Tesis sobre el tema "Postes – Service des colis"

This dissertation contributes to the literature and current discussions on the European postal markets and the universal service obligations (USO). It consists of three independent chapters.<p><p>In chapter one, we investigate the consumers' preferences for various kinds of postal services. As such, we begin by reviewing the market and regulatory conditions for Europe and for our case study, Belgium. Then using data provided by the incumbent provider, the Belgian post (Bpost), we estimate demand price elasticities. The data comprises customer transactional information on letter mail, direct mail, parcels & express services, press delivery and value added services for the 2008-2009 period. These categories constitute not only the important lines of services that Bpost offers to its clients but also the main segments that constitute the whole Belgian postal market. As such, and using standard methods, we estimate for each service an equation that explains demand by prices, product varieties (i.e. mixes or combinations of volume, weight, priority and destination, inter alia), income, regulation proxies and other socioeconomic variables. The estimated price elasticities for regulated and partially regulated services are around -1.1, whereas for unregulated segments they fluctuate between -2.1 and -2.8. The lowest price elasticity is obtained for direct mail services (-1.0); the highest ones are associated with value added services (-2.1) and registered mail (-3.3). Price elasticities may be influenced by the cyclical effects during the period of analysis. Therefore, elasticities are higher when compared with the empirical evidence obtained for other countries and through the various methodologies applied over the last decades. The fact that technological substitutes, such as expenditures on telephony and internet access for daily and administrative mail services and, radio and television advertising for direct mail services, could not be accounted for (because there were no data available) may however be considered as a major limitation for the scope of our results. <p><p>In the second chapter, we explore theoretically the effects of the USO on unregulated markets. In particular, we are interested in investigating its welfare effects when the provision of services cannot be technologically separated. We present a model in which there is an incumbent who provides two services: a universal service and a non-USO service, the latter opened to competition. This is the case of letter mail and direct (or bulk) mail, services which have quite different purposes and regulatory frameworks (i.e. the former is fully regulated whereas the latter is liberalized under the current European Internal Market framework), but are jointly produce at some stages of the postal value chain. The USO is simplified to two dimensions, affordability and quality, implemented as a price cap and a minimum quality standard (MQS) for the provision of letter mail services. The latter involves the technological aspects that we are interested in. We find that the definition of the USO plays an important role in organizing markets that are open to competition. When it imposes few quality requirements (low MQS), the incumbent is not cost efficient enough to provide the high-quality variant of bulk mail, allowing its competitors to cream-skim the segment. However, because there are cost economies, the firm's participation in the segment yields a higher average quality of mail services at lower prices. When the USO is too comprehensive (high MQS), the incumbent exhibits large cost economies that ensure a dominant position in the provision of bulk mail services. Consumers are worse off as competition induces too much service differentiation in order to make profitable the provision. Relaxing the definition of the USO mitigates the competitive advantage of the USP and so, yields improvements in welfare. In the absence of access costs, firms will find profitable to participate in the bulk mail segment. However, foreclosure happens if the USO induces the incumbent to exhibit significant fixed costs. Therefore, the USP may end up as the sole supplier of bulk mail services if the definition of the USO imposes too many quality requirements (high MQS). In that case, the authority must balance the welfare gains of defining USO with the welfare losses of the consumers of the contested service. <p><p>Finally, in the third chapter we consider the ownership aspect of the provision of universal services as an incentive to introduce competition. One can further segment the provision between services for customers located in high-cost areas and services for customers located in low-cost areas. Additionally, under the current EU legislation, the supply is divided between upstream activities (e.g. collection and sorting) and downstream activities (i.e. delivery). The provision of upstream activities in high-cost areas remains in hands of the incumbent firm or the owner of the downstream (delivery) network. The upstream provision in low-cost areas is open to competition, but a retailer may be vertically integrated/separated or legally unbundled with the downstream firm. Legal unbundling means, in our model, that the downstream firm and one upstream firm located in the low-cost area belong legally to the same entity entitled to all profits, whom does not have full control rights over the firms' decisions. That is to say, upstream activities and the downstream services will be managed separately under the same ownership. In this framework we analyze the firm's boundaries in terms of competition development and welfare. We implement two criteria to answer questions like, does vertical separation promotes competition (entry of firms) while covers a larger demand than vertical integration? Does vertical integration demand less public funds to cover demand? Does legal unbundling is worse than ownership separation to promote competition? The first criterion is the probability of entry (of the potential upstream firm), which we determine for each modes of ownership. The second criterion is the cost of public funds. It is implemented by defining a loss function as the difference between the expected consumer surplus when the downstream firm chooses an access fee that maximizes its profits and the consumer surplus when access is priced at marginal cost. The use of both criteria let us conclude that efficient entry occurs when the downstream firm is vertically separated or legally unbundled of the retailer providing services in the low-cost area. However, it is under legal unbundling that the access charge takes its lowest value. The highest cost of public transfers is obtained when firms are vertically separated, but the lowest one is attained when firms are legally unbundled. Therefore legal unbundling constitutes the preferred organizational form to induce competition and to reduce the cost of public funds.<br>Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'évolution des marchés postaux, du fait de la dynamique du jeu de l'offre et de la demande, a conduit à un processus de dérégulation du marché, par révision des monopoles nationaux et application des règles de la concurrence. Cette transformation de l'environnement externe a été accompagnée d'une adaptation d'ordre règlementaire : le changement de statut de la poste. Cette ancienne administration postale, devenue exploitant public, apparait actuellement une organisation composite. Le caractère hybride du statut de la poste participe à la reconnaissance en son sein de plusieurs formes de coordination : tout en étant chargée d'une mission de service public et bénéficiant de droits exclusifs ou réservés, la poste a aussi pour objet d'assurer des prestations libres sous le régime et dans le respect du jeu de la concurrence. De plus, la majorité du personnel demeure fonctionnaire, dans le cadre du statut de la fonction publique, une autre partie est régie par une convention commune de droit privé. Cette thèse a pour finalité d'analyser les nouvelles règles du jeu et le nouveau jeu organisationnel à la distribution du courrier en adoptant une démarche pluridisciplinaire. Le cadre conceptuel des économies de la grandeur est le principal outil utilisé<br>The postal market evolution leads to a process of deregulation by reason of national monopoly review and competition rules application. The external environment transformation was accompanied by the creation of a new regulation: the change of the post office status. This old administration, which turned a nationalized company, seems to be into a heterogeneous organization. The hybrid nature of the post office status is analyzed in this thesis: the new rules and the new game of this organization have been described. The new regulation understanding is based on the case of the delivery of letters. This economic thesis includes not only a sociological proceeding but also a juridical and historical analysis of the organization

A energia elétrica é, sem dúvida, um recurso indispensável para a sociedade moderna. A mesma revolucionou o modo de vida do ser humano em todos os aspectos e melhorou substancialmente sua qualidade de vida. A distribuição da energia elétrica cabe ao Sistema Elétrico de Potência – SEP, dividido basicamente em três macro setores: geração, transmissão e distribuição. A eletricidade é efetivamente entregue aos consumidores pelo sistema de distribuição, formado principalmente por redes aéreas sustentadas por postes, estes na sua maioria, feitos de concreto armado. Tendo em vista o adequado fornecimento da energia elétrica à sociedade, se faz necessário assegurar as linhas de distribuição de energia, na qual os postes exercem papel fundamental. Entende-se que o aumento da vida útil dos postes de concreto armado pode colaborar para a redução da manutenção da rede de distribuição, reduzindo o investimento em substituições ou reparos em postes por parte das concessionárias Deste modo, esse trabalho propõe a otimização do traço utilizado na produção de postes de concreto armado em uma empresa de artefatos de concreto, visando à vida útil do mesmo. Para tanto foram realizados estudos visando o aprimoramento da composição dos agregados, adição de material pozolânico, adição de fibras e utilização de aditivos superplastificantes. Para análise dos traços em escala real foram moldados 12 postes, tipo duplo T com 9 metros de comprimento, empregando 5 traços com características distintas. Os postes foram avaliados seguindo a metodologia e requisitos da NBR 8451-1 (ABNT, 2011), parâmetros de resistência mecânica do concreto e penetração de íons cloreto ASTM C1202 (2012). Por meio da análise dos resultados, é apresentado o traço indicado para produção de postes de concreto armado, onde foi possível aprimorar o traço atualmente produzido pela empresa, reduzindo o consumo de cimento de 429 kg/m³ para 351 kg/m³ e reduzindo a taxa de penetração de íons cloreto e aumentando a vida útil do poste de concreto armado de 10 para 60 anos. À vista disso, foi possível aumentar a vida útil do elemento, mesmo com a redução do consumo de cimento e o custo para a produção do traço de concreto.<br>Electricity is undoubtedly an indispensable resource for modern society. The same has revolutionized the way of life of the human being in all aspects and substantially improved their quality of life. The distribution of electricity is up to the Electric Power System - EPS, basically divided into three macro sectors: generation, transmission and distribution. Electricity is actually delivered to consumers by the distribution system, consisting mainly of overhead lines supported by pylons, these mostly made of reinforced concrete. Given the adequate supply of electricity to society, it is necessary to ensure the power distribution lines, in which the poles play a fundamental role. It is understood that increasing the useful life of reinforced concrete poles can contribute to the reduction of maintenance of the distribution network, reducing investment in replacements or repairs on poles by concessionaires. Thus, this paper proposes the optimal trait used in the production of reinforced concrete poles on a firm concrete artifacts, seeking the life of it For both studies were performed in order to improve the composition of households, adding pozzolanic material, adding fiber and use of superplasticizers additives. For analysis of traces in real scale 12 posts, T type double with 9 feet long, employing five traits were shaped with distinct characteristics. The posts were evaluated following the methodology and requirements of NBR 8451-1 (ABNT, 2011), the mechanical response of concrete and chloride ion penetration ASTM C1202 (2012). By analyzing the results, the dash indicated for production of reinforced concrete poles, where it was possible to improve the trace currently produced by the company, reducing the cement content of 429 kg / m³ to 351 kg / m³ and reducing the rate appears penetration of chloride ions and increasing the service life of reinforced concrete post 10 to 60 years. In view of this, it was possible to extend the life of the element, even with the reduction in cement consumption and the cost for the production of concrete mix.

Cette thèse étudie la problématique de la coexistence d'activités régulées et concurrentielles au sein d'une même entreprise.<br />Dans un premier chapitre, nous étudions le calcul du cout d'une mission de service public. nous montrons que l'existence d'une mission de service public va exercer des externalités sur la demande et les couts des activités concurrentielles de l'entreprise, ainsi que sur les entreprises concurrentes. ces externalités sont alors susceptibles de modifier le cout de la mission. nous appliquons nos resultats a l'exemple de la mission d'aménagement du territoire imposée a La Poste.<br />Dans un second chapitre, nous étudions les prix de transfert utilisés pour valoriser les transactions entre une maison mere régulée et une filiale concurrentielle. nous présentons dans le détail l'affaire chronopost qui a donne naissance a la jurisprudence européenne en matiere de prix de transfert.<br />Dans un troisième et dernier chapitre, nous reprenons les thématiques des chapitres précédents et ajoutons la possibilité pour un operateur d'adopter des stratégies anticoncurrentielles. nous présentons l'exemple de la poste allemande condamnée pour avoir adopté une strategie prédatrice sur un segment de son marché colis. nous tentons alors de verifier la conjecture selon laquelle les entreprises régulées seraient plus susceptibles d'adopter des comportements prédateurs.

Dans un premier chapitre, nous étudions le calcul du coût d'une mission de service public. Nous montrons que l'existence d'une mission de service public va exercer des externalités sur la demande et les coûts des activités concurrentielles de l'entreprise, ainsi que sur les entreprises concurrentes. Ces externalités sont alors susceptibles de modifier le coût de la mission. Nous appliquons nos résultats à l'exemple de la mission d'aménagement du territoire imposée à la Poste. Dans un second chapitre, nous étudions les prix de transfert utilisés pour valoriser les transactions entre une maison mère régulée et une filaile concurrentielle. Nous présentons dans le détail l'affaire Chronopost qui a donné naissance à la jurisprudence européenne en matière de prix de transfert. Dans un troisième et dernier chapitre, nous reprenons les thématiques des chapitres précédents et ajoutons la possibilité pour un opérateur d'adopter des stratégies anticoncurentielles. Nous présentons l'exemple de la Poste allemande condamnée pour avoir adopté une stratégie prédatrice sur un segment de son marché colis. Nous tentons alors de vérifier la conjecture selon laquelle les entreprises régulées seraient plus susceptibles d'adopter des comportements prédateurs.

La recherche d'un équilibre en intérêt général et concurrence constitue le fondement des deux régimes juridiques du service universel. Ces derniers, présumés conformes au droit de la concurrence, concilient des obligations d'intérêt public et des modalités issues du droit commun. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre de ces régimes en droits nationaux crée les conditions d'un changement d'échelle. Le régime juridique du service universel évolue d'une recherche d'un équilibre juridique à la modélisation et l'harmonisation d'un équilibre politique entre l'intérêt des Etats membres et celui de l'Union européenne<br>The search for a balance in general interest and competition constitutes the base of the two legal statuses of the universal service. The latter, supposed in conformity with the right of the competition, reconcile obligations of public interest and methods resulting from the common right. However, the realization of these modes in national laws creates the conditions of a scaling. The legal status of the universal service evolves of a research of a legal balance to the modeling and the harmonization of a political balance between the interest of the Member States and that of the European Union

Face à l'ouverture à la concurrence européenne, les dirigeants de La Poste ont, depuis le début des années 1990, profondément modifié l'établissement public. L'organisation de la distribution du courrier et, par là-même, le travail des facteurs, ont été transformés et rationalisés, dans un souci d'efficacité et de rentabilité. Par le biais d'une approche compréhensive, cette recherche s'intéresse précisément aux déplacements en chaîne provoqués par la " modernisation ", depuis l'organisation jusqu'à l'appartenance au métier. L'analyse rend ainsi compte des épreuves ordinaires auxquelles sont confrontés les facteurs, soumis à de nouvelles injonctions productives insufflées par le management, dans leurs tâches quotidiennes de tri et de distribution du courrier. Ces changements d'envergure invitent à repenser le métier. Ce travail met donc en lumière les recompositions de l'emploi, de la régulation du temps de travail, des rapports sociaux et des identités professionnelles de facteurs

Cette thèse retrace la genèse de l'activité de conseil financier à la Poste. Elle analyse l'émergence d’une fonction commerciale au sein d'une administration d'Etat en transformation rapide. La Poste est devenue Société Anonyme en 2010 et, de manière symbolique, la Banque Postale a été autorisée au même moment à distribuer des crédits à la consommation. Cette dernière doit néanmoins encore assurer un certain nombre de missions de service public et faire coexister des tensions organisationnelles anciennes mais non résolues qui se reportent au quotidien sur ses agents. Le but de la professionnalisation analysée dans cette recherche n'est cependant pas de transformer le groupe professionnel en une profession. Elle peut donc être en partie considérée comme atypique. Même si elle réunit les traits fonctionnalistes de la « profession » anglo-saxonne (Wilensky, 1964), elle vise en fait à agir sur le personnel et constitue davantage une stratégie de contournement des résistances par la régulation du groupe professionnel qu'une autonomisation de ce dernier (Boussard, Demazière, Milbum, 2010). Or cette professionnalisation par le haut vise à résoudre les tensions vécues par le personnel soumis à des impératifs, que nous nommerons « prescrits », contradictoires. Cette résolution s'obtient par les changements organisationnels et la «soumission » du personnel postal permis grâce au processus de « professionnalisation par le haut » (professionnalisme from above, Evetts, 2003). Pour étayer cette thèse, la démarche de recherche a reposé sur une articulation de méthodes qualitatives, quantitatives, ethnographiques et archivistiques. Ces différents matériaux ont été rassemblés dans la perspective d’une sociologie des groupes professionnels visant à analyser ce qui se passe au niveau du groupe sans perdre de vue en quoi consiste l'activité de travail et en y intégrant les spécificités liées au contenu du travail (Demazière, Gadéa, 2009)<br>This thesis retraces the origin of the financial advisor position at La Poste. It analyses the emergence of a commercial position within a rapidly changing State administration. La Poste became a public limited company in 2010; symbolically, La Banque Postale was authorised at the same time to provide credit to consumers. However, it was also required to guarantee a certain number of public service missions and to settle previous, unresolved administrative tensions that were affecting its staff on a daily basis. The aim of the professionalisation process analysed in this research was not, however, to transform the professional group into a profession. Ln that sense it may partly be considered atypical. Even though it brought together the functionalist charaeteristics of the Anglo-Saxon "profession" (Wilensky 1964), it did, in fact, aim to impact on staff, thereby constituting more of a strategy for avoiding resistance through regulating the professional group than an empowerment of that group (Boussard, Demazière, Milbum, 20 10). Yet this professionalism from above was intended to ease the tension experienced by staff that were given orders, which we shall labei "prescribèd" and contradictory. The issue was settled by means of organisational changes and the postal staffs "submission", which took place because of the process of professionalism from above (Evetts, 2003). To support this theory, I have based my research approach on qualitative, quantitative, ethnographic and archival methods that are interconnected. These different types of material have been drawn together in the context of a sociology of professional groups, with the aim of analysing the occurrences that take place at group level without losing sight of what is involved in work activity, while bearing in mind the particularities involved in carrying out that work (Demazière, Gadéa, 2009)

En 1957, l’État est l’organisateur du service public postal en France à travers son administration centrale. Cette même année est signé un traité à Rome entre six États européens autour de l’idée de marché commun avec délégation de souveraineté.Le service public postal et l’Europe du traité de Rome vont, tout d’abord, évoluer parallèlement. Mais, au début des années 1980, le contexte politique, économique et technologique change et l’Europe se saisit de la question postale ; d’une phase d’ignorance, on entre alors dans une phase de confrontation : l’Europe soumet le service postal au droit commun de la concurrence et remet en cause le monopole, organisation traditionnelle du service postal. Par ailleurs, le service public postal organique est transformé : La Poste, exploitant public doté de la personnalité juridique est née. Progressivement, la logique de confrontation laisse place à une phase de concertation entre l’Europe du traité de Rome et les États membres qui donne naissance à plusieurs directives. Ces dernières placent en leur cœur le service universel postal. En 2012, la libéralisation du service postal devient totale : il n’existe plus de monopole légal.Cette ouverture du marché est concomitante avec la révolution numérique. Ainsi, dans ce contexte de bouleversements idéologiques, technologiques et économiques, le service public postal connaît des évolutions significatives tant dans sa forme – La Poste devient une société anonyme – que dans sa mission : pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins d’intérêt général, raison d’être du service public, le service public postal est reconfiguré<br>In 1957, the State is the organiser of the public postal service in France through its central administration. That same year, a treaty was signed in Rome between six European States around the idea of a common market with a delegation of sovereignty. At first, the public postal service and the Europe of the Treaty of Rome develop separately. But in the early 1980s, the political, economic and technological context evolves and Europe decides to take an active interest in the matter of the postal service. After a phase of disinterest in postal matters, we enter in a phase of confrontation; Europe submits the postal service to the competition law: monopoly, the traditional organisation of the postal service, is challenged. Moreover, the French public postal service is transformed: La Poste, independent public operator is born. Following the period of confrontation, a period of dialogue follows, bringing together the Europe of the Treaty of Rome and the States members to write the postal law. Several guidelines are adopted, focused in particular on the universal postal service. By 2012, the process of liberalisation of the postal service is complete: there is no legal monopoly in Europe. This new openness is concomitant with the digital era. The postal service must now continue to adapt to this new ideological, technological and economical context: in its form – La Poste becomes a public limited company – as well as in its mission to serve the public interest, the raison d’être of the public service, so the public postal service is reconfigured

La thèse entreprise a pour objectif d’essayer de définir un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux. La nature juridique des envois postaux justifie un traitement douanier autonome et distinct des formalités douanières applicables aux marchandises des échanges commerciaux internationaux. Les travaux réalisés devraient tout d’abord aider à répondre aux problématiques liées aux difficultés juridiques de la définition de cette procédure de dédouanement spécifique et leurs conséquences. L’étude portera particulièrement sur le règlement des différends entre les autorités douanières et les importateurs ou exportateurs d’envois postaux internationaux en cas de litige lié au dédouanement. Au préalable, il faut donc relever et clarifier les règles juridiques qui sont déjà applicables au dédouanement des envois postaux, tant au niveau national et européen, qu'au niveau international en ce domaine. Cependant, cela se révèle difficile, et il faut rester opiniâtre devant l'extrême diversité des sources et des textes, parsemés dans de nombreuses branches du droit. Il faut ensuite nécessairement tenter de redéfinir, clairement et simplement, la notion d’envoi postal et la notion de service postal universel justifiant l'application d'une procédure spécifique de dédouanement des envois postaux. La notion de service postal universel implique un dédouanement rapide des envois postaux. Les administrations douanières ont, elles, l’obligation d’assurer le contrôle de toutes les marchandises importées ou exportées de leurs territoires nationales. La mission principale des autorités douanières est de protéger l’attractivité économique des Etats. Les agents douaniers doivent, d’une part, prélever les droits de douane et taxes à l’importation, d’autre part, lutter contre les trafics illicites de marchandises prohibées ou soumises à restriction. La délicate combinaison de l’universalisme du service postal et des obligations douanières doit permettre la reconnaissance et l’établissement d’une procédure de dédouanement spécifique aux envois postaux impliquant une nouvelle détermination des envois relevant du service postal universel et la mise en place de règles de dédouanement obligatoires et communes à l’ensemble des services postaux internationaux. La mise en œuvre d’une coopération internationale renforcée entre les services postaux et les autorités douanières est, en ce sens, préalablement indispensable. L’étude doit permettre de rendre compréhensible, pour les entreprises et les particuliers nationaux et européens, le droit positif douanier applicable au dédouanement postal. On analysera notamment les infractions et les règles douanières sanctionnant les diverses fraudes que l’on retrouve le plus fréquemment en pratique. L’essai sur la définition d'un statut juridique de la procédure de dédouanement des envois postaux démontrera qu’il est impératif de renforcer les pouvoirs et les moyens de contrôle et de sanctions des autorités douanières pour ce type singulier de dédouanement. Les voies de recours non-contentieuses et contentieuses qui sont ouvertes aux redevables et requérants feront également l’objet d’un traitement particulier. Les droits des redevables ou requérants sont notamment garantis par le principe de contrôle de la légalité des décisions de l’Administration des douanes et de ses agents par le juge judiciaire. Le juge judiciaire et le droit européen limitent et encadrent les pouvoirs exorbitants des autorités douanières<br>The thesis undertaken aims to try to define a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The legal nature of the postal sendings justifies a customs treatment autonomous and distinct from the customs formalities applicable to the goods of the international commercial exchanges. The completed works should first of all help to answer the problems related to the legal difficulties of the definition of this procedure of specific taking out of bond and their consequences. The study will relate particularly to settlement of disputes between the customs authorities and the importers or exporters of international postal sendings in the event of litigation related to the taking out of bond. As a preliminary, it is thus necessary to raise and clarify the legal rules which are already applicable to the taking out of bond of the postal sendings, so much at the national and European level, that with the international level in this field. However, that appears difficult, and there is necessary to remain obstinate in front of the extreme diversity of the sources and the texts, strewn in many branches with the right. It is then necessarily necessary to try to redefine, clearly and simply, the concept of postal sending and the notion of universal postal service justifying the application of a specific procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The concept of universal postal service implies a fast taking out of bond of the postal sendings. The customs administrations have, they, the obligation to ensure the control of all the imported or exported goods their territories main roads. The main mission of the customs authorities is to protect the economic attractivity from the States. The customs agents must, on the one hand, take the customs duties and import taxes, on the other hand, to fight against the illicit traffics of goods prohibited or subjected to restriction. The delicate combination of the universalism of the postal service and the customs obligations must allow the recognition and the establishment of a procedure of taking out of bond specific to the postal sendings implying a new determination of the sendings concerned with the universal postal service and the installation of rules of taking out of bond obligatory and communes the whole of the international postal services. The implementation of an international cooperation reinforced between the postal services and the customs authorities is, in this direction, beforehand essential. The study must make it possible to make comprehensible, for the companies and the individuals national and European, the customs substantive law applicable to the postal taking out of bond. One will analyze in particular the customs infringements and rules sanctioning the various frauds which one finds most frequently in practice. The test on the definition of a legal status of the procedure of taking out of bond of the postal sendings will show that it is imperative to reinforce the powers and the means of control and sanctions of the customs authorities for this singular type of taking out of bond. The not-contentious and contentious appeals which are opened up for the debtors and applicants will also be the object of a particular treatment. The rights of the debtors or applicants are in particular ensured by the principle of control of the legality of the decisions of the Customs and Excise and of its agents by the legal judge. The legal judge and the European right limit and frame the exorbitant powers of the customs authorities