Tesis sobre el tema "Portada principal"
Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Portada principal.
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 42 mejores tesis para su investigación sobre el tema "Portada principal".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore tesis sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Hernández, Muñoz Enrique Jesús. "El levantamiento gráfico arquitectónico de precisión. La jamba de la portada de acceso principal a la Lonja de La Seda de Valencia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59426.
Texto completoResumen
[EN] The investigation is important in the development of countries and his societies; the economies are not based only in the accumulation of capital, it's necessary a solid foundation of information, learning and adaptation. The development of the capacity inventiveness, obtained by means of the investment in investigation and development.
The cataloging of the architectural heritage involves new challenges of conservation.
The problem of the conservation is not new, but in the 20th century there are big advances in the methods of investigation no destructive.
The Letter of Athens of 1931 defined the first bases of the conservation of the monuments. Between any of his recommendations stand out one of them that invites to keep the utility of the monuments so that it ensure the continuity of his life, with destinations that respect his historical character and/or artistic as it occurs in "la Lonja de Valencia".
The origin of this thesis and his development is oriented in one of the lines of investigation that in the Memory of the IX Congress APEGA proposes in the section of professional Investigations (connections of the drawing with other fields) in his first appendix: GRAPHIC EXPRESSION AND HERITAGE: NEW METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIFTING.
This Thesis is centered around the utilize the SCANNER LASER 3D, the ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION and other traditional methods, as new methods of Graphic Lifting and of precision in the field of the Architecture, to scale real and in the three-dimensional space.
Choose the Lonja of Valencia has his sense by his Universal interest, when being the only existent building in Valencia considered Heritage of the Humanity by the UNESCO.
Apply it to the Architectural Graphic Expression and Heritage supposes all an effort that has concretize in the following title:
"THE ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC LIFTING OF PRECISION. THE JAMB OF THE PORTAL OF MAIN ACCESS TO LA LONJA DE LA SEDA DE VALENCIA".
Has been vertebrated the present investigation with the following succession of contents:
Visit the urban and social surroundings more immediate of the monument from his construction until the actuality, to find out what conditions the city in his social position inside the country. Descend until the building to know the purpose of his construction and analyze the forms of work of his author.
Use from the simplest tools like combs archaeologist, until the most modern instruments in instrumental technology and study his evolution to be able to appreciate his working capacity.
Analyze the degree of accuracy of the measures that provide us the new instruments used in the architectural graphic lifting: the Scanner Laser 3D and the Total Station, from the most elementary instruments: the metallic metric strip, the foot of king and archaeologist comb millimeters.
Compare the geometry obtained with the theorist to study his metric, his composition, his symmetry, his proportion and his section original.
Compare the results and the protocol of the lifting made, with others of international importance.
The lifting proposed in this thesis pretends to reflect the morphology of the group and the one of his parts. We have evaded the defects of some pieces opting for regularization of the elements that take part in the monument. The measurements have been made using the metric system decimal, the millimeter like generic unit of work and precision. It has had present his relation with the metric system valid in Valencia as we will see and will justify in the subject of the metric used.[ES] El conocimiento juega un papel cada vez más importante en el desarrollo de los países y sus sociedades; las economías no están basadas únicamente en la acumulación de capital, hace falta un sólido cimiento de información, aprendizaje y adaptación. Por medio del conocimiento se logra el desarrollo de la capacidad inventiva, obtenida mediante la inversión en investigación y desarrollo. La catalogación del patrimonio arquitectónico implica nuevos retos de conservación. El problema de la conservación no es nuevo, pero en el siglo XX se producen grandes avances en los métodos de investigación no destructivos. La Carta de Atenas de 1931 definió las primeras bases de la conservación de los monumentos. Entre alguna de sus recomendaciones, destaca una que invita a mantener la utilidad de los monumentos para que se asegure la continuidad de su vida, con destinos que respeten su carácter histórico y/o artístico como ocurre en la Lonja de Valencia. El origen de esta tesis y su desarrollo está orientado en una de las líneas de investigación propuesto en la Memoria del IX Congreso APEGA, en el apartado de Investigaciones profesionales (conexiones del dibujo con otros campos) en su primer apéndice: EXPRESIÓN GRÁFICA Y PATRIMONIO: NUEVOS MÉTODOS DE LEVANTAMIENTO ARQUITECTÓNICO. Esta Tesis se centra en torno a la utilización del ESCÁNER LÁSER 3D, la ESTACIÓN TOTAL ELECTRÓNICA y otros métodos tradicionales, como nuevos métodos de Levantamiento Gráfico y de precisión en el ámbito de la Arquitectura, a escala real y en el espacio tridimensional. Elegir la Lonja de Valencia tiene su sentido por su interés Universal, al ser el único edificio existente en Valencia considerado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. Aplicarlo a la Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica y Patrimonio supone todo un esfuerzo que se ha concretado en el siguiente título: EL LEVANTAMIENTO GRÁFICO ARQUITECTÓNICO DE PRECISIÓN. LA JAMBA DE LA PORTADA DE ACCESO PRINCIPAL A LA LONJA DE LA SEDA DE VALENCIA. Se ha vertebrado la presente investigación con la siguiente sucesión de contenidos: Recorrer el entorno urbano y social más inmediato del monumento, desde su construcción hasta la actualidad, para conocer las condiciones se encontraba la ciudad en su posición social dentro del País. Descender hasta el edificio para conocer la finalidad de su construcción y para analizar las formas de trabajo de su autor. Utilizar desde las herramientas más simples como los peines de arqueólogo, hasta los instrumentos más modernos en tecnología instrumental y estudiar su evolución para poder apreciar su capacidad de trabajo. Analizar el grado de exactitud de las medidas que nos proporcionan los nuevos instrumentos utilizados en el levantamiento gráfico arquitectónico: el Escáner Láser 3D y la Estación Total, a partir de los instrumentos más elementales: la cinta métrica metálica, el pie de rey y el milimétrico peine de arqueólogo. Comparar la geometría obtenida con la teórica para estudiar su métrica, su composición, su simetría, su proporción y su envolvente original. Comparar los resultados y el protocolo del levantamiento realizado, con otros de relevancia internacional. El levantamiento propuesto en esta tesis pretende reflejar la morfología del conjunto y la de sus partes. Se han eludido los defectos de algunas piezas optando por la regularización de los elementos que intervienen en el monumento. Las mediciones han sido realizadas utilizando el sistema métrico decimal con el milímetro como unidad genérica de trabajo y precisión, si bien se ha tenido presente su relación con el sistema métrico de la época vigente en Valencia, como veremos y justificaremos en el tema de la métrica utilizada.
[CAT] El coneixement té un rol cada vegada més important en el desenvolupament dels països i les seues societats; les economies no estan basades únicament en l'acumulació de capital, fa falta un sòlid fonament d'informació, aprenentatge i adaptació. Per mitjà del coneixement s'aconsegueix el desenvolupament de la capacitat inventiva, obtinguda mitjançant la inversió en investigació i desenvolupament. La catalogació del patrimoni arquitectònic implica nous reptes de conservació. El problema de la conservació no és nou, però al segle XX es produeixen grans avanços en els mètodes d'investigació no destructius. La Carta d'Atenes de 1931 va definir les primeres bases de la conservació dels monuments. Entre alguna de les seves recomanacions destacar la que convida a mantindre la utilitat dels monuments perquè s'assegure la continuïtat de la seua vida, amb destinacions que respecten el seu caràcter històric i/o artístic com ocorre en la Llotja de València. L'origen d'aquesta tesi i el seu desenvolupament està orientat en una de les línies d'investigació proposada en la Memòria de l'IX Congrés APEGA, en l'apartat de recerques professionals (connexions del dibuix amb altres camps) en el seu primer apèndix: EXPRESSIÓ GRÀFICA I PATRIMONI: NOUS MÈTODES D'AIXECAMENT ARQUITECTÒNIC. Aquesta Tesi se centra entorn de la utilització de l'ESCÀNER LÀSER 3D, l'ESTACIÓ TOTAL ELECTRÒNICA i altres mètodes tradicionals, com a nous mètodes d'Aixecament Gràfic i de precisió en l'àmbit de l'Arquitectura, a escala real i en l'espai tridimensional. Triar la Llotja de València té el seu sentit pel seu interès Universal, en ser l'únic edifici existent a València considerat Patrimoni de la Humanitat per la UNESCO. Aplicar-ho a l'Expressió Gràfica Arquitectònica i Patrimoni suposa tot un esforç que s'ha concretat en el següent títol: L'AIXECAMENT GRÀFIC ARQUITECTÒNIC DE PRECISIÓ. EL BRANCAL DE LA PORTADA D'ACCÉS PRINCIPAL A LA LLOTJA DE LA SEDA DE VALÈNCIA. S'ha vertebrat la present recerca amb la següent successió de continguts: Recórrer l'entorn urbà i social més immediat del monument, des de la seua construcció fins a l'actualitat, per conèixer en quines condicions es trobava la ciutat en la seua posició social dins del País. Descendir fins a l'edifici per a conèixer la finalitat de la seua construcció i analitzar les formes de treball del seu autor. Utilitzar des de les eines més simples com les pintes d'arqueòleg, fins als instruments més moderns en tecnologia instrumental i estudiar la seua evolució per a poder apreciar la seua capacitat. Analitzar el grau d'exactitud de les mesures que ens proporcionen els nous instruments utilitzats en l'aixecament gràfic arquitectònic: l'Escàner Làser 3D i l'Estació Total, a partir dels instruments més elementals: la cinta mètrica metàl¿lica, el peu de rei i la mil¿limètrica pinta d'arqueòleg. Comparar la geometria obtinguda amb la teòrica per a estudiar la seua mètrica, la seua composició, la seua simetria, la seua proporció i la seua secció original. Comparar els resultats i el protocol de l'aixecament realitzat, amb uns altres de rellevància internacional. L'aixecament proposat en aquesta tesi pretén reflectir la morfologia del conjunt i la de les seues parts. S'han eludit els defectes d'algunes peces optant per la regularització dels elements que intervenen en el monument. Els mesuraments han sigut realitzats utilitzant el sistema mètric decimal,¿amb el milímetre com a unitat genèrica de treball i precisió., si bé s'ha tingut present la seua relació amb el sistema mètric de l'època vigent en València com veurem i justificarem en el tema de la mètrica utilitzada.
Hernández Muñoz, EJ. (2015). El levantamiento gráfico arquitectónico de precisión. La jamba de la portada de acceso principal a la Lonja de La Seda de Valencia [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59426
TESIS
2
Pimentel, Junior Adilson 1992. "Comportamento da videira Niagara Rosada em diferentes porta-enxertos e sistemas de condução do cordão principal /". Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150446.
Texto completoResumen
Orientador: Marco Antonio TecchioBanca: Sarita Leonel
Banca: Mara Fernandes Moura
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos sistemas de condução do cordão principal e de porta-enxertos no desenvolvimento vegetativo, na fertilidade de gemas, na produção, nas características físico-químicas dos cachos e bagas e na evolução da maturação da uva 'Niagara Rosada'. O experimento foi realizado nos ciclos produtivos de 2014 e 2015 no município de São Manuel-SP (22° 44' S e 48° 34' O e 740 m). As plantas foram sustentadas em espaldeira baixa no espaçamento de 2,0 x 0,80 m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, correspondendo aos dois porta-enxertos ('IAC 766' e 'IAC 572') e dois sistemas de condução do cordão principal (unilateral e bilateral). Foram avaliados o número de gemas do cordão principal e o número de ramos por planta, fertilidade de gemas, comprimento, diâmetro e massa fresca dos mesmos. Durante o ciclo foram avaliadas a duração dos estádios fenológicos e a evolução da maturação das uvas. Na colheita, avaliaram-se: número de cachos por planta, produção; produtividade; massa fresca, comprimento e largura de cachos, bagas e engaços; número de bagas por cacho e relação entre comprimento e largura da baga. O mosto da uva foi avaliado quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, pH e açúcares redutores. De modo geral, o sistema de condução recomendado para produção de uvas com qualidade comercial para a 'Niagara Rosada' consiste no cordão bilateral com o porta-enxerto 'IAC 766' sustentad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of training systems main cord and rootstock 'IAC 766' and 'IAC 572' in the vegetative development, bud fertility, production and the physicochemical characteristics of bunches and berries of grape 'Niagara Rosada'. The experiment was conducted in the productive cycles of 2014 and 2015 at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/UNESP, located in São Manuel, SP (22º 44' S and 48º 34' W and 740 m). The plants were spaced 2,0 x 0,80 m, in espalier support system low. The treatments consisted of the combination of two rootstocks ('IAC 766' and 'IAC 572') and two training systems of the main cord (unilateral and bilateral). Were avaluated the bud number of the main cord and the number of branches per plant, the fertility evaluation of bud, length, diameter and fresh weight thereof. During the cycle were evaluated, the duration of phenological stages and the evolution of maturation the grapes. At harvest, were evaluated: number of bunches per plant; production; productivity; fresh weight, length and width of bunches, berries and stems; number of berries per cluster and the relationship between length and width of berry. The must grape was evaluated for soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), relationship SS/AT, pH and reducing sugars. In general, the recommended conduction system for commercial quality grapes for 'Niagara Rosada' consists of the bilateral cord with the 'IAC 766' rootstock, which is supported by a low espalier in the central-western region of the State of São Paulo ...
Mestre
3
Damian, Ricardo Claassen. "Estudos para aprimoramento de projeto, fabricação e instalação das portas do trem de pouso principal de uma aeronave comercial". Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2006. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2168.
Texto completoResumen
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso da atuação da engenharia de projeto na melhoria do processo de instalação das portas de trem de pouso principal do EMB190, visando a diminuição de ciclo de montagem, problemas operacionais e atrasos na entrega de aeronaves. As portas do trem de pouso são um elemento crítico no processo de montagem de uma aeronave porque fazem interface com diversos elementos estruturais e sua instalação é um dos últimos itens da cadeia de produção do produto, cuja qualidade é assegurada através da medição de folgas e degraus em relação ao entorno. A produção em série da aeronave demonstrou a dificuldade de estabelecer eficiente procedimento de instalação, que atenda às tolerâncias especificadas. Também foram registradas interferências e falhas estruturais em algumas peças durante voos de produção e em aeronaves em operação. No capítulo 2.2 são apresentados os processos investigativos utilizados para definir as causas raiz dos problemas apontados no capítulo 2.1. No capítulo 2.3 é analisado o mecanismo de combinação destas causas raiz e as soluções adotadas para atingir os resultados esperados. Propõe-se uma solução que passa pela revisão de projetos, análises de estruturas, ferramentais e processos de produção, e que mostra as demandas conflitantes de uma linha de produção com prazos rígidos, da interface com um parceiro internacional e dos rígidos procedimentos associados aos requisitos de certificação aeronáuticos.
4
Zeumou, Tchamo Eric Daniel. "Impiego di un gruppo turbina-alternatore per la regolazione della portata di una tubazione idraulica". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13944/.
Texto completoResumen
IL nostro nostro lavoro è stato svolto nell'azienda Imolese LOCLAIN.
Si tratta quindi di una soluzione innovativa per il recupero di energia diversamente dissipata durante il servizio sia durante la regolazione della portata che quella della pressione in una turbatura idraulica.
Questa energia recuperata viene convertita con dei convertitori statici (INVERTER - AFE) e può essere:
+ sia auto-consumata per i fabbisogni dell'impianto stesso;
+ sia immessa in rete: il ritiro dedicato;
+ sia in parte immessa e consumata: lo scambio sul posto.
La macchina elettrica rotante che viene usata in questo sistema è un generatore e può essere sia : il generatore Brushless, generatore Asincrono; o generatore a riluttanza. Questi generatori devono essere flangiate, grado di protezione IP54, B5 poiché viene montato a sbalzo sull'asse della turbina.
Per quanto riguarda la turbina, essa viene integrata nelle tubature ed è di tipo assiale . Viene regolata automaticamente dall'inverter durante il passaggio del fluido.
Questo sistema innovativa presenta una doppia regolazione:
- Regolazione elettrica: tramite l'INVERTER ed agendo sul parametro OFFSET.
- Regolazione idraulica : tramite l'attuatore ed agendo sull'otturatore.
5
Pimentel, Junior Adilson [UNESP]. "Comportamento da videira Niagara Rosada em diferentes porta-enxertos e sistemas de condução do cordão principal". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/150446.
Texto completoResumen
Submitted by ADILSON PIMENTEL JUNIOR null (adilson_pimentel@outlook.com) on 2017-04-24T15:46:57Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
DISSERTAÇÃO ADILSON.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T13:39:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pimenteljunior_a_me_bot.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T13:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pimenteljunior_a_me_bot.pdf: 1305987 bytes, checksum: 293acd3eea6e3072ca11a7a8d59bf53d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos sistemas de condução do cordão principal e de porta-enxertos no desenvolvimento vegetativo, na fertilidade de gemas, na produção, nas características físico-químicas dos cachos e bagas e na evolução da maturação da uva ‘Niagara Rosada’. O experimento foi realizado nos ciclos produtivos de 2014 e 2015 no município de São Manuel-SP (22° 44’ S e 48° 34’ O e 740 m). As plantas foram sustentadas em espaldeira baixa no espaçamento de 2,0 x 0,80 m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, correspondendo aos dois porta-enxertos (‘IAC 766’ e ‘IAC 572’) e dois sistemas de condução do cordão principal (unilateral e bilateral). Foram avaliados o número de gemas do cordão principal e o número de ramos por planta, fertilidade de gemas, comprimento, diâmetro e massa fresca dos mesmos. Durante o ciclo foram avaliadas a duração dos estádios fenológicos e a evolução da maturação das uvas. Na colheita, avaliaram-se: número de cachos por planta, produção; produtividade; massa fresca, comprimento e largura de cachos, bagas e engaços; número de bagas por cacho e relação entre comprimento e largura da baga. O mosto da uva foi avaliado quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, pH e açúcares redutores. De modo geral, o sistema de condução recomendado para produção de uvas com qualidade comercial para a ‘Niagara Rosada’ consiste no cordão bilateral com o porta-enxerto ‘IAC 766’ sustentadas em espaldeira baixa na região centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of training systems main cord and rootstock ‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’ in the vegetative development, bud fertility, production and the physicochemical characteristics of bunches and berries of grape ‘Niagara Rosada’. The experiment was conducted in the productive cycles of 2014 and 2015 at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/UNESP, located in São Manuel, SP (22º 44’ S and 48º 34’ W and 740 m). The plants were spaced 2,0 x 0,80 m, in espalier support system low. The treatments consisted of the combination of two rootstocks (‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’) and two training systems of the main cord (unilateral and bilateral). Were avaluated the bud number of the main cord and the number of branches per plant, the fertility evaluation of bud, length, diameter and fresh weight thereof. During the cycle were evaluated, the duration of phenological stages and the evolution of maturation the grapes. At harvest, were evaluated: number of bunches per plant; production; productivity; fresh weight, length and width of bunches, berries and stems; number of berries per cluster and the relationship between length and width of berry. The must grape was evaluated for soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), relationship SS/AT, pH and reducing sugars. In general, the recommended conduction system for commercial quality grapes for 'Niagara Rosada' consists of the bilateral cord with the 'IAC 766' rootstock, which is supported by a low espalier in the central-western region of the State of São Paulo.
6
Moreira, Jacqueline Dulce. "Atuação nas redes sociais das principais empresas do mercado acionista : análise e comparação entre empresas do Brasil e de Portuga". Master's thesis, FEUC, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/21283.
Texto completo
7
Gyori, Victoria. "From republic to principate : change and continuity in Roman coinage". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-republic-to-principate(79056ebd-faf5-4f69-a4f5-0d75a57ca875).html.
Texto completoResumen
My thesis analyses the changes which occurred in the coinage of Rome from the mid-first century BC to the succession of Tiberius in AD 14 and investigates how they can contribute to our understanding of the nature and chronology of the formation of the Principate. The first chapter discusses methodological problems. I argue that the current organization and classification of Roman coinage - especially the treatment of all post-31/27 BC coins as "imperial" - have prejudged and obscured the value of coinage as evidence for this transition. The second chapter examines the Octavianic CAESAR DIVI F(ilius) and IMP(erator) CAESAR series of c. 32-27 BC. I argue these coins should be seen in a "Hellenistic monarchic" tradition following the Late Republican debt to Hellenistic artistic media. The third chapter and the fourth chapter focus on coins minted at Rome and in Spain from 23 BC to 16 BC. I argue that while many of these coins still employ numerous Late Republican Hellenising motifs, they also introduce novel elements into the typological inventory of Roman coinage, such as "honorific" and "anticipatory" issues, as well as a boom in the use of explanatory legends. The fifth chapter explores the dramatic shift in "familial" coin typology from the "ancestral" references in the Republic to portrayal of living members of the domus Augusti. The domus Augusti is the one numismatic theme that is found both on Augustan "mainstream" and "provincial" coins, and it seems that these types were first developed on the "provincial" coins. Overall, I conclude that these developments were not unilinear: there had been a general trend starting in the late Republic to adopt "Hellenistic monarchic" elements on Roman coins, while Tiberian coins of the end of Augustus’ reign still have strong "Republican" elements. I argue, however, that, after a ’false start’ before 27 BC, the decisive shift towards "monarchic" typology occurred after 19 BC.
8
Waxman, Sacha. "The pre-conception welfare principle : a case against regulation". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-preconception-welfare-principle-a-case-against-regulation(a7979c10-f61c-4d86-9635-35adfe81b4ed).html.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis focuses on the use of a child welfare principle in human assisted reproduction in the UK, as contained in section 13 (5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (as amended). Given the principle is applied prior to conception, I argue that it should be distinguished from the familiarly known child welfare principle in child law and thus my focus is on the pre-conception welfare principle (PCWP). The aim of this thesis is to provide an argument for abolition of the PCWP from UK regulation. This thesis aims to add to the debate and complement the existing body of legal and philosophical literature which has critically analysed the function of the PCWP from various perspectives. It does so by highlighting the importance of terminology throughout the work and focusing on the broader implications of the PCWP in practice. I argue that the implications of the PCWP go far beyond its position in the legislation and in order to substantiate that central argument, I separate the function of the PCWP assessment into distinct categories of harm based regulation. Before doing so, however, I critically analyse the development of the PCWP; I consider its function as a regulatory method and I challenge whether it has a defendable ethical position in the current framework. Overall, I argue against the PCWP and the harm threshold rationale underpinning it in practice. In Part I, I first set out the background to this type of research and explain why this work is important for challenging unjustified state intervention on reproductive choice. Second, I set the scene by outlining the development of the welfare principle in child law; the legislative chronology of the PCWP and the function of Principles Based Regulation (PBR) in the current regulatory framework. This entails setting out a number of assumptions, arguments and debates surrounding the concepts of welfare and harm and how these have been framed in regulation; in addition to setting out a central theme of this thesis, which is an argument that the regulation of the PCWP does not meet requisite standards of consistent, transparent, objective, proportionate and contextually-sensitive regulation. These assumptions and vii arguments are vital for understanding the basis on which this work challenges the suitability of the PCWP in the current regulatory framework. Part II of the thesis contains the papers and delivers the arguments against the PCWP in sequence. The overall aim of Part II is to present the central argument of the thesis and answer the research questions set out in the introduction. To accomplish this, the thesis first explores how the borders of child welfare have been defined by child law and judge-made law in wrongful life cases or cases involving the withdrawal or withholding of treatment from sick children. This is followed by a chronological and comparative legislative assessment of the development of the regulation of child welfare in the context of the PCWP. This develops into the main argument of the thesis which demonstrates the application of PCWP in practice departs from benchmark standards of better regulation. The thesis moves on to provoke a fresh debate on the relationship between pre-conception child welfare and the familial and genetic harm thresholds which are mandated by the PCWP assessment. The concept of harm is explored in a philosophical sense and the arguments culminate in a contention that no single philosophy underpins the PCWP, and that there is therefore no good reason to retain a principle which is problematic in both a functional and substantive sense. The thesis concludes with an overview of the progression of the main themes in this thesis, as well as identifying some promising opportunities for future research which have arisen as a result of this work.
9
Ba-Dhfari, Thamer Omer Faraj. "Hypothesis formulation in medical records space". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hypothesis-formulation-in-medical-records-space(cfbc207f-89df-49f4-988b-d5c0204b84c5).html.
Texto completoResumen
Patient medical records are a valuable resource that can be used for many purposes including managing and planning for future health needs as well as clinical research. Health databases such as the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD) and many other similar initiatives can provide researchers with a useful data source on which they can test their medical hypotheses. However, this can only be the case when researchers have a good set of hypotheses to test on the data. Conversely, the data may have other equally important areas that remain unexplored. There is a chance that some important signals in the data could be missed. Therefore, further analysis is required to make such hidden areas become more obvious and attainable for future exploration and investigation. Data mining techniques can be effective tools in discovering patterns and signals in large-scale patient data sets. These techniques have been widely applied to different areas in medical domain. Therefore, analysing patient data using such techniques has the potential to explore the data and to provide a better understanding of the information in patient records. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of medical data can be an obstacle in applying data mining techniques. Much of the potential value of this data therefore goes untapped. This thesis describes a novel methodology that reduces the dimensionality of primary care data, to make it more amenable to visualisation, mining and clustering. The methodology involves employing a combination of ontology-based semantic similarity and principal component analysis (PCA) to map the data into an appropriate and informative low dimensional space. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel methodology that provides a visualisation of patient records. This visualisation provides a systematic method that allows the formulation of new and testable hypotheses which can be fed to researchers to carry out the subsequent phases of research. In a small-scale study based on Salford Integrated Record (SIR) data, I have demonstrated that this mapping provides informative views of patient phenotypes across a population and allows the construction of clusters of patients sharing common diagnosis and treatments. The next phase of the research was to develop this methodology and explore its application using larger patient cohorts. This data contains more precise relationships between features than small-scale data. It also leads to the understanding of distinct population patterns and extracting common features. For such reasons, I applied the mapping methodology to patient records from the CPRD database. The study data set consisted of anonymised patient records for a population of 2.7 million patients. The work done in this analysis shows that methodology scales as O(n) in ways that did not require large computing resources. The low dimensional visualisation of high dimensional patient data allowed the identification of different subpopulations of patients across the study data set, where each subpopulation consisted of patients sharing similar characteristics such as age, gender and certain types of diseases. A key finding of this research is the wealth of data that can be produced. In the first use case of looking at the stratification of patients with falls, the methodology gave important hypotheses; however, this work has barely scratched the surface of how this mapping could be used. It opens up the possibility of applying a wide range of data mining strategies that have not yet been explored. What the thesis has shown is one strategy that works, but there could be many more. Furthermore, there is no aspect of the implementation of this methodology that restricts it to medical data. The same methodology could equally be applied to the analysis and visualisation of many other sources of data that are described using terms from taxonomies or ontologies.
10
Kliess, Malte Sebastian. "The principle of predicate exchangeability in pure inductive logic". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-principle-of-predicate-exchangeability-in-pure-inductive-logic(7483a787-d651-4734-8fdf-eda405fc48a6).html.
Texto completoResumen
We investigate the Principle of Predicate Exchangeability in the framework of Pure Inductive Logic. While this principle was known to Rudolf Carnap, who started research in Inductive Logic, the principle has been somewhat neglected in the past. After providing the framework of Pure Inductive Logic, we will show Representation Theorems for probability functions satisfying Predicate Exchangeability, filling the gap in the list of Representation Theorems for functions satisfying certain rational principles. We then introduce a new principle, called the Principle of Strong Predicate Exchangeability, which is weaker than the well-known Principle of Atom Exchangeability, but stronger than Predicate Exchangeability and give examples of functions that satisfy this principle. Finally, we extend the framework of Inductive Logic to Second Order languages, which allows for increasing a rational agent’s expressive strength. We introduce Wilmers’ Principle, a rational principle that rational agents might want to adopt in this extended framework, and give a representation theorem for this principle.
11
Bani, Philipson. "Caractérisation et suivi du dégazage des principaux édifices volcaniques actifs de l'arc insulaire du Vanuatu par télédetection". Nouvelle Calédonie, 2006. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/ThesePhilipsonBani2006.pdf.
Texto completoResumen
Les développements récents sur les applications des spectromètres UV miniaturisés par la mesure des flux de gaz volcaniques ont ouvert la possibilité de mesurer régulièrement le dégazage de volcans isolés, dont les flux de SO2 n'avaient jamais, ou rarement, été mesurés. Au Vanuatu, le dégazage d'un seul volcan sur six aériens actifs a été mesuré (1999). Cette thèse décrit les travaux réalisés sur l'étude du dégazage de quatre des édifices actifs de cet arc insulaire. Ils ont permis de mettre en évidence d'importantes sources permanentes de SO2 et d'halogènes sur les édifices volcaniques des îles d'Ambrym et de Tanna; des mesures de dégazages ont également été effectuées lors des manifestations éruptives sur les îles d'Aoba/Ambae et de Lopevi. Il ressort que les volcans du Vanuatu sont de très importantes sources de SO2 et d'halogènes. Ces sources naturelles d'émissions, liées à des manifestations volcaniques permanentes et cycliques, étaient peu connues et non prises en compte dans des bilans globaux. L'estimation minimum du flux de SO2 libéré par quatre édifices (Aoba, Ambrym, Lopevi, Yasur) du Vanuatu se situe autour de 61 Kg/s, ce qui représente entre 11 et 20 % du flux global moyen de SO2 rejetés dans l'atmosphère par les volcans de la planète. Le dégazage perturbe l'écosystème, génère des ^pertes importantes sur les plantes et cultures dont dépendent les ni-vanuatais pour subsister. Il menace épisodiquement leur sécurité. Son étude est un apport significatif à la quantification du risque volcanique de l'Archipel.
12
Favoretto, Natalia Caroline. "Portal dos idosos: desenvolvimento e avaliação de um website com informações sobre o processo de envelhecimento e as principais alterações fonoaudiológicas que acometem os idosos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-02022016-161455/.
Texto completoResumen
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver e avaliar um website com informações na área de Fonoaudiologia com enfoque no processo de envelhecimento. Foi elaborado um website contendo informações com linguagem simples, objetivo claro e conteúdo conciso, baseado em evidências científicas Utilizou-se o índice de Flesch para verificar a legibilidade do material, encontrando-se em 50% do conteúdo o correspondente a fácil e em 50% do conteúdo o correspondente a difícil. A elaboração do website seguiu as etapas: análise e planejamento, modelagem, implementação e avaliação. Foram convidados avaliadores que fizeram parte das categorias: idoso (I), cuidador de idoso (CI) e fonoaudiólogo (F). A amostra foi composta por 10 idosos (média etária de 63,60 anos), 8 cuidadores de idosos (média etária de 42,63 anos) e 10 fonoaudiólogos (média etária de 27,70 anos). A maioria dos indivíduos é (89,28%) do sexo feminino, que frequentemente acessavam a Internet (78,57%) e de diferentes níveis educacionais. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste Kruskal-Wallis e Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman. O conteúdo do website foi avaliado como adequado com maior classificação no submenu 6 (91,9%) e menor no submenu 2 (80,8%). Ao comparar o escore geral do questionário de avaliação do conteúdo entre as categorias encontrou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre CI x F de acordo com o teste Kruskal-Wallis, sendo p=0,017. Ao analisar cada submenu de acordo com as categorias, encontrou-se diferença estatística nos submenus 1 e 5 também entre as categorias CI x F, com as melhores avaliações realizadas pela categoria F. A avaliação da qualidade técnica do website apresentou-se como excelente, cuja subescala com maior classificação foi o Precisão (100%) e a menor foi Autoria (94,4%). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as categorias e as subescalas ou o escore geral. Conclui-se que o website e seu conteúdo sobre o Processo de Envelhecimento compõem uma fonte de consulta ou de complementação de informações fidedignas.This research aims to develop and evaluate a website with information on Speech-Language Pathology area with focus on the aging process. A website containing information with simple language, clear purpose and concise content was designed, based on scientific evidence. The Flesch index was used to check the material readability, being 50% of the content corresponding to \"easy\" and 50% of the content corresponding to \"difficult\". The website development followed the steps: analysis and planning, modeling, implementation and evaluation. Evaluators who were part of the following categories had been asked to participate: elderly (E), elderly caregiver (EC) and speech-language pathologists (SLP). The sample consisted of 10 elderly (average age of 63.60 years), 8 elderly caregivers (average age of 42.63 years) and 10 speech-language pathologists (average age of 27.70 years). Most individuals (89.28%) were females, which often accessed the Internet (78.57%) and of different educational levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient. The website\'s content was rated as \"adequate\" with highest ranking in subsection 6 (91.9%) and lowest ranking in subsection 2 (80.8%). Comparing the overall score from the questionnaire of content evaluation between the categories there was a statistically significant difference between EC x SLP according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, in which p=0.017. Analyzing each subsection according to categories, a statistical difference in subsections 1 and 5 was found, also among the EC x SLP categories, with the best ratings by SLP category. The evaluation of the websites technical quality was presented as \"excellent\", which subscale with the highest rating was \"Accuracy\" (100%) and the lowest rating was \"Authorship\" (94.4%). There was no statistically significant difference between the categories and subscales or the overall score. It was concluded that the website and its contents on the Aging Process compose a source of consultation or complementation of reliable information.
13
Xu, Yifen. "The impact of education reform on the role of secondary school principals in China". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-impact-of-education-reform-on-the-role-of-secondary-school-principals-in-china(372506c6-b55e-4415-9302-20f992c9cb3e).html.
Texto completoResumen
Worldwide, school principals, especially those in secondary schools, have felt increased pressure in their roles as many countries press for higher levels of student attainment. At the same time, education reforms and, in many systems, increased delegation to school leaders, have greatly increased principals' responsibilities and made the job much more complicated. Given their strategic importance, it is not surprising that the role of principals has attracted great attention since the 1990s. The central focus of this thesis was an investigation and analysis of the impact of recent education reforms on the role of secondary school principals in China. At the time of writing no clear picture of the expectations placed on principals in China exists, though there is no doubt that these expectation are greatly increased. The aim of the study was to investigate principals' own views of their role, their main activities and priorities, and the main influences on these. Consideration was also given to the major challenge or problems confronting school principals, and to identify similarities and differences between the principals' roles and attitudes in China and in the West. Naturalistic qualitative methods were used to investigate the experiences of 28 school leaders regarding how their role has developed in China during this period of major education reforms. Semi-structured interviews and shadowing these principals as they went about their work were the main methods of data collection drawn on in this study. Further information was extracted from documents about training policies and programmes accessible via official websites. Thematic analysis of the interview data was conducted, to identify key themes and issues. The analysis suggests that school principals encounter new challenges as 'curriculum leaders', in developing with their staff new pedagogies that shift the balance away from 'teaching' onto 'learning', and in dealing with the expectation of multiple stakeholders. It also emerged that the principals felt that they did not have sufficient autonomy to lead their schools as they would wish, which restricted curriculum development. Regarding the key findings, the main worry of the principals was with poor student attainment. Under the 'high-stakes' testing system, invisible pressure is exerted on the school for improving test results. The quality of education has never been subject to so much scrutiny from such a wide range of stakeholders, including parents, the community, and employers. As a result, the role of principals has become more complicated, and they are under increasing pressure from higher expectations amongst those both in and outside of the school. Leadership development has been embraced as an important factor in meeting those expectations. However, the thesis argues that there is not sufficient training provided for principals to develop their skills to meet these expectations.
14
Mohd-Safar, Noor Zuraidin. "Integration of principal component analysis, fuzzy C-means and artificial neural networks for localised environmental modelling of tropical climate". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/integration-of-principal-component-analysis-fuzzy-cmeans-and-artificial-neural-networks-for-localised-environmental-modelling-of-tropical-climate(46e896a0-e712-4e4f-9812-d5c977fe6b1d).html.
Texto completoResumen
Meteorological processes are highly non-linear and complicated to predict at high spatial resolutions. Weather forecasting provides critical information about future weather that is important for flooding disaster prediction system and disaster management. This information is also important to businesses, industry, agricultural sector, government and local authorities for a wide range of reasons. Processes leading to rainfall are non-linear with the relationships between meteorological parameters are dynamic and disproportionate. The uncertainty of future occurrence and rain intensity can have a negative impact on many sectors which depend on the weather condition. Therefore, having an accurate rainfall prediction is important in human decisions. Innovative computer technologies such as soft computing can be used to improve the accuracy of rainfall prediction. Soft computing approaches, such as neural network and fuzzy soft clustering are computational intelligent systems that are capable of integrating humanlike knowledge within a specific domain, adapt themselves and learn in changing environments. This study evaluates the performance of a rainfall forecasting model. The data pre-processing method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is combined with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm and used to forecast short-term localized rainfall in tropical climate. State forecast (raining or not raining) and value forecast (rain intensity) are tested using a number of trained networks. Different types of ANN structures were trained with a combination of multilayer perceptron with a back propagation network. Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian Regularization and a Scaled Conjugate Gradient training algorithm are used in the network training. Each neuron uses linear, logistic sigmoid and hyperbolic tangent sigmoid as a transfer function. Preliminary analysis of input parameter data pre-processing and FCM clustering were used to prepare input data for the ANN forecast model. Meteorological data such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, dew point, humidity and wind speedhave been used as input parameters. The magnitude of errors and correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the performance of trained neural networks. The predicted rainfall forecast for one to six hour ahead are compared and analysed. One hour ahead for state and value forecast yield more than 80% accuracy. The increasing hours of rain prediction will reduce the forecast accuracy because input-output mapping of the forecast model reached termination criterion early during validation test and no improvement of convergence in the consecutive number of epochs. Result shows that, the combination of PCA-FCM-ANN forecast model produces better accuracy compared to a basic ANN forecast model.
15
Rogan, Lisa. "How can the Principal-Agent Theoretical Framework be used to attain a better understanding of Performance Management in Primary Care?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/how-can-the-principalagent-theoretical-framework-be-used-to-attain-a-better-understanding-of-performance-management-in-primary-care(7ed405e5-f139-4940-baa0-2e27ef91a336).html.
Texto completoResumen
Principal-Agent Theory has been used by researchers to understand relationships among different professional groups and explain contractual arrangements and performance management between organisations. Use of principal-agent theory in research within primary care is limited. This study uses the principal-agent theoretical framework to attain a better understanding of performance management in primary care. The relationship between managers and primary care clinicians is explored. The study uses the main theoretical assumptions of information asymmetry and goal alignment to explain the findings. Case study methodology was used to explore the research question. Purposive sampling techniques using the following datasets were used to select participants: practice size; percentage South Asian population; levels of deprivation; and relative performance on selected national productivity performance indicators. Managers were selected based on their corporate responsibility for organisational performance or role in performance management within the organisation. Twenty six formal recorded interviews were carried out with various directors, managers and clinicians across NHS East Lancashire and NHS North West. Interviews were transcribed and organised using NVIVO 8 software and analysed using matrix analysis techniques. There is confusion between performance measurement and performance management. The terms are often used interchangeably. The NHS tends to focus on things that are easy to measure at the risk of omitting important aspects of care that are more difficult to capture. Soft performance intelligence such as: training, multidisciplinary teamwork, communication and shared vision are just as important as tangible metrics. Three primary care performance management systems emerged from the findings: The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), the Practice Development Framework (PDF) and the Better Care Better Value (BCBV) Productivity Performance Framework. Performance indicators do not always reflect quality outcomes. This can lead to poorer outcomes for patients especially if dependent on incentives. The study addresses the research question through analysis of the following themes: Understanding performance management; Use of performance management systems; and Barriers to performance management in primary care. A common understanding of performance management is required across all stakeholders. Clear, strategic direction and consistent interpretation of organisational objectives at all levels is essential to achieve goal alignment. Soft intelligence and qualitative measures need to be considered as well as tangible metrics. Clinical engagement and ownership are key factors to achieving goal alignment. Trust between principal and agent affects the degree to which information asymmetry is overcome. Appropriate use of incentives, good communication and strategies to overcome the problem of information asymmetry and address ‘professional superiority’ improves goal alignment. Achieving the right balance between accountability and clinical autonomy is important to ensure governance and financial balance without stifling innovation. Goal alignment depends on quality and accuracy of information and robust targets to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of information and inadvertent use of incentives. Principal-agent theory suggests goal alignment is achieved by applying the underlying assumptions of the theoretical framework. In complex systems like the English NHS, it is likely that only partial goal alignment will be achieved. The degree of achievement depends on the number and level of alignment of individual factors.
16
Odondi, Lang'O. "Causal modelling of survival data with informative noncompliance". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/causal-modelling-of-survival-data-with-informative-noncompliance(74f40dc0-e5d1-46c0-ab2f-ac42a3425ac7).html.
Texto completoResumen
Noncompliance to treatment allocation is likely to complicate estimation of causal effects in clinical trials. The ubiquitous nonrandom phenomenon of noncompliance renders per-protocol and as- treated analyses or even simple regression adjustments for noncompliance inadequate for causal inference. For survival data, several specialist methods have been developed when noncompliance is related to risk. The Causal Accelerated Life Model (CALM) allows time-dependent departures from randomized treatment in either arm and relates each observed event time to a potential event time that would have been observed if the control treatment had been given throughout the trial. Alternatively, the structural Proportional Hazards (C-Prophet) model accounts for all-or-nothing noncompliance in the treatment arm only while the CHARM estimator allows time-dependent departures from randomized treatment by considering survival outcome as a sequence of binary outcomes to provide an 'approximate' overall hazard ratio estimate which is adjusted for compliance. The problem of efficacy estimation is compounded for two-active treatment trials (additional noncompliance) where the ITT estimate provides a biased estimator for the true hazard ratio even under homogeneous treatment effects assumption. Using plausible arm-specific predictors of compliance, principal stratification methods can be applied to obtain principal effects for each stratum. The present work applies the above methods to data from the Esprit trials study which was conducted to ascertain whether or not unopposed oestrogen (hormone replacement therapy - HRT) reduced the risk of further cardiac events in postmenopausal women who survive a first myocardial infarction. We use statistically designed simulation studies to evaluate the performance of these methods in terms of bias and 95% confidence interval coverage. We also apply a principal stratification method to adjust for noncompliance in two treatment arms trial originally developed for binary data for survival analysis in terms of causal risk ratio. In a Bayesian framework, we apply the method to Esprit data to account for noncompliance in both treatment arms and estimate principal effects. We apply statistically designed simulation studies to evaluate the performance of the method in terms of bias in the causal effect estimates for each stratum. ITT analysis of the Esprit data showed the effects of taking HRT tablets was not statistically significantly different from placebo for both all cause mortality and myocardial reinfarction outcomes. Average compliance rate for HRT treatment was 43% and compliance rate decreased as the study progressed. CHARM and C-Prophet methods produced similar results but CALM performed best for Esprit: suggesting HRT would reduce risk of death by 50%. Simulation studies comparing the methods suggested that while both C-Prophet and CHARM methods performed equally well in terms of bias, the CALM method performed best in terms of both bias and 95% confidence interval coverage albeit with the largest RMSE. The principal stratification method failed for the Esprit study possibly due to the strong distribution assumption implicit in the method and lack of adequate compliance information in the data which produced large 95% credible intervals for the principal effect estimates. For moderate value of sensitivity parameter, principal stratification results suggested compliance with HRT tablets relative to placebo would reduce risk of mortality by 43% among the most compliant. Simulation studies on performance of this method showed narrower corresponding mean 95% credible intervals corresponding to the the causal risk ratio estimates for this subgroup compared to other strata. However, the results were sensitive to the unknown sensitivity parameter.
17
Meng, Jingyi. "Labour supply with reference-dependent preferences". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/labour-supply-with-referencedependent-preferences(7ccb3ed0-d64c-46c4-b733-ad583e5b106f).html.
Texto completoResumen
This thesis studies the labour supply with aspiration-based reference-dependent preferences. The first contribution of the thesis is the theoretical modelling of behavioural contract theory. In Chapter 1, I modify the classical principal-agent model with uncertainty and moral hazard by replacing the Expected Utility preferences of the agent with chance theory preferences (Schmidt and Zank, 2013). Chance theory agents are primarily concerned with the sure wage they can obtain, i.e., the certain component in their contract, as they treat increments in bonuses markedly different to similar changes in sure wages. Similar to the classical predictions, our agents' optimal contracts are contingent payment schemes, however, they differ with respect to the level of the sure wage. I also contrast my predictions to those of the model of Herweg et al. (2010), who assume agents with expectation-based loss-averse preferences. The other contribution of this thesis is the empirical support for the theory of aspiration-based reference-dependent preferences with field data in education economics. In Chapter 2, I study aspiration-based reference-dependent preferences in undergraduate students' performance and effort provision. Students' reference points are set as their targeted grades. I extend a two-period economics-of-education model (Krohn and O'Connor, 2005) by proposing an additional utility function that is based on the difference between the realised grade and targeted grade. I design surveys and collect data by following a group of undergraduate students at the University of Manchester for two semesters of a full academic year with a two-period panel. My results provide evidence for students' reference-dependent preferences in two ways: first, a significant jump in students' proxied utility of grade is found at the reference point, which also implies students are loss averse. Second, the reference point positively affects students' effort provision. I further study the formation of the reference point and its variation over time. My results suggest that students partially update their past realised results into the formation of reference points. Further, the relative change of their reference points depends on the achievement of the past period reference point.
18
Ban, Kee Hyun. "Winning 'hearts and minds'? : the Roman Army in the eastern provinces under the Principate (27 BCE - 284 CE)". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/winning-hearts-and-minds(a2e049d5-e147-491d-a2cb-516f5b04e597).html.
Texto completoResumen
My thesis investigates whether the Roman authorities had any policies or practices in employing and deploying their armed forces to win the hearts and minds of the population in the eastern provinces under the Principate (27 BCE - 284 CE) as kind of military strategy for exploiting their human and material resources to confront the Arsacid - Sassanid empire. Chapter 1 explains this aim with reference to previous scholarship. In chapter 2, I update and review the data for the provenance of soldiers. I argue that the hypothesis of increasing ʻlocalisation’ in the pattern of recruiting soldiers is wrong. Military units in the eastern provinces always depended largely on the recruits from Italy, Africa and the Danube, as well as from the other eastern provinces. Chapter 3 investigates the processes of recruitment and veteran settlement, and argues that the Romans had a strategic aim to strengthen social integration between soldiers and civilians. This is supported by a case study of the Roman garrison at Syene in Egypt. Chapter 4 argues that the logistics system of the Roman armed forces and their military presence within or near urban areas did not hinder the economic growth of the eastern provinces. The Roman government took action against the abuse of requisitions. As in the West, Roman military occupation brought some economic benefit. Chapter 5 shows the changing image of Roman soldiers in imperial Greek literature from invaders to guardians. Greek elites began to view themselves as part of the empire and to distinguish between insiders (Romans) and outsiders (barbarians). Provincials thought of Roman soldiers as more effective and reliable than their municipal police. Chapter 6 argues that, as part of their military strategy, the Romans used the propaganda that their emperor was a Roman Alexander who confronted the Parthian threat to protect his subjects in the East. This seems to have had some success in uniting the various eastern nations to support and serve in Rome’s military domination of their territories. All these actions would have been impossible without a strategic intention to win the hearts and minds of the population in the eastern provinces.
19
Loftus, John. "On the development of control systems technology for fermentation processes". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/on-the-development-of-control-systems-technology-for-fermentation-processes(61955790-a48b-4703-8942-bfe47a38a6c2).html.
Texto completoResumen
Fermentation processes play an integral role in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. The Quality by Design initiative, combined with Process Analytical Technologies, aims to facilitate the consistent production of high quality products in the most efficient and economical way. The ability to estimate and control product quality from these processes is essential in achieving this aim. Large historical datasets are commonplace in the pharmaceutical industry and multivariate methods based on PCA and PLS have been successfully used in a wide range of applications to extract useful information from such datasets. This thesis has focused on the development and application of novel multivariate methods to the estimation and control of product quality from a number of processes. The document is divided into four main categories. Firstly, the related literature and inherent mathematical techniques are summarised. Following this, the three main technical areas of work are presented. The first of these relates to the development of a novel method for estimating the quality of products from a proprietary process using PCA. The ability to estimate product quality is useful for identifying production steps that are potentially problematic and also increases process efficiency by ensuring that any defective products are detected before they undergo any further processing. The proposed method is simple and robust and has been applied to two separate case studies, the results of which demonstrate the efficacy of the technique. The second area of work concentrates on the development of a novel method of identifying the operational phases of batch fermentation processes and is based on PCA and associated statistics. Knowledge of the operational phases of a process can be beneficial from a monitoring and control perspective and allows a process to be divided into phases that can be approximated by a linear model. The devised methodology is applied to two separate fermentation processes and results show the capability of the proposed method. The third area of work focuses on undertaking a performance evaluation of two multivariate algorithms, PLS and EPLS, in controlling the end-point product yield of fermentation processes. Control of end-point product quality is of crucial importance in many manufacturing industries, such as the pharmaceutical industry. Developing a controller based on historical and identification process data is attractive due to the simplicity of modelling and the increasing availability of process data. The methodology is applied to two case studies and performance evaluated. From both a prediction and control perspective, it is seen that EPLS outperforms PLS, which is important if modelling data is limited.
20
Abraham, Etimbuk. "Adaptive supervisory control scheme for voltage controlled demand response in power systems". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/adaptive-supervisory-control-scheme-for-voltage-controlled-demand-response-in-power-systems(3e64537d-52c7-4eb5-87f2-b73fe920b9cb).html.
Texto completoResumen
Radical changes to present day power systems will lead to power systems with a significant penetration of renewable energy sources and smartness, expressed in an extensive utilization of novel sensors and cyber secure Information and Communication Technology. Although these renewable energy sources prove to contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions into the environment, its high penetration affects power system dynamic performance as a result of reduced power system inertia as well as less flexibility with regards to dispatching generation to balance future demand. These pose a threat both to the security and stability of future power systems. It is therefore very important to develop new methods through which power system security and stability can be maintained. This research investigated the development of methods through which the contributions of on-load tap changing transformers/transformer clusters could be assessed with the intent of developing real time adaptive voltage controlled demand response schemes for power systems. The development of such a scheme enables more active system components to be involved in the provision of frequency control as an ancillary service and deploys a new frequency control service with low infrastructural investment, bearing in mind that OLTC transformers are already very prevalent in power systems. In this thesis, a novel online adaptive supervisory controller for ensuring optimal dispatch of voltage-controlled demand response resources is developed. This novel controller is designed using the assessment results of OLTC transformer impacts on steady-state frequency and was tested for a variety of scenarios. To achieve the effective performance of the adaptive supervisory controller, the extensive use of statistical techniques for assessing OLTC transformer contributions to voltage controlled demand response is presented. This thesis also includes the use of unsupervised machine learning techniques for power system partitioning and the further use of statistical methods for assessing the contributions of OLTC transformer aggregates.
21
Lopez, Montero Eduardo. "Use of multivariate statistical methods for control of chemical batch processes". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/use-of-multivariate-statistical-methods-for-control-of-chemical-batch-processes(6cf45624-2388-4e85-b4c6-99503547ad06).html.
Texto completoResumen
In order to meet tight product quality specifications for chemical batch processes, it is vital to monitor and control product quality throughout the batch duration. However, the frequent lack of in situ sensors for continuous monitoring of batch product quality complicates the control problem and calls for novel control approaches. This thesis focuses on the study and application of multivariate statistical methods to control product quality in chemical batch processes. These multivariate statistical methods can be used to identify data-driven prediction models that can be integrated within a model predictive control (MPC) framework. The ideal MPC control strategy achieves end-product quality specifications by performing trajectory tracking during the batch operating time. However, due to the lack of in-situ sensors, measurements of product quality are usually obtained by laboratory assays and are, therefore, inherently intermittent. This thesis proposes a new approach to realise trajectory tracking control of batch product quality in those situations where only intermittent measurements are available. The scope of this methodology consists of: 1) the identification of a partial least squares (PLS) model that works as an estimator of product quality, 2) the transformation of the PLS model into a recursive formulation utilising a moving window technique, and 3) the incorporation of the recursive PLS model as a predictor into a standard MPC framework for tracking the desired trajectory of batch product quality. The structure of the recursive PLS model allows a straightforward incorporation of process constraints in the optimisation process. Additionally, a method to incorporate a nonlinear inner relation within the proposed PLS recursive model is introduced. This nonlinear inner relation is a combination of feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) and linear regression. Nonlinear models based on this method can predict product quality of highly nonlinear batch processes and can, therefore, be used within an MPC framework to control such processes. The use of linear regression in addition to ANNs within the PLS model reduces the risk of overfitting and also reduces the computational e↵ort of the optimisation carried out by the controller. The benefits of the proposed modelling and control methods are demonstrated using a number of simulated batch processes.
22
Courtney, Steven. "Investigating school leadership at a time of system diversity, competition and flux". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-school-leadership-at-a-time-of-system-diversity-competition-and-flux(c3c52eb8-8bfb-4a16-b54b-f401b42939b8).html.
Texto completoResumen
This dissertation reports on a qualitative study of school leadership with nine secondary-school headteachers (of maintained schools) or principals (of academy-type schools) in England. The project maps schooling provision and offers an empirical account of leaders’ identities and practices in neoliberal and neoconservative times. Informed by a critical policy-scholarship methodology, documentary data from primary and secondary sources supplement narrative and semi-structured interviews conducted over 18 months. The findings are reported in five journal articles and one book chapter. The first output maps school types through different lenses: legal status; curriculum; selection; types of academy; and school groupings. The mapping highlights the intersections between the reform agenda and historical diversity. I conceptualise the landscape holistically through locus of legitimacy and branding, arguing that diversification policies facilitate corporatised and religious interests. Second, I show how UTCs and studio schools construct children’s abilities as fixed and differentiable in terms of predicted economic value. They select, but the responsibility for this, following Bourdieu, is transferred discursively from the school through branding and habitus to the “consumers” where it is to be misrecognised as exercising ‘school choice’. Third, I typologise three effects on heads’ and principals’ agency and identities of a few elite multi-academy trust principals, or courtiers, who have won regional empires through expanding their academy chains to occupy the spaces opened up by the dismantling of LAs. Public-sector and school-leader identities and histories permit the promotion of their activities as “school led” and downplays their close relationship with central-state policy makers and private-sector networks. Fourth, I argue that corporatised leadership in schools in England is being promoted through new actors and new types of school. Corporatised leadership is characterised inter alia by the promotion of business interests and the adoption of business-derived leadership practices and identities. I use Bourdieu’s concept of field to explain the impact of business on educational leadership and the dissonance between leaders and led. Fifth, I argue with Gunter that school leaders are removing those who embody or vocalise alternative conceptualisations of educator by eradicating ‘inadequate’ teaching,and implementing the leader’s ‘vision’. We deploy Arendtian thinking to show how current models of school leadership enable totalitarian practices to become ordinary. Sixth, I develop Bourdieu’s concept of hysteresis through narratives from two heads to argue that rather than simply being an effect of change, hysteresis may be an actively sought outcome whereby the state intervenes to deprivilege welfarist headteachers and privilege corporatised principals through structurally facilitating their habitus and mandating its dispositions for the field. Collectively, these findings demonstrate how the diversification of provision in England and the demands of a performative, marketised regime have ontological and professional stakes for school leaders and for the led. Symbolic and economic capital is accruing to the capitalised, facilitated by corporate practices and corporate structural solutions through acquisitions and alliances. Resistance is possible, but a dissident habitus limits standing in the field. This hierarchisation is reflected in the relationship between school types and in how children are meant to self-select into that provision. This is a landscape constituted of positions, where pupils are expected to know their place and the purpose of education is to facilitate social segregation for economic efficiency.
23
Lin, Haisheng. "The application of multivariate statistical analysis and batch process control in industrial processes". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-application-of-multivariate-statistical-analysis-and-batch-process-control-in-industrial-processes(a80fba25-82b1-4f55-a38e-c486262e18dd).html.
Texto completoResumen
To manufacture safe, effective and affordable medicines with greater efficiency, process analytical technology (PAT) has been introduced by the Food and Drug Agency to encourage the pharmaceutical industry to develop and design well-understood processes. PAT requires chemical imaging techniques to be used to collect process variables for real-time process analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis tools and process control tools are important for implementing PAT in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals as they enable information to be extracted from the PAT measurements. Multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA) are applied in this thesis to extract information regarding a pharmaceutical tablet. ICA was found to outperform PCA and was able to identify the presence of five different materials and their spatial distribution around the tablet.Another important area for PAT is in improving the control of processes. In the pharmaceutical industry, many of the processes operate in a batch strategy, which introduces difficult control challenges. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that has been used extensively to extract chemical and physical information from a product sample based on the scattering effect of light. In this thesis, NIR measurements were incorporated as feedback information into several control strategies. Although these controllers performed reasonably well, they could only regulate the NIR spectrum at a number of wavenumbers, rather than over the full spectrum.In an attempt to regulate the entire NIR spectrum, a novel control algorithm was developed. This controller was found to be superior to the only comparable controller and able to regulate the NIR similarly. The benefits of the proposed controller were demonstrated using a benchmark simulation of a batch reactor.
24
Hughes, Caryn Sian. "Development of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for drug response analysis". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy-for-drug-response-analysis(e03ec73c-e9c4-4515-9f06-a549544a8ab9).html.
Texto completoResumen
The feasibility of FTIR-based spectroscopy as a tool to measure cellular response to therapeutics was investigated. Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy has been used in conjunction with multivariate analysis (MVA) to assess the chemistry of many clinically relevant biological materials; however, the technique has not yet found its place in a clinical setting. One issue that has held the technique back is due to the spectral distortions caused by resonant Mie scattering (RMieS), which affects the ability to confidently assign molecular assignments to the spectral signals from biomaterials. In the light of recently improved understanding of RMieS, resulting in a novel correction algorithm, the analytical robustness of corrected FTIR spectra was validated against multi-discipline methods to characterise a set of renal cell lines which were selected for their difference in morphology.After validation of the FTIR methodology by discriminating different cell lines, the second stage of analyses tested the sensitivity of FTIR technique by determining if discrete chemical differences could be highlighted within a cell population of the same origin. The renal carcinoma cell line 2245R contains a sub-population to contain a sub-population of cells displaying 'stem-cell like' properties. These stem-like cells, however, are difficult to isolate and characterise by conventional '-omic' means. Finally, cellular response to chemotherapeutics was investigated using the established renal cell lines CAKI-2 and A-498. For the model, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), an established chemotherapeutic agent with known mechanisms of action was used. Novel gold-based therapeutic compounds were also assessed in parallel to determine their efficacy against renal cell carcinoma. The novel compounds displayed initial activity, as the FTIR evidence suggested compounds were able to enter the cells in the first instance, evoking a cellular response. The long-term performance, tracked with standard proliferation assays and FTIR spectroscopy in the renal cancer cell model, however, was poor. Rather than dismissing the compounds as in-active, the compounds may simply be more effective in cancer cell types of a different nature. The FTIR-based evidence provided the means to suggest such a conclusion. Overall, the initial results suggest that the combination of FTIR and MVA, in the presence of the novel RMieS-EMSC algorithm can detect differences in cellular response to chemotherapeutics. The results were also in-line with complimentary biological-based techniques, demonstrating the powerful potential of the technique as a promising drug screening tool.
25
Elnady, Maged Elsaid. "On-shaft vibration measurement using a MEMS accelerometer for faults diagnosis in rotating machines". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/onshaft-vibration-measurement-using-a-mems-accelerometer-for-faults-diagnosis-in-rotating-machines(cf9b9848-972d-49ff-a6b0-97bef1ad0e93).html.
Texto completoResumen
The healthy condition of a rotating machine leads to safe and cheap operation of almost all industrial facilities and mechanical systems. To achieve such a goal, vibration-based condition monitoring has proved to be a well-accepted technique that detects incipient fault symptoms. The conventional way of On-Bearing Vibration Measurement (OBVM) captures symptoms of different faults, however, it requires a relatively expensive setup, an additional space for the auxiliary devices and cabling in addition to an experienced analyst. On-Shaft Vibration Measurement (OSVM) is an emerging method proposed to offer more reliable Faults Diagnosis (FD) tools with less number of sensors, minimal processing time and lower system and maintenance costs. The advancement in sensor and wireless communications technologies enables attaching a MEMS accelerometer with a miniaturised wireless data acquisition unit directly to the rotor without altering the machine dynamics. In this study, OSVM is analysed during constant speed and run-up operations of a test rig. The observations showed response modulation, hence, a Finite Element (FE) analysis has been carried out to help interpret the experimental observations. The FE analysis confirmed that the modulation is due to the rotary motion of the on-shaft sensor. A demodulation method has been developed to solve this problem. The FD capability of OSVM has been compared to that of OBVM using conventional analysis where the former provided more efficient diagnosis with less number of sensors. To incorporate more features, a method has been developed to diagnose faults based on Principal Component Analysis and Nearest Neighbour classifier. Furthermore, the method is enhanced using Linear Discriminant Analysis to do the diagnosis without the need for a classifier. Another faults diagnosis method has been developed that ensures the generalisation of extracted faults features from OSVM data of a specific machine to similar machines mounted on different foundations.
26
Sheppard, Therese. "Extending covariance structure analysis for multivariate and functional data". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/extending-covariance-structure-analysis-for-multivariate-and-functional-data(e2ad7f12-3783-48cf-b83c-0ca26ef77633).html.
Texto completoResumen
For multivariate data, when testing homogeneity of covariance matrices arising from two or more groups, Bartlett's (1937) modified likelihood ratio test statistic is appropriate to use under the null hypothesis of equal covariance matrices where the null distribution of the test statistic is based on the restrictive assumption of normality. Zhang and Boos (1992) provide a pooled bootstrap approach when the data cannot be assumed to be normally distributed. We give three alternative bootstrap techniques to testing homogeneity of covariance matrices when it is both inappropriate to pool the data into one single population as in the pooled bootstrap procedure and when the data are not normally distributed. We further show that our alternative bootstrap methodology can be extended to testing Flury's (1988) hierarchy of covariance structure models. Where deviations from normality exist, we show, by simulation, that the normal theory log-likelihood ratio test statistic is less viable compared with our bootstrap methodology. For functional data, Ramsay and Silverman (2005) and Lee et al (2002) together provide four computational techniques for functional principal component analysis (PCA) followed by covariance structure estimation. When the smoothing method for smoothing individual profiles is based on using least squares cubic B-splines or regression splines, we find that the ensuing covariance matrix estimate suffers from loss of dimensionality. We show that ridge regression can be used to resolve this problem, but only for the discretisation and numerical quadrature approaches to estimation, and that choice of a suitable ridge parameter is not arbitrary. We further show the unsuitability of regression splines when deciding on the optimal degree of smoothing to apply to individual profiles. To gain insight into smoothing parameter choice for functional data, we compare kernel and spline approaches to smoothing individual profiles in a nonparametric regression context. Our simulation results justify a kernel approach using a new criterion based on predicted squared error. We also show by simulation that, when taking account of correlation, a kernel approach using a generalized cross validatory type criterion performs well. These data-based methods for selecting the smoothing parameter are illustrated prior to a functional PCA on a real data set.
27
Coughlin, Dominic James. "The development of the Teachers' Standards in England and Professional Standards for Teachers in Scotland : determining the pedagogic discourse and recontextualising principle". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-the-teachers-standards-in-england-and-professional-standards-for-teachers-in-scotland-determining-the-pedagogic-discourse-and-recontextualising-principle(eb87c89d-2460-4c94-adc2-e15ed2d1dbeb).html.
Texto completoResumen
Teaching standards have increasingly been used to identify and categorise the work of teachers across educational systems for the purpose of certification and licencing, as performance indicators and, in some cases, to map out professional development. Accordingly, in both England and Scotland, teaching standards have been a central tenet in attempts to regulate the work of teachers. Most recently in England this has resulted in the Teachers’ Standards (DfE, 2012b), and in Scotland the Professional Standards for Teachers comprising of The Standards for Registration (GTCS, 2012h), The Standard for Career-Long Professional Learning (GTCS, 2012f), and The Standards for Leadership and Management (GTCS, 2012g). This research provides a comparative analysis of the recontextualising principle and pedagogic discourse (Bernstein, 2000), the rules and regulations, which led to the production of these most recent sets of standards in England and Scotland. A mixed qualitative approach was taken to the research questions composing documentary analysis and interviews with those involved with the reviews. The analysis of text drew on Basil Bernstein’s Pedagogic Device (Bernstein, 2000) combined with Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2003) to provide a single theoretical lens. CDA was ‘put to work’ (Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999, p.2) within the Pedagogic Device to tease out the discursive practices of the reviews of teaching standards through the examinations of the documentary and interview data. The Professional Standards for Teachers in Scotland look to Hoyle’s (1974) ‘extended professionality’ and Sachs’ ‘activism’ (2003a) as the model for teacher professionalism, whereas the Teachers’ Standards in England, developed in the controlled environment of the Department of Education (DfE), represent a more passive teacher at the restricted end of Hoyle’s continuum. In regards to the development of teaching standards, the DfE approaches the review process as a ‘classic bureaucracy’ (Dimmock, 2007) in tightly regulating the drafting of the Teachers’ Standards. The General Teaching Council for Scotland adopts two identities to the development of the Professional Standards for Teachers. First, it integrates, through an interlocking committee structure, with the Scottish Government and their associated institutions. Second, it adopts an ‘informal’ organisational approach to writing the standards.
28
Qader, Soran. "Reconceptualising 'Uti Possidetis' principle to hone its invocation in the context of twenty-first century's phase of state-creation : the case of Kurdistan and Iraq in perspective". Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reconceptualising-uti-possidetis-principle-to-hone-its-invocation-in-the-context-of-twentyfirst-centurys-phase-of-statecreation(d6f82de4-b9dc-4eb7-b6bb-a429be2da34c).html.
Texto completoResumen
This PhD thesis is primarily concerned with the critical examination of a principle commonly, but inaccurately, called ‘Uti Possidetis’. This Latin American origin principle, has found a universal adoption over the years. The present study seeks to explore in depth, the merit and viability of this colonial formulation, with specific reference towards its application to contemporary issues of statehood in the 21st century. The thesis shows that the principle has been universally accepted and invoked. Across the globe, states and international judicial bodies warmly embraced this principle. This, in turn, has propelled the principle towards paramount significance within international law. It has contributed effectively to shaping the boundary lines of more than 80% of current sovereign states. However, on the jurisprudential level, the principle is one of the most criticised and controversial principles, dividing international lawyers and political scientists. There have always been recursive controversies concerning its viability and applicability in the modern age. Scholarly views of the principle present an extreme division, and no dominant opinion has yet emerged. The central argument of the thesis is that claiming the inapplicability of the principle in the modern time, is but a futile argument in contradiction with the spirit of international law and the prevalent practice on the ground. However, the principle in its current traditional form suffers from several theoretical complications and numerous of practical deficiencies, and that no aspect of it has been immune from diverse complexities. This has made the principle to provide an equitable solution for the territorial and boundary issues. Having reviewed a prodigious amount of literature, the thesis demonstrates that, despite the enormous amount of academic activity focused on the principle, its precise contours have remained ambiguous. Thus, the current literature has left a multiplicity of questions unanswered and dozen sets of gaps unfilled. The thesis expounds that neither frequent application nor a revival in academic interest have mitigated the fatal deficiencies from which the traditional version of the principle has long suffered. Despite its universally widespread invocation, the traditional formulation of the principle has remained somewhat tenuous, with extensive discourse over its proper derivation, identification and application. However, this traditional formulation cannot be deemed without merit. In the absence of palatable alternatives, it might still offer the viable solution, but only when it is reconceptualised, modernised, and purged of its anachronistic features. Thus, the provision of this reconceptualisation is the central task of the thesis, and its authentic contribution to knowledge. Deploying a modern methodology, and a deeper more holistic analysis, the thesis hones the old version of the principle, inherently down to its core, and ameliorates its increasing complexities. Ultimately, the thesis sets out to establish a totally fresh formulation out of it, to be dubbed as the modern Default Boundary Principle. The modernised formulation, which will be developed in this thesis, accommodates modern developments in the contemporary international law. It provides a sophisticated means of conflict prevention and management for the territorial and boundary aspects of statehood. It functions as a restorative, clear-cut, and equitable solution, which is capable of delivering wideset range of peace and stability. This pioneering academic enterprise will, therefore, provide a genuine contribution to current understanding of the principle and offer guidance to the relevant decision makers on how to apply the new formulation. Thus, to ensure the validity and unbiased progression of the novel approach, the thesis will examine the modernised formulation as applied to contemporary cases of statehood, namely the entangled and the grossly under-studied case of Kurdistan and Iraq. Finally, this in-depth study of modernising ‘Uti Possidetis is unique. This, can be attributed to the fact that such an approach has not previously been available, and no other work provides an equivalent understanding. Thus, the thesis claims to be among the first comprehensive academic research dealing with the international legal problems involved in the principle. The findings of this study challenge several prevalent views and settled opinions in the relevant current literature. The thesis, therefore, needs to be firmly established in intellectual discourse and in the lexicon of international law. This observation is highlighting a genuinely novel trend as far as we can tell, comes out as a direct and genuine contribution of the present thesis to knowledge.
29
Tee, Sheng Ji. "Ageing assessment of transformer insulation through oil test database analysis". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/ageing-assessment-of-transformer-insulation-through-oil-test-database-analysis(9d99e3a3-8795-4b85-a484-48fae2f02d2e).html.
Texto completoResumen
Transformer ageing is inevitable and it is a challenge for utilities to manage a large fleet of ageing transformers. This means the need for monitoring transformer condition. One of the most widely used methods is oil sampling and testing. Databases of oil test records hence manifest as a great source of information for facilitating transformer ageing assessment and asset management. In this work, databases from three UK utilities including about 4,600 transformers and 65,000 oil test entries were processed, cleaned and analysed. The procedures used could help asset managers in how to approach databases, such as the need for addressing oil contamination, measurement procedure change and oil treatment discontinuities. An early degradation phenomenon was detected in multiple databases/utilities, which was investigated and found to be caused by the adoption of hydrotreatment oil refining technique in the late 1980s. Asset managers may need to monitor more frequently the affected units and restructure long term plans. The work subsequently focused on population analyses which indicated higher voltage transformers (275 kV and 400 kV) are tested more frequently and for more parameters compared with lower voltage units (33 kV and 132 kV). Acidity is the parameter that shows the highest correlation with transformer in-service age. In addition, the influence of the length of oil test records on population ageing trends was studied. It is found that it is possible to have a representative population ageing trend even with a short period (e.g. two years) of oil test results if the transformer age profile is representative of the whole transformer population. Leading from population analyses, seasonal influence on moisture was investigated which implies the importance of incorporating oil sampling temperature for better interpretation of moisture as well as indirectly breakdown voltage records. A condition mismatch between dielectric dissipation factor and resistivity was also discovered which could mean the need for revising the current IEC 60422 oil maintenance guide. Finally, insulation condition ranking was performed through principal component analysis (PCA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). These two techniques were demonstrated to be not just capable alternatives to traditional empirical formula but also allow fast, objective interpretation in PCA case, as well as flexible and comprehensive (objective and subjective incorporations) analysis in AHP case.
30
Nguyen, Minh B. "The undermining of the indemnity principle : a plea for a return to basics and the rediscovery of full indemnity in insurance law : a case study of Vietnam". Thesis, Bangor University, 2013. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-undermining-of-the-indemnity-principle--a-plea-for-a-return-to-basics-and-the-rediscovery-of-full-indemnity-in-insurance-law--a-case-study-of-vietnam(cc53cc8c-d85f-4363-8467-7effd1549406).html.
Texto completo
31
Danagalan, Aliyu. "The use of selected indicators to examine marine fishery sustainability within the Nigeria-Sao Tome & Principe Joint Development Zone". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-use-of-selected-indicators-to-examine-marine-fishery-sustainability-within-the-nigeriasao-tome--principe-joint-development-zone(78d6d323-132c-4b3a-a9cc-957cc6fef290).html.
Texto completoResumen
In 1999, the officials of the Nigerian and Sao Tome & Principe’s governments embarked upon delineating their maritime boundary. They discovered that the two nations’ maritime boundary overlapped as a result of establishing their Exclusive Economic Zone; and this area of overlap was found to have enormous hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon resources. Several meetings and negotiations ensured and the area of overlap designated a joint development zone. The aim of the research is to evaluate the viability and effectiveness of implementing the recently published Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme-Large Marine Ecosystem indicators to the Nigeria-Sao Tome & Principe Joint Development Zone-an area of sub-Large Marine Ecosystem scale- given the characteristics of the zone and particularly the extent of Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported fishing around the area. An interview and questionnaire survey was conducted on some selected stakeholders where initial findings revealed a clear lack of information exchange among critical stakeholders, inadequate attention to living resource exploitation in a joint development designated to cover both living and non-living resources, lack of a coherent mechanism to tackle issues of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing practices among others and most importantly lack of or ignorance on the use and employment of indicators for marine ecosystem assessment as encouraged by scientists. Results from the survey were further compared and evaluated against international best practices where recommendations emerged. This provided insights and lessons upon further evaluations from examples of successful application of use and deployment of indicators for marine resource assessment especially in joint development context for the research area that are capable of being applicable elsewhere in similar scenarios. Feedback and comments were later obtained upon the initial analysis from the main stakeholders responsible for the sustainable management of the Joint Development Zone’s fishery resources. This was then integrated into the research which provided critical insights and key lessons on the use and employment of indicators as well as on the current management arrangements in place for the sustainable management of the Joint Development Zone’s fishery resources.
32
Savan, Emanuel-Emil. "Consumer liking and sensory attribute prediction for new product development support : applications and enhancements of belief rule-based methodology". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/consumer-liking-and-sensory-attribute-prediction-for-new-product-development-support-applications-and-enhancements-of-belief-rulebased-methodology(0582be52-a5ce-47da-836d-e30b5506fb41).html.
Texto completoResumen
Methodologies designed to support new product development are receiving increasing interest in recent literature. A significant percentage of new product failure is attributed to a mismatch between designed product features and consumer liking. A variety of methodologies have been proposed and tested for consumer liking or preference prediction, ranging from statistical methodologies e.g. multiple linear regression (MLR) to non-statistical approaches e.g. artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and belief rule-based (BRB) systems. BRB has been previously tested for consumer preference prediction and target setting in case studies from the beverages industry. Results have indicated a number of technical and conceptual advantages which BRB holds over the aforementioned alternative approaches. This thesis focuses on presenting further advantages and applications of the BRB methodology for consumer liking prediction. The features and advantages are selected in response to challenges raised by three addressed case studies. The first case study addresses a novel industry for BRB application: the fast moving consumer goods industry, the personal care sector. A series of challenges are tackled. Firstly, stepwise linear regression, principal component analysis and AutoEncoder are tested for predictors’ selection and data reduction. Secondly, an investigation is carried out to analyse the impact of employing complete distributions, instead of averages, for sensory attributes. Moreover, the effect of modelling instrumental measurement error is assessed. The second case study addresses a different product from the personal care sector. A bi-objective prescriptive approach for BRB model structure selection and validation is proposed and tested. Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing are benchmarked against complete enumeration for searching the model structures. A novel criterion based on an adjusted Akaike Information Criterion is designed for identifying the optimal model structure from the Pareto frontier based on two objectives: model complexity and model fit. The third case study introduces yet another novel industry for BRB application: the pastry and confectionary specialties industry. A new prescriptive framework, for rule validation and random training set allocation, is designed and tested. In all case studies, the BRB methodology is compared with the most popular alternative approaches: MLR, ANN, and SVM. The results indicate that BRB outperforms these methodologies both conceptually and in terms of prediction accuracy.
33
Pan, Cheng-Ta. "Electron energy loss spectroscopy of graphene and boron nitride with impurities or defects in the transmission electron microscope". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy-of-graphene-and-boron-nitride-with-impurities-or-defects-in-the-transmission-electron-microscope(c5e574fb-fca6-4ccb-9ebc-60a3ba5c345b).html.
Texto completoResumen
The two-dimensional material graphene possesses many impressive properties such asextraordinary carrier mobility, mechanical stiffness and optical transmittance. However,the properties of pristine graphene do not always complement the requirements of applications. Of particular interest, a band gap is needed for electronic logic devices. Recent research shows that using few-layer hexagonal boron nitride as a substrate for graphene-based electronic devices can open a band gap in graphene. Also, introducing impurities such as hydrogen atoms, transition metals or silicon atoms on or within graphene can control the electronic properties according to recent studies. Furthermore, ion irradiation is an alternative option to tailor the properties of graphene by introducing defects. In this thesis, pristine, impure or defective graphene and few-layer boron nitride were characterised by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy. Through STEM and EEL spectroscopy, lattice structures and electronic properties of these two-dimensional materials could be investigated at the atomic scale. This thesis focuses on the frontier studies of theoretical and experimental EEL spectroscopy of graphene and few-layer boron nitride with impurities. In the EEL spectra of pristine graphene and boron nitride two prominent peaks were observed, which are attributed to the plasmon excitations of π- and π+σ-electrons. By introducing impurities such as hydrogen adatoms on graphene and substitutional oxygen and carbon atoms within single-layer boron nitride, our experimental and simulated EEL spectra show that their π-plasmon peaks are modified. The concentrations of these impurities were then evaluated via EEL spectra and atomic-resolution images. If other impurities, such as various transition metals and silicon atoms, are introduced on or within single-layer graphene, our simulated EEL spectra demonstrate that the geometry of these impurity clusters affects the π-plasmon peak in graphene and some impurities even enhance it. Finally, experiments on in-situ transmission electron microscopy and ex-situ STEM and Raman spectroscopy were conducted to investigate ion irradiated graphene. Many topological defects were, for the first time, observed in atomic-resolution STEM images of ion irradiated graphene. Simulated EEL spectra of defective graphene are also reported, which suggests that corrugations and dangling bonds in defects can modify out-of-plane EEL spectra and introduce intraband transitions, respectively.
34
Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. "A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
Texto completoResumen
The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
35
Soares, Sandra Cristina Monteiro. "Avaliação da Qualidade do Ambiente Interior no Edifício da Portaria Principal do Porto de Leixões". Master's thesis, 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/105843.
Texto completo
36
Soares, Sandra Cristina Monteiro. "Avaliação da Qualidade do Ambiente Interior no Edifício da Portaria Principal do Porto de Leixões". Dissertação, 2017. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/105843.
Texto completo
37
Xhanari, Elton. "L’asilo costituzionale. Portata e limiti di un diritto fondamentale fra Italia, Spagna e Unione Europea". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/939421.
Texto completoResumen
La presente tesi esamina la genesi e l’evoluzione del diritto d’asilo e intende offrire una descrizione della sua portata e dei suoi limiti all’interno dell’ordinamento internazionale, europeo, italiano e spagnolo.
La ricerca parte da una ricostruzione storica dell’istituto al fine di sottolineare il passaggio da una concezione strettamente religiosa dell’asilo ad una politica, nonché la successiva emersione dell’istituto del rifugio e l’affermazione del principio di non respingimento.
Una volta conclusa l’analisi storica del diritto d’asilo, il lavoro si focalizza sulla progressiva evoluzione di quest’ultimo nello spazio giuridico europeo, con particolare attenzione alla Convenzione Europea sui Diritti dell’Uomo e al diritto primario e derivato dell’Unione Europea.
Viene analizzato, infine, l’ordinamento interno italiano e spagnolo e viene dedicato uno specifico approfondimento alle posizioni emerse durante il dibattito costituente. Tale scelta è stata consigliata dall'ampiezza degli argomenti, dal fervore e dalla solennità della discussione, segno che i legislatori costituzionali dell’epoca avevano ben presente il fatto di trovarsi innanzi a uno degli istituti che avrebbero potuto risultare determinanti per la concezione dei rispettivi assetti costituzionali.
Nel percorso argomentativo della dissertazione, emergono due principali questioni: la prima riguarda l’affermazione graduale del principio di non respingimento come diritto umano fondamentale e la seconda è relativa alla tendenza del diritto costituzionale d’asilo a diluirsi in un istituto simile ma non esattamente sovrapponibile, ossia lo status di rifugiato.This dissertation examines the genesis and the evolution of the right of asylum and aims to offer a description of its extent and its limits within the international, European , Italian and Spanish legal system. The investigative path starts from an historical reconstruction of the institute in order to illustrate the passage from a strictly religious concept of asylum to a political one succeeded by the emersion of the refuge institute and the affirmation of the non refoulement principle. Once concluded the historical examination of the right of asylum, the research focuses on its progressive evolution in the European legal space and particular attention is drawn to the European Convention on Human Rights and to the course of integration into the European Union. Finally, the domestic laws of Italy and Spain are appraised with special consideration of the positions expressed during the constituent debate. Such decision was recommended by the intensity of the topics, from the fervor and solemnity of the discussion, a sign that the constitutional legislators were well aware to be dealing with one of the institutions that could be decisive in the very design of their respective constitutional arrangements. Two main issues emerged from the research. The first question regards the gradual affirmation of the non refoulement principle as a fundamental human right. The second one relates to the tendency of the constitutional right of asylum to thin out within a legal institution that is similar but not exactly comparable such as the refugee status.
38
Chen, Li-yuen y 陳麗元. "Investigating Home Page Layout Design on a Shopping Web Portal Based on the Proximity Compatibility Principle". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/b3kyd2.
Texto completoResumen
碩士國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
98
A complex shopping website often confuses users. A poor web design refrains the user from obtaining the desired information. Current academic research lacks a criterion for the home page layout design. This study offers suggestions to help web designers on the design of web page block re-layout. According to proximity compatibility principle, a mental compatibility and the integration of attention, a better design by re-layout or re-display web page blocks with a cluster closed each other can reduce waste of scanning and attention, and ultimately, it improves the readability of the webs. Yahoo Shopping Website is the most common shopping website in Taiwan, so it was used as the case in this study for redesign. The card sorting method was utilized to identify subjects'' metal models on the proximities of home page blocks on the shopping web portals. Two independent variables, block layout and color, were design in the experiment. Subjects'' eye movement was collected and analyzed through a gaze tracking system. Results showed that the best design was the re-layout of the page blocks. The findings of this study suggest that using the Proximity Compatibility Principle for designing web pages should be able to reduce the waste time of obtaining information and enhance browsing efficiency.
39
RENGHINI, Cristina. "Il sistema di tutela brevettuale nell'Unione Europea: il Brevetto Europeo con effetto unitario e il Tribunale Unificato dei Brevetti". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251086.
Texto completoResumen
Dopo più di quarant’anni di tentativi tesi alla realizzazione di un titolo di protezione brevettuale “comunitario”, nel 2012 sono stati emanati due regolamenti, il n. 1257/2012 e il n. 1260/2012, attuativi di una cooperazione rafforzata tra ventisei Stati membri dell’Unione europea: essi creano un brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e ne disciplinano il regime di traduzione applicabile. L’anno successivo, venticinque Stati membri hanno firmato un accordo istitutivo del Tribunale unificato dei brevetti. I summenzionati strumenti normativi costituiscono il c.d. “pacchetto brevetti”, che entrerà in vigore una volta che almeno tredici Stati membri, tra cui Germania, Francia e Regno Unito, avranno ratificato l’Accordo. Rispetto al panorama attuale, caratterizzato da una frammentazione normativa e giurisdizionale, tale nuova architettura porterà indubbiamente notevoli vantaggi. Da un lato, infatti, i regolamenti europei introducono un “nuovo brevetto” che estende la sua efficacia oltre i confini nazionali; la portata della protezione e gli effetti saranno infatti uniformi in tutto il territorio degli Stati membri partecipanti. Dall’altro, il Tribunale unificato, competente a giudicare quasi tutte le controversie in materia brevettuale, si sostituirà ai giudici nazionali, garantendo l’uniformità della giurisdizione e delle decisioni. Tuttavia, il risultato ottenuto con il “pacchetto brevetti” non sembra essere adeguato agli obiettivi di unitarietà che le istituzioni europee e gli Stati membri si erano prefissati. Si tratta infatti di un quadro normativo complesso, che combina il diritto dell’Unione europea, il diritto internazionale (in particolare l’Accordo sul Tribunale unificato e la Convenzione sul brevetto europeo), e il diritto nazionale degli Stati membri, a cui gli atti citati rinviano in diverse occasioni, e che istituisce due strumenti, il brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e il Tribunale unificato dei brevetti, dalla natura assai controversa. Per tale ragione, la nuova normativa solleva molteplici questioni di natura costituzionale, in ordine alla compatibilità del nuovo sistema con l’ordinamento giuridico dell’Unione europea. Uno dei profili problematici di particolare interesse riguarda la cooperazione rafforzata in tema di tutela brevettuale unitaria, che sembra essere stata instaurata per eludere il dissenso di Italia e Spagna in relazione al regime linguistico applicabile. Inoltre, nei due regolamenti europei manca una vera e propria disciplina sostanziale, sollevando pertanto dei dubbi sull’effettiva “unitarietà” del nuovo brevetto. Infine, alcune caratteristiche del Tribunale unificato, quali la sua particolare struttura, il riparto interno delle competenze, il regime linguistico e la previsione di un periodo transitorio in cui è possibile ancora adire il giudice nazionale, si pongono in contrasto con il fine di unificazione giurisdizionale. A tali considerazioni si aggiunge che la decisione del Regno Unito di uscire dall’Unione europea potrebbe compromettere l’entrata in vigore del “pacchetto brevetti”. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare in modo organico l’intera disciplina, nell’ottica di verificarne l’effettiva compatibilità con l’ordinamento dell’Unione europea. Solamente attraverso un approccio sistematico fondato sui principi e sugli strumenti dell’UE, si possono superare le attuali criticità che emergono dal “pacchetto brevetti”, nell’ottica di un effettivo miglioramento di tale nuova disciplina e del conseguente raggiungimento di una reale unitarietà nella tutela brevettuale.
40
RECCHI, Simonetta. "THE ROLE OF HUMAN DIGNITY AS A VALUE TO PROMOTE ACTIVE AGEING IN THE ENTERPRISES". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251122.
Texto completoResumen
Ogni azienda che si riconosca socialmente responsabile deve occuparsi dello sviluppo delle carriere dei propri dipendenti da due punti di vista: quello individuale e personale e quello professionale. La carriera all’interno di un’azienda coinvolge, infatti, la persona in quanto individuo con un proprio carattere e una precisa identità e la persona in quanto lavoratore con un bagaglio specifico di conoscenze e competenze.
L’azienda ha, quindi, il compito di promuovere carriere professionalmente stimolanti che si sviluppino in linea con i suoi stessi valori, la sua visione e la sua missione.
Nel panorama moderno, aziende che sviluppano la propria idea di business nel rispetto dei lavoratori proponendo loro un percorso di crescita, si mostrano senza dubbio lungimiranti.
Un tale approccio, però, non basta a far sì che vengano definite socialmente responsabili. I fattori della Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa sono infatti numerosi e, ad oggi, uno dei problemi principali da affrontare è quello del progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione. Dal momento che la forza lavoro mondiale sta invecchiando e che si sta rispondendo al problema spostando la linea del pensionamento, tutte le aziende sono obbligate a mantenere le persone il più a lungo possibile attive e motivate a lavoro.
L’età è spesso visto come un fattore di diversità e di discriminazione, ma nello sviluppare la mia argomentazione, cercherò di dimostrare che una politica del lavoro che supporti l’idea dell’invecchiamento attivo può trasformare questo fattore da limite in opportunità.
Il rispetto degli esseri umani, a prescindere dalle differenze legate all’età, dovrebbe essere uno dei valori fondanti di ogni impresa.
Nel primo capitolo della tesi, svilupperò il tema della dignità umana così come è stato concepito a partire dalla filosofia greca fino alla modernità. La dignità intesa come valore ontologico, legato all’essenza dell’uomo, diventerà con Kant il fattore di uguaglianza tra tutti gli esseri viventi, la giustificazione del rispetto reciproco.
Il concetto di dignità verrà, poi, definito nel secondo capitolo come il principale valore che deve ispirare l’azione sociale delle imprese, come l’elemento che garantisce il rispetto di ogni dipendente che prima ancora di essere un lavoratore è un essere umano. La dignità è ciò che rende l’essere umano degno di essere considerato un fine in se stesso piuttosto che un mezzo per il raggiungimento di un fine esterno.
Nell’era della globalizzazione, dove il denaro è il valore principale, gli esseri umani rischiano di diventare un mezzo al servizio dell’economia. A questo punto, il rispetto della dignità deve divenire il fondamento di un ambiente di lavoro che promuove la crescita e la fioritura dell’essere umano.
Nel secondo capitolo cercherò quindi di dimostrare come l’idea di dignità possa promuovere un management “umanistico” centrato sul rispetto dell’essere umano.
Un’impresa socialmente responsabile può promuovere il rispetto di ogni lavoratore se fa propri i valori di dignità e uguaglianza. Attraverso la teoria dello Humanistic Management che veicola tali valori, il lavoro diventa un luogo in cui l’uomo può esprimere se stesso, la sua identità, le sue conoscenze e competenze. Inoltre, dal momento che la popolazione sta invecchiando, le aziende devono farsi carico della forza lavoro più anziana, come è emerso sopra.
A questo punto, nel terzo capitolo, il concetto della Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa sarà analizzato nel suo legame con i temi dell’invecchiamento attivo e della diversità sul posto di lavoro. Conosciamo diverse ragioni di differenza a lavoro: genere, cultura, etnia, competenze, ma qui ci concentreremo sul fattore età.
È naturale che i lavoratori anziani abbiano un’idea di lavoro diversa da quella dei giovani e che le loro abilità siano differenti. Ma questa diversità non deve essere valutata come migliore o peggiore: essa dipende da fattori che analizzeremo e che l’impresa socialmente responsabile conosce e valorizza per creare un ambiente di lavoro stimolante e collaborativo, eliminando possibili conflitti intergenerazionali.
Alcune delle teorie che permettono di raggiungere tali obiettivi sono il Diversity Management e l’Age Management: ogni impresa può promuovere pratiche per valorizzare gli anziani, permettendo loro di rimanere più a lungo attivi e proattivi a lavoro e di condividere le proprie conoscenze e competenze.
L’ultimo capitolo della tesi si concentrerà su un caso di azienda italiana che ha sviluppato uno strumento di valorizzazione di collaboratori over 65.
Sto parlando della Loccioni, presso cui ho svolto la ricerca applicata e che promuove il progetto Silverzone, un network di persone in pensione che hanno conosciuto l’azienda nel corso della loro carriera e che continuano a collaborare con essa ancora dopo il pensionamento.
Per capire l’impatto qualitativo e quantitativo che il progetto ha sull’azienda, ho portato avanti un’analisi qualitativa dei dati ottenuti grazie a due tipi di questionari.
Il primo ha visto il coinvolgimento dei 16 managers della Loccioni a cui sono state sottoposte le seguenti domande:
1. Chi sono i silver nella tua area di business? Quali i progetti in cui essi sono coinvolti?
2. Qual è il valore del loro supporto per l’azienda? E, allo stesso tempo, quali sono le difficoltà che possono incontrarsi durante queste collaborazioni?
3. Qual è la frequenza degli incontri con i silver?
4. Perché l’azienda ha bisogno di questo network?
Successivamente, ho sottoposto un altro questionario agli 81 silver della rete. Di seguito i dettagli:
1. Qual è il tuo nome?
2. Dove sei nato?
3. Dove vivi?
4. Qual è stato il tuo percorso formativo?
5. Qual è stata la tua carriera professionale?
6. Come e con chi è avvenuto il primo contatto Loccioni?
7. Come sei venuto a conoscenza del progetto Silverzone?
8. Con quali dei collaboratori Loccioni stai lavorando?
9. In quali progetti sei coinvolto?
10. Potresti descrivere il progetto in tre parole?
11. Che significato ha per te fare parte di questa rete?
12. Nella tua opinione, come deve essere il Silver?
13. Che tipo di relazioni hai con i collaboratori Loccioni?
14. Quali dimensioni umane (dono, relazione, comunità, rispetto) e professionali (innovazione, tecnologia, rete) emergono lavorando in questo progetto?
Il progetto Silverzone è sicuramente una buona pratica di Age Management per mantenere più a lungo attivi i lavoratori over 65. I progetti in cui i Silver sono coinvolti hanno un importante impatto economico sull’impresa, in termini di investimento ma anche di guadagno. Ad ogni modo, qui la necessità di fare profitto, stando a quanto è emerso dai risultati delle interviste, è subordinata al più alto valore del rispetto dei bisogni umani che diventa garante di un posto di lavoro comfortable, dove si riesce a stringere relazioni piacevoli, collaborative e produttive.
41
FORMICONI, Cristina. "LÈD: Il Lavoro È un Diritto. Nuove soluzioni all’auto-orientamento al lavoro e per il recruiting online delle persone con disabilità". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251119.
Texto completoResumen
INTRODUZIONE: Il presente progetto di ricerca nasce all’interno di un Dottorato Eureka, sviluppato grazie al contributo della Regione Marche, dell’Università di Macerata e dell’azienda Jobmetoo by Jobdisabili srl, agenzia per il lavoro esclusivamente focalizzata sui lavoratori con disabilità o appartenenti alle categorie protette. Se trovare lavoro è già difficile per molti, per chi ha una disabilità diventa un percorso pieno di ostacoli. Nonostante, infatti, la legge 68/99 abbia una visione tra le più avanzate in Europa, l’Italia è stata ripresa dalla Corte Europea per non rispettare i propri doveri relativamente al collocamento mirato delle persone con disabilità. Tra chi ha una disabilità, la disoccupazione è fra il 50% e il 70% in Europa, con punte dell’80% in Italia. L’attuale strategia europea sulla disabilità 2010-2020 pone come obiettivi fondamentali la lotta alla discriminazione, le pari opportunità e l’inclusione attiva. Per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi assume un’importanza centrale l’orientamento permanente: esso si esercita in forme e modalità diverse a seconda dei bisogni, dei contesti e delle situazioni. La centralità di tutti gli interventi orientativi è il riconoscimento della capacità di autodeterminazione dell’essere umano, che va supportato nel trovare la massima possibilità di manifestarsi e realizzarsi. Ciò vale ancora di più per le persone con disabilità, in quanto risultano fondamentali tutte quelle azioni che consentono loro di raggiungere una consapevolezza delle proprie capacità/abilità accanto al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche della propria disabilità. L’orientamento assume così un valore permanente nella vita di ogni persona, garantendone lo sviluppo e il sostegno nei processi di scelta e di decisione con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attiva, la crescita economica e l’inclusione sociale. Oggi giorno il frame work di riferimento concettuale nel campo della disabilità è l’International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), il quale ha portato a un vero e proprio rovesciamento del termine disabilità dal negativo al positivo: non si parla più di impedimenti, disabilità, handicap, ma di funzioni, strutture e attività. In quest’ottica, la disabilità non appare più come mera conseguenza delle condizioni fisiche dell’individuo, ma scaturisce dalla relazione fra l’individuo e le condizioni del mondo esterno. In termini di progetto di vita la sfida della persona con disabilità è quella di poter essere messa nelle condizioni di sperimentarsi come attore della propria esistenza, con il diritto di poter decidere e, quindi, di agire di conseguenza in funzione del proprio benessere e della qualità della propria vita, un una logica di autodeterminazione.
OBIETTIVO: Sulla base del background e delle teorie di riferimento analizzate e delle necessità aziendali è stata elaborata la seguente domanda di ricerca: è possibile aumentare la consapevolezza negli/nelle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità che si approcciano al mondo del lavoro, rispetto alle proprie abilità, competenze, risorse, oltre che alle limitazioni imposte dalla propria disabilità? L’obiettivo è quello di sostenere i processi di auto-riflessione sulla propria identità e di valorizzare il ruolo attivo della persona stessa nella sua autodeterminazione, con la finalità ultima di aumentare e migliorare il match tra le persone con disabilità e le imprese. L’auto-riflessione permetterà di facilitare il successivo contatto dialogico con esperti di orientamento e costituirà una competenza che il soggetto porterà comunque come valore aggiunto nel mondo del lavoro.
METODI E ATTIVITÀ: Il paradigma teorico-metodologico adottato è un approccio costruttivista: peculiarità di questo metodo è che ciascuna componente della ricerca può essere riconsiderata o modificata nel corso della sua conduzione o come conseguenza di cambiamenti introdotti in qualche altra componente e pertanto il processo è caratterizzato da circolarità; la metodologia e gli strumenti non sono dunque assoggettati alla ricerca ma sono al servizio degli obiettivi di questa.
Il primo passo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, raccogliendo dati, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica e sitografica su: l’orientamento, la normativa vigente in tema di disabilità, i dati di occupazione/disoccupazione delle persone con disabilità e gli strumenti di accompagnamento al lavoro. A fronte di dati mancanti sul territorio italiano relativi alla carriera e ai fabbisogni lavorativi degli/delle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità, nella prima fase del progetto di ricerca è stata avviata una raccolta dati su scala nazionale, relativa al monitoraggio di carriera degli studenti/laureati con disabilità e all’individuazione dei bisogni connessi al mondo del lavoro. Per la raccolta dati è stato sviluppato un questionario ed è stata richiesta la collaborazione a tutte le Università italiane.
Sulla base dei dati ricavati dal questionario, della letteratura e delle indagini esistenti sulle professioni, nella fase successiva della ricerca si è proceduto alla strutturazione di un percorso di auto-orientamento, volto ad aumentare la consapevolezza nelle persone con disabilità delle proprie abilità e risorse, accanto a quella dei propri limiti. In particolare, il punto di partenza per la costruzione del percorso è stata l’Indagine Istat- Isfol sulle professioni (2012) e la teoria delle Intelligenze Multiple di H. Gardner (1983). Si è arrivati così alla strutturazione del percorso di auto-orientamento, composto da una serie di questionari attraverso i quali il candidato è chiamato ad auto-valutare le proprie conoscenze, le competenze, le condizioni di lavoro che gli richiedono più o meno sforzo e le intelligenze che lo caratterizzano, aggiungendo a questi anche una parte più narrativa dove il soggetto è invitato a raccontare i propri punti di forza, debolezza e le proprie aspirazioni in ambito professionale.
Per sperimentare il percorso di auto-orientamento creato, nell’ultima fase della ricerca è stato predisposto uno studio pilota per la raccolta di alcuni primi dati qualitativi con target differenti, studenti/esse universitari/e e insegnanti di scuola superiore impegnati nel tema del sostegno e dell’orientamento, e utilizzando diversi strumenti (autopresentazioni, test multidimensionale autostima, focus group).
CONCLUSIONI: I dati ottenuti dallo studio pilota, seppur non generalizzabili, in quanto provenienti da un campione esiguo, hanno evidenziato come il percorso di auto-orientamento attivi una riflessione sulla visione di sé nei diversi contesti e un cambiamento, in positivo o in negativo, nell’autostima e nella valutazione di sé in diverse aree, ad esempio nell’area delle relazioni interpersonali, del vissuto corporeo, dell’emotività ecc. Tali dati ci hanno permesso soprattutto di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza del percorso creato e di apportare modifiche per una maggiore comprensione e adattabilità del prodotto stesso. Il valore del percorso orientativo è connesso al ruolo attivo di auto-valutatore giocato dal candidato con disabilità, affiancando a questa prima fase di autovalutazione un successivo confronto dialogico con un esperto, tale da permettere un ancoraggio alla realtà esterna, al contesto in cui il soggetto si trova a vivere. In questo senso, l’orientamento assume il valore di un processo continuo e articolato, che ha come scopo principale quello di sostenere la consapevolezza di sé e delle proprie potenzialità, agendo all’interno dell’area dello sviluppo prossimale della persona verso la realizzazione della propria identità personale, sociale e professionale.
42
BULGINI, Giulia. "Il progetto pedagogico della Rai: la televisione di Stato nei primi vent’anni. Il caso de ‹‹L’Approdo››". Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11393/251123.
Texto completoResumen
Non c’è dubbio sul fatto che la RAI, dal 1954 a oggi, abbia contribuito in misura considerevole a determinare la fisionomia dell’immaginario collettivo e dell’identità culturale dell’Italia. Si tratta di un assunto che, a distanza di più di sessant’anni, resta sempre di grande attualità, per chi si occupa della questione televisiva (e non solo). Ma a differenza di quanto avveniva nel passato, quando la tv appariva più preoccupata dei reali interessi dei cittadini, oggi essa sembra rispondere prevalentemente a dinamiche di mercato, in grado di alterarne la funzione etica e sociale. E nonostante il livello di istruzione e di benessere economico si siano evidentemente alzati, in questi ultimi anni si è assistito a programmi di sempre più bassa qualità e in controtendenza a un incremento del potere modellante e suggestivo sull’immaginario dei telespettatori. C’è di più: l’interesse verso la tv ha coinvolto anche gli storici dell’epoca contemporanea, i quali hanno iniziato a prendere coscienza che le produzioni audiovisive sono strumenti imprescindibili per la ricerca. Se si pensa ad esempio al ‹‹boom economico›› del Paese, negli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta, non si può non considerare che la tv, insieme agli altri media, abbia contributo a raccontare e allo stesso tempo ad accelerare i progressi economici e sociali di quell’epoca.
Partendo, dunque, dal presupposto che la televisione da sempre esercita un potere decisivo sulla collettività, si è scelto di concentrarsi sulla fase meno indagata della sua storia, quella della televisione delle origini: ‹‹migliore›› perché senza competitor, ‹‹autentica›› perché incontestabile e soprattutto ‹‹pedagogica›› perché è di istruzione e di formazione che, quell’Italia appena uscita dalla guerra, aveva più urgenza. La storia della televisione italiana inizia il 3 gennaio 1954, con la nascita del servizio pubblico televisivo e insieme di un mezzo che, di lì a poco, avrebbe completamente rivoluzionato la società italiana, trasformandola in una civiltà di massa. Si accorciano le distanze territoriali e insieme culturali e la società inizia a omologarsi nei gusti, poi nei consumi e infine nel pensiero. Il punto d’arrivo si colloca negli anni Settanta, quando ha termine il monopolio della RAI, che fino a quel momento era stato visto come il garante del pluralismo culturale. La RAI passa dal controllo governativo a quello parlamentare, mentre si assiste al boom delle televisioni private e alla necessità della tv di Stato di stare al passo con la concorrenza, attraverso una produzione diversa da quella degli esordi. Dunque cambia la tv, come pure cambia la sua funzione e la forma mentis di chi ne detiene le redini. Ne risulta un’indagine trasversale, che passa nel mezzo di molteplici discipline che afferiscono alla materia televisiva e che non evita di porsi quelle domande scomode, necessarie tuttavia a comprendere la verità sugli artefici della prima RAI e sui loro obiettivi. E allora: qual era il valore attribuito alla televisione degli esordi? Era davvero uno strumento pedagogico? Sulla base di quali presupposti? Chi scriveva i palinsesti di quegli anni? Chi e perché sceglieva temi e format televisivi? Chi decideva, in ultima analisi, la forma da dare all’identità culturale nazionale attraverso questo nuovo apparecchio?
Il metodo di ricerca si è articolato su tre distinte fasi di lavoro. In primis si è puntato a individuare e raccogliere bibliografia, sitografia, studi e materiale bibliografico reperibile a livello nazionale e internazionale sulla storia della televisione italiana e sulla sua programmazione nel primo ventennio. In particolare sono stati presi in esame i programmi scolastici ed educativi (Telescuola, Non è mai troppo tardi), la Tv dei Ragazzi e i programmi divulgativi culturali. Successivamente si è resa necessaria una definizione degli elementi per l’analisi dei programmi presi in esame, operazione resa possibile grazie alla consultazione del Catalogo multimediale della Rai. In questa seconda parte della ricerca si è voluto puntare i riflettori su ‹‹L’Approdo››, la storia, le peculiarità e gli obiettivi di quella che a ragione potrebbe essere definita una vera e propria impresa culturale, declinata in tutte le sue forme: radiofonica, di rivista cartacea e televisiva. In ultimo, sulla base dell’analisi dei materiali d’archivio, sono state realizzate interviste e ricerche all’interno dei palazzi della Rai per constatare la fondatezza e l’attendibilità dell’ipotesi relativa agli obiettivi educativi sottesi ai format televisivi presi in esame.
Le conclusioni di questa ricerca hanno portato a sostenere che la tv delle origini, con tutti i suoi limiti, era uno strumento pedagogico e di coesione sociale. E se ciò appare come un aspetto ampiamente verificabile, oltreché evidente, qualora si voglia prendere in esame la televisione scolastica ed educativa di quegli anni, meno scontato risulta invece dimostrarlo se si decide – come si è fatto – di prendere in esame un programma divulgativo culturale come ‹‹L’Approdo››, che rientra nell’esperienza televisiva definita di ‹‹educazione permanente››. Ripercorrere la storia della trasmissione culturale più longeva della tv italiana degli esordi, per avvalorarne la funzione educativa, si è rivelata una strada interessante da battere, per quanto innegabilmente controversa, proprio per il principale intento insito nella trasmissione: diffondere la cultura ‹‹alta›› a milioni di telespettatori che erano praticamente digiuni della materia. Un obiettivo che alla fine della disamina si è rivelato centrato, grazie alla qualità della trasmissione, al suo autorevole e prestigioso groupe d'intellectuels, agli ascolti registrati dal ‹‹Servizio Opinioni›› e alla potenzialità divulgativa e penetrante della tv, nel suo saper trasmettere qualunque tematica, anche quelle artistiche e letterarie. Dunque se la prima conclusione di questo studio induce a considerare che la tv del primo ventennio era pedagogica, la seconda è che ‹‹L’Approdo›› tv di questa televisione fu un’espressione felice. ‹‹L’Approdo›› conserva ancora oggi un fascino innegabile, non foss’altro per la tenacia con la quale i letterati difesero l’idea stessa della cultura classica dal trionfo lento e inesorabile della società mediatica. Come pure appare ammirevole e lungimirante il tentativo, mai azzardato prima, di far incontrare la cultura con i nuovi media. Si potrebbe dire che ‹‹L’Approdo›› oggi rappresenti una rubrica del passato di inimmaginata modernità e, nel contempo, una memoria storica, lunga più di trent’anni, che proietta nel futuro la ricerca storica grazie al suo repertorio eccezionale di immagini e fatti che parlano di arte, di letteratura, di cultura, di editoria e di società e che raccontano il nostro Paese e la sua identità culturale, la stessa che la televisione da sempre contribuisce a riflettere e a delineare.
Lo studio è partito da un’accurata analisi delle fonti, focalizzando l’attenzione, in primo luogo, sugli ‹‹Annuari della Rai›› (che contengono le Relazioni del Cda Rai, le Relazioni del Collegio Sindacale, i Bilanci dell’Esercizio e gli Estratti del Verbale dell’Assemblea Ordinaria). Altre fonti prese in esame sono gli stati gli opuscoli di ‹‹Servizio Opinioni››, le pubblicazioni relative a studi e ricerche in materia di televisione e pedagogia e le riviste edite dalla Rai Eri: ‹‹Radiocorriere tv››, ‹‹L’Approdo Letterario››, ‹‹Notizie Rai››, ‹‹La nostra RAI››, ‹‹Video››. Negli ultimi anni la Rai ha messo a disposizione del pubblico una cospicua varietà di video trasmessi dalle origini a oggi (www.techeaperte.it): si tratta del Catalogo Multimediale della Rai, che si è rivelato fondamentale al fine della realizzazione della presente ricerca. Altre sedi indispensabili per la realizzazione di questa ricerca si sono rivelate le due Biblioteche romane della Rai di Viale Mazzini e di via Teulada.