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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Polychlorinated biphenyls"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 31 de julio de 2024

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1

Murínová, Slavomíra y Katarína Dercová. "Bacterial cell membrane adaptation responses on stress caused with the environmental pollutants". Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2013): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0017.

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Abstract The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on biomass production, lipid accumulation, and on the fatty acid profile of the major membrane lipids of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from a soil long-term contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was examined. The lowest bacterial growth was observed in the presence of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls. On the other hand, the highest growth stimulation was observed in the presence polychlorinated biphenyls. Higher growth ability was observed when polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid were added after three days of cultivation. Higher lipid accumulation corresponded with lower growth ability. The importance of time when bacterial strain meets polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid should be emphasized. The addition of toxic organic compound later in stationary growth phase led to better survival and evoked lower membrane adaptation. However, polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid amendment at the beginning of cultivation stimulated adaptation responses as membrane saturation, cis to trans isomerisation, and branched fatty acids alteration and decreased growth ability. Palmitic acid and 17-cyclopropyl fatty acid were observed as prevalent in the bacterial membrane as well as in the total lipids.

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2

Gałuszka, Agnieszka, Zdzisław M. Migaszewski y Neil L. Rose. "A consideration of polychlorinated biphenyls as a chemostratigraphic marker of the Anthropocene". Anthropocene Review 7, n.º 2 (28 de abril de 2020): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019620916488.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls, organic pollutants of anthropogenic origin, were widely used in many industrial applications worldwide roughly from the 1930s to the 1970s. Both the use and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls contributed to their ubiquity in different environmental compartments, and they show extremely high persistence because of their high physical and chemical stability. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in environmental archives located in different parts of the world usually show an initial increase in the 1940s–1950s and maxima in the 1960s–1970s followed by a sharp decline following the ban in their use. Thus, the increase in polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations would appear to be suitable as a chronostratigraphic marker in Anthropocene strata. This manuscript discusses the polychlorinated biphenyls record in different environmental archives in the context of temporal and spatial trends in production and application of these compounds as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in the chemostratigraphy of the Anthropocene series.

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3

Li, Honghua, Pu Wang, Yongming Ju, Wenjuan Li, Ruiqiang Yang, Gang Li, Wenqiang Ren, Jie Li y Qinghua Zhang. "Occurrence and Source Identification of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Sediments from Liangshui River in Beijing, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 24 (8 de diciembre de 2022): 16465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416465.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in the surface sediments of Liangshui River, the second largest drainage river in Beijing, China. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls ranged from 3.5 to 3019 (mean value: 184) pg g−1 dry weight and from 319 to 5949 (mean value: 1958) pg g−1 dry weight, and the corresponding World Health Organization toxic equivalent quantity values were 0.0011–5.1 pg TEQ g−1 dry weight and 0.0074–1.4 pg TEQ g−1 dry weight, respectively. The spatial distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls showed increasing trends from urban area and development area to suburb. Principal component analysis revealed that polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans contamination in the sediments may originate from pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate and municipal solid waste incineration. Regarding polychlorinated biphenyls, the steel industry, combustion processes and usage of some commercial polychlorinated biphenyl products were identified as the major sources. The emission from a former steel plant could be the main contributor to polychlorinated biphenyls in urban areas. The mean value of the total toxic equivalent quantities in the sediment samples exceeded the Canadian interim sediment quality guidelines. Long-term wastewater irrigation increases the load of sediment-bound pollutants in agricultural soil and may pose potential ecological risks to crops and human health.

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4

Egorova, Darya O. "Polychlorinated biphenyls as a cause of ecological problems and development of remediation technologies based on biological agents". Anthropogenic Transformation of Nature 9, n.º 2 (2023): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2410-8553-2023-2-68-88.

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The review presents an analysis of currently pressing problems associated with environmental pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls – compounds included in the list of Persistent Organic Pollutants under the international con-vention. The structural features of the polychlorinated biphenyl molecule and their interaction with the environment and living organisms are shown. The main attention is paid to aerobic bacteria, one of the main components of soil microbi-ocenosis. It was shown that long-term exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls led to the preferential selection in contaminated microbiocenosis of bacteria capable of using polychlorinated biphenyls as a source of carbon and energy. The most active strains served as the basis for biotechnological preparations aimed at removing PCBs from the environment.

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5

Şişman, T., F. Geyikoğlu y M. Atamanalp. "Early life-stage toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following embryonal exposure to selected polychlorinated biphenyls". Toxicology and Industrial Health 23, n.º 9 (octubre de 2007): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708089042.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls are a widespread aquatic contaminant. In this article, specific polychlorinated biphenyl congeners were examined for embryo and early life-stage toxicity in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). A set of three polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 126, mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 28 and di-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 153) were tested. The typical lesions observed were yolk sac edema, vertebra defect, craniofacial malformations (double head, triple retina), anaxial body and inhibition of swim bladder inflation. Moreover, embryo and larval mortality increased and hatching success decreased. The severity of abnormalities and mortalities were concentration- and congener-dependent. Of the compounds tested, polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 was found to be highly toxic to the fish embryos following exposure. The Lethal Concentration 50 values for polychlorinated biphenyl 28, polychlorinated biphenyl 126, polychlorinated biphenyl 153 calculated by probit analysis were 3.270, 1.298 and 5.375 ppm, respectively. The inhibition of swim bladder inflation was the most sensitive endpoint measured, and it is suggested that the inhibition of swim bladder inflation may be mediated by mechanism with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation.

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6

Layton, A. C., M. Muccini, M. M. Ghosh y G. S. Sayler. "Construction of a Bioluminescent Reporter Strain To Detect Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1998): 5023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.5023-5026.1998.

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ABSTRACT A bioluminescent reporter strain, Ralstonia eutrophaENV307(pUTK60), was constructed for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls by inserting the biphenyl promoter upstream of the bioluminescence genes. In the presence of a nonionic surfactant, which enhances the solubility of chlorinated biphenyls, bioluminescence was induced three- to fourfold over background by biphenyl, monochlorinated biphenyls, and Aroclor 1242. The minimum detection limits for these compounds ranged from 0.15 mg/liter for 4-chlorobiphenyl to 1.5 mg/liter for Aroclor 1242.

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7

Ryzhenko, N. O., O. I. Bondar, V. V. Chetverykov y Y. O. Fedorenko. "Polychlorinated biphenyls: Hazardous properties and environmentally sound management in Ukraine". Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022005.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls are one of the most dangerous compounds for human health and the environment and are included to Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Since Ukraine joined the Stockholm Convention in 2007, the National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention provides the environmentally sound disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls, as well as creation of a monitoring system and sharing information about toxicants. Polychlorinated biphenyls’ have fire resistance, low volatility and stability. Therefore, these substances have been widely used in industry, but on the other hand, they are a problem for the environment. The main hazardous properties of polychlorinated biphenyls are bioaccumulation, stability in the environment, the possibility of formation in accidents (especially in fires) of extremely persistent and toxic aromatic compounds, such as dioxins and furans. Toxic responses to polychlorinated biphenyls are: acute lethality; body weight loss; carcinogenesis; dermal toxicity; fatty liver; genotoxicity; hepatomegaly; immunosuppressive effects; neurotoxicity; porphyria; reproductive and developmental toxicity; thymic atrophy; thyroid hormone-level alterations. The most likely risks of polychlorinated biphenyls contamination in Ukraine are in the areas of operation, repair or storage of electrical equipment. According to quantity, the leading regions for accumulated polychlorinated biphenyls in Ukraine, are Dnipropetrovsk (459 tons), Volyn (280 tons) and Kyiv regions (255 tons). A comprehensive approach to reducing the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls for human health and the environment involves the improvement of the regulatory framework for managing in all stages of “life cycle”. Obtaining complete and accurate information on the volumes and forms of polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation and creation of modern effective technological support for polychlorinated biphenyls’ degradation are a necessary part of environmentally sound management of polychlorinated biphenyls in Ukraine. The “Polychlorinated Biphenyls Database in Ukraine” information system (2017) was created as a National Polychlorinated Biphenyls Registry in Ukraine. It was designed to systematize, structure, and analyze the large amount of information collected during the inventorising of polychlorinated biphenyls. The best technology of polychlorinated biphenyls degradation must not only provides a high degree of polychlorinated biphenyls’ destruction, but also not lead to the formation of new toxic compounds.

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8

A Shaltout, Fahim. "The Effects of the Environmental Pollutions on the Human Food and Public Health". Open Access Journal of Frailty Science 2, n.º 1 (2024): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajfs-16000104.

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The environmental pollution Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, the polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/F and the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination in the food from the animal origin were caused by the industrially produced feed from the free range chicken, sheep, and beef. To elucidate the entry of the the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans PCDD/Fs in the food related to the environmental contamination. The food products from the farm animals are sensitive to the environmental pollution dioxin/ polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure, the suckling calves and the laying hens housed outdoor at the soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. In the beef/veal when the soil is contaminated. The eggs/ the broiler, this can occur. The eggs consumer's especially the young children can easily exceed the health-based guidance values, the tolerable daily intake. The soil, the chicken eggs exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for the human exposure to both the environmental pollution dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls and the PCDD/Fs from the soil and needs to be considered for the soil guidelines. The calves from the suckler cow herds are the most prone to the impacts of the dlPCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via the milk. The environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (and the PCDD/F) intake for the free-range cattle stems from the feed and the soil. The sources for the PCDD/Fs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relevant to the environmental contamination in polychlorinated biphenyls respect to the food safety. It also includes the considerations on the assessment of the emerging persistent organic pollutants. The major sources of the environmental pollution PCDD/F and the dl-PCB contamination of the food of the animal origin are the soils contaminated from the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the PCDD/F releases; the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) emitted from the buildings and the constructions; the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present at the farms. The impacted areas need to be assessed with the respect to the potential contamination of the food producing animals. The livestock management techniques can reduce the exposure to the environmental pollution PCDD/Fs and the environmental pollution polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The control and the reduction measures are recommended for the emission sources and the new listed and the emerging persistent organic pollutants to ensure the food safety.

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9

Faroon, Obaid y Patricia Ruiz. "Polychlorinated biphenyls". Toxicology and Industrial Health 32, n.º 11 (10 de julio de 2016): 1825–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233715587849.

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10

MAMMADLI RASHAD SHOHRAT OGLI, MAMMADLI RASHAD SHOHRAT OGLI. "OPTIMIZATION OF REMEDIATION OF WATER AND AIR MEDIUM CONTAMINATED WITH POLYCHLOROBIPHENYL". Prirodoobustrojstvo, n.º 4 (2021): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2021-4-106-109.

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The article is devoted to measures for the purification of water and air medium from polychlorinated biphenyl wastes by the method of UV radiation and NiO2 nanoparticles, on PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl) constituting groundwater in PCB waste disposal areas, the possibility of neutralizing PCBs in the atmosphere in industrialized areas. A method for the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl contained in waste and industrial waters, as well as in atmospheric air, has been proposed. Air purification is carried out with ultraviolet and microwave radiation, and ultraviolet radiation and TiO2 nanoparticles are used for water purification. Based on the analysis performed,the problem of optimizing the purification of groundwater and atmospheric air contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls has been formulated and solved. An expression is proposed for the dependence of the cleaning time on the distance to the place of initial environmental pollution.

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11

Barriault, D., C. Simard, H. Chatel y M. Sylvestre. "Characterization of hybrid biphenyl dioxygenases obtained by recombining Burkholderia sp. strain LB400 bphA with the homologous gene of Comamonas testosteroni B-356". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2001): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-108.

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The bacterial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls depends on the ability of the enzyme biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase (BPDO) to catalyze their oxygenation. Analysis of hybrid BPDOs obtained using common restriction sites to exchange large DNA fragments between LB400 bphA and B-356 bphA showed that the C-terminal portion of LB400 α subunit can withstand extensive structural modifications, and that these modifications can change the catalytic properties of the enzyme. On the other hand, exchanging the C-terminal portion of B-356 BPDO α subunit with that of LB400 α subunit generated inactive chimeras. Data encourage an enzyme engineering approach, consisting of introducing extensive modifications of the C-terminal portion of LB400 bphA to extend BPDO catalytic properties toward polychlorinated biphenyls.Key words: PCB, protein engineering, BphA, BPDO, polychlorinated biphenyl.

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12

He, Ting-Ting, An-Jun Zuo, Ji-Gang Wang y Peng Zhao. "Organochlorine pesticides accumulation and breast cancer: A hospital-based case–control study". Tumor Biology 39, n.º 5 (mayo de 2017): 101042831769911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010428317699114.

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The aim of this study is to detect the accumulation status of organochlorine pesticides in breast cancer patients and to explore the relationship between organochlorine pesticides contamination and breast cancer development. We conducted a hospital-based case–control study in 56 patients with breast cancer and 46 patients with benign breast disease. We detected the accumulation level of several organochlorine pesticides products (β-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls-28, polychlorinated biphenyls-52, pentachlorothioanisole, and pp′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) in breast adipose tissues of all 102 patients using gas chromatography. Thereafter, we examined the expression status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), and Ki-67 in 56 breast cancer cases by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we analyzed the risk of breast cancer in those patients with organochlorine pesticides contamination using a logistic regression model. Our data showed that breast cancer patients suffered high accumulation levels of pp′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls-52. However, the concentrations of pp′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls-52 were not related to clinicopathologic parameters of breast cancer. Further logistic regression analysis showed polychlorinated biphenyls-52 and pp′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane were risk factors for breast cancer. Our results provide new evidence on etiology of breast cancer.

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13

Metcalfe, Christopher D. y G. Douglas Haffner. "The ecotoxicology of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls". Environmental Reviews 3, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1995): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a95-008.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been recognized for over 25 years as global environmental contaminants. However, many PCB congeners may be relatively harmless, while a small group of PCB congeners are highly toxic to biota. The toxic coplanar PCB congeners are chlorinated at meta positions and at one or none of the ortho positions on the biphenyl ring, thus resembling 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in molecular configuration. In vitro and in vivo toxicity tests with rodents, fish, and birds have shown that the coplanar PCB congener 126 is almost as toxic as TCDD. Several coplanar PCBs (e.g., 77, 126, 105, 118) are present in biota at parts per billion concentrations, which is orders of magnitude higher than concentrations of TCDD. Thus, coplanar PCBs may account for over 95% of the dioxinlike toxic activity affecting biota, such as fish-eating birds in the Great Lakes. There is some evidence that the toxicokinetics of coplanar PCBs in organisms differs from that of other PCB homologues. If coplanar PCBs are more persistent than their homologues, they could become enriched in biota as they pass up through the food chain (i.e., trophic enrichment), or as overall PCB levels decline with time (i.e., temporal enrichment). Overall, the available data do not support the concept of trophic or temporal enrichment in the environment.Key words: polychlorinated biphenyls, coplanar, toxic equivalents, kinetics, mixed function oxidase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase.

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14

Faroon, Obaid M., Sam Keith, Dennis Jones y Christopher De Rosa. "Carcinogenic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls". Toxicology and Industrial Health 17, n.º 2 (marzo de 2001): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233701th098oa.

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As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that have the greatest public health impact. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of an important section of the Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls [ATSDR. 2000: Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.] into the scientific literature. This article focuses on the carcinogenic effects of this group of synthetic organic chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls) in humans and animals. Information on other health effects, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, biomarkers, interactions, chemical and physical properties, potential for human exposure, and regulations and advisories is detailed in the profile.

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15

Lim, Do-Hyung, Da-Som Lim y Young-Soo Keum. "Translocation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Carrot-Soil Systems". Korean Journal of Pesticide Science 20, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2016): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2016.20.3.203.

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16

Wassey, Sunila Abdul, Sehrish Shafeeq, Jawad Abdullah Butt y Ahmed Jamil. "Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) through Bio and Phytoremediation in the Environment: A Review Study". International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 13, n.º 4 (23 de diciembre de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v13i4.45.

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One of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) utilized globally between the 1930s and 1980s was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Even though their usage has been severely constrained, a lot of PCBs are still present in the environment, including soils and air. This local, national, international and governmental organizations regarding polychlorinated biphenyls and how can resolve and treat the problem sustainably. This can be achieved if seriously working on degrading persistent organic pollutants, especially polychlorinated biphenyls biologically via thorough research and sound implementation. The methods opted for remediation by the use of choosing suitable types of microorganisms and plants. These methods are practically active for the identification of the source, concentration level and effects on the ecosystem. It would help in developing appropriate strategy and data generation in formulating the inventories for the management of polychlorinated biphenyls in the future. It is also noted through numerous research that polychlorinated biphenyls are also found in human blood commonly analyzed by indicator congeners such as PCB 138,153, 180, and in air and soil markers of PCBs pollution include PCB congeners 28, 52,101,138,153 and 180 as well. The methods and mechanisms described for degrading the persistent pollutant in this research review the solutions for mitigating PCB pollution in an environment. The best option is to strictly ban it in Pakistan or weightage its usage with its multiple benefits and disadvantages. Promote biological treatment if the payback is healthy and environmentally sustainable.

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17

Castro, Eduardo, Andrey Toropov, Alexandra Nesterova y Ozad Nabiev. "QSPR modeling aqueous solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls by optimization of correlation weights of local and global graph invariants". Open Chemistry 2, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2004): 500–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476204.

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AbstractAqueous solubilities of polychlorinated biphenyls have been correlated with topological molecular descriptors which are functions of local and global invariants of labeled hydrogen filled graphs. Morgan extended connectivity and nearest neighboring codes have been used as local graph invariants. The number of chlorine atoms in biphenyls has been employed as a global graph invariant. Present results show that taking into account correlation weights of global invariants gives quite reasonable improvement of statistical characteristics for the prediction of aqueous solubilities of polychlorinated biphenyls.

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18

Lauby-Secretan, Béatrice, Dana Loomis, Yann Grosse, Fatiha El Ghissassi, Véronique Bouvard, Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, Neela Guha, Robert Baan, Heidi Mattock y Kurt Straif. "Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls". Lancet Oncology 14, n.º 4 (abril de 2013): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70104-9.

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19

Bedard, Donna L. y Heidi M. Van Dort. "Complete Reductive Dehalogenation of Brominated Biphenyls by Anaerobic Microorganisms in Sediment". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1998): 940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.3.940-947.1998.

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ABSTRACT We sought to determine whether microorganisms from the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated sediment in Woods Pond (Lenox, Mass.) could dehalogenate brominated biphenyls. The PCB dechlorination specificities for the microorganisms in this sediment have been well characterized. This allowed us to compare the dehalogenation specificities for brominated biphenyls and chlorinated biphenyls within a single sediment. Anaerobic sediment microcosms were incubated separately at 25°C with 16 different mono- to tetrabrominated biphenyls (350 μM) and disodium malate (10 mM). Samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector and a mass spectrometer detector at various times for up to 54 weeks. All of the tested brominated biphenyls were dehalogenated. For most congeners, including 2,6-dibromobiphenyl (26-BB) and 24-25-BB, the dehalogenation began within 1 to 2 weeks. However, for 246-BB and 2-2-BB, debromination was first observed at 7 and 14 weeks, respectively. Most intermediate products did not persist, but when 2-2-BB was produced as a dehalogenation product, it persisted for at least 15 weeks before it was dehalogenated to 2-BB and then to biphenyl. The dehalogenation specificities for brominated and chlorinated biphenyls were similar: meta andpara substituents were generally removed first, andortho substituents were more recalcitrant. However, the brominated biphenyls were better dehalogenation substrates than the chlorinated biphenyls. All of the tested bromobiphenyls, including those with ortho and unflankedmeta and para substituents, were ultimately dehalogenated to biphenyl, whereas their chlorinated counterparts either were not dehalogenation substrates or were only partially dehalogenated. Our data suggest that PCB-dechlorinating microorganisms may be able to dehalogenate brominated biphenyls and may exhibit a relaxed specificity for these substrates.

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20

Kim, A. A., G. V. Pestsov, Kh T. Yadgarov, G. I. Dzhumaniyazova, P. V. Zinov'ev, G. T. Dzhuraeva, A. A. Abdukarimov y V. K. Gins. "Microorganisms Degrading Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 40, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:abim.0000010354.07292.ca.

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21

Saktrakulkla, Panithi, Tuo Lan, Jason Hua, Rachel F. Marek, Peter S. Thorne y Keri C. Hornbuckle. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Food". Environmental Science & Technology 54, n.º 18 (20 de agosto de 2020): 11443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03632.

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22

Erickson, Mitchell D. y Robert G. Kaley. "Applications of polychlorinated biphenyls". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 18, n.º 2 (17 de septiembre de 2010): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0392-1.

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23

Lione, Armand. "Polychlorinated biphenyls and reproduction". Reproductive Toxicology 2, n.º 2 (enero de 1988): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6238(88)90002-0.

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24

Mckinney, JamesD, KennethS Korach y JohnA Mclachlan. "Detoxification of polychlorinated biphenyls". Lancet 335, n.º 8683 (enero de 1990): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)90310-2.

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25

Jacobson, Joseph L. y Sandra W. Jacobson. "Teratogen update: Polychlorinated biphenyls". Teratology 55, n.º 5 (mayo de 1997): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199705)55:5<338::aid-tera6>3.0.co;2-v.

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Needham, L. L., D. G. Patterson, V. W. Burse, D. C. Paschal, W. E. Turner y R. H. Hill. "Reference Range Data for Assessing Exposure To Selected Environmental Toxicants". Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, n.º 3-4 (mayo de 1996): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379601200322.

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We analyzed blood and urine specimens from 32 charter boat captains, anglers, and spouses from both groups, who reportedly ate fish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Erie, for selected environmental toxicants. The toxicants measured in serum were polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, other polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent pesticides. Nonpersistent pesticides and elements were measured in urine; and elements were measured in blood. Internal dose levels of these toxicants will be compared to reference range data that we have compiled. These reference range data will be used to ascertain the exposure status of individuals or groups within this study.

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27

Barcauskaitė, Karolina. "Gas chromatographic analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in compost samples from different origin". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, n.º 5 (17 de febrero de 2019): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828156.

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Depending on the origin, the compost produced may contain not only nutrients but also pollutants, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. It is very important to determine them in soil-improving substances, because persistent organic pollutants show environmental toxic, cancerogenic, mutagenic effects and do not decompose for a long time. The aim of this study was to determine seven polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations in different kinds of composts produced in Lithuania and to evaluate the appliance of these composts in agricultural land. First, before routine analysis was done a gas chromatography with electron-capture detector method was developed. In this study 145 samples of green waste, sewage sludge, cattle manure, food waste, mixed municipal waste, digestate and composts made from mixed municipal waste after mechanical–biological treatment were analysed. Obtained results show that 28% of investigated cattle manure composts (CMCs) and 10.5% of food waste composts (FWCs) were free from polychlorinated biphenyls. Other kinds of composts investigated in this study (green waste compost (GWC), sewage sludge compost (SSC), mixed municipal waste compost (MMWC), mixed municipal waste compost after mechanical biological treatment (MMWCABMT) and digestate (DIG)) were contaminated 100% with polychlorinated biphenyls. Despite the fact that polychlorinated biphenyls were forbidden 25 years ago, their concentration varied from 2.70 to 163.7 µg kg−1 in different kinds of composts produced in Lithuania. According to get an increasing average amount of Σ7 polychlorinated biphenyls, Lithuanian composts were distributed as follows CMC > GWC > DIG > FWC > SSC > MMWCABMT > MMWC.

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28

(Bart) Bosveld, A. T. C. y Martin Van den Berg. "Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans on fish-eating birds". Environmental Reviews 2, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 1994): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a94-010.

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Fish-eating birds are top predators at the end of the aquatic food chain. As such, they accumulate high concentrations of halogenated polycyclic aromatics like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this paper the levels and effects of these compounds on fish-eating birds are reviewed. To discuss the causal relationships between these compounds and the effects, dose–response studies in various bird species are reviewed. Neurotoxicity and effects on reproduction, embryonic respiration, mixed-function oxidase isoenzyme activities, and vitamin A and thyroid hormone levels are discussed. Using data from the literature, the lowest observed effect levels are calculated for different end points, and differences in sensitivity between the species are discussed.Key words: fish-eating birds, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, reproductive impairment, cytochrome P-450.

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29

Brubaker, W. Wayne y Ronald A. Hites. "Gas-Phase Oxidation Products of Biphenyl and Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Environmental Science & Technology 32, n.º 24 (diciembre de 1998): 3913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es9805021.

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30

Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole, Marian Pavuk, Alain LeBlanc, Pierre Dumas, Jean Philippe Weber, Anja Olsen, Anne Tjønneland, Kim Overvad y Jørgen H. Olsen. "Adipose Organochlorine Concentrations and Risk of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Danish Women". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 14, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.67.14.1.

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Abstract Objective: Exposure to environmental organochlorines has been examined as a potential risk factor for human breast cancer with mixed results. Our purpose was to examine associations between organochlorines and the development of breast cancer in a large prospective study using stored adipose tissue. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study of 409 postmenopausal women who developed breast cancer and 409 controls selected from the 29,875 women enrolled in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort between 1993 and 1997. We measured concentrations of 14 pesticides and 18 polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue, collected upon enrollment, and estimated relative risk (RR) of breast cancer using conditional logistic regression. Results: The results showed no higher risk of breast cancer among women with higher levels of any pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls; the RR associated with the upper quartile of 1,1-dichloro-2, 2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene concentration was 0.7 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.5-1.2] contrasting the lower quartile, and for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls the similar risk was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7-1.7). We observed a pattern of substantially lower risk of estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer in association with higher levels of most of the pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls; the RR for the higher quartile of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene was 0.1 (95% CI, 0.0-0.5) and for the sum of polychlorinated biphenyls it was 0.3 (95% CI, 0.1-0.9). Conclusion: The results do not support that higher organochlorine body levels increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The interpretation of the inverse association for estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer is currently unclear.

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31

Billingsley, K. A., O. P. Ward y S. M. Backus. "Studies on the transformation of selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by Pseudomonas strain LB 400". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 1997): 782–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-112.

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Resting cells of Pseudomonas strain LB400 are known to transform polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) when the cells are previously grown on biphenyl. In this study, PCB transformation was also observed in resting cells grown on other substrates such as glucose and glycerol. The presence of PCB congeners in the growth medium increased the lag phase for the growth of cells on a biphenyl substrate but not on a glycerol substrate. Supplementation of the degradation medium with biphenyl dramatically decreased the rate of PCB congener transformation, while the presence of glycerol or glucose had little or no effect on PCB transformation rates. Removal rates with biphenyl-grown cells in the standard degradation medium for 2,4,2′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,4,5,2′,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl, and 2,3-dichlorobiphenyl were 1.06, 1.66, and 224 μmol/(L∙h), respectively. Relative rates of transformation of 2,3-dichlorobiphenyl by biphenyl-, glucose-, and glycerol-grown cells were 100:36:36 and were similar to the relative rates of transformation of 2,4,5,2′,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl (100:33:42). The presence of PCBs adversely affected cell viability of biphenyl-grown cells over a 48-h incubation period and may explain the decline observed in PCB conversion capacity over the same incubation period. A major objective of this study was to investigate the significance of using biphenyl as the carbon source for growth of Pseudomonas strain LB400 cells capable of PCB transformation. Our findings indicate that, whereas higher rates of transformation of PCBs are observed with biphenyl-grown cells, cells grown on other carbon sources retain PCB-transforming enzymes. In addition, it has been demonstrated that biphenyl inhibits transformation of PCBs by the organism, whereas glycerol or glucose does not.Key words: Pseudomonas strain LB400, polychlorinated biphenyls, degradation, biphenyl.

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32

Choi, Geun-Hyoung, Dal-Soon Choi, Su-Myeong Hong, Oh-Kyoung Kwon, Hee Soo Eun, Jung Han Kim y Jin Hyo Kim. "Investigation on Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls of Grains and Estimation of Dietary Intake for Korean". Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 55, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2012): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2012.040.

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33

Song, Shuai, Jianfang Xue, Yonglong Lu, Hong Zhang, Chenchen Wang, Xianghui Cao y Qifeng Li. "Are unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls the main source of polychlorinated biphenyl occurrence in soils?" Environmental Pollution 243 (diciembre de 2018): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.027.

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34

Wangboje, Oiseoje M. y Daniel O. Okotie. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Imported Fish". European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.232.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which have been described as organohalogenic and legacy contaminants that are hazardous to both wildlife and man. The paucity of ecotoxicological data on the PCB content in commercially important fish in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria, warranted this research. In this stead, the PCB profile in the Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus, Family: Clupeidae, mean length=31.59 cm; Mean weight=274.98 g) marketed in Benin Metropolis, was determined via Gas Chromatographic technique in order to evaluate its suitability for human consumption and to provide baseline data for this contaminant in commercially important fish species. The summary statistics for the mean concentrations of detectable PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.019 mg/kg (PCB 118, 156) to 0.434 mg/kg (PCB 126), with a total of 0.581 mg/kg (w/w) while the mean concentrations of PCBs in C. harengus by market ranged from 0.012 mg/kg (PCB 118) at Santana market to 0.526 mg/kg (PCB 126) at New Benin market with no observed significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean concentrations of PCBs in fish between markets. The toxicity quotient (TQ) values for PCBs in C. harengus ranged from 0.0095 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.217(PCB 126) while the estimated daily intake (EDI) values in mg/person/day for PCBs ranged from 0.00076 (PCB 118, 156) to 0.017 (PCB 126). A toxic equivalency (TEQ) value of 0.04342 while the total PCB content in C. harengus according to market ranged from 0.469 mg/kg (Santana market) to 0.658 mg/kg (Uselu market). The total toxicity of mixtures (TTM) index was 0.291. The PCB levels in fish decreased below International threshold values suggesting suitability for human consumption. Continous monitoring of this fish species for toxic concentrations of PCBs was proferred.

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35

Assaggaf, Hamza, Changwon Yoo, Roberto G. Lucchini, Steven M. Black, Munerah Hamed, Faisal Minshawi y Quentin Felty. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Pulmonary Hypertension". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2022): 4705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084705.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that were banned because of their potential carcinogenicity. Population studies have shown that PCBs are associated with lung toxicity and hypertension. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether higher exposure to PCB congeners is associated with the risk of pulmonary hypertension. Serum levels of PCBs in 284 subjects with combined risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were compared to 4210 subjects with no risk for PAH using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2004. The major findings from this study include significantly higher PCB levels in PAH subjects compared to non-PAH subjects; for example, the geometric mean (GM) of PCB74 was 15.91 (ng/g) (14.45–17.53) vs. 11.48 (ng/g) (10.84–12.16), respectively. Serum levels of PCB congeners showed an increasing trend in the age group 20–59 years as PCB180 GM was 19.45 (ng/g) in PAH vs. 12.75 (ng/g) in the control. A higher body burden of PCB153 followed by PCB138, PCB180, and PCB118 was observed. Estimated age, race, BMI, and gender-adjusted ORs for PCB congener levels in subjects with the combined risk factors for PAH compared to controls was significant; for example, PCB99 (OR: 1.5 (CI: 1.49–1.50). In summary, these findings indicate that exposure, as well as body burden estimated based on lipid adjustment of PCBs, were higher in people with risk factors for PAH, and PCB congeners accumulated with age. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the use of cross-sectional self-reported data and a small sample size of subjects with combined risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Nonetheless, our finding emphasizes a need for a comprehensive environmental molecular epidemiologic study to determine the potential role of environmental exposures to PCBs in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

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36

MATSUNAGA, Atsushi y Akio YASUHARA. "Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 12, n.º 1 (2002): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.12.33.

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37

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Attention Deficits". Pediatric Neurology Briefs 10, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 1996): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-10-10-12.

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38

Hoag, George E. y Stanley Alexander. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Bituminous Materials". Journal of Transportation Engineering 112, n.º 3 (mayo de 1986): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1986)112:3(265).

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39

Janderka, Pavel y Pavel Brož. "Electrochemical Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, n.º 6 (1995): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19950917.

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The feasibility of electrochemical conversion of polychlorinated biphenyls to the parent hydrocarbon in N,N-dimethylformamide was studied with respect to the charge and mass efficiency of the process. The process was conducted in two variants, viz. as indirect conversion through pre-electrolysis of an alkali salt solution, and as direct electroreducing splitting of the carbon-chlorine bonds. Mercury served as the working electrode; the suitability of other metals as cathode materials was also examined by slow cyclic voltammetry.

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40

Liu, Yumin, Jeffrey Schwartz y Cullen L. Cavallaro. "Catalytic Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Environmental Science & Technology 29, n.º 3 (marzo de 1995): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00003a036.

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41

Rogan, WalterJ y RobertW Miller. "PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS". Lancet 334, n.º 8673 (noviembre de 1989): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91819-9.

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42

Gorbunova, T. I., M. G. Pervova, K. A. Plotnikova, V. I. Saloutin y O. N. Chupakhin. "Features of polychlorinated biphenyls nitration". Russian Journal of General Chemistry 85, n.º 7 (julio de 2015): 1611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363215070063.

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43

Hermanson, Mark H. y Ronald A. Hites. "Polychlorinated biphenyls in tree bark". Environmental Science & Technology 24, n.º 5 (mayo de 1990): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00075a008.

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44

Singh, Ajit, Walter Kremers, Philip Smalley y Graham S. Bennett. "Radiolytic dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls". Radiation Physics and Chemistry (1977) 25, n.º 1-3 (enero de 1985): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-5724(85)90244-4.

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45

Lang, Vít. "Polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment". Journal of Chromatography A 595, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 1992): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(92)85144-i.

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46

Pieper, Dietmar H. "Aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67, n.º 2 (22 de diciembre de 2004): 170–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-004-1810-4.

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47

Pieper, Dietmar H. y Michael Seeger. "Bacterial Metabolism of Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 15, n.º 2-3 (2008): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000121325.

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48

Dudkova, Vlasta y Katerina Demnerova. "Anaerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls". Journal of Biotechnology 131, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2007): S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.434.

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49

Múčka, V., R. Silber, M. Pospı́šil, M. Čamra y B. Bartonı́ček. "Radiation degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls". Radiation Physics and Chemistry 57, n.º 3-6 (marzo de 2000): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00477-6.

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George, Camille J., Gary F. Bennett, Denise Simoneaux y William J. George. "Polychlorinated biphenyls a toxicological review". Journal of Hazardous Materials 18, n.º 2 (enero de 1988): 113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(88)85018-0.

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