Artículos de revistas: "Postal savings"

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Sprick Schuster, Steven, Matthew Jaremski y Elisabeth Ruth Perlman. "An Empirical History of the US Postal Savings System". Social Science History 44, n.º 4 (2020): 667–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.31.

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AbstractSeeking to reach the unbanked, the US Postal Savings System provided a federally insured savings alternative to traditional banks. Using novel data sets on postal deposits, demographic characteristics, and banks, we study how and by whom the system was used. We find the program was initially used by nonfarming immigrant populations for short-term saving, then as a safe haven during the Great Depression, and finally as long-term investments for the wealthy during the 1940s. Postal Savings was only a partial substitute for traditional banks, as locations with banks often still heavily used Postal Savings.

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Amyx, Jennifer, Harukata Takenaka y A. Maria Toyoda. "The Politics of Postal Savings Reform in Japan". Asian Perspective 29, n.º 1 (2005): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2005.0027.

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DU, Chong-dong y Su-man LI. "On interest-rate risk management of postal savings bureau". Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 14, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(07)60068-5.

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Gajo, Marianne. "Börse Shenzhen und Postal Savings Bank of China kooperieren". Die Aktiengesellschaft 68, n.º 18 (1 de septiembre de 2023): r263. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/ag-2023-681809.

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Calder, Kent E. "Linking Welfare and the Developmental State: Postal Savings in Japan". Journal of Japanese Studies 16, n.º 1 (1990): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132493.

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DU, Chong-dong y Zhi-cui ZHOU. "On Interest-Rate Risk in Use of Postal Savings Funds". Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications 13, n.º 2 (junio de 2006): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8885(07)60113-7.

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Magiera, Elżbieta. "Szkolne kasy oszczędności w okresie międzywojennym (1918–1939) w kontekście działań władz oświatowych". Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, n.º 32 (12 de febrero de 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2014.32.3.

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The first school savings bank came into existence in Ghent, Belgium. It was founded by Francis Laurent in 1866. In Poland, the concept of saiving began to spread in the period of the National Education Commission, which recommended that children “practice thriftiness”. Since the beginning of the 19th century, local attempts to establish school savings banks were undertaken in the Polish lands that had been divided in the partitions. The propagation of thrift developed on a broader scale only after regaining independence, especially after the economic reforms of 1924. The Ministry of Education recommended that teachers introduce various forms of thrift: organising school savings banks, talks and lectures about saving, celebration of Savings Day and promoting the idea in society as a whole. The interest in the propagation of thrift in education was expressed by the central and local education authorities by issuing various types of legal acts on this subject. The intensive development of school savings banks started in 1925. Until 1935, these organisations operated on cooperative principles. After 1935 they were held under the auspices of the Postal Savings Bank, which was dissolved in 1947. The state-owned Common Savings Bank was created in its place, whose supervision of school savings banks continues to this day and is a statutory duty of the bank. Thus, the interwar experience in the field of organising school savings banks was continued after the Second World War and is still being implemented in the contemporary educational reality.

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Naseema, C. M. "A study on customer percpetion of postal savings of Ernakulam district". ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 6, n.º 8 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2016.00040.9.

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Sony, Michael. "A Survey on Household Energy Saving Measures for Last Decade in Western India". International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 3, n.º 1 (enero de 2019): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2019010102.

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There has been a large interest in household energy-saving measures as they are major consumers of energy. The higher level of awareness need not culminate into the household energy savings. This study investigates the impact of the changes on both home-based and transport -based energy-saving measures over a period. In addition, it also investigated the percentage of money spent on these energy-saving activities. A postal based self-reported survey was undertaken in western India. The result suggested that only 24% of the respondents reported that money spent on household energy-saving measures have increased in the last 10 years. Whereas 43% have reported they have not spent any money on the energy saving measures. Little study is done on the changes in household energy saving measures. In this study, the authors extend the research on household energy-saving measures by addressing the gap in extant literature in understanding the changing paradigm of household energy-saving measures in a decade

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LI Baizhou, WU Baoci y LIU Weiying. "The Research on Growth Mechanism Analysis of Postal Savings Bank of China". Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, n.º 6 (31 de marzo de 2013): 1112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue6.132.

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Oohama, Ken-Ichiro y Yoshihiro Asai. "Does Privatization of a Postal Savings Bank in Japan Have Economic Value?" iBusiness 03, n.º 03 (2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ib.2011.33032.

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Tongurai, Jittima. "A Case Study on the Reform of Japan�s Postal Savings System". i-manager’s Journal on Management 2, n.º 2 (15 de noviembre de 2007): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jmgt.2.2.351.

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Okina, Yuri. "Improving Japan's Financial System, with Emphasis on Reforming the Postal Savings Business". Asian Economic Papers 2, n.º 1 (enero de 2003): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/153535103322022977.

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The crisis facing Japan's banking sector has been attributed to a wide range of factors: (1) the run-up and collapse of the bubble; (2) a lack of adequate supervision of financial institutions by the government; (3) the stagnation of the economy, because the Japanese growth model is no longer relevant; and (4) bad management of the banks. It is important to reform corporate governance in the real sector, not merely in the financial sector. It should also be recognized that Japan's financial system should reduce the size of the safety net provided by the government not only through the deposit insurance system, but also through the enormous postal savings business.

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Anderson, Stephen J. "The Political Economy of Japanese Saving: How Postal Savings and Public Pensions Support High Rates of Household Saving in Japan". Journal of Japanese Studies 16, n.º 1 (1990): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/132494.

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Dr.Umakanth.S, Dr Umakanth S. y Dr Soma Sharma. "Analytical Review on Return Potential of Postal Savings Schemes (With particular reference to Bangalore city)". Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, n.º 6 (1 de octubre de 2011): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/96.

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NOBLE, GREGORY W. "Front Door, Back Door: The Reform of Postal Savings and Loans in Japan". Japanese Economy 33, n.º 1 (marzo de 2005): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2329194x.2005.11045211.

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Takale, Ms Pooja y Mrs Megha M. Bhoagwar. "Review Paper- “A STUDY ON THE FACTORS AFFECTING CUSTOMER PREFERENCE OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICES WITH GP PARSIK BANK”". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, n.º 01 (8 de enero de 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27985.

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E-Banking and a decent budgeting application at your fingertips makes budgeting and handling your account even easier. When making payments or calculating your monthly savings and expenditures, you can keep track of real-time expenses. Online banking allows consumers to access general information and accounts of bank products and services through PC or other intelligent systems, which has a significant impact on the growth of more convenient payment mechanisms and user-friendly banking services in the banking industry. When every day is a race against time in our hectic lives, we look for ways to save time as much as we can. E-Banking is one of the technology advancements that help consumers to perform their financial transactions on a secured platform from a retail or automated bank, credit union, or any financial institution. E-Banking, also known as electronic banking, is the digital distribution of new banking services and products to customers directly through electronic, interactive contact networks. There are various types of banks such as commercial banks (which are engaged solely in banking activities), investment banks (for capital market activities), cooperative banks (non-profit banks), postal savings banks (associated with postal systems) and private banks (managing the assets of high-net-worth people). Keywords – CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, DIGITAL BANKING, CUSTOMER FEEDBACK, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, CUSTOMER SUPPORT

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Shaw, Christopher W. "“Banks of the People”: The Life and Death of the U.S. Postal Savings System". Journal of Social History 52, n.º 1 (9 de septiembre de 2017): 121–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shx036.

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Chabot, Benjamin. "Investing For Middle America: John Elliot Tappan And The Origins Of American Express Financial Advisors. By Kenneth Lipartito and Carol Heher Peters. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. x, 268. $27.95." Journal of Economic History 63, n.º 1 (marzo de 2003): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703471805.

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In this enjoyable work, Kenneth Lipartito and Carol Peters share with us the story of John Elliot Tappan, a Minneapolis lawyer who brought financial innovation to the American heartland. In an era before mutual funds, money market accounts, and in many locations safe diversified savings banks, Tappan saw the need for a safe, small denomination, financial instrument for middle-class savers. The result was Investors Syndicate and its “face-value” certificate, a combination of zero-coupon bond and term life insurance that savers of modest means could purchase in small installments. By providing the small investor with a safe means of saving a small amount each month, Investors Syndicate (latter IDS and American Express Financial Advisors) would grow into one of the nations financial behemoths. Along the way, Tappan and his company would overcome financial panic, depression, war, epidemic, and corrupt postal inspectors (the federal regulators of the day).

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Soutullo, Silvia, Emanuela Giancola, María Nuria Sánchez, José Antonio Ferrer, David García, María José Súarez, Jesús Ignacio Prieto et al. "Methodology for Quantifying the Energy Saving Potentials Combining Building Retrofitting, Solar Thermal Energy and Geothermal Resources". Energies 13, n.º 22 (16 de noviembre de 2020): 5970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225970.

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New technological, societal and legislative developments are necessary to support transitions to low-carbon energy systems. The building sector is responsible for almost 36% of the global final energy and 40% of CO2 emissions, so this sector has high potential to contribute to the expansion of positive energy districts. With this aim, a new digital Geographic Information System (GIS) platform has been developed to quantify the energy savings obtained through the implementation of refurbishment measures in residential buildings, including solar thermal collectors and geothermal technologies and assuming the postal district as the representative unit for the territory. Solar resources have been estimated from recently updated solar irradiation maps, whereas geothermal resources have been estimated from geological maps. Urbanistic data have been estimated from official cadastre databases. For representative buildings, the annual energy demand and savings are obtained and compared with reference buildings, both for heating and cooling. The GIS platform provides information on average results for each postal district, as well as estimates for buildings with particular parameters. The methodology has been applied to the Asturian region, an area of about 10,600 km2 on the Cantabrian coast of Spain, with complex orography and scattered population, qualified as a region in energy transition. High rehabilitation potentials have been achieved for buildings constructed before the implementation of the Spanish Technical Building Code of 2006, being higher for isolated houses than for collective buildings. Some examples of results are introduced in specific localities of different climatic zones.

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Anokye, Nana, Julia Fox-Rushby, Sabina Sanghera, Derek G. Cook, Elizabeth Limb, Cheryl Furness, Sally Margaret Kerry et al. "Short-term and long-term cost-effectiveness of a pedometer-based exercise intervention in primary care: a within-trial analysis and beyond-trial modelling". BMJ Open 8, n.º 10 (octubre de 2018): e021978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021978.

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ObjectivesA short-term and long-term cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of two pedometer-based walking interventions compared with usual care.Design(A) Short-term CEA: parallel three-arm cluster randomised trial randomised by household. (B) Long-term CEA: Markov decision model.SettingSeven primary care practices in South London, UK.Participants(A) Short-term CEA: 1023 people (922 households) aged 45–75 years without physical activity (PA) contraindications. (b) Long-term CEA: a cohort of 100 000 people aged 59–88 years.InterventionsPedometers, 12-week walking programmes and PA diaries delivered by post or through three PA consultations with practice nurses.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAccelerometer-measured change (baseline to 12 months) in average daily step count and time in 10 min bouts of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), and EQ-5D-5L quality-adjusted life-years (QALY).MethodsResource use costs (£2013/2014) from a National Health Service perspective, presented as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for each outcome over a 1-year and lifetime horizon, with cost-effectiveness acceptability curves and willingness to pay per QALY. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses evaluate uncertainty.Results(A) Short-term CEA: At 12 months, incremental cost was £3.61 (£109)/min in ≥10 min MVPA bouts for nurse support compared with control (postal group). At £20 000/QALY, the postal group had a 50% chance of being cost saving compared with control. (B) Long-term CEA: The postal group had more QALYs (+759 QALYs, 95% CI 400 to 1247) and lower costs (−£11 million, 95% CI −12 to −10) than control and nurse groups, resulting in an incremental net monetary benefit of £26 million per 100 000 population. Results were sensitive to reporting serious adverse events, excluding health service use, and including all participant costs.ConclusionsPostal delivery of a pedometer intervention in primary care is cost-effective long term and has a 50% chance of being cost-effective, through resource savings, within 1 year. Further research should ascertain maintenance of the higher levels of PA, and its impact on quality of life and health service use.Trial registration numberISRCTN98538934; Pre-results.

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Kaneko, Yuko y Masahiko Metoki. "Postal Savings for National Development—The Experience of Japan and Future Perspective in a Globalized World". Public Organization Review 8, n.º 3 (5 de julio de 2008): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11115-008-0052-9.

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Peat, M. A. "Financial viability of screening for drugs of abuse". Clinical Chemistry 41, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1995): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.5.805.

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Abstract Urine drug testing is now a common practice in the American workplace; a recent survey indicated that > 90% of companies with > 5000 employees have some type of testing program. These programs have indeed reduced the rate of drug-positive test results; for example, recent data from the Federal Aviation Agency show that the rate for 1993 was 0.82% compared with 0.95% for 1992. Many corporations have stated that urine drug testing, as a component of a substance abuse policy, results in significant savings, e.g., from decreased absenteeism and turnover. The United States Postal Service recently completed a longitudinal study on the economic benefits and found that, over the average tenure of an annual intake of employees, there were savings of more than $100 million. Although this study clearly demonstrates the financial benefits of preemployment drug testing, the decision to test is not based solely on this but also on the regulatory environment and on the potential impact of a major accident attributable to the use of drugs or alcohol in the workplace.

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LI Baizhou, WU Baoci y Heyi. "The Research on the Competitive Strategy of Postal Savings Bank of China Based on Innovation SWOT Matrix". Journal of Convergence Information Technology 8, n.º 10 (31 de mayo de 2013): 1012–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol8.issue10.123.

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Kielbowicz, Richard B. "Government Goes into Business: Parcel Post in the Nation's Political Economy, 1880–1915". Studies in American Political Development 8, n.º 1 (1994): 150–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000109.

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From today's vantage point, the radical potential originally envisioned for parcel post is hard to imagine. One historian facilely characterized postal savings banks (1910) and parcel post (1912) as small incremental advances in the evolution of state action: “From legislation designed to restrain harmful practices in big business, it was but a step for the government to embark in business on its own accord.” Yet parcel post marked a dramatic departure in public-sector initiatives: it put the federal government in the transportation business to compete with well-established private firms. That the United States started parcel post so late – it was the last major industrialized nation to do so – suggests the extent to which the service raised fundamental questions about the proper sphere of state action.

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Yeong-Don Loh. "The Reimbursement Claim for the Postal Savings of Sakhalin Koreans Unpaid by Japan during the World War II". SungKyunKwan Law Review 29, n.º 2 (junio de 2017): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17008/skklr.2017.29.2.002.

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Im Gon Cho. "Do We Need to Split Korean Postal System into Two Business Units: Mail Delivery and Savings & Insurance?" Korean Public Management Review 22, n.º 3 (octubre de 2008): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24210/kapm.2008.22.3.008.

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Ku, Byeongjun. "Using Postal Life Insurance as A Mandatory Savings Plan and the Expansion of Lower-Class Policyholders in Wartime Colonial Korea". YEOKSA YEONGU, The Journal of History 50 (31 de mayo de 2024): 371–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.31552/jh.2024.05.50.371.

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Achaku, David y Sani Babangida. "Distance Constrained Capacitated Vehicle Touting Problem For The Abuja Post Office Using Lexisearch Algorithm". Applied Mathematics and Computational Intelligence (AMCI) 12, n.º 4 (10 de noviembre de 2023): 140–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/amci.v12i4.250.

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Transportation problems are generally modelled as vehicle routing problems (VRPs) since they consist of minimizing the overall cost while satisfying routing constraints and customers' orderings. In this paper, the mail delivery of the Nigerian Postal Services (NIPOST) is modeled as a distance- constrained capacitated variant (DCVRP) in order to address the problem of delay in mail delivery occurring frequently experienced in NIPOST. The Lexi-search algorithm was applied and implemented on the spreadsheet solver to solve the capacitated vehicle routing problem of Abuja Post Office. The algorithm was tested on Christofides Benchmark and found to perform well with computational analyses coded in c++ and statistical analyses of goodness fit performed using R Software. The problem has been formulated as a mixed integer programming problem based on a modification of the Tompkin’s et al., model. Appropriate data was obtained from Abuja Post Office where the data is used to come up with the distance matrix. The annual cost savings for NIPOST using three vehicles is N1,950,054.66, N1,708,127.73 and N1,140,148.50 for N142, N163 and N213 per litre respectively. The annual cost savings for four vehicles, is N1,494,466.25, and therefore the purchse of a fourth vehicle will reduce delay in mail delivery though it might cost them more to aquire a new bus as already indicated. In the long run however, revenue will increase because of high patronage.

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Gao, Xin, Hong Chen, Yuyi Chen, Yuyang Feng, Zixuan Cai y Hong Cheng. "Suggestions to Alleviate the Financing Risks of Family Farmers: Based on the Investigation Report of Pig Farmers in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing". Financial Forum 9, n.º 2 (14 de julio de 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ff.v9i2.876.

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<p>In 2013, the Central Document No. 1 first proposed the concept of "family farm". As an important part of rural economic development, family farms have increasingly significant financing risks. The No. 1 document of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2018 proposed a strategy to overcome poverty and achieve rural revitalization. Therefore, it is of great value and significance to study the financing risks of family farmers and explore solutions. This article is based on an in-depth investigation and analysis of the farm development status, land circulation, and mortgage financing of family farm land contract management rights in Jiulongshan Town, Kaizhou District, Chongqing. In addition, it also investigates the implementation and publicity of the financial support policies of rural commercial banks, the Agricultural Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and the Postal Savings Bank on family farmer financing. Finally, the existing problems are analyzed and relevant policy suggestions are put forward.</p>

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Casey, RG, L. Powell, M. Braithwaite, CM Booth, B. Sizer y JG Corr. "Nurse-Led Phone Call Follow-Up Clinics Are Effective for Patients With Prostate Cancer". Journal of Patient Experience 4, n.º 3 (5 de junio de 2017): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373517706613.

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Introduction: The rising cost of healthcare requires rethinking in terms of resource utilisation care delivery. Nurse-led PSA phone follow-up clinics may provide a suitable option. Materials and methods: 815 patients were recruited for the nurse-led stable prostate cancer telephone follow-up service. A convenience sample was selected for postal questionnaire assessment of their satisfaction. Results: 815 patients had 3683 phone-call follow ups over 10 years. Patients’ own understanding of condition varied from average (76.3%) and good (9.2%) in the majority. 87.2% found the service convenient and 75.6% informative. 95.3% found the telephone assessment preferable to attending the outpatient department. 87.2% were keen on savings on transport/travel. 53.5% found it more reassuring. 91.9% of patients felt that everything they wanted to talk about was covered. Discussion: This service can be delivered in a high volume nurse-led service, with high levels of patient satisfaction, as an innovative service development.

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Zanquetto-Filho, Helio, Andrew Fearne y Nélio Pizzolato. "The measurement of benefits from and enablers for supply chain partnerships in the UK fresh produce industry". Journal on Chain and Network Science 3, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2003): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2003.x030.

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This paper is concerned with the nature of the benefits from and the factors that enable successful supply chain partnerships to be developed between suppliers and retailers in the UK fresh produce industry. A review of the literature on buyersupplier relationship is presented which highlights three main elements: intangible pre-requisites, tangible enablers and benefits, from which a theoretical model is derived. The categorisation and composition of enablers, internal and joint and the benefits hypothesised in the model are then tested empirically through the analysis of data collected through a postal survey of UK fresh produce suppliers. The results provide support for the hypotheses, derived from the literature, that the benefits from supply chain partnerships come in the form of cost savings, improved customer service, more effective marketing and sales growth and that key partnership enablers may be categorised as specific internal capabilities based around innovation, cost control and communication systems, and joint (buyer/supplier) capabilities in activities relating to innovation, management, communication, production planning, investment and control.

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Cervi, Paul L. y Anthony S. Everitt. "Automatic Voice Mail for Delivering Computer-Generated Anticoagulant Dose Advice to Patients". Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 8, n.º 5 (octubre de 2002): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x0200800503.

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We tested an automated system which imported computer-generated clinical data on a patient's anticoagulant medication and produced conversational voice mail messages that were dialled out automatically to patients at home. During the first 18 months of use, more than 30,000 reports were delivered by telephone. The client population was 1755 patients, 51% of whom were aged over 70 years. The telephone system was used by 1419 of the patients (81 %) and 336 (19%) were classified as non-users. The most common reasons for non-use were: inability to use the telephone (6.8%), not having a tone-dial telephone (required to access the automated system) (5.2%) and hearing impairment (3.6%). An opinion survey confirmed a high degree of user satisfaction with the service. Eighty-five per cent of patients using the telephone system received their result by 19:30 — in time to influence the same day's dose. We made operational savings of £5000 per annum in comparison with the postal method of delivering results. The system successfully helped our laboratory to deliver large quantities of computed data rapidly and safely to a vulnerable patient population in an acceptable way.

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Jeffery, Stephen, Stergios K. Doumouchtsis y Michelle Fynes. "Patient satisfaction with nurse-led telephone follow-up in women with lower urinary tract symptoms". Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 13, n.º 7 (1 de octubre de 2007): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135763307782215424.

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We assessed the clinical effectiveness and patient satisfaction with nurse-led telephone follow-up of women with lower urinary tract symptoms. Participants were offered telephone follow-up with a nurse instead of a conventional outpatient appointment. Suitability was decided by the doctor who saw the women at her last visit. The consultation was conducted using the same principles as a routine clinic visit. Patient satisfaction was evaluated by postal questionnaire and they were also sent a standard urinary continence questionnaire, the Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ), to evaluate their current symptoms. In total, 116 women were included. The mean number of telephone consultations was 2 (range 1–12). The mean overall satisfaction score was 77 (maximum 100, where a higher score indicates greater satisfaction). Only 16 patients (17%) did not prefer telephone follow-up to a clinic visit. Women who had been discharged via the telephone follow-up clinic expressed similar mean satisfaction scores to those whose next visit was a clinic visit (80 and 82, respectively). The KHQ also indicated that the patients had been appropriately discharged or given a further follow-up appointment. Nurse-led telephone follow-up is associated with high satisfaction and has the advantages of consistent follow-up by the same clinician, convenience to the patient and cost-savings.

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Cruickshank, M. E., G. Chambers, G. Murray, L. Mckenzie, C. Donaldson, J. Andrew, M. K. Campbell y H. C. Kitchener. "Age-restricted cervical screening: HPV testing at age 50 identifies a high risk group for cervical disease". International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 12, n.º 6 (2002): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200211000-00008.

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Changes to the present age policy of cervical screening are currently under consideration. We conducted a retrospective matched case-control study and cost analysis study to identify risk factors for the development of an abnormal smear after age 50 and to determine the impact of age-restricted cervical screening on the annual cost of the screening program. All women (229) from an 11-year birth cohort who developed an abnormal smear at age 50 or over were age-matched for two controls with negative smears. Routine screening smears taken between age 48 and 52 were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16 and 18. Epidemiologic data were collected by postal questionnaire. Changes in costs under a policy of HPV testing and age-restricted screening were assessed. We found that HPV 16 status was the only independently significant risk factor for abnormal cytology after age 50 with an odds ratio of 10.26 (95% CI 1.25–84.11). A policy of early withdrawal from screening at age 50 on the basis of HPV testing would produce net cost savings. These findings suggest that HPV testing could be a valuable means of identifying the small proportion of women still at risk after 50, and of releasing health care resources.

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AKETAGAWA, Hiroshi y Nobuhiro SUZUKI. "THE STRUCTURE OF LIGHT SPACE IN THE VIENNA POSTAL SAVINGS BANK'S BANKING HALL : The structure of the space where natural light is visible Part 2". Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 444 (1993): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.444.0_67.

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Sunarmi, Sunarmi, Detania Sukarja y Tri Murti Lubis. "Implementation of Customer Due Diligence Principles on Financial Service Companies in Preventing and Eradicating Criminal Action of Money Laundering in Medan". JURNAL MERCATORIA 15, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/mercatoria.v15i2.7480.

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This study discusses about the implentation of customer due diligince principles on financial service companies in preventing and eradicating criminal action of money laundering in Medan. Indonesia has many favorable factors for conducting money laundering, so it does not doubt that Indonesia is labeled as a non-cooperative country combating money laundering crimes. In order to prevent and eradicate money laundering, Law No. 8 of 2010 regulates the principle of customer due diligence. The study was conducted in Medan because in Medan there are many financial services industry companies that are engaged in autotyping, real state, foreign exchange, securities companies, insurance, postal, gold, jewelery, precious metals, savings and loan cooperatives and others. Secondary the data was collected through library studies by inventorying a number of laws and regulations related to money laundering. The result shows that Principle The Customer Due Diligence has a strong legal basis in various regulations in the field of money laundering and in the Financial Services Authority regulations as in Article 18 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 8 of 2010 and Bank Indonesia Regulation (PBI) No. 3/10 / PBI / 2001 concerning Application of Know Your Customer Principles as last amended by PBI No. 5/21 / PBI / 2003. in 2009, PBI No. 5/21 / PBI / 2003 concerning Application of Know Your Customer Principles.

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38

PIGGOTT, JOHN. "Postal Savings and Fiscal Investment in Japan by Thomas F. Cargill and Naoyuki Yoshino, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-1992-5734-5, 300 pages, Price $55.00." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 3, n.º 2 (julio de 2004): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747204261613.

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39

Vepsäläinen, Jari. "Energy Demand Analysis and Powertrain Design of a High-Speed Delivery Robot Using Synthetic Driving Cycles". Energies 15, n.º 6 (17 de marzo de 2022): 2198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062198.

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Last mile is known as the last leg of the delivery process, which is the most expensive and time-consuming part per kilometer. The most common last mile deliveries are postal packages, groceries and take away meals. Recently, there has been a growing interest and implementation of sidewalk autonomous delivery robots. These robots travel roughly at the speed of pedestrians (6 km/h). A high-speed (15 km/h) delivery robot design is proposed for reducing the time, energy and carbon footprint of deliveries. The preliminary design of the delivery robot powertrain is based on worst-case scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulations with synthetic driving cycles. Synthetic driving cycles were used because there are no open data available of delivery robots. Thus, the procedure presented in this paper is a general approach for cases where there is no precedent application and/or no data are available. The synthetic driving cycles are based on start and end location of food-delivery services in Helsinki, Finland. Based on the simulations, the crucial factors contributing to energy demand and its variation were analyzed. Carbon footprint of the delivered package over distance of the design is compared to existing wheeled delivery robots and quadrupeds. The motivation of the work is that showcasing the energy savings of higher speed aids government officials in their decision-making regarding delivery robot regulations. As a result of the simulations, higher operation speed lowered the energy consumption by over 40%.

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40

Bouchard St-Amant, Pier-André. "Optimizing Health and Safety Inspections in Canada". International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 7, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v7i2.22890.

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Background: Each year, the Canadian government assigns inspectors to visit firms and ensure compliance to the occupational health and safety provisions of the Canada Labour Code. This paper presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that assignments reduce the number of disabling injuries. It also presents a mathematical technique improving the performance of how firms are chosen for inspection. Methods: By combining two administrative databases covering worksites under federal jurisdiction, the impact of assignments on injuries is estimated using instrumental variables. The instruments are the exogenous part of the government’s assignment rule for inspectors. Results: The impact of one assignment on injuries is estimated to be -0.33 in the year following the assignment. Furthermore, by introducing a measure of diminishing marginal returns of assignments by sector, a more efficient assignment rule to help further minimize the number of injuries resulting from non-compliance with the Labour Code is suggested. This improved rule includes a reallocation of assignments across industries compared to the current allocation. In particular, assignments are transferred from the sectors of Air Transport and Road Transport to the sectors of Banking, Postal Contractors and Crown Corporations. Conclusions: A counterfactual experiment with the new allocation of assignments suggests an 18% decrease in the number of injuries for the same yearly average number of assignments. Based on available estimates of the cost of injuries, the suggested change in the targeting tool would lead to annual savings of 72 million dollars in workers’ compensation claims.

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Matić, Nemanja, Boris Siljković y Marko Savić. "Potentials of traditional cash metal coins versus digital contactless payment in the time of coronavirus pandemic". Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor, n.º 3-4 (2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mmeb2004081m.

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This paper addresses the challenges associated to the strength of potential for payment with traditional metal cash and paper money versus a non-cash method of payment in the era of the COVID 19 pandemic in the world and our country. The pandemic served to accelerate the contactless method of payment, because payment without contact is now not only a convenience, but a necessity. Before the pandemic in Europe, cash accounted for close to half of the payments, and in just a few weeks of the COVID 19 pandemic, it fell by 10 percent. Concepts that have so far preferred cash were definitely compromised during the pandemic crisis, and the pandemic is actually the strongest marketing of digital contactless payment methods so far, through the dominant contactless style of money exchange in the world and Europe, as shown in the paper we have today. Some research studies described in the paper in form of the health adventages of mobile wallet payments, as opposed to the proven health-threatening cash and coin-based cash payment model, indicate that the end of the cash era is approaching, being primarily accelerated by the health risk of COVID 19 infection. Particularly interesting is the live study conducted in the area of the northern Kosovo and Metohija, presented in a form of a set of financial services offered by the Postal Savings Bank of the Kosovska Mitrovica branch office, and relation between the contactless and cash payment model, before and after the COVID 19 pandemic. Naturally, all of this is accompanied by significantly limited knowledge related to SARS Cov 2, better known as the current COVID 19 pandemic.

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Toyoda, A. Maria. "Small Savings Mobilization and Asian Economic Development: The Role of Postal Financial Services. Edited By Mark J. Scher and Naoyuki Yoshino. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2004. 265 pp. $74.95 (Cloth)." Journal of East Asian Studies 5, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2005): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800002125.

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Oliver, W. M., S. G. Molyneux, T. O. White, N. D. Clement y A. D. Duckworth. "ROUTINE FIXATION OF HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURES IS COST-EFFECTIVE: COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS OF 215 PATIENTS AT FIVE YEARS FOLLOWING INJURY". Orthopaedic Proceedings 105-B, SUPP_5 (13 de marzo de 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2023.5.002.

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The primary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine operative fixation for all patients with humeral shaft fractures. The secondary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of using a Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU)<8 to facilitate selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion.From 2008-2017, 215 patients (mean age 57yrs [17–81], 61% female) with a non-operatively managed humeral diaphyseal fracture were retrospectively identified. Union was achieved in 77% (n=165/215) after non-operative management, with 23% (n=50/215) uniting after nonunion surgery. The EuroQol Five-Dimension (EQ-5D) Health Index was obtained via postal survey. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) <£20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was considered cost-effective.At a mean of 5.4yrs (1.2–11.0), the mean EQ-5D was 0.736. Multiple regression demonstrated that uniting after nonunion surgery was independently associated with an inferior EQ-5D (beta=0.103, p=0.032). Routine fixation for all patients to reduce the nonunion rate would be associated with increased treatment costs (£1,542/patient) but confer a potential EQ-5D benefit of 0.120/patient. The ICER of routine fixation was £12,850/QALY gained. Selective fixation, based upon a RUSHU<8 at 6wks post-injury, would be associated with reduced treatment costs (£415/patient) and confer a potential EQ-5D benefit of 0.335 per ‘at-risk patient’.Routine fixation for patients with humeral shaft fractures, to reduce the nonunion rate observed after non-operative management, appears to be cost-effective at 5yrs post-injury. Selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion based upon the RUSHU may confer greater cost-effectiveness, given the potential savings and improvement in EQ-5D.

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44

Serik Kozhanovich, Zhetpisov, Alibayeva Gulnara Aitchanovna y Dubovitskaya Olga Borisovna. "PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT". Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, n.º 74 (27 de septiembre de 2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2023_74_3_68.

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The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional and legal foundations for the protection of personal data in the era of global digitalization. The authors conducted a comparative legal analysis of international acts and modern Kazakhstani legislation regulating, first of all, constitutional rights to the protection of private life, including the right to family and personal secrets; as well as the right to secrecy of personal savings and deposits; the right to privacy of correspondence, including telephone conversations, telegraph and postal messages, and the like. This article presents international legal and national instruments that guarantee the provision and protection of the right to privacy in the era of global digitalization, and also analyzes the legislative guarantees of non-interference in private life (including guarantees of protection from surveillance of private life, and guarantees non-dissemination of information about it). The article substantiates the need to introduce appropriate measures and tools to effectively protect personal data in the process of their collection, accumulation, use on automated database servers from accidental or unauthorized access, modification/destruction, or leakage or distribution. In addition, the article analyzes questions about the need to expand the conceptual apparatus of constitutional law; the formation of new terminological systems that would cover the entire process of informatization and digitalization in relation to constitutional and legal institutions in the field of personal data protection. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors formulated problematic areas of constitutional and legal recognition and legal protection of personal data. Some proposals were also formulated to improve the national legislation in relation to privacy and an attempt was made to comprehend a new set of concepts in the constitutional and legal sphere associated with the digitalization of legal relations and, in general, with the emergence of a digital legal space and the expansion of digital rights.

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45

Oliver, William M., Samuel G. Molyneux, Timothy O. White, Nick D. Clement y Andrew D. Duckworth. "Routine fixation of humeral shaft fractures is cost-effective". Bone & Joint Open 3, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2022): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.37.bjo-2022-0047.r1.

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Aims The primary aim was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine operative fixation for all patients with humeral shaft fractures. The secondary aim was to estimate the health economic implications of using a Radiographic Union Score for HUmeral fractures (RUSHU) of < 8 to facilitate selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion. Methods From 2008 to 2017, 215 patients (mean age 57 yrs (17 to 18), 61% female (n = 130/215)) with a nonoperatively managed humeral diaphyseal fracture were retrospectively identified. Union was achieved in 77% (n = 165/215) after initial nonoperative management, with 23% (n = 50/215) uniting after surgery for nonunion. The EuroQol five-dimension three-level health index (EQ-5D-3L) was obtained via postal survey. Multiple regression was used to determine the independent influence of patient, injury, and management factors upon the EQ-5D-3L. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of < £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was considered cost-effective. Results At a mean of 5.4 yrs (1.2 to 11.0), the mean EQ-5D-3L was 0.736 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.697 to 0.775). Adjusted analysis demonstrated the EQ-5D-3L was inferior among patients who united after nonunion surgery (β = 0.103; p = 0.032). Offering routine fixation to all patients to reduce the rate of nonunion would be associated with increased treatment costs of £1,542/patient, but would confer a potential EQ-5D-3L benefit of 0.120/patient over the study period. The ICER of routine fixation was £12,850/QALY gained. Selective fixation based on a RUSHU < 8 at six weeks post-injury would be associated with reduced treatment costs (£415/patient), and would confer a potential EQ-5D-3L benefit of 0.335 per ‘at-risk patient’. Conclusion Routine fixation for patients with humeral shaft fractures to reduce the rate of nonunion observed after nonoperative management appears to be a cost-effective intervention at five years post-injury. Selective fixation for patients at risk of nonunion based on their RUSHU may confer even greater cost-effectiveness, given the potential savings and improvement in health-related quality of life. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):566–572.

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Mhlophe, Khethiwe y Fainos Chinjova. "TELEWORKING AS A BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY AND CONTINUITY STRATEGY: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ZIMBABWEAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR UNDER COVID-19". International Journal of Applied Business and Management Sciences 3, n.º 1 (2022): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/ijabms.2022.v03i01.05.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has seen unprecedented changes to the way people conduct business and work whilst striving to reduce downtime and maintain or even increase productivity (Belzunegui- Eraso and Erro-Garcés, 2020). Long lockdown periods and the need to meet World Health Organisation (WHO) regulations for social distancing have necessitated that organisations instruct their employees to telecommute or work remotely from home in an effort to maintain business sustainability and continuity (OECD, 2020). This research explored how Zimbabwean telecommunications companies implemented teleworking as a business sustainability and continuity strategy in the Covid-19 pandemic environment. This study was qualitative in nature, employing a phenomenology philosophy. Thirty knowledgeable telecommunications managers and business leaders were invited to complete a detailed online questionnaire that helped draw conclusions to the objectives. Based on these questionnaires and some secondary data review, this study determined that teleworking was widely adopted by 97% of the telecommunications sector during the Covid-19 pandemic era. The implementation of telework and BCM processes was the required antidote to the decrease in productivity and threats to job security and business continuity presented by lockdowns. Teleworking guaranteed retention of employees, real estate and administrative cost savings, continued business operations and service delivery. In addition, telework helped curb the potential spread of the virus amongst employees and customers who would have congregated at the work place. Inconsistent supply of electricity, inadequate communication and collaboration tools and platforms as well as lack of ergonomic chairs and desks were the major factors indicated to be deterring effective and productive telework. The study also revealed that there was an increased demand for telecommunications products and services during the pandemic particularly on lock down periods. This was confirmed by POTRAZ (2021) in their first quarter abridged postal and telecommunications sector performance report. Customers had a new need for reliable internet connections to use when working from home, learning online and for entertainment. The businesses made efforts to ensure that their services were adhering to availability, reliability and dependability standards. There is a great need for the establishment of standards and policies to govern telework and BCM process and policy implementation in telecommunications companies for successful business continuity and sustainability.

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Young, John, Claire Hulme, Andrew Smith, John Buckell, Mary Godfrey, Claire Holditch, Jessica Grantham et al. "Measuring and optimising the efficiency of community hospital inpatient care for older people: the MoCHA mixed-methods study". Health Services and Delivery Research 8, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 1–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr08010.

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Background Community hospitals are small hospitals providing local inpatient and outpatient services. National surveys report that inpatient rehabilitation for older people is a core function but there are large differences in key performance measures. We have investigated these variations in community hospital ward performance. Objectives (1) To measure the relative performance of community hospital wards (studies 1 and 2); (2) to identify characteristics of community hospital wards that optimise performance (studies 1 and 3); (3) to develop a web-based interactive toolkit that supports operational changes to optimise ward performance (study 4); (4) to investigate the impact of community hospital wards on secondary care use (study 5); and (5) to investigate associations between short-term community (intermediate care) services and secondary care utilisation (study 5). Methods Study 1 – we used national data to conduct econometric estimations using stochastic frontier analysis in which a cost function was modelled using significant predictors of community hospital ward costs. Study 2 – a national postal survey was developed to collect data from a larger sample of community hospitals. Study 3 – three ethnographic case studies were performed to provide insight into less tangible aspects of community hospital ward care. Study 4 – a web-based interactive toolkit was developed by integrating the econometrics (study 1) and case study (study 3) findings. Study 5 – regression analyses were conducted using data from the Atlas of Variation Map 61 (rate of emergency admissions to hospital for people aged ≥ 75 years with a length of stay of < 24 hours) and the National Audit of Intermediate Care. Results Community hospital ward efficiency is comparable with the NHS acute hospital sector (mean cost efficiency 0.83, range 0.72–0.92). The rank order of community hospital ward efficiencies was distinguished to facilitate learning across the sector. On average, if all community hospital wards were operating in line with the highest cost efficiency, savings of 17% (or £47M per year) could be achieved (price year 2013/14) for our sample of 101 wards. Significant economies of scale were found: a 1% rise in output was associated with an average 0.85% increase in costs. We were unable to obtain a larger community hospital sample because of the low response rate to our national survey. The case studies identified how rehabilitation was delivered through collaborative, interdisciplinary working; interprofessional communication; and meaningful patient and family engagement. We also developed insight into patients’ recovery trajectories and care transitions. The web-based interactive toolkit was established [http://mocha.nhsbenchmarking.nhs.uk/ (accessed 9 September 2019)]. The crisis response team type of intermediate care, but not community hospitals, had a statistically significant negative association with emergency admissions. Limitations The econometric analyses were based on cross-sectional data and were also limited by missing data. The low response rate to our national survey means that we cannot extrapolate reliably from our community hospital sample. Conclusions The results suggest that significant community hospital ward savings may be realised by improving modifiable performance factors that might be augmented further by economies of scale. Future work How less efficient hospitals might reduce costs and sustain quality requires further research. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 1. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Imai, Masami. "Ideologies, vested interest groups, and postal saving privatization in Japan". Public Choice 138, n.º 1-2 (5 de agosto de 2008): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-008-9343-5.

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Senior, Ian. "Saving the Mail: How to Solve the Problems of the Us Postal Service". Economic Affairs 23, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2003): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2003.0448a.x.

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Wang, Zhe, Yu Li, Ze Hong Li, Liang Yuan y Ji Zheng. "An Analysis of Carbon Footprint of Beijing Based on Input-Output Model". Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (septiembre de 2013): 1052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1052.

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Climate change caused by increasing carbon emission is harmful to global environment and human society. Developing low-carbon economy through reasonable industries planning and effective utilization of resources is a significant path to achieve the aim of energy saving and carbon emission reduction. The word carbon footprint means carbon emission caused by a certain industry, activity, product or individual, and the issue of carbon emission should be linked with economic activity to analyze, while input-output model is a reliable method to contact two factors. Based on input-output model, this paper calculated direct or indirect carbon emission which is demanded for the products of final consumption in Beijing, and analyzed carbon footprint of each industrial sector in 2005, 2007 and 2010 by operating Leontief matrix. The result demonstrates annual carbon emission of Beijing increased from 10482.68×104ton to 17407.28×104ton during 2000-2011. Manufacturing industry, excavating industry, transportation and postal industry exert supreme impact on carbon emission in Beijing. Carbon footprint of transportation and postal industry and other tertiary industries such as information, business, service, education, science researching industries in 2010 had an obvious rise compare with the data of 2005 and 2007.

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