Artículos de revistas: "Population"

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Laporte, Valérie y Brian Charlesworth. "Effective Population Size and Population Subdivision in Demographically Structured Populations". Genetics 162, n.º 1 (1 de septiembre de 2002): 501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.501.

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AbstractA fast-timescale approximation is applied to the coalescent process in a single population, which is demographically structured by sex and/or age. This provides a general expression for the probability that a pair of alleles sampled from the population coalesce in the previous time interval. The effective population size is defined as the reciprocal of twice the product of generation time and the coalescence probability. Biologically explicit formulas for effective population size with discrete generations and separate sexes are derived for a variety of different modes of inheritance. The method is also applied to a nuclear gene in a population of partially self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. The effects of population subdivision on a demographically structured population are analyzed, using a matrix of net rates of movement of genes between different local populations. This involves weighting the migration probabilities of individuals of a given age/sex class by the contribution of this class to the leading left eigenvector of the matrix describing the movements of genes between age/sex classes. The effects of sex-specific migration and nonrandom distributions of offspring number on levels of genetic variability and among-population differentiation are described for different modes of inheritance in an island model. Data on DNA sequence variability in human and plant populations are discussed in the light of the results.

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Степанов, В. А. "Population Genomics of Russian populations". Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Medicinskaia genetika», n.º 7(216) (30 de julio de 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2020.07.6-7.

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Популяционная геномика человека является мощным современным подходом в популяционной генетике, базирующемся на технологиях геномного секвенирования, биоинформатики и анализа больших данных. Геномный анализ генетической вариабельности в популяциях является фундаментальной основой генетики болезней и разработки путей их диагностики, терапии и профилактики. В работе представлены собственные данные о геномном анализе генетического разнообразия населения России. Показано, что генофонд современных народов России формировался на протяжении многих тысяч лет в ходе совокупного влияния миграций, изоляции расстоянием, эффектов основателя и естественного отбора. Сформировавшиеся в ходе микроэволюции геномные паттерны современных популяций в существенной мере определяют композицию генетических факторов как частых хронических, так и редких моногенных заболеваний. Human population genomics is a powerful modern approach in population genetics based on technologies of genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and big data analysis. Genomic analysis of genetic variability in populations is a fundamental basis for the genetics of diseases and the development of ways for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. The work presents the own data on the genomic analysis of the genetic diversity of the Russian populations. It is shown that the gene pool of modern populations of Russia was formed over many thousands of years by the combined effects of migrations, isolation by distance, founder effects and natural selection. The genomic patterns of modern populations formed during microevolution substantially determine the composition of genetic factors of both frequent chronic and rare monogenic diseases.

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3

Tyner, James A. "Population geography I: Surplus populations". Progress in Human Geography 37, n.º 5 (31 de enero de 2013): 701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132512473924.

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4

Yarasheva, Aziza V. y Natalia V. Alikperova. "Gender differences in financial behavior of population". POPULATION 23, n.º 2 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.5.

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The article analyzes various studies in the field of population behavior in the financial market. Since psychological factors related to mentality, temperament, and risk-taking play an important role in implementing financial strategies, along with rational motives, women and men may behave differently. An attempt is made to answer the question: whether there are significant gender differences in financial behavior models, and whether this aspect requires a close attention of scientists who study trends and features of forming strategies of Russians when making economic decisions. A review of Russian and foreign studies aimed at investigation of gender characteristics of investment behavior and financial literacy is performed. Traditionally, in most families, men are responsible for the financial situation, they are more concerned with providing for their family, earning and multiplying money. Women, as a rule, are more concerned with the «inner» side of family life — so that everyone is fed, dressed, shod, and provided with everything necessary. Therefore, if both of them have decided to invest, the emphasis in the well-known formula «save and multiply» is made by men on the second word, and by women — on the first. As a result, women are significantly less likely to take risks and more likely to make profitable transactions. Men are more prone to take risks, for them it is not so much the result of investment that is important, as the excitement, and work in the financial markets is somewhat akin to hunting. Probably there are some primitive triggers at the level of the subconscious that are blocked by the norms of morality and etiquette in society. For women, stability is much more important, and the desire to maintain a sense of security prevails rather than a thirst for risk. The study revealed poor elaboration of this topic, lack of Russian research on gender-specific financial behavior due to the underdevelopment of the Russian financial market, as well as the lack of sufficient supply of financial instruments for further accumulation of experience in implementing their strategies by representatives of both genders.

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5

Ryumina, Elena. "Indicators of environmental behavior of the population". Population 25, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.9.

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Ecological behavior of the population in everyday life is considered as one of the main characteristics of human potential. Therefore, were identified indicators separating the use of natural resources and environmental protection in production and in everyday life. The condition for selection of indicators was the possibility of their statistical support. As a result, the indicators of solid household waste generation and household water consumption per capita were selected to formalize the ecological behavior of the population. The issues of waste management, which have recently been raised to the forefront in environmental issues, are mainly studied in technical, technological, organizational, and economic aspects. At the same time, much less attention is paid to the process of formation and volume of household waste among the population. A strong differentiation of solid household waste generation per person by Russian regions is shown. Another indicator of the ecological behavior of the population considered in the article is the volume of water consumption in everyday life per capita. A number of indicators have been found reflecting the volume of water consumption in everyday life, which vary greatly in quantity, since they have different contents and are calculated according to different methods. The choice of the indicator of the use of fresh water for household needs per person is based on the availability of information about it in statistical collections by Russian regions. Multiple discrepancies in the values of this indicator are found out not only in the regions of different Federal districts, but also often in neighboring regions of the same district.

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6

Yarasheva, Aziza V., Svetlana V. Makar y Yury A. Simagin. "Behavioral economy: population in the credit services market". POPULATION 23, n.º 3 (2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.5.

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The article discusses topical issues related to the current trends in the field of lending to population in Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible risks of individuals' actions in the market of credit services on the basis of analysis of statistical and sociological data. Based on the general scientific dialectic approaches used by the authors, the article shows dynamics of growth in the banks' loan portfolio, growth in lending volumes (banks and microfinance organizations), as well as households' debt from 2013 to 2019 in rubles and foreign currency (in general and in mortgages). Russian macro-regions are ranked by absolute indicator of debt and by its growth rate. Opportunities and risks have been identified for borrowers wishing to take advantage of the benefits provided by the State effective from April 2020 (refinancing, credit holidays). There were assessed the measures applied by the State, in particular, credit holidays for individuals and restrictions for banks in issuing loans through introduction of a mandatory debt load indicator, which will contribute to improvement of the current situation with huge debt and to reduction of social risks. Although in the long run — in terms of the overall impact on the country's economy — a reduction in public borrowing may reduce the contribution of consumer credit to economic growth and slow it down. It is concluded that despite the measures taken by the State, the existing level of the population borrowing is a great danger due to the reduction of income as the economic consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.

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Dolzhenko, Ruslan y Dmitry Antonov. "Migration of population in Sverdlovsk oblast: problems and solutions". Population 24, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2021): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.4.14.

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In the context of the necessity to implement the national goals, one of the important areas of activity is support of positive demographic processes, promotion of population growth in the country, including through resettlement and migration of residents of other countries. This is relevant not only at the country level, but also at the regional level, each of which has features that must be considered when forming demographic policy. The article analyzes the effectiveness of the program to promote migration and resettlement of compatriots from other countries to Sverdlovsk oblast. Its advantages and limitations are highlighted, its effectiveness is considered on the example of immigrants from several CIS countries: Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan. It is shown that despite the formal fulfillment of the objectives of the program (more than 28 thousand foreigners arrived in Sverdlovsk oblast within 9 years), some meaningful moments were missed, the selection of migrants based on the occupations in demand in the labor market of the region was not fully carry out. There are presented the directions of improving the program for the medium term, which are connected with new approaches to raising the quality of program implementation in Sverdlovsk oblast. It is shown that it is necessary to formalize and improve the mechanism for attracting foreign labor to the region using notification quotas, organized recruitment, modification of selection criteria for the point system, development of the material base and linguistic community for an accelerated adaptation. Analysis showed that promotion of resettlement is necessary with relation to professionals in relevant areas of activity (doctors, teachers), while the demand for unskilled labor is satisfied by migrants.

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Migranova, Lyudmila y Vladislav Zharomsky. "Methods of estimating the Level and differentiation of population income". Population 23, n.º 4 (19 de diciembre de 2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.3.

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On the basis of data for 2013-2017, the article shows changes in the level, structure and differentiation of the Russian population monetary income after the introduction by Rosstat in 2018 of a new methodology for calculating macro-economic indicators of population monetary income by separate income sources. Comparative analysis of the calculations made by the 1996 and 2018 methods shows significant changes only in the structure of population monetary income, mainly in such income items as work remuneration of employees and other cash receipts. Average per capita income changed slightly (+/-1%). Besides, there are actually no changes in the indicators of differentiation and in the distribution series for population by income despite the fact that the estimation of population inequality was made using the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income (SSPI) instead of the Household Budget Survey (HBS) used before. Based on the data from the Sample Survey of Population Income for 2013-2017, the article shows the relationship between the indicators of wage differentiation and per capita monetary income that differ from the official data, and in our opinion, this is due not only to different information sources, but also to the methods of income inequality estimation for the total population. The article provides variants of calculating differentiation of the RF population monetary income for 2018 using logarithmic normal model with similar per capita monetary income of the total population and different number of the population with per capita income within the range of the set minimum income. As a result, the R/P10% ratio of the RF population income increases in comparison with the officially published indicators of inequality.

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9

Park, Leeyoung. "Effective Population Size of Korean Populations". Genomics & Informatics 12, n.º 4 (2014): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/gi.2014.12.4.208.

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10

Vankina, Irina, Yury Simagin y Djamilya Murtuzalieva. "Territorial differences between the data of the current population registration and the results of the 2020 Census". Population 26, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.2.

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The article analyzes population data by federal districts, subjects and municipalities of the Russian Federation, obtained from two different official sources of Rosstat for close dates: data from the current population registration as of January 1, 2022 and data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, the control point of which was October 1, 2021. Since population size changes rather slowly, theoretically these data should not differ significantly. In fact, it has turned out that the population size across the country, according to various data, differs by more than 1% (by 1.6 million people in the direction of the census data). The lower the level of administrative division, the greater the differences. At the level of some municipalities of the Russian Federation, the differences make almost 2 times. Moreover, with approximately equal frequency, there are both municipalities where, according to the census, the population is greater than according to the current population registration, and with the opposite situation. The article identifies the administrative units of the country where the differences between the census data and the current population registration are the largest, and the causes of the differences in one direction or another. The largest “overweight” of the population in favor of the census was found in the municipalities of the Central Federal District (especially in the Moscow urban agglomeration), and the maximum “shortage” of the population compared to the current accounting data was in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts.

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11

Nozdrina, Nadezhda y Inna Schneiderman. "Quality of life and housing conditions of the population in the largest agglomerations and million-plus cities of Russia". Population 25, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.1.1.

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The role of the largest urban agglomerations and cities with millions of inhabitants in Russia in shaping the quality of life and housing conditions of the population is analyzed in the article. The main problems of the development of large urban agglomerations of Russia in the post-Soviet period are considered. The existing methods of defining their boundaries are analyzed. Based on the calculation of the pair correlation coefficients, the nature and degree of closeness of the relationship between the population of the largest urban agglomerations of Russia and a number of basic characteristics of the housing sector (housing provision, its construction, financial accessibility of apartment purchase in the housing market), as well as with the level of monetary incomes of the population, incomes and expenditures of the budgets of the core cities of agglomerations are determined. The coefficients of the pair correlation between the population of cities with millions of inhabitants — the cores of agglomerations and the characteristics of the housing sector and the quality of life of the population of the regions — subjects of the Russian Federation, where these cities are located, are calculated. The results of the calculations allow us to conclude that the population size of the largest agglomerations and cities has a significant impact on the value of the analyzed indicators of the quality of life of the population. The larger the agglomeration and the higher the population of a million-plus city, the higher the indicators of housing commissioning, the level of monetary income and the quality of life of the population of agglomerations and regions where they are included. At the same time, larger agglomerations have, due to excessive concentration of the population, as a rule, the worst values of specific indicators — housing commissioning per capita, housing provision per 1 inhabitant. The higher level of monetary incomes of the population in them does not cover the higher level of prices in the primary and secondary housing market. As a result, the higher the population of the urban agglomeration and the core city, the lower is the financial availability of buying housing on the market. It is concluded that it is necessary to find an optimal balance between different forms of settlement.

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12

Ryumina, Elena. "Analysis of the regional differentiation factors of indicators of electricity consumption by the population of Russia". Population 26, n.º 3 (20 de septiembre de 2023): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.3.9.

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In the article, the attitude of the population to energy conservation is considered as one of the characteristics of human potential. A strong differentiation of the indicator of electricity consumption by the population by countries and Russian regions is shown, a number of factors influencing the identified differences are analyzed. Hypothetically, the following seven factors are identified: climate; average per capita income of the population; rate of poverty; proportion of people with higher education; ratio of urban and rural population; age structure of the population; level of gasification of the housing stock. The information for analysis was taken not only from the federal statistical collections, but also for each region, that made data collecting very difficult. Correlations between the per capita electricity consumption by the population and these factors are determined. It is shown that people are more inclined to save their electricity costs than the electric energy itself, i.e. electricity tariffs for the population play a decisive role in stimulating energy saving. Per capita electricity costs have a positive relationship with average per capita income and a negative relationship with poverty rate. The rural population consumes less electricity per capita than the urban population. The impact of the population age structure on per capita energy consumption was found: the higher the proportion of the able-bodied population, the lower the electricity consumption, and vice versa, energy consumption is higher in regions with a larger proportion of the older generation. Due to the different levels of gasification by regions, the sample, formed from the regions with approximately the same level of gasification of the housing stock, was separately studied. The results of the correlation analysis of this sample turned out to differ little from the results obtained for all 85 regions. The exception was the relationship between the volume of electricity consumption and the level of higher education — in the sample there was a much closer negative relationship between these indicators.

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Chibilyov, Alexander, Dmitry Meleshkin, Dmitry Grigorevsky y Alexander Chibilyov. "Features of population settlement in Orenburg oblast in the Ural River basin". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.4.

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One of the most topical problems of economic and geographical study of the regions of the Steppe belt in Russia is the development of a network of rural settlements. The territory of the Ural River basin within Orenburg oblast, where more than 75% of the region's population lives, was chosen by the authors as a model to assess the transformation of the population settlement system in the Steppe zone in recent decades. The paper gives municipal and territorial characteristics of the region, identifies specifics of the current system of population settlement, and classifies rural localities depending on the population and spatial distribution over the studied territory. The main areas of population concentration along transport, communication and landscape axes are identified and considered. About 20% of settlements are concentrated along 5 major highways; more than 30% of localities are confined to the valleys of 7 major rivers. Engel and Goltz coefficients, population concentration indices are calculated for municipalities, and indicators of the potential of the settlement field are identified for their centers. A cartographic diagram reflecting the spatial distribution of rural localities, the dynamics of rural population density and the level of transport development of municipalities, is constructed. In the territory under consideration, there has been a decrease in the density of the rural population by 4% for the past 10 years. The following large rural localities have the maximal potential of the fields of settlement: Saraktash, Akbulak, Novoorsk, Ilek, Sakmara, Oktyabrskoye and Tyulgan. Along with the compression of space and its polarization, the population continues to decline in urbanized areas too. The population decreased by almost 60 thousand inhabitants in seven cities. Conclusions and proposals on the sustainable development of the settlement network in close cooperation between the development of the supporting and natural-ecological frameworks are formulated.

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Yarasheva, Aziza y Svetlana Makar. "Regional housing problems of the population: Far Eastern Federal District". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.7.

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The article deals with topical issues related to current trends in the provision of comfortable housing for residents of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). The purpose of the work is to identify, based on the analysis of statistical and sociological data, the features of the state of the housing stock of the macroregion, which has spatial significance, and show relevant tools for solving these regional problems. On the basis of the general scientific dialectical approaches used by the authors, the following is shown: relative quantitative and qualitative parameters of the housing stock of the Far Eastern Federal District, differentiation of the regions — subjects of the Russian Federation by housing provision for the population and housing improvement, the degree of satisfaction with housing according to surveys of residents, provision of the Far Eastern Federal District with the infrastructure of mortgage lending, debt on housing loans. The macro-regions of Russia and the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District are ranked according to the specific indicator of housing provision and improvement of the housing stock in 2020. The specific of the situation of the Far Eastern Federal District at the national level and intra-macro-regional differences are identified. The measures applied by the State, in particular, mortgage housing lending for individuals, are assessed, the differentiated results of the use of the Far Eastern Mortgage program by the population are analyzed, taking into account provision of the Far Eastern Federal District with financial infrastructure. It is concluded that housing is a component that is significant for various spatial levels. Additional financing of the FEFD regions since 2014 at the expense of state programs has not affected the growth of the housing stock of the FEFD, which, in terms of specific indicators of housing provision, is marked by values below the Russian average for the entire three-year period (2018-2020). This macro-region is distinguished at the national level by the lowest values of the housing stock owned by citizens. In a number of regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, there is an obvious need to improve the quality of housing (the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory). The State mortgage program in the macroregion is the only opportunity to purchase housing, taking into account the debt burden of the population, the decrease in nominal and real incomes, the presence of unemployment, incl. hidden, reduction in the number of credit institutions (rehabilitation of banks in recent years).

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Ibragimova, Alisa. "Gender differences in life expectancy of the population of Tatarstan". Population 24, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2021): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.4.4.

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During the spread of coronavirus infection around the world, much attention is being paid to study of excessive mortality of the population, which has impact on life expectancy. Achieving the goals set by the Government of the Russian Federation to achieve life expectancy of 78 years by 2030 depends on many factors, including reduction of gender differences in life expectancy and excess mortality of the male population from various classes of causes. But in 2020 there was a turning point which led to a decrease in life expectancy to the level of 2014. This fact requires a more detailed study of the negative consequences of gender differences in this demographic indicator. The data of Rosstat and the sociological study "Demographic well-being of Tatarstan" conducted by the Family and Demography Center of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences served as an information resource. The purpose of the article is to identify the main social consequences of gender differences in life expectancy. The main socio-cultural and behavioral factors of male mortality are highlighted. Among the behavioral factors that are closest to explaining the high mortality of Russian men is alcohol consumption, which is considered as an optional phenomenon of suicide. The direct expression (consequence) of a certain behavior is the most characteristic tendency of men to neglect their own health. In order to change the situation, only the state policy on development of measures aimed at creating conditions for raising the life expectancy is not sufficient, it is also necessary to change the consciousness of men to form motivation for the need to preserve and strengthen health.

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Ildarkhanova, Chulpan, Alisa Ibragimova y Artur Abdulzyanov. "Dynamics of the natural movement of the population as a threat to the demographic security of Russia". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.1.

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This article examines the retrospective dynamics of the natural movement of the population of the Russian Federation from the perspective of achieving demographic security of the country. The purpose of the work is to analyze the indicator of natural population growth/decline through economic demography and social demography to identify the impact of socio-economic conditions on demographic processes and the impact of demographic factors of changes in the natural movement of the population on socio-economic dynamics. To achieve this goal, Family and Demography Center of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, with the direct participation of the authors, conducted a monitoring study of demographic processes (natural population growth/ decline, fertility and mortality) for the period from 2000 to 2020 within the framework of the preparation of the Demographic Report-2021 "Retrospectives and prospects of reproduction of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (2000-2020)", which made it possible to analyze the dynamics of these demographic processes. The Russian Federation is in a demographic crisis, which is characterized by depopulation, when mortality exceeds fertility, which is especially aggravated due to the spread of the COV1D-19. Changes in the natural movement of the population are largely determined by changes in the sex and age structure of the population: a decrease in the number of women of reproductive age, increased mortality of men of working age, aging of the population. 1n the course of work on the article, the results of the sociological study "Demographic Well-Being of Russia", conducted in 2020 with the participation of the authors of the article, as well as regression and correlation analysis were used to identify the relationship between variables. The results obtained indicate the relationship between natural population decline and economic processes. The negative consequences are connected with a reduction in the labor force, aging of the population, deterioration of public health, etc. The results of the study are of practical value for the development of an effective demographic policy of the Russia.

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Makar, Svetlana, Aziza Yarasheva y Yury Simagin. "Spatial development of the Russian Far East: demographic and socio-economic factors". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.11.

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The article presents analysis of the trends in the demographic development of the regions of the Russian Far East and the processes that directly and indirectly determine preservation of the human potential of the macroregion. Multidimensional analysis allows us to assess the objective opportunities for successful development of both the macroregion as a whole and its separate territories, including those within the framework of the current State national programs. The dynamics of population in combination with its low density and shortage of labor resources significantly affect the socio-economic development of the regions in the district. Socio-demographic indicators (migration balance, healthy life expectancy, share of citizens adhering to a healthy lifestyle) and socio-economic indicators (dynamics of monetary income / consumer spending and investment in fixed assets per capita) allowed us to identify the main trends of recent years in the development of the Far East regions. It was found out that the majority of regions belong to the most depopulating territories in Russia with critical indicators of the level of self-preservation behavior, with the current dangerous trend of migration losses (primarily in the working-age population), with low values of the life expectancy index. It is necessary to conduct a differentiated economic policy in the macroregion. The characteristics of differentiation of the situation in the macroregion, shown in the article, may contribute to development of a set of tools to deal with the situation in each region of the Far East. Since the main cause of the unfavorable demographic trends is the lag of the real living standards of the population behind the national average, the necessary measures of administrative action are: financing of social infrastructure in the macroregion; ensuring high social standards for families of professionals; providing a competitive level of education and conditions for development of the system of training and retention of personnel; effective functioning of regional economic clusters; development of small and medium-sized businesses.

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Patsiorkovsky, Valery. "Social justice - the basis of public accord in modern society". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.1.

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Since the beginning of socio-economic transformations (1991), the state system has changed, but the concept of the essence of social justice established in the years of socialism has been preserved. This circumstance is crucial for mutual understanding and consent in our society. All subsequent events, including voting on constitutional amendments (2020), serve as convincing evidence in favor of the statement made. These amendments are a specific invention that opens up the possibility for the government to relieve the constantly increasing tension for some time. The fact is that after the departure of tsarism from the historical scene (based on the idea of divine origin of its power), the Constitution represents Russia as a state governed by the rule of law and actually fulfills the function of a social contract. Therefore, according to the established tradition, a change of power always entails constitutional transformations. At the same time, everyone understands that there is a gap between the well-written constitutional norms and the reality of life in the country, which allows the government to administer the affairs at their discretion. Still, the possibilities of maneuvering are far from unlimited. Both the constitutional amendments and the actions of the authorities during the period of self-isolation show a reverse movement towards socialist distribution relations. This is an inevitable payment for the use of market mechanisms in the society, for which, even many years after the start of reforms, distribution relations serve as the main criterion of social justice. By initiating such amendments, the authorities show their concern and desire at least for an ostentatious restoration of social justice, thus increasing trust, harmony, and cohesion in the society.

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Alikperova, Natalia y Kristina Vinogradova. "The influence of social media on the formation of financially literate behavior of youth". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.4.

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The Internet in the modern world is an integral part of the formation of culture and educational potential of society. The relevance of studying its influence on the individual and social strata of society is determined by its structural and functional capabilities: in fact, it becomes an institution for socialization of new generations, also actively embedded into educational systems. However, in terms of science it is important to understand what influence the Internet has on the formation of basic values, cultural characteristics, attitudes among young people, particularly in the field of financial behavior, which will form the basis of their economic activities and their common future. In this connection, the purpose of this study is an attempt to substantiate the role and influence of social media on the formation of models of financially competent behavior of young people (using the example of Moscow as the leading financial center). The main research methods were content analysis of social media, in particular the social network Instagram (analysis of the content of bloggers positioning themselves as experts in the field of financial management), as well as a mass survey of young people (carried out as part of the initiated by author project of the Laboratory for Study of Behavioral Economics at ISESP FCTAS RAS under the title "Financial culture of the capital's youth") and in-depth structured interviews with experts in the field of financial market and financial behavior. The results of the study make it possible to suggest the existence of a serious influence on the formation of financial culture and financial behavior of young people of the ontent that is popular in social media, as well as the popularity of social networks themselves as a source for the «extraction» of information in the field of economics and finance. This should be taken into account when developing a policy regarding social media activities, in particular bloggers in the field of educational, consulting, commercial and other activities related to increasing financial literacy, culture and formation of various models of financial behavior of young people for the purpose of legal regulation of such activities, because the broadcast content directly shapes not only the way of thinking, but also influences the practical choices and daily activities of young people.

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Rybakovsky, Oleg. "Trends and factors of the demographic development of Tver oblast in the 20th — early 21st centuries". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.12.

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The article summarizes the reproductive and migration development of one of the most demographically-disadvantaged regions of Russia — Tver oblast, where depopulation has been taking place for more than 50 years. Thus, in 30 years, from January 1989 to January 2019, the population of Tver oblast, as well as its population in working age, decreased by 1.3 times, the number of women of the most active reproductive age (20-39 years) — by 1.5 times. The factors of this negative process are substantiated in the article. First, during the War of 1941-1945 this territory was occupied for three years and became the site of some of the bloodiest battles of this war, including the Battle of Rzhev. Second, from the region in the pre-revolutionary and post-war Soviet times actively went the settlement of the rear and suburban regions, first of all, North European and Asian Russia. Third, the region is on the way between the two main migration recipients («magnets») of Russia — the Moscow and Leningrad macroregions, and its population is steadily decreasing due to outflow to two capitals. The article reveals the extent of demographic, including migration, losses of the region in the later Soviet and post-Soviet times. The circle of the closest migration partners of Tver oblast and the nature of population exchange with them are identified. Changes in the direction and closeness of the region's migration links over the past fifty years have been investigated. The origin of structural waves in the sex-age pyramid of Tver oblast for a century has been substantiated. It is argued to what demographic structural and socio-economic consequences such development of the region has led to. It is concluded about the place and prospects of Tver oblast and its population in modern market economy Russia.

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21

Rzhanitsyna, Lyudmila y Sergey Rybalchenko. "Improving the situation of children in divorced families — the way to reduce poverty in Russia". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.3.

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The level of child poverty in Russia is almost twice the national poverty rate. According to UNICEF's definition, "children living in poverty are those who are deprived of the material, spiritual and emotional resources necessary for survival, development and prosperity, which deprives them of the opportunity to enjoy their rights, to reach their full potential and to participate as full and equal members of society". One of the reasons for child poverty in Russia is the evasion of parents living separately from children from paying child support. The total alimony debt in Russia reached 156 billion rubles in 2020 and continues to grow. According to Rosstat and the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, one in five children under the age of 16, for whom there is arrears on alimony payments appointed by the court, does not receive money. That's almost 1.5 million children. The Family Code of the Russian Federation has established the right of every child to receive maintenance from parents, and children should not experience deprivation due to their parents' irresponsibility, otherwise society and public authorities should be obliged to take special care of children, who do not have sufficient means of subsistence. This algorithm of actions is also contained in paragraph 4 of Article 67.1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation — the State takes over the responsibilities of parents in relation to children left without care. To achieve the national goal of reducing the level of poverty, fundamentally new approaches to the system of alimony recovery are required, including creation of a State Alimony Fund in Russia, as well as improving the value of the child's quality of life in the eyes of parents and society, strengthening the moral responsibility of parents for children.

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22

Aleksandrova, Olga, Aziza Yarasheva y Natalia Alikperova. "Section «Human consumer. The world of finance and figure as a new everyday life: which outweighs — risks or opportunities?» At the X Grushin conference". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.14.

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23

Grishina, Elena. "Epidemiological crisis of 2020: financial situation of the population and social support". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.2.

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The paper analyzes the dynamics of the financial situation and social support coverage of various socio-demographic groups in Russia in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic. The study was based on the data of three population surveys conducted in May, October, and December 2020. The spread of coronavirus had a negative impact on the welfare of the population: almost half of the respondents reported worsening of the financial situation of their families in 2020. Over half of the respondents indicated the need for cash assistance, and almost a quarter of the respondents—the need for food packages. More than a quarter of the respondents who tried to apply for social benefits in 2020 faced with some problems. In early December 2020, more than 40% of the respondents had already received the state social support in connection with COVID-19, mainly as cash payments. However, almost 60% of the respondents, including more than a half of the poor had not received any social assistance related to the pandemic. The respondents rather critically assessed the sufficiency of the state social support: almost 60% of the respondents believed that the state had not taken sufficient steps to support the population. The coronavirus epidemic has shown the importance of the social support efficiency improving through digitalization and better targeting.

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24

Budilova, Elena, Mikhail Lagutin y Lyudmila Migranova. "Impact of urban environment quality on the demographic indicators of population health". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.5.

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The article was prepared on the results of a study of the impact of urban environment quality (UEQ) on the demographic characteristics of city dwellers (birth and death rates, ageing index, birth-death ratio). These demographic indicators, in the authors' opinion, can reflect to a certain extent the state of population health. More comprehensive data on the Russian urban population health (life expectancy at birth, primary disease incidence by main disease classes, disability, etc.) are not published by Rosstat. This article is the first to set the task of assessing the impact of urban environment quality on city dwellers health through the urban environment quality index developed by specialists from the RF Ministry of Construction and other organizations in 2018. The study was carried out in 174 cities of the Russian Federation with a population of over 100 thousand people. The cities were grouped according to the following criteria: UEQ index, population size, belonging to Federal Districts. The strength of relationship was estimated by Spearmen rank correlation coefficient, the reliability of the obtained results was checked by scatterplot and Pearson correlation coefficient. Comparison of the city groups was made using nonparametric analysis of variance. To check the differences between the groups of cities, the Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks was implemented.

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25

Nikulina, Yulia, Tatiana Yurchenko y Vladimir Surovtsev. "Rural population dependence on the level of agricultural development: panel data analysis of Leningrad oblast". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.9.

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Rural development has been and remains a relevant government task. Dynamic structural and technological changes in the agricultural sector lead to the need of reassessing the mutual influence of the level of development of agricultural production and rural areas. The study deals with quantitative assessment of the dependence of rural population size as an integral indicator of socio-economic well-being of rural areas on selected factors and indicators that characterize the level of agricultural development, its sectoral specifics and the structure of agricultural producers. Empirical estimates were obtained from panel data of municipal districts in Leningrad oblast for 2012-2018. The greatest positive impact on the rural population size among the considered characteristics of agriculture is determined for the factor of sown areas that is associated with the specifics of agricultural sub-sectors, their different needs for such factors as land and labor, the development potential for small-scale farming. It was found that the concentration of agricultural production in the large commercial sector has a negative impact on the rural population size. This is explained by difference in employment dynamics and redistribution of resources between categories of agricultural producers. Modeling results showed that agrarian subsidies received by agricultural producers have a statistically insignificant impact on rural population that justifies the need to adjust the orientation and forms of agricultural state support to achieve a synergetic effect on rural development.

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26

Aleksandrova, Olga, Aziza Yarasheva y Yulia Nenakhova. "Professional training of doctors: opinions of experts on problems of the educational process (part 2)". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.6.

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Among the key goals of the National Project «Healthcare» is provision of state (municipal) medical organizations with qualified medical personnel. This issue has become especially acute in the context of the unfolding fight against the new coronavirus infection. The achievement of the targets set in the National Project largely depends on the quality of training of medical personnel. Meanwhile, noticeable changes have been taking place in the system of medical education in recent years: in the regulatory and legal framework of medical and educational activities, technical equipment and conditions of economic activity of universities, etc. The changing socio-economic context leaves an imprint both on those entering universities, their motivation, and those who train future doctors. The second part of the article continues the presentation of the results of the study «Development of human resources in the capital's health care» carried out in 2019, which concerns both the quantitative aspects of the staffing of medical organizations subordinate to the city, and the quality of medical personnel related to their professional training. Information about the quality of graduates of medical universities and the factors determining it was obtained through a series of in-depth structured interviews with experts, who were representatives of the capital's medical universities and chief doctors of medical institutions. During the survey, the experts expressed their opinion on the organization and content of the educational process, as well as on the problems related to introduction of professional standards, changes in educational programs, emergence of new academic disciplines, technical equipment (including simulators) of educational institutions. Analysis of the expert opinions testifies to the ambiguity of the situation in Russian medical education. It reveals the need for additional study of the issues of expediency of availability, volume (in hours) and distribution of academic disciplines by stages of the educational cycle in medical universities. A serious negative aspect, highlighted by the experts, is still the low level of practical experience, the lack of which sharply reduces the quality of medical education in general.

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27

Babyshev, Vyacheslav. "Impact of intergenerational transfers on fertility". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.8.

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On the theoretical basis of the "generational economy" the article describes the "model of overlapping generations" and "life cycle model" as the cause of the existence of intergenerational transfers. The classification of approaches to their study is carried out. Based on the exchange model (the concept of childbearing as a long-term investment in future transfers from adult children to elderly parents) and the theory of substitutions (crowding out private transfers by public social systems), the "elderly security hypothesis" is highlighted as a possible socio-economic reason for the demographic transition. Based on the works of A. Cigno, a theoretical review of this theory is made using the concepts of ^substitution effect» and «free rider effect». According to the works of R. Fenge and B. Scheubel, the "income effect" and "price effect" are defined as the key parameters for testing this hypothesis. An overview of the existing scientific and practical works on the topic of research is made, highlighting methods and results on the following examples: Italy after World War II, Germany at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Brazil in 1991-2000, Hungary in 19502006, 34 OECD countries in the 1990s and the consolidated data for 121 countries at present. The author has carried out his own empirical test of the «hypothesis of elderly security» in the countries of the world on the basis of UN and OECD statistics. Coverage, social security spending, replacement rate, mandatory premium rate, and an increased risk of poverty among older people support the safe aging theory of upward intergenerational transfers from children to parents. But the internal rate of return of pension systems and the average income of older people support the competing hypothesis of top-down intergenerational transfers from parent to child. It is concluded that, with a relatively low standard of living of population, intergenerational transfers go from children to parents, but when a certain level of national welfare is reached, the movement of transfers changes to the opposite direction.

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28

Sushchy, Sergey. "Russians of the neighboring countries in the post-Soviet period: geodemographic, ethno-social, sociocultural aspects". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.10.

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The following review article analyzes an array of scientific studies dedicated to the Russian population of the neighboring countries. This article considers the works dealing with quantitative, spatial, and settlement dynamics of Russian communities; scale and direction of migration; shifts in indicators of natural reproduction and sex-age structure. Analysis of the scientific literature shows a widespread trend of depopulation, reduction in geography, a noticeable gender imbalance and increase in the average age among Russians across the entire near abroad. But there are also significant cross-country differences in these trends. This article also identifies main directions of research on the ethno-social dynamics of the Russian population, including analysis of the problems of its ethnic self-identification and interethnic marriage, the related assimilation processes, which, depending on the country and region, could contribute to both replenishment of Russian communities, or growth of their demographic losses. The studies dedicated to sociocultural processes, to position of the Russian language and Russian culture in the post-Soviet space, show multidirectional nature of the changes. A significant reduction in the scale of Russian-language education and other spheres of sociocultural infrastructure was combined in the post-Soviet space with dominance of the Russian-speaking Internet and keeping Russian as the language of interethnic communication. The scientific literature also reveal significant differences in the strategies of the Russian people themselves, in some regions of the neighboring countries they are predominantly focused on complex socio-cultural integration, in the others — on preservation of their cultural and linguistic specifics.

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29

Shakirova, Alisa y Elena Demkina. "Conceptualization of the efficiency model of the institution of social protection of population (Part 1)". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.7.

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Today, we are faced with the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which directly or indirectly affected all countries and regions of the world. The State policy of all countries is aimed at containing the spread of the virus and meeting the basic needs of people in forced isolation. This situation has once again proved the importance of the institution of social protection of population (hereinafter—ISPP) and the need to ensure the efficiency of its functioning. The high rates of growth of social changes, in turn, cause a certain lag behind the process of their scientific comprehension accumulation of issues unsolved by means of sociological science. Thus, the current system for assessing efficiency of the ISPP functioning in terms of the actually obtained result against the normative / planned one, as well as the system for assessing economic costs, do not meet the challenges faced by modern science and management. Many problems concerning assessment of the ISPP functioning remain unresolved. In particular, the entire range of difficulties faced by consumers of social services has not been fully disclosed; the issues of achieving a consistently high satisfaction of vulnerable groups of the population with various quantitative and qualitative parameters of service provision are acute. The article discusses the scientific concepts and approaches to assessing the effectiveness of social protection of population used in domestic and foreign social science and practice, and outlines the developed model for assessing effectiveness of the ISPP functioning on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan, which is based on an integrated approach that consists in fixing the temporal and spatial aspects of assessing effectiveness of the ISPP functioning.

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30

Aleksandrova, Olga y Aziza Yarasheva. "VI international research and practical conference «Incomes, expenditures and savings of the Russian population: trends and prospects»". Population 24, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.1.13.

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31

Khotkina, Zoya. "The trend towards sustainable development as a factor in reducing gender inequality". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.12.

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COVID-19 was called a "pandemic of inequality", which led to aggravation of all types of inequality, including gender. The pandemic actualized the issue of finding new ways and opportunities to improve the situation with gender equality in Russia. The article presents result of the analysis of Russian reports for the period 2016-2020 on the implementation of The 2030Agenda for Sustainable Development in terms of the country's progress towards achieving gender equality. The article analyzed not the whole national reports, but only the 5th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) aimed at ensuring gender equality. The novelty of the author's approach to the analysis of the reports was that the indicators used in them to achieve the 5th SDG by 2030 wwere considered as factors of progress towards gender equality in the country. The article consists of two sections, an introduction and a conclusion. The first section provides a historical background that shows the stages in formation of the concept of sustainable development, starting from the ideas of Gro Harlem Brundtland, who headed the International Commission on Environment and Development (ICEDD) in 1987, to the system of indicators developed by Nobel laureates Joseph Stiglitz and Amartya Sen, who headed the Commission on Basic Indicators of Economic Activity and Social Progress in 2008-2009. When developing the Sustainable Development Goals, the experience accumulated over thirty years was used as the basis for them. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes the SDGs, was signed by 193 countries in 2015, including Russia. In 2020 Russia submitted to the UN two reports on the achievement of the SDGs — one prepared by the government and the other by civil society organizations. These reports reflected the progress in implementation of the SDGs for 2016-2020. The results of a brief comparative analysis of both reports are presented in the second section of the article. The analysis showed striking differences between these two reports: the outright bureaucratic formalism of the first and the creative constructive nature of the second. This indicates that it is the civil society, not the government, that is aware of the severity and urgency of the problems of gender inequality in Russia and is ready to solve them. The content of the report and the recommendations addressed by the civil society to the state show that implementation of the gender equality targets set in the SDGs can serve as an important factor in the country's progress towards gender equality. From the analysis of the form and content of the government report, it becomes obvious that the gender agenda is not among the priority areas of the Russian social policy.

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32

Morozova, Tatyana, Raisa Belaya y Galina Kozyreva. "Differentiation of consumer behavior of the population of Republic of Karelia in the market of socially significant commercial services". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.5.

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Using the data from the representative sociological survey of households, which was conducted in the Republic of Karelia in 2019, an analysis of the population's demand for commercial services was carried out. The services under consideration include housing and communal services, communications, transport, medical, sanatorium and wellness, veterinary, legal, educational, cultural, tourism, sport and physical activities social services for the elderly and disabled. The heterogeneity of households in terms of the demand for paid services was revealed. Assessment of the consumption behavior showed that active users of commercial socially significant services range from 50% to 80% of households in the region, depending on the service type. A special attention is paid to assessment of consumer behavior in the medical services market. Here, a typology of consumer activity in the paid medical services market is proposed. More specifically, four types of such services are identified. It is concluded that low-income households living in small towns and rural settlements are characterized by a large consumption of paid medical services. An increase in per capita income is associated with a decrease in the share of households with high consumer activity. Consumption activity below or significantly below the average for the region was revealed in groups of wealthy households. The results of the study showed that currently paid medical services are important for the population. During the pandemic, because the existing healthcare system could not provide guaranteed high-quality free timely treatment, the developed paid medical services market provided timely examination and treatment for a part of the population.

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33

Dobrokhleb, Valentina. "Demographic aging in Russia and new social reality". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.6.

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For the third year the population of Russia has been in the situation of a "perfect storm": under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid technological changes connected with digitalization of the entire living space, increasing international tensions against the background of the aging population of the country. These processes have contributed to the formation of a new social reality. The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of demographic aging in the context of the pandemic, to identify the specifics of socio-demographic challenges to the country in these conditions, to present opportunities and obstacles in the direction of forming a strategy of active longevity in the Russian Federation. The relevance of this project is due to the need to study the potential of the older generation in the conditions of the second stage of depopulation for the socio-demographic development of the country. The information base is the data of Rosstat, international organizations, as well as the works of Russian and foreign authors on this issue. The author's methodology of measuring the resource potential of the older generation is used. It is shown that Russia implements active aging programs. However, the development of infrastructure to support the older generation is not yet consistently combined with the goals of socio-economic development of the country. It is proposed to make a wider use of the methodology for preserving and developing the resource potential of the older generation, which allows a differentiated approach to the formation of an active longevity strategy with the account of the capabilities and motivation of various groups of the elderly and old people.

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34

Yarasheva, Aziza, Natalia Alikperova y Dmitry Markov. "Gender differences in youth savings and investment strategies". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.13.

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The article is devoted to analysis of gender characteristics when young people build their savings and investment strategies. The authors compare the results of two own sociological studies carried out jointly by: 1) scientists of the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS and the Financial University; 2) scientists of the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS and the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A number of data related to the choice of savings and investment behaviors of Russians are considered on the results of a study by the NAFI Analytical Center. In the gender context are considered such important issues for the study of financial strategies as: the need and availability of savings; ways to manage finances (first save, then spend, or vice versa); the share of income directed to savings; the goals of savings formation; the ability to build a horizon for planning one's own expenses; types and purposes of investing money. There are identified differences in the strategies of young men and women: when making savings (with constant share of savings) — a greater randomness in women, a longer planning horizon and ability to distribute their income in men; when making investments: more conservative risk-free strategies by women than by men, a much larger gender gap in choosing an investment strategy in regions compared to the capital region, as well as in the motives for investing in the stock market. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of understanding the needs of young women in formation of their savings and investment strategies for development (by financial institutions and educational organizations) of the goals to raise the level of financial literacy of this category of the population.

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35

Nazarova, Inna. "Indicators characterizing the health of Russian residents by 2021". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.3.

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Based on the data of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the Higher School of Economics, the main factors characterizing health in dynamics on the basis of respondents' self-assessments from 1994 to 2020 are considered. According to the 2020 data, no significant changes in health have been revealed, that might allow us to talk about an obvious impact of the pandemic. About a half of men and a third of women considered themselves healthy, 45.8% of men and 52.0% of women define their health as average. The negative assessments by residents of various settlements have almost become equal, and by 2020, urban residents have already assessed their health as worse than residents of villages. Villagers are half as likely to rate their health as poor. The main factors that can make a negative contribution to the pandemic situation have been identified: (1) 8.5% of men and 13.2% of women consider their health to be bad and very bad; during the past 30 days in 2020, a fifth of men and a third of women had health problems; (2) 22.6% are not satisfied with their lives in general, the well-being of men and women practically does not differ; (3) 56.3% are not satisfied with their financial situation; 29.7% reported that their financial situation has worsened; (4) 6.7% are not satisfied with their work; (5) 16.6% do not see prospects and believe that they will live worse in the near future; (6) 63.4% of people are very worried or a little worried about the threat of losing their job; (7) 77.4% lead a passive lifestyle, do not exercise; (8) 43.9% of men and 13.1% of women smoke.

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36

Kalabikhina, Irina y Sofia Rebrey. "Contribution of N. M. Rimashevskaya to development of gender economic research". Population 25, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2022): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.2.11.

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The article is devoted to the contribution of the great Russian scholar economist N. M. Rimashevskaya to development of gender economic studies in the USSR and in Russia. N. M. Rimashevskaya found a scientific school of gender studies in the USSR, then developed it in Russia, amid the changing economic and socio-political order. The authors consider the scientific and socio-political path of N. M. Rimashevskaya and the directions of her work in the field of gender economic studies in the Soviet, transitional periods and in the new Millennium. The article shows the role of N. M. Rimashevskaya in institutionalization of gender studies in the USSR and Russia, in particular, in creation of the Moscow Center for Gender Studies, academic journal "Population", in conducting the Taganrog project, which is unique in terms of duration and its socio-economic and gender analysis' depth. Ahead of the spread of the gender agenda among international organizations such as the UN, as early as in the 1960s and 1970s, N. M. Rimashevskaya conducted gender comparison of the daily time-use and its distribution to paid and unpaid work based on the data collected in Taganrog, predetermining one of the most relevant areas for development of gender economic analysis and gender budgeting, as well as economic analysis in general. The article also pays attention to the research and development of strategic concepts concerning the country's socio-economic policy and the programs carried out by the Moscow Center for Gender Studies. The impact of the scientific school of gender studies in Moscow on the formation and institutionalization of women's social and political movements in the newly formed democracy in the early 1990s also deserves a special attention. And finally, the key areas of economic research on gender inequality conducted under the leadership of N. M. Rimashevskaya are structured and described. Keywords: gender inequality, gender economic studies, N. M. Rimashevskaya, Moscow school of gender studies, gender economic theory.

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37

Vyalshina, Anna. "Types of reproductive orientations of modern students". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.14.

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The aim of the study is to analyze the socio-demographic and activity-motivational factors that determine the type of youth reproductive orientations. The object of the study is students of Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University. Formation of the target sample is due to the need to consider the reproductive orientations of young people in conjunction with the desire to live and work in rural areas. The information base of the study is the results of a sociological study conducted by the Institute of Agrarian Problems RAS (216 respondents). The work shows that the cause of the formation of narrowed reproductive orientations is the shift of the value of family and children to the last places in the system of life priorities of this group of young people who prefer to focus on development of individual human capital and self-realization in profession. They are convinced that children are associated with a great responsibility and restriction of freedom, so any measures to increase the birth rate are of little interest to them. Young people with extended reproductive orientations are characterized by child-centric attitudes, with a high value of family lifestyles and traditional gender stereotypes. Most of them associate effectiveness of measures to increase the birth rate with economic instruments and development of a social infrastructure for maternity and child support. It has been found out that the selected typological groups of reproductive orientations of today's youth are characterized by different potential for future reproductive behavior, which leads to differentiation of tools to increase the birth rate for these groups of young people.

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38

Hakumura, Naoya. "The support for children requiring medical care in Japan". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.13.

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Who are the recipients of school education and social welfare support in Japan, and to what extent is this support provided? This article examines the problems of families raising children Requiring Medical Care. These are the children who need some kind of medical care throughout their lives. The problem of who should provide medical care needed by these children and their parents in school and everyday life, and how it should be provided has long been debated. Policy changes are needed to reduce the mental, physical, and financial burden on parents, especially mothers. With the spread of inclusive education comes increased support for children with special educational needs, including children with disabilities. Also in recent years there has been widespread demand for women's social activities and increased support for the upbringing of children. In these circumstances it became a social problem whether families with children requiring medical care are the recipients of support — for example, in matters of work-life balance for parents and the needs of the children themselves. By researching how families with children requiring medical care are supported in school education and social welfare, we attempt to outline a frame of support system of school education and social welfare in Japan. From this perspective, this article conducted surveys for parent groups.

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39

Aleksandrova, Olga, Elena Medvedeva, Olga Makhrova y Sergey Kroshilin. "Seminar devoted to methods of improving the personnel provision of medical care to the population". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.16.

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40

Fedotov, Artem. "The spread of alcoholism and drug addiction in the regions of Russia". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.11.

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Alcoholism and drug addiction are serious social diseases that have a negative impact on many socio-economic indicators. The article presents the results of a study of alcoholism and drug addiction in Russia at the regional level: current data are given, regions with the best and worst values are highlighted, and dynamics over the past 15 years is shown. Despite positive changes and a decrease in officially registered cases of alcoholism and drug addiction in Russia, the real picture does not seem so rosy, and the negative impact of alcoholism and drug addiction on the most important indicators of quality of life and human potential remains high, that is confirmed by the results of this study. An attempt was made to find the causes for discrepancy between official data and real ones, as well as to identify the functional relationships of the studied indicator with other indicators of human potential and quality of life that can act as causes or consequences of alcoholism and drug addiction. According to the results of the correlation analysis, taking into account direct and reverse time lags for 8 years for 10 socio-economic indicators, there was revealed an extremely negative impact of alcoholism and drug addiction on the most important indicators of human potential, primarily on life expectancy, infant mortality, and the number of crimes and murders. The prospects for further research on the topic are described based on the experience gained in the course of this study.

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41

Vasilyeva, Elena. "Active Ageing Index of Russian regions: alternative approach". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.10.

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The article discusses the issues of calculating the Active Ageing Index in Russia and its regions. It presents an overview of the existing approaches to assessment, highlights their advantages and disadvantages. The main drawback of the considered approaches is the unavailability of data for calculating the index — statistical observations and surveys used are carried out irregularly or not for all subjects of the Russian Federation. An alternative approach to assessment of the Active Ageing Index in the regions of Russia is proposed. The information base for calculating the index is data tracked on a regular basis annually for all subjects of the Russian Federation. The index calculating is based on five indicators grouped by three dominants (health, labor activity and safety). The index indicators are selected according to five criteria. Construction of the Active Ageing Index includes four consecutive stages. To obtain normalized indicators, threshold values are set — minimum and maximum. The proposed approach to the construction of the Active Ageing Index was tested on data for 2020. The results of the assessment showed that not all subjects of the Russian Federation have successfully implemented measures in the field of active ageing, and the results are uneven. No subject of the Russian Federation has reached the fixed threshold (target) values for all indicators of the Active Ageing Index. This approach to assessment allows, firstly, to regularly identify shortcomings of the regional target indicators and inconsistency of the regional policy goals with the national goals and requirements of international organizations; and, secondly, to compare regions by how they cope with achieving results in active ageing in order to identify the best practices.

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Ryazantsev, Sergey y Evgenia Moiseeva. "The impact of global climate change on migration in the Russian Federation and Central Asian countries". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.2.

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Global climate change has a dramatic impact on the environment, transforming the conditions of human life and economic activities, which affects migration patterns as well. Climatic conditions have always played a crucial role in population distribution in Russia. Today, the impact of severe climatic regime of the Northern Russian territories is becoming increasingly aggravated with the negative effects of the global climate change, spurring up the population outflow from such strategically important regions as the Far North, Siberia, and the Far East. This study aims at estimating the role of environmental factors in this process on the basis of analysis of statistical data on the distribution of migrants by reasons for resettlement. Results of the analysis proved that climatic conditions are a powerful push/pull factor of internal migration in Russia; hence, as the climate change progresses, the population outflow especially from the Russian North is likely to become more intense. On the other hand, the climate change has already become a serious problem for Central Asian countries, creating risks for food security, water supply and energy systems there. Gradual environmental deterioration provokes socio-economic crises which force the population of vulnerable areas to migrate in search of livelihood sustainability. The majority of such migrants resettle within their countries, but a part is likely to move to Russia following the traditional labor migration patterns. Our preliminary estimates show that by 2050Russia is going to get additionally up to 120,000 migrants from Central Asia in total. In the authors' opinion this trend should be considered as positive both from the point of view of a contribution to the population of Russia, and from the point of view of Central Asian population's adaptation to the climate change.

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Aleksandrova, Olga, Alexander Tyurikov, Diana Kunizheva, Dmitry Markov y Natalia Alikperova. "Entrepreneurial attitudes as an element of the financial and economic culture of students". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.8.

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The transition to a market economy implied the creation of opportunities for individuals to realize entrepreneurial talent. Over the past thirty years, the interest of young people in doing business has noticeably decreased. At the same time, in the conditions of the labor market compression caused by the crisis, increasing competition for available vacancies, the idea of starting own business may be attractive. The article is based on the results of a large-scale sociological study, which included a mass survey of students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, a series of semi-structured interviews with experts and focus group interviews with students. It shows how students feel about entrepreneurship, how right they are, according to experts, in their expectations, and how the discovered ideas and attitudes can affect the development of the economy. According to the survey results, a third of students think about their own business as a way to achieve financial well-being. Young people mostly do not see their relatives and friends as their business partners, since they prefer to conduct business on a formal basis, which they see as a certain guarantee against unfair actions of partners. At the same time, the results suggest that the protection of private property and, first of all, business, is clearly insufficient for young people. This corresponds to their ideas about the disinterest of key economic actors in fair market competition, demonopolization of the economy, reduction of corruption in the public administration system, judicial and law enforcement agencies. Experts express skepticism about the possibility of the majority of young people to open and keep afloat their business, and attribute this to a shortage of material and educational resources, and most importantly — of the social capital that corresponds to the specifics of the current economic system.

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44

Fomin, Maxim, Nikolay Mikryukov y Timur Miriazov. "Settlements' spatial development in the Altai and Tyva republics: a sociological analysis". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.5.

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The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of two regions of Southern Siberia: the Altai and Tyva republics. The purpose of the study was to identify general patterns and individual features of the spatial development of these republics both at the regional and municipal level. The information base for the study was the results of sociological surveys of the population conducted in cities and villages of these two republics, as well as data from regional and municipal statistics of Rosstat. In the sociological research, the methods of questioning, generalization, statistical analysis, graphic analysis were used; to analyze demographic and economic processes, the following methods were used: cartographic, statistical, comparative analysis, forecasting, and specialization identification. Analysis of the demographic trends has shown the possibility of depopulation in the coming years in the Altai Republic and in the long term — in the Tyva Republic. Analysis of the data of sociological surveys demonstrates that for the cities of the Tyva Republic, the problems of communal services are key, and for the settlements of the Altai Republic- economic problems. A subjective assessment of the state and dynamics of the development of industrial enterprises is given, the level of development of small and medium-sized enterprises, promising economic specializations of the regions is estimated. Transport accessibility of cities and villages in the republics is estimated. Economic measures aimed at solving the existing problems and correcting the negative demographic trends are proposed. The results of the work can be used to develop priority measures of regional policy in order to develop the advantages of each of the regions and specific settlements.

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Kolennikova, Olga. "Using digital technologies by medical professionals". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.15.

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Creation of digital space in healthcare requires linking technical changes with raising trust in information and communication technologies (ICT) and development of appropriate skills of medical workers. Digital skills are considered as an important element of the general qualification of a medical professional. The paper examines to what extent doctors and nurses use ICT in their work, whether they have sufficient competencies and what are the scope and types of training in this field of knowledge. The sources of empirical materials are databases from two surveys conducted by Rosstat in 2020, namely, Comprehensive observation of the living conditions of the population and the second round of the Statistical Observation on the participation of the population in continuing education. It turned out that most doctors used computer and other digital equipment, but a significant part of nurses (47%) did not use them. In comparison with other specialists, doctors and nurses have a very limited remote format of work that is caused by both the field specifics and lack of opportunities. About 30% of doctors and nurses did not have enough digital competencies that reduced their job satisfaction. With basic computer literacy and the Internet skills, the lack of knowledge and skills concerned the field of medical information systems and specific digital tools. Medical professionals made up for the lack of skills mainly through self-education, rather than by specialized training. For successful implementation of a large-scale state program of digitalization in healthcare, it is necessary to create a flexible system of professional development in the field of ICT, included in the general system of continuing medical education.

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Murtuzalieva, Djamilya, Yury Simagin y Irina Vankina. "Dynamics of the population of the North Caucasian regions of Russia in 2010-2022". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.3.

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The article considers the main trends in the population change of the North Caucasian Federal District over the past decade as one of the priority geostrategic territories identified within the implementation of the "Strategy for Spatial Development of Russia up to 2025". In general, for the period 2010-2022 the population has not changed much on the Russian territory, although depopulation is observed in most regions of the country. Against this background, the North Caucasus is distinguished by a relatively favorable demographic situation. But even in this territory, demographic problems that are characteristic of the country as a whole are increasingly manifested. Since the 2010 population census, the population in the republics of Karachay-Cherkess and North Ossetia-Alania has decreased, that was not been observed over the previous decades. And the population of the Stavropol Krai during the period under review grew mainly due to the positive balance of population migration from other regions of Russia, including to a large extent from the neighboring North Caucasian republics. Analysis of the population dynamics was carried out taking into account the processes in fertility, mortality and migration mobility of the population. The situation is considered at the level of regions-subjects of the Russian Federation and municipalities (urban districts and municipal districts). This allows us to better understand the causes of the current situation and make some adjustments to Russia's demographic and migration policy. Improving the demographic situation in the priority geostrategic territories, including the North Caucasus, will contribute to the socio-economic development not only of these territories, but of the entire Russian Federation.

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47

Korchagina, Irina y Lidia Prokofieva. "Families with high school children: the need for social assistance". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.12.

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Families with children in Russia have a high risk of poverty. Often mothers do not work in these families, and the income of working family members together with social support measures are not sufficient. In recent years, support for families with children has been priority of social policy. At the same time, the State social assistance depends on the age of a child, and as the child is growing older the social assistance is decreasing. Until 2021 the whole variety of monetary payments to children was limited to the age category of 7 years (for all families) and up to 17 years (for single-parent families). These age limits put other children at a disadvantage as compared to children receiving assistance. That's why in March 2022 the Government announced a monthly cash payment for all children living in low-income families aged from 8 to 17 years. The next age limit for children in low-income families getting social support leaves without benefits children aged 17-18 years. Usually they do not have their own income, but they require not less, but more family expenses for their maintenance. The main goal of the study was to show that families with children aged 16-17 bear the same expenses as families with children under 16 years of age, but they have no additional sources of income. The study was based on the data from a population survey (Household Budget Survey-2019) and a longitudinal survey of families with school-age children (Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE2018-2019). The study emphasized the need of social support for families with senior school-age children.

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48

Dolzhenko, Ruslan, Dmitry Antonov, Alexander Evtushenko y Svetlana Dolzhenko. "Results of using patents in labor activity of foreign workers in Sverdlovsk oblast". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.6.

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The patent system for registration of employment of foreign workers in the domestic labor market is one of the mechanisms for their work regulation. Its introduction was preceded by preparatory work, analysis of the practice of using such tools in foreign experience. At present, there have been accumulated data that allow us to evaluate the results and develop solutions for their improvement on the basis of regional data. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of using the system of patents for foreign workers in the labor market of Sverdlovsk oblast, as well as the revenues to the regional budget to develop recommendations for theirs increase. Analysis of data from the Department of Labor and Employment, comparison of expenses and income from the use of patents in Sverdlovsk oblast was chosen as the main research method. The results of the study show that there are reserves to improve the efficiency of the use of patents, as well as to increase tax revenues from foreign workers. According to indirect data, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the number of cases of illegal employment of foreign citizens in the territory of Sverdlovsk oblast and an increase in the number of forged documents (including documents confirming the payment of tax), which negatively affects the effectiveness of the use of patents. There is a need for reorganization of the mechanism for using patents for foreign workers, a closer integration of the state authorities of the region to maximize the effect of the use of this category of labor resources. Consolidation of responsibility for regulating the labor market of foreign workers in one supervising authority requires a separate study, now it is "scattered" over several structures that does not allow them to fully analyze and improve the efficiency of using patents.

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49

Frolova, Elena, Olga Rogach y Pirmagomed Shikhgafizov. "Tourist potential of the territory and its role in improving the quality of life of the population". Population 25, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2022): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.9.

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In the study there was set the tasks to assess the level of development of the tourist potential of Russian territories, to determine its role in ensuring the quality of life of the local population, and to analyze regional differentiation according to these indicators. To ensure the comprehensiveness of the study, the authors relied on the obtained empirical data and official statistics; the key research method was a questionnaire survey of heads of municipalities (N = 306). The article used the materials of the quality of life rating for a comparative analysis with the research data. The authors have confirmed the hypothesis that the level of development of the key tourist resources of the territory correlates with the assessments of the quality of life of the population. Still it is impossible to answer definitely the question: which of these indicators of territorial development is dominant. On the one hand, it may be assumed, that the tourist potential plays a significant role in ensuring the quality of life of the local population, allowing the development of the transport network, the cultural and historical complex of the territory, and a comfortable urban environment. At the same time, it is impossible to exclude the opposite influence, where the high quality of life in the region is a determinant of increasing its tourist potential. In any case, the study confirms the presence of interconnection and mutual influence of these indicators that draws attention to the prospect of focusing the authorities' attention on the tourist potential of the territory. Most of the heads of municipalities noted the availability of tourism resources that, if used rationally, would allow implementing strategies for development of domestic tourism and improving the quality of life of the local population.

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50

Ryumina, Elena V. "Ecologically adjusted human development index". POPULATION 23, n.º 1 (2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.1.1.

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The article offeres an approach to including ecological factor in the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI is aimed at reflecting the quality of life of population, which is defined along with other important characteristics and state of environment. However, there is still no ecological living conditions of population in the formalized representation of HDI. Two directions of constructing ecologically adjusted HDI are developed: introducing ecological index to HDR, and using ecologically adjusted GDP/GRP in income index. Ecological index reflecting the state of environment in the places of residence and recreation of population is constructed on the basis of indicators of the number of air/water samples exceeding the ambient standards, as a percentage of the total number of examined samples. This indicator is presented in the annex to the statistical handbook «Environment Protection in Russia» for all regions. It is offered to modify the index of income in HDI by subtraction of the economic damage caused by pollution from income, as this part of income does not go to growth of the population welfare, but only compensates for the damage. For implementation of this approach there is no official statistics, and in the study was used the database accumulated by the author over many years of ecological-economic research. As a result, there was calculated ecologically adjusted HDI for all 85 regions in comparison with the traditional HDI. In 14 regions with the best ecological situation the HDI value grew, in the others it decreased. Some of the regions formerly leading by the HDI value lost their positions. Comparing the impact on HDI of ecological index on the one hand, and of modifications of income index on the other, showed an incomparably greater role of the introduction of ecological index.

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