy converter". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609008.
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Amuzuvi, Christian Kwaku. "Characterisation, emulation and by-emitter degradation analysis of high power semiconductor laser diodes". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13102/.
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The characterisation, emulation and by-emitter degradation analysis of two types of high power semiconductor laser diodes are presented in this thesis as part of an European Union (EU) project. An attempt is made using an accurate laser simulator called Speclase to learn more about the degradation of high power semiconductor laser diodes. Speclase being a single emitter simulation tool was transformed to model a bar i.e. multiple emitters, which we have named Barlase, through an external control interface written in Labview. The concept of Barlase was based on the fact that a bar is a monolithic block of multiple emitters connected in parallel with each other with a common voltage connected across them. This tool is capable of performing simulation in different modes of operation (i.e. constant current or constant power). The tool is designed to examine and emulate the degradation processes at both the laser bar and individual emitter levels of operation. It is known that, emitter degradation is faster for emitters within a bar than for identical single emitters due to a combination of packaging-induced strain and current competition between emitters amongst others. This tool shows clear evidence of the benefits of using by-emitter degradation analysis for gaining detailed understanding of individual emitters operating in a bar and for determining bar degradation mechanisms. The tool complement to the by-emitter analysis, allowing the effects of certain factors that affect the degradation of laser bars to be investigated. Various intervention measures were taken to improve upon the results of the emulation such as modifying the trap density through local heating and the use of the global thermal solver. The modification of the trap density allowed the acceptance of a spatially variable local trap density distribution that gave a more realistic and accurate simulation of the degradation behaviour. The introduction of the global thermal solver allowed the modelling of thermal cross-talk communication between the emitters, which brings about the frown shaped current/power profiles for the unaged bars (though not as pronounced as in the experiment). An attempt was made to employ this tool in the emulation of experimentally observed degradation behaviour in a 975 nm, 16 emitter infrared tapered laser bar with each group of 4 mini-array emitters. The laser bar was first calibrated to achieve a reasonable agreement between the experimental P-I curves of unaged emitters assuming identical emitters with the simulated P-I curves. The simulated P-I curve was then used to perform simulations to emulate the degradation of the laser. The simulated output power profile did not correspond well with the experimental power profile, but a good agreement was realised between the combined output powers of the bar. Better correlation was observed between the experimental and the simulated temperature profiles. This was expected since the experimental temperature was set as input for the heatsink temperature profile. This agreement therefore must not be over-emphasised. The bar emulation model was enhanced by including a global thermal solver to model the thermal crosstalk between emitters. Emulations using this model showed a clearly defined frown shaped profile in the output current and power profiles but the change was minimal. As the emulation of laser bar degradation has not been attempted before, this work is still at a very early stage. Therefore, further work is needed to achieve better agreement in the output current/power profiles and to better the model.
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Duckwitz, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Power System Inertia : Derivation of Requirements and Comparison of Inertia Emulation Methods for Converter-based Power Plants / Daniel Duckwitz". Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190050145/34.
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Maciel, Savio Alencar. "Controlador de demanda e emulador do consumidor residencial para manutenção do conforto do usuário em Smart Grids". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1089.
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Neste trabalho é apresentada uma abordagem de controle de demanda para consumidores residenciais de baixa tensão, visando melhoria da eficiência energética em Smart Grids. Inicialmente, um emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais é modelado com base na literatura. O emulador é composto pelo modelo de um reservatório de aquecimento de água (boiler), o modelo de um aparelho de ar condicionado e também modelos de consumo de iluminação, televisores e uma geladeira. Utilizando o software Matlab foi realizada a implementação e simulação do emulador. Os principais algoritmos de controle de demanda são investigados, a fim de verificar o seu desempenho quando aplicados ao conjunto de cargas residenciais. Esses algoritmos normalmente realizam o controle de demanda a partir de um sistema de prioridades. Ainda, a partir dessa analise demostra-se que estes algoritmos consideram níveis de conforto do usuário, porém não permitem o acionamento de duas ou mais cargas em um mesmo período caso a demanda da residência ultrapasse um limite predeterminado. Portanto, propõem-se um algoritmo de controle de demanda adaptativo que utiliza o método de busca Rosenbrock, com o objetivo de sobrepujar tais limitações. O procedimento proposto realiza a operação das cargas residenciais de forma gradual considerando níveis de prioridade e parâmetros de conforto dos usuários. Demonstra-se através de simulações e experimentos que através do método proposto é possível realizar a ativação de diversas cargas concorrentemente, desde que respeitados os níveis de conforto e de demanda. Para obtenção dos resultados experimentais o controlador de demanda foi implementado em um sistema embarcado e testado com o emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais implementado em uma arquitetura HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop). Analisando os resultados, observou-se que o consumo de energia foi o mesmo para todos os cenários simulados sendo que a demanda se manteve abaixo dos limites parametrizados. Porém com o limitador de demanda ativo, se obteve uma redução de até 52% no tempo de aquecimento da água utilizando o controlador de demanda adaptativo, dessa forma o desconforto dos usuários pode ser minimizado.This work presents an approach to control demand for residential low voltage consumers, aiming to improve energy efficiency in Smart Grids. Initially, an emulator of residential electric loads is modeled based on the literature. The emulator consists of a reservoir for water heating model, the model of an air conditioner and also models of consumption for lighting, televisions and a refrigerator. The implementation and simulation were performed using software Matlab. The demand control algorithms are investigated in order to verify its performance when applied to the set of residential loads. These algorithms typically perform control demand from a system of priorities. Still, from this analysis it demonstrates that these algorithms consider levels of user comfort, but do not allow the drive of two or more loads in the same period of residence if the demand exceeds the limit. Therefore, we propose a control algorithm that uses Rosenbrock search of demand adaptive method, aiming to overcome these limitations. The proposed procedure performs the operation of residential loads gradually considering priority levels and parameters of comfort of users. It is shown through simulations and experiments using the proposed method can perform the activation of several concurrently loads, provided they comply with the limits of comfort and demand. To obtain the experimental results demand the controller was implemented in an embedded system and tested with the emulator residential electrical loads implemented in a HIL (Hardware-in-theloop) architecture. Analyzing the results, it was observed that the power consumption is the same for all scenarios simulated and demand remained below parametric limits. But with the demand limiter active, we obtained a reduction of up to 52% in heat water using the demand controller adaptive, so the discomfort of the users can be minimized.
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Suciu, Constantin. "Switch mode emulation of large value capacitors in the rotor circuit to improve the induction motor performance". Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314331.
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Ababneh, Majdi M. "Design of Micro-Scale Energy Harvesting Systems for Low Power Applications Using Enhanced Power Management System". Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7117.
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The great innovations of the last century have ushered continuous progress in many areas of technology, especially in the form of miniaturization of electronic circuits. This progress shows a trend towards consistent decreases in power requirements due to miniaturization. According to the ITRS and industry leaders, such as Intel, the challenge of managing and providing power efficiency still persist as scaling down of devices continues. A variety of power sources can be used in order to provide power to low power applications. Few of these sources have favorable characteristics and can be designed to deliver maximum power such as the novel mini notched turbine used as a source in this work. The MiNT is a novel device that can be used as a feasible energy source when integrated into a system and evaluated for power delivery as investigated in this work. As part of this system, a maximum power point tracking system provides an applicable solution for capturing enhanced power delivery for an energy harvesting system. However, power efficiency and physical size are adversely affected by the characteristics and environment of many energy harvesting systems and must also be addressed. To address these issues, an analysis of mini notched turbine, a RF rectenna, and an enhanced maximum power point tracking system is presented and verified using simulations and measurements. Furthermore, mini notched energy harvesting system, RF rectenna energy harvesting system, and enhanced maximum power point tracking system are developed and experimental data analyzed. The enhanced maximum power point tracking system uses a resistor emulation technique and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the power efficiency and reduce the physical size.
This new innovative design improves the efficiency of optimized power management circuitry up to 7% compared to conventional power management circuits over a wide range of input power and range of emulated resistances, allowing more power to be harvested from small energy harvesting sources and delivering it to the load such as smart sensors. In addition, this is the first IC design to be implemented and tested for the patented mini notched turbine (MiNT) energy harvesting device.
Another advantage of the enhanced power management system designed in this work is that the proposed approach can be utilized for extremely small energy sources and because of that the proposed work is valid for low emulated resistances. and systems with low load resistance Overall, through the successful completion of this work, various energy harvesting systems can have the ability to provide enhanced power management as the IC industry continues to progress toward miniaturization of devices and systems.
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Viglus, Francisco José. "Projeto e desenvolvimento de um emulador de arranjo fotovoltaico utilizando um conversor CC-CC trifásico PWM". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1552.
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CAPESEste trabalho apresenta um estudo voltado ao projeto e desenvolvimento de um emulador de painéis fotovoltaicos. O emulador é composto por uma fonte de alimentação de 4 kW capaz de fornecer tensões e correntes cujo comportamento se assemelha ao comportamento de um arranjo de painéis fotovoltaicos. A estrutura de potência da fonte de alimentação é constituída por um conversor CC-CC Full-Bridge trifásico. Este conversor, isolado em alta frequência, garante menor volume e segurança para um equipamento de laboratório. Estima-se que este trabalho possa ser aplicado no teste de inversores fotovoltaicos com métodos de MPPT com respostas dinâmicas de até 300Hz. A estratégia de controle se baseia na solução numérica do modelo matemático de uma célula fotovoltaica de onde se extrai uma referência de corrente que, a partir de adequações, é imposta à carga ligada ao emulador. Desta forma, é apresentada uma metodologia de projeto da fonte de alimentação proposta. Por fim, são apresentados os resultados práticos que comprovam a funcionalidade do emulador.
This work presents a study, design, and development of a 4 kW photovoltaic array emulator. The emulator is composed of a power supply capable of delivering voltages and currents whose behavior resembles the behavior of a photovoltaic array. The structure of this power supply consists of a three-phase full-bridge DC-DC converter. This high frequency isolated converter provides a smaller volume and ensures safety for laboratory equipment. This work can be applied to test photovoltaic inverters with MPPT methods and dynamic responses up to 300Hz. The control strategy is based on the numerical solution of the mathematical model of a photovoltaic cell from which is extracted a reference current to the control of the emulator. The methodology applied to design the proposed power supply is also presented. Finally, the design, simulation, and practical results of the emulator are shown to prove its operation.
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Han, Bin [Verfasser]. "Characterization and Emulation of Low-Voltage Power Line Channels for Narrowband and Broadband Communication / Bin Han". Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
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Noon, John Patrick. "Development of a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Electric Machine and Drive Emulation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101498.
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This work demonstrates the capability of a power electronic based power hardware-inthe-
loop (PHIL) platform to emulate electric machines for the purpose of a motor drive
testbench with a particular focus on induction machine emulation. PHIL presents advantages
over full-hardware testing of motor drives as the PHIL platform can save space and
cost that comes from the physical construction of multiple electric machine test configurations.
This thesis presents real-time models that were developed for the purpose of PHIL
emulation. Additionally, real-time modeling considerations are presented as well as the modeling
considerations that stem from implementing the model in a PHIL testbench. Next, the
design and implementation of the PHIL testbench is detailed. This thesis describes the
design of the interface inductor between the motor drive and the emulation platform. Additionally,
practical implementation challenges such as common mode and ground loop noise
are discussed and solutions are presented. Finally, experimental validation of the modeling
and emulation of the induction machine is presented and the performance of the machine
emulation testbench is discussed.Master of Science
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), electric power usage is increasing across all sectors, and particularly in the transportation sector [1]. This increase is apparent in one's daily life through the increase of electric vehicles on the road. Power electronics convert electricity in one form to electricity in another form. This conversion of power is playing an increasingly important role in society because examples of this conversion include converting the dc voltage of a battery to ac voltage in an electric car or the conversion of the ac power grid to dc to power a laptop. Additionally, even within an electric car, power converters transform the battery's electric power from a higher dc voltage into lower voltage dc power to supply the entertainment system and into ac power to drive the car's motor. The electrification of the transportation sector is leading to an increase in the amount of electric energy that is being consumed and processed through power electronics. As was illustrated in the previous examples of electric cars, the application of power electronics is very wide and thus requires different testbenches for the many different applications. While some industries are used to power electronics and testing converters, transportation electrification is increasing the number of companies and industries that are using power electronics and electric machines. As industry is shifting towards these new technologies, it is a prime opportunity to change the way that high power testing is done for electric machines and power converters. Traditional testing methods are potentially dangerous and lack the flexibility that is required to test a wide variety of machines and drives. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) testing presents a safe and adaptable solution to high power testing of electric machines. Traditionally, electric machines were primarily used in heavy industry such as milling, processing, and pumping applications. These applications, and other applications such as an electric motor in a car or plane are called motor drive systems. Regardless of the particular application of the motor drive system, there are generally three parts: a dc source, an inverter, and the electric machine. In most applications, other than cars which have a dc battery, the dc source is a power electronic converter called a rectifier which converts ac electricity from the grid to dc for the motor drive. Next, the motor drive converts the dc electricity from the first stage to a controlled ac output to drive the electric machine. Finally, the electric machine itself is the final piece of the electrical system and converts the electrical energy to mechanical energy which can drive a fan, belt, or axle. The fact that this motor drive system can be generalized and applied to a wide range of applications makes its study particularly interesting. PHIL simplifies testing of these motor drive systems by allowing the inverter to connect directly to a machine emulator which is able to replicate a variety of loads. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the capability of PHIL to emulate both the induction machine load as well as the dc source by considering several rectifier topologies without any significant adjustments from the machine emulation platform. This thesis demonstrates the capabilities of the EGSTON Power Electronics GmbH COMPISO System Unit to emulate motor drive systems to allow for safer, more flexible motor drive system testing. The main goal of this thesis is to demonstrate an accurate PHIL emulation of a induction machine and to provide validation of the emulation results through comparison with an induction machine.
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Kramer, Jürgen. "Policing the Crisis: A Particular Mode of Analysis, Re-Constructed and Emulated". Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32272.
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Hines, Jonathan T. "Emulation of Wind Power with a DC Machine to Provide Input to a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6808.
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The behavioral modeling of a separately excited direct current (DC) motor as a prime mover for a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) is studied in this thesis. The output torque of the DC motor is computed in the simulation under controlled parameters. The input to the DFIM, used as a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), is taken from the DC motor. In theory, the combination of the two machines can be used to emulate various wind patterns and their expected electrical returns for a given DFIM-based wind turbine. A Simulink model was created to appropriately emulate the operation of the DC machine. That model was then incorporated into an existing model of a DFIM. The resulting simulations are compared to system operating data to determine if machine speed is being correctly modeled. The speeds determined by the simulator accurately track those that are gathered from lab data. Operating speeds of the system were mapped to historical wind speeds in a geographical area. Output power of the DC motor for the different operating speeds was calculated and plotted. The data confirmed the theory of the proportionality of the rotational output power of a DC motor.
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Schmitt, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Hochdynamische Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation hoch ausgenutzter Synchronmaschinen mit einem Modularen-Multiphasen-Multilevel Umrichter / Alexander Schmitt". Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2017. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
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Akbar, Yousef M. A. H. "Intrusion Detection of Flooding DoS Attacks on Emulated Smart Meters". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98554.
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The power grid has changed a great deal from what has been generally viewed as a traditional power grid. The modernization of the power grid has seen an increase in the integration and incorporation of computing and communication elements, creating an interdependence of both physical and cyber assets of the power grid. The fast-increasing connectivity has transformed the grid from what used to be primarily a physical system into a Cyber- Physical System (CPS). The physical elements within a power grid are well understood by power engineers; however, the newly deployed cyber aspects are new to most researchers and operators in this field. The new computing and communications structure brings new vulnerabilities along with all the benefits it provides. Cyber security of the power grid is critical due to the potential impact it can make on the community or society that relies on the critical infrastructure. These vulnerabilities have already been exploited in the attack on the Ukrainian power grid, a highly sophisticated, multi-layered attack which caused large power outages for numerous customers. There is an urgent need to understand the cyber aspects of the modernized power grid and take the necessary precautions such that the security of the CPS can be better achieved. The power grid is dependent on two main cyber infrastructures, i.e., Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This thesis investigates the AMI in power grids by developing a testbed environment that can be created and used to better understand and develop security strategies to remove the vulnerabilities that exist within it. The testbed is to be used to conduct and implement security strategies, i.e., an Intrusion Detections Systems (IDS), creating an emulated environment to best resemble the environment of the AMI system. A DoS flooding attack and an IDS are implemented on the emulated testbed to show the effectiveness and validate the performance of the emulated testbed.M.S.
The power grid is becoming more digitized and is utilizing information and communication technologies more, hence the smart grid. New systems are developed and utilized in the modernized power grid that directly relies on new communication networks. The power grid is becoming more efficient and more effective due to these developments, however, there are some considerations to be made as for the security of the power grid. An important expectation of the power grid is the reliability of power delivery to its customers. New information and communication technology integration brings rise to new cyber vulnerabilities that can inhibit the functionality of the power grid. A coordinated cyber-attack was conducted against the Ukrainian power grid in 2015 that targeted the cyber vulnerabilities of the system. The attackers made sure that the grid operators were unable to observe their system being attacked via Denial of Service attacks. Smart meters are the digitized equivalent of a traditional energy meter, it wirelessly communicates with the grid operators. An increase in deployment of these smart meters makes it such that we are more dependent on them and hence creating a new vulnerability for an attack. The smart meter integration into the power grid needs to be studied and carefully considered for the prevention of attacks. A testbed is created using devices that emulate the smart meters and a network is established between the devices. The network was attacked with a Denial of Service attack to validate the testbed performance, and an Intrusion detection method was developed and applied onto the testbed to prove that the testbed created can be used to study and develop methods to cover the vulnerabilities present.
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Marx, Matthias [Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Söffker y Roland [Akademischer Betreuer] Kasper. "Multiobjective Optimization of the Power Flow Control of Hybrid Electric Power Train Systems within Simulation and Experimental Emulation Applications / Matthias Marx. Gutachter: Roland Kasper. Betreuer: Dirk Söffker". Duisburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050933346/34.
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Han, Bin [Verfasser] y K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Dostert. "Characterization and Emulation of Low-Voltage Power Line Channels for Narrowband and Broadband Communication / Bin Han. Betreuer: K. Dostert". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106330137/34.
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Ahmed, Muhammad Swilam Abdelhaleem. "Highly-efficient Low-Noise Buck Converters for Low-Power Microcontrollers". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1542277717997166.
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Moses, Kenneth C. "Biomimicry of the Hawk Moth, Manduca sexta (L.): Forewing and Thorax Emulation for Flapping-Wing Micro Aerial Vehicle Development". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case158687503705972.
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SECCHI, SIMONE. "Simulating complex multi-core computing systems: techniques and tools". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266327.
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Martinello, Diana. "Sistema de emulação de aerogeradores para aplicação em geração distribuída de energia elétrica". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1751.
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CAPESA geração de energia a partir de fontes alternativas é na atualidade tema de inúmeras pesquisas e desenvolvimento no meio científico e industrial. A energia eólica destaca-se nesse cenário como uma das mais proeminentes alternativas na geração de energia elétrica, por suas inúmeras vantagens. Em trabalhos de pesquisa, a reprodução computacional e em bancada do comportamento de uma turbina eólica, incluindo simulação de grandezas mecânicas e elétricas, que afetam diretamente a conversão de energia, são ferramentas muito apropriadas para o desenvolvimento e estudo de novas tecnologias quanto ao aproveitamento do potencial eólico de uma determinada região. Este trabalho aborda estudos referentes ao processo de conversão de energia em sistemas eólicos para geração de energia elétrica, com a finalidade de se desenvolver uma ferramenta para emulação de turbina eólica em bancada experimental, utilizando software LabVIEW®. O objetivo desta ferramenta é emular o torque mecânico desenvolvido no eixo de uma turbina eólica operando em geração distribuída, a partir de uma bancada experimental constituída por motor de indução trifásico e gerador síncrono a imã permanente, sob diferentes condições de velocidade de vento. Tal ferramenta possui o objetivo de ser flexível para demais arranjos laboratoriais, ou seja, capaz de ser empregada em outras estruturas de emulação de geração eólica em tempo real. Uma modelagem do sistema eólico é apresentada, desde a turbina ao gerador elétrico, após uma ferramenta de simulação em ambiente Matlab/Simulink® é desenvolvida com finalidade de pré-validar o experimento em bancada, então é realizada a implementação de projeto em bancada.
Power generation from alternative sources is at present the subject of numerous research and development in science and industry. Wind energy stands out in this scenario as one of the most prominent alternative in the generation of electricity, by its numerous advantages. In research works, computer reproduction and experimental behavior of a wind turbine are very suitable tools for the development and study of new technologies and the use of wind potential of a given region. These tools generally are desired to include simulation of mechanical and electrical parameters that directly affect the energy conversion. This work presents the energy conversion process in wind systems for power generation, in order to develop a tool for wind turbine emulation testing experimental, using LabVIEW® software. The purpose of this tool is to emulate the torque developed in an axis wind turbine. The physical setup consists of a three phase induction motor and a permanent magnet synchronous generator, which are evaluated under different wind speed conditions. This tool has the objective to be flexible to other laboratory arrangements, and can be used in other wind power generation structures in real time. A modeling of the wind power system is presented, from the turbine to the electrical generator. A simulation tool is developed using Matlab/Simulink® with the purpose to pre-validate the experiment setup. Finally, the design is implemented in a laboratory setup.
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Souza, Igor Dias Neto de. "Controle digital com malha dupla de tensão aplicado a um conversor formador de rede". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4083.
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Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de um conversor emulador de rede (CER) que faz parte de uma estrutura Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL). O PHIL será futuramente utilizado para verificar os impactos causados pela integração de sistemas de geração fotovoltaico (PV) à rede elétrica, assim como a operação do sistema PV frente a distúrbios na rede. O CER, composto por um conversor fonte de tensão (VSC) de dois níveis e filtro de saída LC, é responsável por alimentar cargas isoladas emulando uma rede elétrica. A modelagem do conversor emulador de rede é feita no sistema de coordenadas estacionário (αβ0), fornecendo um sistema de equações diferenciais usado para descrever o comportamento dinâmico do sistema. O conversor é controlado no modo de tensão, através da estratégia de modulação vetorial. Duas malhas de controle em cascata são projetadas. A malha interna utiliza compensadores em avanço digitais para amortecer a ressonância do filtro LC sem a necessidade de uma realimentação interna de corrente. Já a externa utiliza controladores ressonantes digitais modificados para rejeitar distúrbios harmônicos e garantir a qualidade da forma de onda da tensão no ponto de acoplamento comum. Os controladores ressonantes são conectados em série e o projeto é baseado no amortecimento dos zeros. Resultados experimentais, obtidos com o protótipo de laboratório, cujos controladores foram implementados em um processador digital de sinais TMS320F28335 da Texas Instruments, são usados para validar as estratégias de controle propostas.
This dissertation presents a study on a grid-former converter (GFC) which is a part of a Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) structure. The PHIL will be used to verify the impacts caused by the integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation systems into grid, as well as to study the PV operation under grid disturbances. The GFC, composed by a two-level voltage source converter with a LC output filter, is responsible to feed isolated loads emulating an electrical grid. The modeling of the grid-former converter is done in the stationary frame (αβ0), providing a set of differential equations that describes the dynamical behavior of the system. The converter is controlled in voltage mode by means of the space vector modulation (SVM) strategy. Two control loops are designed to control the static converter. At the inner loop a novel discrete-time active damping technique is proposed in order to damp the filter resonance without the need of current feedback. The method is based on an inner feedback loop with digital lead compensator on the feedback path while the external loop uses a discretetime integrator and a modified digital resonant controller to guarantee a decreasing frequency response and ensure the quality of the voltage waveform at the point of common coupling, respectively. The resonant controllers are connected in series and the design is based on its zeros damping. Experimental results obtained with the prototype, which controllers were implemented in a Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 are used to validate the proposed control strategies.
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Bohačík, Antonín. "Management polygonu energetické přenosové soustavy". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442397.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the creation of a control interface for a polygon simulating the electrical distribution network of the Czech Republic, where communication between substations is realized by IEC 60870-5-104 protocol. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the basic principles, properties and possibilities of communication standards IEC 60870 and IEC 61850. The next part is focused on the actual implementation and subsequent implementation of the control interface, including the implementation of the IEC 61850-80-1 module for data transfer between the mentioned standards. The last part describes the created behavior scenarios or the analysis of communication itself.
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Teska, Tomáš. "Nízkopříkonové emulátory prvků vyššího řádu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220222.
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The thesis deals with emulating higher-order elements using the transformation mutators, which were described by Leon Chua in 1971. The procedure of designing mutators from their mathematical description to the synthesis of concrete electrical circuits is described. The circuit solutions are based on the utilization of advanced circuit principles in order to achieve optimal circuit performance. Mutators are implemented as a set of eight incremental modules. Via their cascade connection, it is possible to emulate arbitrary elements from the periodical table of higher-order elements. The proposed solutions are tested by means of computer simulations and also verified by measurements.
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Klein, Rafael Luís. "Carga eletrônica CA programável com regeneração de energia". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1856.
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This study is about the design and implementation of a programmable ac electronic load with power regeneration capability. This equipment can be used in burn-in tests and at the development of switching power supplies. The main advantages of this kind of emulator is the power consumption reduction, lower volume compared to conventional loads, no cooling additional costs, peak load reduction, agility and easiness of non-linear and linear current load profile configuration. The emulator is composed by a current controlled rectifier, which drains from the equipment under test the desired current profile, and a current controlled inverter connected to the grid, which is responsible for power regenerating. Initially, a study for applications of the emulator is shown, where standards and tests requirements are analyzed. Afterward, the power structure of the emulator is shown. After that, the high frequencies filters are analyzed and designed, the circuit mathematical models are obtained, then a control project methodology based on frequency is shown. Simulation results complement the study and prove the applied methodology. Finally, a 4.5kVA prototype is developed and tested. The experimental results are analyzed and discussed.
Este estudo trata do projeto e implementação de uma carga eletrônica ca programável com regeneração de energia. Este equipamento pode ser empregado nos testes de Burn-in ou ensaios de desenvolvimento de fontes chaveadas. Dentre as principais vantagens na utilização do emulador, destacam-se: redução do consumo de energia elétrica, redução da área ocupada pelos dispositivos de testes com cargas convencionais, redução dos custos de instalação e de consumo de energia dos sistemas de refrigeração, redução dos picos de demanda de potência, facilidade e agilidade na configuração dos mais variados tipos de cargas lineares e nãolineares. O emulador é formado por um retificador controlado em corrente, responsável por drenar do EST o perfil de corrente desejado, e um inversor controlado em corrente, responsável pela injeção de corrente na rede elétrica, em contra-fase com a tensão, caracterizando a regeneração de energia. Inicialmente é apresentado um estudo das aplicações para o emulador, onde são analisadas as normas vigentes para testes de equipamentos com carga. Em seguida são apresentadas as estruturas de potência do emulador. Após isto são analisados e projetados os filtros de alta frequência, obtidos os modelos matemáticos dos circuitos necessários para o projeto dos controladores, assim como é apresentada uma metodologia de projeto de controle baseado na resposta em frequência. Resultados de simulação complementam o estudo e comprovam a metodologia apresentada. Para finalizar, um protótipo de 4,5kVA é desenvolvido e ensaiado, onde os resultados experimentais são analisados e discutidos.
37
Xu, Yin-Qi y 徐寅棋. "Design and Implementation of Electric Motor Emulator and Power Recycling System". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y7an42.
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Dolan, Dale. "Real-time wind turbine emulator suitable for power quality and dynamic control studies". 2005. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=362374&T=F.
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Dash, Jyoti Ranjan. "Modelling and Implementation of a DC Motor Based Wind Turbine Emulator with Self-Excited Induction Generator". Thesis, 2018. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9752/1/2018_MT_216EE5312_JRDash_Modelling.pdf.
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The present energy needs depends on the conventional sources but,looking at the current situation of conventional energy sources are going to get exhausted within a few decades. So,the conventional sources are replaced by non-conventional energy resources. Presently wind energy is one of the most established no-Conventional energy resources. Analysis of the real wind energy conversion system before installation is essential to avoid installation problem. It is difficult to set up a real WT in the laboratory. Therefore, in the present work, the WT behaviour is emulated using a close loop separately excited DC motor. The main goal of this research is to develop a simulation model of a wind turbine emulator based on a separately excited DC motor in the Matlab/Simulink environment. Further, the test bench of wind turbine emulator is developed in the laboratory. The performance of the WTE is validated both in simulation and hardware experiment for different wind speed profiles. The setup can be used for development and testing of the real-time wind energy conversion system. WTE is use to drive a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) to generate voltage. The SEIG based wind energy generation system is most popular for standalone application and it is widely used in small and medium wind power application. The model of self-excited induction generator includes excitation capacitance, induction generator, and load model has been realised in the stationary d-q reference frame. The SEIG dynamic performances are tested under with load and no load. To analysis the performance of the purposed system, a MATLAB/ SIMULINK based simulation study was carried out. The voltage build up process in SEIG and microcontroller based controller for wind emulator are designed in laboratory environment.
40
Lee, Min-Yi y 李珉毅. "Circuit Simulation of a Buck-Boost Power Converter Based PV Emulator System and Practical Application". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17434452629335596089.
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碩士淡江大學
航空太空工程學系碩士班
103
This thesis discusses the circuit simulations of PV emulator systems with buck-boost power converter and hybrid system simulation. The systems are designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK tools. There are four parts presented in this thesis: buck-boost power converter, PV emulator, dual mode PV emulator and Hybrid system. First, we will choose a buck-boost power converter from three commonly used converters (SEPIC, ZETA, synchronous power converter) for the PV emulators. Using the buck-boost power converter with voltage or current feedback regulation to generate two different PV emulators named voltage regulator and current regulator. Then combine those two regulators to generate dual mode PV regulator, and apply a mode control to switch the mode that control the operation of the regulators. Design results of these three emulators are analyzed in detail. A solar and battery hybrid power system for velocity control of DC motor is also developed using the proposed current regulator. A Simulation model based on MATLAB/SIMULINK and PLECS circuit simulation tools is developed to verify the design.
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"An Inductor Emulator Approach to Peak Current-mode Control in a 4-Phase Buck Regulator". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.46244.
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abstract: High-efficiency DC-DC converters make up one of the important blocks of state-of-the-art power supplies. The trend toward high level of transistor integration has caused load current demands to grow significantly. Supplying high output current and minimizing output current ripple has been a driving force behind the evolution of Multi-phase topologies. Ability to supply large output current with improved efficiency, reduction in the size of filter components, improved transient response make multi-phase topologies a preferred choice for low voltage-high current applications.
Current sensing capability inside a system is much sought after for applications which include Peak-current mode control, Current limiting, Overload protection. Current sensing is extremely important for current sharing in Multi-phase topologies. Existing approaches such as Series resistor, SenseFET, inductor DCR based current sensing are simple but their drawbacks such low efficiency, low accuracy, limited bandwidth demand a novel current sensing scheme.
This research presents a systematic design procedure of a 5V - 1.8V, 8A 4-Phase Buck regulator with a novel current sensing scheme based on replication of the inductor current. The proposed solution consists of detailed system modeling in PLECS which includes modification of the peak current mode model to accommodate the new current sensing element, derivation of power-stage and Plant transfer functions, Controller design. The proposed model has been verified through PLECS simulations and compared with a transistor-level implementation of the system. The time-domain parameters such as overshoot and settling-time simulated through transistor-level
implementation is in close agreement with the results obtained from the PLECS model.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2017
42
Joseph, Rex. "Ballast-Free Variable-Speed Generation for Standalone and Grid-Connected Micro-Hydel Power Plants". Thesis, 2014. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2902.
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Concerns about climate change brought about by the increasing usage of fossil fuels has made it imperative to develop sustainable energy usage based on renewable sources. Micro-hydel plants are an important source of renewable energy that can be exploited to supply requirements of local loads in remote locations while operating as an isolated source, or the larger network when operating in grid connected mode. The focus of this research is to develop an alternative topology to the one currently in use in micro-hydel power plants. While existing plants are based on a ballast-controlled, fixed-speed, operator-supervised model, the proposed work introduces a ballast-free, variable-speed generator capable of unsupervised operation.
Conventional micro-hydel generators use o-the-shelf machines with the purported aim of reducing costs. They run at a fixed speed, maintaining constant electrical load by switch-ing a plant-situated ballast load to compensate for consumer load changes. Although the intention is to have a simplified control scheme and reduced costs, the conventional plants end up being expensive since the balance-of-system costs are increased. The plant re-quires supervision by a trained operator and frequent maintenance, failing which the reliability suers. The cost and maintenance reduction possible is analysed by comparing the proposed topology with a typical well designed conventional micro-hydel plant.
The proposed topology takes the characteristics of the turbine into account, and by running at variable speed, ensures that only as much power is generated as required by the consumer load. This eliminates the ballast load and associated problems present in conventional plants. The generator can be connected to the grid, if present, enabling the available power to be fully utilized.
The behavior of a hydraulic turbine operating at a fixed head and discharge rate with no flow control is analyzed. Based on the turbine characteristics, a generator topology is developed, which operates in a speed range dictated by the characteristics of the turbine. Continual supervision is unnecessary since the operation of the generator is within safe limits at all times. A simple emulator that can mimic the steady state and dynamic behaviour of the turbine is developed to test the proposed generator.
The two-machine wound rotor generator proposed has an auxiliary exciter similar to a conventional brushless alternator with the additional provision for bidirectional power transfer. The shaft mounted rotor side electronics facilitate brushless operation, and to-gether with the stator side controllers form an embedded system that does away with having to tune the plant in-situ. The control scheme is evaluated for expected perfor-mance in dierent operating modes.
The thesis also discusses an optimization of the synchronous speed of the generator with respect to the turbine characteristics. This minimizes the bidirectional slip power transfer requirements of the rotor side converters and leads to the lowest rating for the auxiliary machine. The proposed generator can then operate like a conventional synchronous gen-erator in the grid connected mode with a simplified control scheme.
43
Joseph, Rex. "Ballast-Free Variable-Speed Generation for Standalone and Grid-Connected Micro-Hydel Power Plants". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2902.
Texto completoResumen
Concerns about climate change brought about by the increasing usage of fossil fuels has made it imperative to develop sustainable energy usage based on renewable sources. Micro-hydel plants are an important source of renewable energy that can be exploited to supply requirements of local loads in remote locations while operating as an isolated source, or the larger network when operating in grid connected mode. The focus of this research is to develop an alternative topology to the one currently in use in micro-hydel power plants. While existing plants are based on a ballast-controlled, fixed-speed, operator-supervised model, the proposed work introduces a ballast-free, variable-speed generator capable of unsupervised operation.
Conventional micro-hydel generators use o-the-shelf machines with the purported aim of reducing costs. They run at a fixed speed, maintaining constant electrical load by switch-ing a plant-situated ballast load to compensate for consumer load changes. Although the intention is to have a simplified control scheme and reduced costs, the conventional plants end up being expensive since the balance-of-system costs are increased. The plant re-quires supervision by a trained operator and frequent maintenance, failing which the reliability suers. The cost and maintenance reduction possible is analysed by comparing the proposed topology with a typical well designed conventional micro-hydel plant.
The proposed topology takes the characteristics of the turbine into account, and by running at variable speed, ensures that only as much power is generated as required by the consumer load. This eliminates the ballast load and associated problems present in conventional plants. The generator can be connected to the grid, if present, enabling the available power to be fully utilized.
The behavior of a hydraulic turbine operating at a fixed head and discharge rate with no flow control is analyzed. Based on the turbine characteristics, a generator topology is developed, which operates in a speed range dictated by the characteristics of the turbine. Continual supervision is unnecessary since the operation of the generator is within safe limits at all times. A simple emulator that can mimic the steady state and dynamic behaviour of the turbine is developed to test the proposed generator.
The two-machine wound rotor generator proposed has an auxiliary exciter similar to a conventional brushless alternator with the additional provision for bidirectional power transfer. The shaft mounted rotor side electronics facilitate brushless operation, and to-gether with the stator side controllers form an embedded system that does away with having to tune the plant in-situ. The control scheme is evaluated for expected perfor-mance in dierent operating modes.
The thesis also discusses an optimization of the synchronous speed of the generator with respect to the turbine characteristics. This minimizes the bidirectional slip power transfer requirements of the rotor side converters and leads to the lowest rating for the auxiliary machine. The proposed generator can then operate like a conventional synchronous gen-erator in the grid connected mode with a simplified control scheme.
44
Mazumdar, Sushmit. "Hardware Emulation of a Long Transmission Line by High Frequency Power Electronic Converter for the study of Switching Transients". Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5099.
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To ensure smooth functioning of the grid, the reliability and robustness of the power
system equipment needs to be precisely evaluated during their development process.
But direct on- eld tests of most of the equipment are not possible. This urges for
having an emulated environment which will operate in real-time thereby capturing all
the physical phenomenon of the Hardware Under Test (HUT). The control and pro-
tection equipments are generally tested by Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) technology,
where a Real-Time Simulator (RTS) implemented on a digital platform, interacts with
the HUT in real-time. Also high power rating devices can be tested by adopting a
di erent technology known as Power-Hardware-In-The-Loop (PHIL), where a Power
Amplifier (PA) acts as the interface between the RTS and HUT. The most expensive
component of the PHIL is the general purpose RTS like Opal-RT or RTDS. To reduce
the cost, RTS can be made application speci c. This Application Specific-Real-Time
Simulator (AS-RTS) and the PA collectively simulating the test environment for the
HUT is termed as the Hardware Emulator (HE) of that particular application. Being
the fundamental component of the power system, HE of transmission line is required
to bridge the gap between the source and load emulators. Hence a programmable
type of Transmission Line hardware Emulator (TLE) needs to be developed which
will have the
exibility of emulating transmission line with varying line parameters.
The general architecture of a TLE comprises of two major components, namely, Ob-
server and Power Ampli er, where the AS-RTS for the TLE is termed as the Observer.
With the line end voltages as the input, the Observer solves the emulated line model
in real-time and estimates the line end currents which are then tracked by the PA by
controlling its output currents. Utilizing the
exibility of controlling power electronic
converters, the PA is comprised of two back-to-back 3 Voltage Source Converters
(VSCs) operating under closed loop current control mode. Based on similar archi-
tecture, emulation for short lines during steady state and 3 short-circuit faults are
reported in literature, where the transmission line is modeled as a lumped resistor
in series with a lumped inductor. For analyzing the performance of the grid at the
transmission level, it becomes necessary to consider long lines. Emulation of a dis-
tributed parameter lossy transmission line during steady state and 3 faults using
Method of Characteristics (MOC) has also been performed. However with MOC, the
computational burden of the Observer signi cantly increases.
i
Hardware emulation of energization of a long transmission line is not addressed
in either of the previous work. Simultaneous switching of all the phases of one end
of the transmission line with a shunt reactor connected at the other end has been
studied in this work and the transients in the source end line currents during the
instant of switching has been emulated by the developed TLE. When an unenergized
transmission line is suddenly connected to a voltage source, high frequency transients
appear in the line currents due to the travelling wave phenomenon before the at-
tainment of steady state. After studying di erent line models for lossy long lines, a
travelling wave based numerical solution is identi ed which can be solved by the Ob-
server in real-time. The Observer is implemented on a Zynq System-On-Chip (SoC)
platform from Xilinx. As the transient current contains high frequency components,
the switching frequency of the VSC should be su ciently high in order to minimize
the phase loss of the current control loop of the PA. So a Silicon Carbide (SiC) based
power electronic converter has been designed and fabricated to implement the PA
of the TLE. A comprehensive analysis has been made to choose the switching fre-
quency of the power electronic converter and the sampling frequency of the Observer,
while adhering to the power and digital hardware constraints (maximum switching
frequency limit, clock speed, etc.). Further, the hardware topology for the imple-
mentation of the TLE as well as scaling of the actual transmission line to laboratory
level emulator without compromising on the system dynamics has been presented.
Finally the relevant simulation waveforms are matched with the experimental results
performed on the developed hardware prototype of the TLE, thus validating the TLE
test bench setup.
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Cai, Ci-Hong y 蔡啟弘. "Wind Turbine Generator Emulated with Power Converter". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/teuxg7.
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碩士國立東華大學
電機工程學系
96
Increasing pressure of environmental protection and anticipative forthcoming shortage of the conventional energy sources have called for the development of the renewable energy more and more emergently. The power generated by the wind is clean and inexhaustible and is no doubt one of the main energy sources of the future. Providing the test instrument with functions simulating a true wind turbine generator (WTG) is important for speeding up the related research and product development. Unlike the conventional approach with motor-generator (M-G) set for emulating the WTG in laboratory, this thesis proposes a WTG emulator to generate the output of wind turbine and generator with the inverter. It saves the true wind turbine and generator and the WTG parameters can be programmed and changed arbitrarily, and thus various WTGs can be emulated with the proposed emulator. This thesis mainly contains: (i) Analysis of the wind turbine characteristics; (ii) Analysis and design of the parameters of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG); (iii) Developing the coupling model of wind turbine and generator; (iv) Deriving the dynamic model of the PMSG; (v) Design of the three-phase inverter and rectifier. The wind turbine model, axial transformation, voltage controller and current controller of the proposed WTG emulator and the controllers of the converter for driving the proposed WTG emulator are all realized with the Matlab real-time control. A prototype WTG emulator and its driving converters including the rectifier and inverter are implemented in this thesis, the effectiveness of the proposed methods are confirmed with some simulation and experimental results.
46
Tu, Chia-Heng y 涂嘉恒. "Performance and Power Profiling with Emulated Systems". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9ec9m9.
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博士國立臺灣大學
資訊網路與多媒體研究所
100
Simulation is a common approach for assisting system design and optimization. For system-wide optimization, energy and computational resources are often the two most critical limitations. Modeling energy-states of each hardware component and time spent in each state is needed for accurate energy and performance prediction. Tracking software execution and hardware utilization in a realistic operating environment with properly modeled input/output is key to accurate prediction. However, the conventional approaches can have difficulties in practice. First, for a complex system, building a cycle-accurate simulation environment is no easy task. This is especially true for a multicore system consisting of different types of processing cores. Secondly, for I/O-intensive applications, a slow simulation would significantly alter the application behavior and change its performance profile. Thirdly, conventional software profiling tools generally do not work on simulators, which makes it difficult for performance analysis of complicated software, e.g., Java applications. This dissertation presents a virtual performance analysis framework (VPA) to tackle the above problems. The proposed framework eases the effort of building a simulation environment by leveraging the infrastructure of functional emulators and adding performance and power models. Multiple sets of the performance and power models can be selectively used to verify if the speed of the simulated system impacts the software behavior. Furthermore, we develop the methodology to build profiling tools with the functional emulator by adding performance/power monitoring facilities and the software activity analyzer. In addition, we extend the VPA framework to facilitate the construction of an emulation environment for a heterogeneous multicore system via integrating the existing processor emulators. The timing synchronization mechanism and the contention model are also included to give an accurate estimate of system performance. We have prototyped the framework and our case studies of real life applications show that the information provided by our tools are useful for software optimization and system design for complex systems, such as Android smartphones.
47
Αναστασιάδου, Δέσποινα. "Μετάδοση δεδομένων υψηλών ταχυτήτων σε γραμμές χαμηλής τάσης εντός κτιρίων : χαρακτηρισμός επικοινωνιακού μέσου και αξιοποίηση διαθέσιμου ευρους ζώνης". 2004. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/316.
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Αντικείµενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η αξιοποίηση των γραµµών χαµηλής τάσης εντός κτιρίων για τη δηµιουργία ενός τοπικού δικτύου επικοινωνιών για µετάδοση δεδοµένων σε υψηλές ταχύτητες µε σκοπό την παροχή υπηρεσιών ευρείας ζώνης στον τελικό χρήστη. Η χρήση του δικτύου παροχής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ως επικοινωνιακό µέσο σε υψηλές συχνότητες εξαρτάται από την αντιµετώπιση των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών της συµπεριφοράς του, που περιλαµβάνουν επιλεκτική εξασθένηση πλάτους συναρτήσει της συχνότητας, παραµόρφωση φάσης που εξαρτάται από τα µήκη των γραµµών, ισχυρό κρουστικό θόρυβο και παρεµβολές στενής ζώνης. Οι συνθήκες µετάδοσης επηρεάζονται επίσης δυσµενώς από την εξάρτηση των παραπάνω χαρακτηριστικών από το χρόνο, η οποία οφείλεται στη µεταβολή της φόρτισης του δικτύου. Η σύγχρονη αντιµετώπιση του επικοινωνιακού µέσου στηρίζεται σε εµπειρικά µοντέλα συµπεριφοράς, που πηγάζουν από µετρητικά δεδοµένα σε πειραµατικά δίκτυα και επιχειρεί να καλύψει αξιόπιστα µε κατάλληλες τεχνικές µετάδοσης τη ‘χειρότερη’ περίπτωση σε ότι αφορά τις συνθήκες του καναλιού, χωρίς να βοηθά στην κατανόηση των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν τη συµπεριφορά του µέσου, ώστε να είναι εφικτή και η ουσιαστική αντιµετώπισή τους. Η παρούσα εργασία ακολουθεί µια διαφορετική προσέγγιση για την αξιοποίηση του µέσου, που στοχεύει στην ουσιαστική αντιµετώπιση της χρονικά µεταβαλλόµενης συµπεριφοράς του µέσου, προτείνοντας διαδικασίες και τεχνικές που προσαρµόζουν τη µετάδοση στο υφιστάµενο επικοινωνιακό περιβάλλον. Η ανάπτυξη των διαδικασιών αυτών στηρίχθηκε σε ένα πρότυπο περιβάλλον επικοινωνιών που καλείται pDSL (powerline Digital Subscriber Lines) και προτάθηκε για να αποτελέσει το πλαίσιο, σύµφωνα µε το οποίο αναπτύχθηκαν διαδικασίες ανίχνευσης και προσαρµογής της µετάδοσης στις συνθήκες του καναλιού. Στο pDSL περιβάλλον ορίζονται επικοινωνιακά κανάλια που ισοδυναµούν µε ‘σηµείο-προς-σηµείο’ ζεύξεις µεταξύ της pDSL πύλης (κεντρική µονάδα του δικτύου και µονάδα διασύνδεσης του τοπικού δικτύου µε άλλα δίκτυα) και των pDSL επικοινωνιακών συσκευών, όπως ονοµάζονται οι ηλεκτρονικές συσκευές που απαιτούν υπηρεσίες µετάδοσης δεδοµένων υψηλών ταχυτήτων. Η ανάπτυξη των τεχνικών µετάδοσης που αντιµετωπίζουν τις συνθήκες που επικρατούν στο επικοινωνιακό µέσο στηρίζεται στο χαρακτηρισµό της συµπεριφοράς του. Πρώτο βήµα της διαδικασίας αυτής αποτελεί η σύνδεση της απόκρισης του καναλιού µετάδοσης µε τα χαρακτηριστικά του δικτύου γραµµών. Για το σκοπό αυτό, αναπτύχθηκε και παρουσιάζεται ένας αλγόριθµος ανάλυσης της πολυοδικής µετάδοσης του σήµατος στο δίκτυο των γραµµών χαµηλής τάσης, ο οποίος προσδιορίζει µε αναλυτικό τρόπο τα προϊόντα της µετάδοσης που πραγµατοποιείται µέσω πολλαπλών διαδροµών στο δίκτυοκαι συνθέτει την κρουστική και φασµατική απόκρισή του. Ο αλγόριθµος βασίζεται στην περιγραφή της τοπολογίας, των χαρακτηριστικών µετάδοσης των καλωδίων και των εµπεδήσεων των φορτίων τερµατισµού της. Η εργασία περιλαµβάνει επίσης την ανάπτυξη δύο πειραµατικών µεθοδολογιών µε τις οποίες πραγµατοποιείται η εκτίµηση των χαρακτηριστικών µετάδοσης των καλωδίων χαµηλής τάσης στις υψηλές συχνότητες και της εµπέδησης των ηλεκτρικών φορτίων που συνδέονται στα δίκτυα αυτά. Τα µεγέθη αυτά προκαλούν την εξάρτηση της συµπεριφοράς του µέσου µετάδοσης από τη συχνότητα και το χρόνο και ο προσδιορισµός τους είναι αναγκαίος για την εφαρµογή της ανάλυσης και της πρόβλεψης της συµπεριφοράς του καναλιού µε τη βοήθεια του αλγορίθµου ανάλυσης. Η αξιοπιστία των µεθόδων πιστοποιήθηκε µε τη σύγκριση της πειραµατικής και της θεωρητικής συνάρτησης µεταφοράς των καναλιών που σχηµατίζονται σε πειραµατικές τοπολογίες γραµµών χαµηλής τάσης, οι οποίες κατασκευάστηκαν για το σκοπό αυτό. Στην παρούσα εργασία, η ανάλυση της συµπεριφοράς του µέσου πλαισιώνεται µε τη σχεδίαση και την υλοποίηση ενός εξοµοιωτή πραγµατικού χρόνου του επικοινωνιακού καναλιού, ο οποίος εξοµοιώνει τη χρονικά µεταβαλλόµενη συµπεριφορά του µέσου µε βάση την τοπολογία και τη φόρτιση του. Ο εξοµοιωτής αυτός µπορεί να αποτελέσει πολύτιµο εργαλείο ελέγχου νέων τεχνικών µετάδοσης, κάτω από διαφορετικές συνθήκες επικοινωνίες. Τέλος, µε βάση το χαρακτηρισµό της συµπεριφοράς του επικοινωνιακού µέσου που προηγήθηκε επιχειρείται η ανάπτυξη διαδικασιών που αποσκοπούν στην ανίχνευση των συνθηκών που επικρατούν στο επικοινωνιακό κανάλι και στην προσαρµογή της τεχνικής µετάδοσης σε αυτές, στα πλαίσια της pDSL αρχιτεκτονικής επικοινωνιών. Για την ανίχνευση των συνθηκών µετάδοσης στις επικοινωνιακές ζεύξεις αναπτύχθηκαν δύο επιµέρους διαδικασίες: η ‘αρχική συνθηκοθέτηση’ του καναλιού, που πραγµατοποιείται κατά την αρχικοποίηση των επικοινωνιακών ζεύξεων και η ‘ενδιάµεση συνθηκοθέτηση’ που εκτελείται περιοδικά και επανεκτιµά τις συνθήκες του καναλιού κατά τη διάρκεια της µετάδοσης. Η δεύτερη διαδικασία, η οποία υπόκειται σε εξαιρετικά αυστηρούς χρονικούς περιορισµούς, πλαισιώθηκε από µια µέθοδο πρόβλεψης της συµπεριφοράς του µέσου που επιταχύνει και συµπληρώνει τη διαδικασία ‘ενδιάµεσης συνθηκοθέτησης’ και βασίζεται στη διαθέσιµη πληροφορία εκτίµησης του καναλιού και στον αλγόριθµο ανάλυσης της µετάδοσης στο κανάλι. Η προτεινόµενη διαδικασία προσαρµογής της µετάδοσης στις τρέχουσες συνθήκες που επικρατούν στο κανάλι στοχεύει στην κατάλληλη ανακατανοµή του διαθέσιµου εύρους ζώνης στις επικοινωνιακές ζεύξεις, Η διαδικασία αξιοποιεί την πληροφορία της εκτίµησης των συνθηκών στο µέσο και επιχειρεί να χαρακτηρίσει τα διαθέσιµα υπο-κανάλια ως προς την καταλληλότητα τους για µετάδοση δεδοµένων, ώστε να τα κατανείµει µε βέλτιστο τρόπο στις ζεύξεις, ανάλογα µε τις απαιτήσεις τους σε ρυθµό µετάδοσης.
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Mishra, Tanmay. "Development of A Reconfigurable Synchronous Machine Emulation Platform". Thesis, 2022. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6018.
Texto completoResumen
Studying the dynamic behaviour of non-linear complex power systems in a laboratory
is very challenging. Early experimental platforms used micro-alternators to emulate the
behaviour of fixed steam and hydro turbine models. The micro-alternator is a three-phase
synchronous generator with similar electrical constants (in per unit on machine rating) as
those typically found in alternators in large power stations. It is an electrical scaled-down
model of machines up to 1000 MW rating and is rated between 1 to 10 kVA. Researchers
used these micro-machines up to the 90s to study large electric generators’ transient and
steady-state performance. The department of electrical engineering at the Indian Institute
of Science (IISc) was also very active in experimental research in power engineering.
The department still retained two-three kVA and one ten kVA micro-machine sets, but
the control panels of these machines became obsolete as the manufacturer of these machines
Mawdsley, London, doesnt exist anymore. Advancements in simulation software
packages and real-time simulators have primarily replaced the experimental models of
electric power systems worldwide. The push for green energy technologies worldwide due
to climate concerns has increased the presence of power electronic converters in the power
grids. Reduction of overall inertia, frequent occurrence of electromechanical oscillations,
electromagnetic transients, and control interaction modes has become a concern for the
power grid operators. The need for understanding the physical insights of the oscillatory
modes introduced by fast-acting power electronic converters, the need for developing practically
feasible control algorithms for mitigating the interaction modes, and the need for
developing dispatchability and grid support features like conventional generation sources
have triggered the development of laboratory-scale experimental power grids across the
world in the past decade.
In this thesis, initially, an attempt is made to revive the old 3 kVA micro
alternator controls. An IGBT-based buck converter static excitation system has been
developed for the micro-alternator. This exciter also incorporates several limiters which
were non-existent in the old analog control panels. An under-excitation limiter, overexcitation
limiter, and V/Hz limiter as per IEEE standard 421.5 have been designed to
protect the micro-alternator during abnormal conditions such as overloading, overheating,
and over-fluxing of the machine. A digital time constant regulator (TCR) is incorporated
to modify the micro-alternator field’s time constant to mimic large synchronous machines’
dynamics as micro-machine time constants are very small. The detailed tuning procedure
of limiters and TCR is discussed to comply with IEEE STD 421.2 and IEEE STD 421.5.
Overheating of old micro-machines was observed due to the creation of multiple shortcircuit
faults. Hence, a custom 5 kVA micro-alternator is manufactured through a local
vendor having parameters like the old machines.
A single micro-alternator can represent only one large alternator dynamics,
thereby limiting the scalability of the platform. Emulating machines of different ratings
using a single micro-machine would undoubtedly boost the capabilities of experimental
platforms for investigating conventional and non-conventional source interactions in laboratories.
To the best of our knowledge, only one such attempt was made in the literature,
where a model reference control algorithm is proposed to mimic any rating alternator
dynamics using a doubly excited laboratory micro-alternator. However, doubly excited
micro-alternators are non-existent today. A reconfigurable experimental single machine
infinite bus testbed using the 5 kVA singly excited micro-alternator is developed reconfigurable
options to emulate different types of IEEE Standard excitation systems, standard
turbine governor models and different machine parameters.
A non-linear output matching control based on the dynamic inversion technique
is proposed for emulating the synchronous generators of different ratings with the IEEE
standard excitation system and governor turbine models using a single micro-alternator.
IEEE Model 1.1 is used for representing the behaviour of large alternators. The singlemachine
infinite bus (SMIB) experimental testbed has been used to validate the proposed
emulation approach. The dynamics of the synchronous generator model in per unit corresponding
to 128 MVA and 192 MVA machines have been physically emulated on the 5 kVA
laboratory micro-alternator. Good tracking performance is obtained with the proposed
approach under small and large disturbances in MATLAB simulations and experimental
evaluations. Using a systematic scaling procedure the proposed emulation approach has
been extended to evaluate the possibility of emulating the WSCC 3 machine 9 bus system
in the laboratory using MATLAB simulations. The simulation results are found to be very
promising in replicating the dynamics of WSCC system using the 5 kVA micro-machines.
Emulation of large machine dynamics with different types of turbines, governors, and excitation
controls using a singly excited micro-alternator enabling a generalized synchronous
machine emulation platform is a first-of-its-kind effort in the literature to the best of our
knowledge.
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He, Yu-Hung y 何昱宏. "Design And Hardware Emulation of A Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Power Generation System". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58r4a3.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立聯合大學
電機工程學系碩士班
102
In recent years, the percentage of wind power generation is increasingly high. The research topics related to wind turbine generator (WTG) has continued to attract many researchers’ attention in the field of power engineering. To further improve the efficiency of conducting research and provide convenience in performing practical tests, this thesis aims to design and practically construct a hardware emulation system for the variable speed wind turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The proposed hardware emulation system includes a wind turbine unit emulated by a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a torque controller and a three-phase PMSG. In order to verify the correctness and feasibility of the hardware simulation system a three-phase full-bridge rectifier and a boost converter are used to facilitate the relevant power control in experimental tests. The main research tasks of this thesis include the derivation of mathematical model of the wind turbine and its related simulations, the design of torque controllers for the three-phase PMSM and the exploration of various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. Four torque tracking controllers; i.e., proportional (P), proportional-integral (PI), Fuzzy and sliding mode are investigated. To test the feasibility of the proposed WTG emulator, a number of different MPPT algorithms are used to compare its tracking speed and overall efficiency. In this thesis, a personal computer, the MATLAB / SIMULINK and PSIM software are used in hardware implementation and simulations. The simulation results are compared with the measured results to verify the correctness of the proposed WTG emulator. Keywords: wind power generation system, three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator, wind turbine hardware emulator, maximum power point tracking.
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Todd, Michael Gordon. "Hardware Emulation of a Secure Passive Rfid Sensor System". 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/528.
Texto completoResumen
Passively powered radio frequency (RFID) tags are a class of devices powered via harvested ultra high frequency (UHF) radiation emitted by a reader device. Currently, these devices are relegated to little more than a form of wireless barcode, but could be used in a myriad of applications from simple product identification to more complex applications such as environmental sensing. Because these devices are intended for large scale deployment and due to the limited power that can be harvested from RF energy, hardware and cost constraints are extremely tight.
The Electronic Product Code (EPC) Global Class 1 Generation 2 (Gen2) specification [EPC08] is currently the de facto communication standard for passively powered RFID. One issue restricting deployment and a cause for some privacy concerns is a lack of security in the Gen2 protocol. We will demonstrate a potential solution to this problem by using a novel block cipher designed for low power and area constrained devices to encrypt and transmit sensor data. This will be done while maintaining backward compatibility with the original standard and will require no substantial changes to the reader. Our solution will also provide one way authentication, data integrity checking and will provide security against replay attacks.
In this thesis we will demonstrate an FPGA emulation of a Gen2 compatible RFID tag which will serve as a test bed for several novel features. We will leverage prior work involving several aspects of a tag [QL09] [PP07] as well as incorporate a novel low power encryption cipher [AB07] and external temperature sensor. Demonstrated in [CT08], FPGA emulation will allow for the independent verification of several components. This thesis will provide insight into the future of RFID and will provide insight into tag design as well as possible future updates to the Gen2 standard.