Artículos de revistas: "Pollution secondaire"

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Doussin, Jean-François. "Composés organiques volatils : des mécanismes moléculaires intriqués au centre de la complexité de la chimie troposphérique". La Météorologie, n.º 113 (2021): 035. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2021-0042.

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La pollution de l'air demeure l'un des principaux fléaux des temps modernes. Outre la pollution atmosphérique dite « primaire » se développe aussi une pollution atmosphérique plus pernicieuse, appellée « secondaire », produite dans l'environnement atmosphérique. Elle est le fruit d'une chimie atmosphérique multiphasique, impliquant des composés organiques et radicalaires, rendue complexe à la fois par le grand nombre de composants de l'air et par la multiplicité de leurs voies d'évolution chimique. En mettant en perspective cette complexité, cet article se propose de donner quelques clefs pour l'appréhender et de présenter les stratégies de la recherche qui permettront de réduire cette pollution secondaire. Air pollution remains one of the main plagues of modern times. In addition to so-called "primary" air pollution, a more pernicious air pollution is also developing, termed "secondary", i.e. produced in the atmospheric environment. It is the result of an atmospheric multiphase chemistry involving organic and radical compounds, made complex both by the large number of components in the air and the multiplicity of their chemical pathways. Putting this complexity into perspective, this article provides some keys to understand it and to present research strategies that will reduce this secondary pollution.

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Farhat, Mariana. "Origine anthropique des composés terpénoïdes en atmosphère urbaine". La Météorologie, n.º 125 (2024): 027. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2024-0033.

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Les terpénoïdes (isoprène et monoterpènes) sont des composés organiques volatils précurseurs gazeux de pollution secondaire, longtemps reconnus pour leur origine biogénique. La réanalyse de 14 ensembles d'observations recueillies aux latitudes moyennes et subtropicales depuis 2010, montre leur origine anthropique systématique dans l'atmosphère urbaine et identifie le trafic comme une des sources potentielles. Ces émissions ont été quantifiées pour la première fois. Elles dominent d'un à trois ordres de grandeur celles des autres précurseurs anthropiques en matière de réactivité vis-à-vis des deux oxydants atmosphériques majeurs, le radical nitrate et l'ozone. Cette étude questionne l'implication de ces émissions sur la pollution hivernale et nocturne. Terpenoids (isoprene and monoterpenes) are volatile organic compounds (VOC), gaseous precursors of secondary pollution, recognised as biogenic VOCs for a long time. We reanalyzed 14 VOC datasets from mid latitudes to subtropical urban areas since 2010. We showed their systematic anthropogenic origin and identified traffic as a potential emitter. Anthropogenic emissions of terpenoids were quantified for the first time. They dominate by three orders of magnitude the ones of other anthropogenic precursors regarding their reactivity with two major oxidants, ozone and nitrate. This study raises the question of the implication of their anthropogenic emissions in nighttime and wintertime pollution.

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Savary, B., R. Levilly, A. Laplanche, D. Wolbert y M. Lemasle. "Formation des ions bromate dans une colonne à bulles: Effets du peroxyde d'hydrogène lors de l'ozonation". Revue des sciences de l'eau 13, n.º 2 (12 de abril de 2005): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705386ar.

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L'utilisation de l'ozone, aujourd'hui très répandue dans les filières de potabilisation, n'est pas sans effet secondaire. De nombreux sous-produits peuvent se former comme notamment les ions bromates, sous produits finaux d'oxydation des bromures contenus dans les eaux. Malheureusement, le mécanisme de production de cette espèce est complexe et dépend de nombreux paramètres difficiles à appréhender. Sur une installation pilote de type colonne à bulles fonctionnant à contre-courant, nous avons étudié l'influence de différents paramètres, comme le pH, le temps de contact, la dose d'ozone et la dose de peroxyde d'hydrogène, sur la formation des bromates et la dégradation des pesticides, représentée par l'atrazine. Les résultats de la littérature ont été confirmés lors de l'emploi unique de l'ozone. La formation des ions bromate est influencée par la présence du peroxyde d'hydrogène. Cet oxydant intervient de manière non négligeable sur la consommation des entités intermédiaires. Le couple HOBr/OBr- peut être oxydé par l'ozone moléculaire et le radical OH° mais peut également être réduit par l'ozone et par le peroxyde sous sa forme acide ou sa base conjuguée. En ce qui concerne la dégradation des pesticides, l'utilisation de peroxyde d'hydrogène couplé à l'ozone favorise l'oxydation de la molécule d'atrazine grâce à la présence plus importante de radicaux hydroxyles. Une pollution accidentelle en pesticides pourra être traitée par l'ajout ponctuel de peroxyde d'hydrogène avec une augmentation de pH, la formation des bromates sera, dans ce cas, faible. La désinfection sera alors assurée par l'étape de chloration.

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Abba, Mustapha S., Chidozie U. Nduka, Seun Anjorin y Olalekan A. Uthman. "Household Air Pollution and High Blood Pressure: A Secondary Analysis of the 2016 Albania Demographic Health and Survey Dataset". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 5 (24 de febrero de 2022): 2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052611.

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Background: Hypertension is a significant public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to examine the association between household air pollution (HAP) and blood pressure using data from the 2016 Albania Demographic Health and Survey (DHS). Methods: We computed the odds ratio (OR) for the prevalence of hypertension between respondents exposed to clean fuels (e.g., electricity, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, and biogas) and respondents exposed to polluting fuel (e.g., kerosene, coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, and animal dung). Result: The results show that participants exposed to household polluting fuels in Albania were 17% more likely to develop hypertension than those not exposed to household air pollution (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.24). Subgroup analysis revealed that the odds of hypertension were more significant among women (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.31), rural residents (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.22), and participants aged >24 years (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.62) who were exposed to household polluting fuels compared to their counterparts who were not exposed. In summary, the results of the study show significant associations between household air pollution and hypertension risk overall, especially among women, rural dwellers, and people aged >24 years in Albania. Conclusion: In this study, an association between household air pollution and the risk of hypertension was found, particularly among low-income households, those with no education, women, and those who live in rural areas.

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Monia, Shadika Haque. "Environmental Impact Assessment Initiated to Mitigate Pollutions from Industries". International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities 3, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v3i1.161.

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Industrial pollution is a Buzzword of the present world. At the same time, there needs industrial development along with the mitigation of pollution, but in practice, industries are increasing with polluters although protection of pollution is lagging. The conservation of natural wealth is growing through various processes without thinking about the future. As an overpopulated country, a large number of industries have been contributing to enrich the economy of Bangladesh. In addition to there is no specific legal mechanism in the country to control industrial pollution which causes danger for the environment. The paper endeavors to find out the present legal instruments regarding environmental pollution caused by industries in Bangladesh, whether these are sufficient to prevent such pollution or not. Therefore, there is no specific legislation under IEL to mitigate industrial pollutions The research will contribute to the courtier's policymaking in the field of environmental protection, very few research has done in this area. As there is no specific legislation dealing with industrial pollutions, the Article tries to facilitate the need for specific legislation or mechanism on this matter by mentioning critics of existing legislations and found that, in absence of specific legislation the country is facing environmental threats every day. The data is analyzed with qualitative methods, both primary and secondary data is analyzed for the same. The research is done with doctrinal based analytical research.

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Jemli, Meryem y Sonia Sabbahi. "Une porphyrine comme photosensibilisant des eaux d'irrigation, photostabilité et efficacité". Revue des sciences de l’eau 31, n.º 1 (5 de junio de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1047049ar.

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Le processus de photosensibilisation (phototraitement) de l'eau suscite beaucoup d'intérêt, car il implique trois composants qui sont individuellement inoffensifs pour le milieu biologique, à savoir le photosensibilisant, la lumière et l'oxygène moléculaire. La photostabilité de la porphyrine tétra-méso-cationique (T4MPyP) dans l'eau usée et l’efficacité du phototraitement dépend de la concentration du photosensibilisant, de la qualité de l'eau (contaminants organiques, turbidité, pH, taux d'oxygène dissous et épaisseur de la lame d'eau) ainsi que de l'intensité et de la nature du rayonnement lumineux. L’étude expérimentale consistait à apporter à un sol sableux i) de l’eau usée secondaire traitée par boues activées, ii) la même eau usée, mais phototraitée avec 5 μM∙L-1 de T4MPyP pendant 6 h d’ensoleillement, et iii) une eau de puits. L’eau usée phototraitée était conforme aux normes tunisiennes (NT 106.03) pour l’irrigation sans restriction au niveau du taux de bactéries indicatrices de pollution fécale (l’abattement des coliformes fécaux avoisinait 99,99 %), mais renfermait encore une concentration résiduelle de porphyrine (environ 35 % de la concentration initiale). À la fin de l’expérimentation, la configuration saline du sol dépendait de la qualité des eaux d’irrigation. Dans le cas des eaux usées secondaires, la couche de surface (0-5 cm) se caractérisait par une concentration élevée de sels solubles et par une prolifération d’algues contribuant ainsi au colmatage superficiel et à un manque de continuité des macropores. En revanche, le colmatage chimique et biologique était réduit suite à l’utilisation des eaux usées phototraitées. La salinité était plus importante au niveau de la couche profonde (5-15 cm) due à une importante mobilité des ions chlorures et sodium suivie des sulfates et du calcium de la couche 0-5 cm vers la couche 5-15 cm, ce qui peut être attribué à une oxydation plus élevée de la matière organique induite par la présence de porphyrine. Il ressort de cette étude que la valorisation des eaux usées avec des concentrations micromolaires de T4MPyP dans le domaine agricole inhiberait le développement d'algues à la surface du sol et conduirait à une meilleure infiltration des sels vers les profondeurs évitant ainsi l’installation du colmatage à la surface. En outre, une meilleure rétention des ions ammonium et orthophosphates a été observée dans le sol sableux lors de la percolation des eaux usées phototraiteées.

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7

Kukic, Dragana, Marina Sciban, Vesna Vasic y Jelena Prodanovic. "Secondary pollution of water during the biosorption of heavy metal ions by pristine and sugar beet shreds from bioethanol production". Acta Periodica Technologica, n.º 49 (2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1849081k.

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When biomaterials are used as adsorbents, some compounds present in their structure can be extracted and cause secondary pollution of the treated water. Depending on the type and amount of the secondary pollution, some materials can be unacceptable as adsorbents despite of their good adsorption capacity. Although, it is not a newly discovered phenomenon and it is recognized as a problem, leaching from adsorbents is neglected. The aim of our study is to investigate the secondary pollution of the water during the biosorption of heavy metal ions by pristine and modified sugar beet shreds from bioethanol production. The presence of different elements in the mentioned adsorbents, secondary pollution of the water during the adsorption of heavy metal ions and amount of reducing sugars in the water treated by pristine sugar beet shreds were characterized by the SEM-EDS method, the amount of the leached inorganic and organic matter from the adsorbents (atomic absorption spectroscopy and permanganate index) and Bertrand's method, respectively. Furthermore, the obtained results were compared to the available literature data. Our results showed that according to the valid regulations of emission limit values of the polluting substances in the water and adsorption capacity, the investigated adsorbents have a great potential as biosorbents for practical treatment of wastewaters which contain high concentrations of heavy metal ions.

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Devaraj, K. R. "Air Pollution in India – Causes, Effects and Solutions". International Review of Business and Economics 1, n.º 3 (2018): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.8.

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Air is the necessary for the very existence of human beings, animals and plants that appeared on the earth. However, due to the rapid growth of population and technology the air was polluted day by day. In 2011, India’s Central Pollution Control Board had presented the report according to which 180 cities in India had particulate matter six times more than the permissible limit set by the World Health Organization in the air. Vehicles, biomass burning, fuel tarnishing are few of the major causes of air pollution in India. The problem of air pollution is so big that we cannot manage to pay for overlook it. As such it has to be handled with a high degree of care. This paper focuses on causes, effects of air pollutions in India and steps to solve the problems and policy measures to ensure reduce air pollution to the entire resident of earth. This study mainly descriptive in nature and secondary data are used for the purpose of the study. The data was collected from books, various articles, journals and websites.

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Ma, Jian Feng, Jian Ming Yu, Bing Ying Cui, Ding Long Li y Juan Dai. "Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Zero Valent Iron Composited Organobentonite". Advanced Materials Research 340 (septiembre de 2011): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.340.229.

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A novel material, zero valent iron composited organobentonite (NZVI-OB), was synthesized to adsorb dye from wastewater and to degrade the dye for avoiding secondary pollution. The crystal structure was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of initial Orange II concentration and reaction time on the removal of Orange II by the NZVI-OB was studied. And the removal mechanism of Orange II was discussed. The results show that the Orange II can be removed by NZVI-OB efficiently. The maximal adsorption amount is 112.66 mg/g. The iron can effectively degrade the organic compounds after adsorption pollution, the carbon contents of organic pollutions after catalyzed and oxidized by the iron are lowered to the 19% of the original.

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Wang, Xin, Jia Liang Lu, Li Liu, Jia Bao, Jiyan Liang y Li Cui. "Study on the Degradation of Chlorpyrifos by Immobilized Bacillus". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (octubre de 2013): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.613.

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Pesticide pollutions have become increasingly severe. Especially the extensive production and application of chlorpyrifos have resulted in the environmental pollution and ecological damage. The employment of the immobilized microorganism degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil is a kind of effective technology without secondary pollution. The best ratio of immobilized carrier has been determined by comparison among different carriers for chlorpyrifos degradation. Based upon the adoption of Bacillus LLBD4, pH value, temperature and initial concentration of chlorpyrifos were studied in this experiment. The results showed that the combination of 10% of PVC, 1% of activated carbon and 0.5% sodium alginate can be served as the best carrier, furthermore, chlorpyrifos degradation efficiency reached the peak when the pH was set to 7.0, the initial concentration of chlorpyrifos was 100 mg·L-1at 30°C, reaching about 83%.

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Chen, Amanda. "Impact of Microplastic Pollution on Freshwater Ecosystems and Effective Mitigation Measures in Canada". European Journal of Physical Sciences 5, n.º 2 (3 de mayo de 2023): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejps.1442.

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Purpose: This study investigates the impact of microplastic pollution on freshwater ecosystems and effective mitigation measures in Canada. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The literature review and research findings demonstrate that microplastic pollution is significantly impacting freshwater ecosystems in Canada. Microplastics can accumulate in water, biota, and sediments, leading to water quality changes, ecological disruptions, and potential risks to human health. The study also highlights the ecological and societal impacts of microplastic pollution, such as changes in habitat structure, alterations in food webs, and potential health risks. Various mitigation measures, including source reduction, wastewater treatment, education and awareness, policy and regulatory measures, and ecosystem-based approaches, are effective in reducing microplastic pollution in freshwater environments. Recommendations: This study contributes to the understanding of microplastic pollution's impact on freshwater ecosystems and effective mitigation measures in Canada. The research advances knowledge in environmental science, freshwater ecology, and pollution management, providing insights into sources, pathways, and impacts of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems, and the effectiveness of various mitigation measures. The findings have practical implications for policymakers, environmental managers, and stakeholders involved in freshwater management and pollution control, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches, stakeholder engagement, and evidence-based policy and management strategies to mitigate the negative effects of microplastic pollution on freshwater ecosystems and safeguard their health and sustainability.

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Nomani, Shiblee, Md. Rasel y Imran Khan Reedoy. "Industrial Development and Climate Change: A Case Study of Bangladesh". Indonesian Journal of Innovation and Applied Sciences (IJIAS) 2, n.º 1 (20 de febrero de 2022): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijias.v2i1.428.

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This study attempts to examine the climate change in Bangladesh as a cause of industrialization. Over the last few decades, pollution of the environment has become a significant concern in the case of Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative data were utilized to write this article. Primary and secondary data on the environment, national policy, and technology have been gathered. Research results show that rapid and unplanned industrialization has turned into the main cause of the endangered environment. The toxic waste materials of industries are dumped into water and ground, causing air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. As a result, the people of the riverbank are suffering a lot. Though industrial development is very much required for a country’s development, it is also undermining the environment which will destroy the natural balance and impose a long-term effect on climate in near future. In Bangladesh, industries are developed in an unplanned and centralized way without following any particular guidelines. The poor waste management system of industries are polluting rivers and toxic emission is polluting the air as well. Natural resources are used by the industries, causing an imbalance in nature. Forests are cut down massively, which increases the chance of various natural disasters. Industrialization has a long-term effect on climate change which also increases the average temperature of the earth known as global warming. Climate change also increases the chance of various natural disasters, unemployment, food scarcity, diseases, and extinction of wildlife.

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Urkato, Samuel y Hio-Jung Shin. "Environmental Management Challenges of Emerging Industrial Firms: Evidence from Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia". American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i3.390.

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In developing economies like Ethiopia, emerging industries are mostly subject to state protection, as a prominent rationale articulated by Hamilton (1791). However, they are less responsive to environmental health degradation caused by their effluent. In this paper, Akaki River pollution in Addis Ababa city is thought-out to understand how those industries aligning the river bank are polluting the environment and how local policy is responding to regulate it. By using secondary information, focus group discussion and key informant interview, this study describes that Ethiopian environmental policy, which addresses state and market approaches, is silent to protect the pollution. However, the societies in the catchment areas, whom lack proper property right of the river, are seriously vulnerable to family health since they use the polluted river water for smallholder farming, drinking, and other domestic activities. Moreover, the weak performance of this policy is a burden for other sectoral policies such as health and agriculture. Empirical studies for river pollution impact are further needed.

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Andarge, Sewitemariam Desalegn, Abriham Sheferaw Areba, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Miheret Tesfu Legesse y Girum Gebremeskel Kanno. "Is Indoor Air Pollution From Different Fuel Types Associated With the Anemia Status of Pregnant Women in Ethiopia?" Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (enero de 2021): 215013272110343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501327211034374.

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Background Indoor air pollution from different fuel types has been linked with different adverse pregnancy outcomes. The study aimed to assess the link between indoor air pollution from different fuel types and anemia during pregnancy in Ethiopia. Method We have used the secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. The anemia status of the pregnant women was the dichotomous outcome variable and the type of fuel used in the house was classified as high, medium, and low polluting fuels. Logistic regression was employed to determine the association between the exposure and outcome variables. Adjusted Odds Ratio was calculated at 95% Confidence Interval. Result The proportion of anemia in the low, medium, and high polluting fuel type users was 13.6%, 46%, 40.9% respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the use of either kerosene or charcoal fuel types (AOR 4.6; 95% CI: 1.41-18.35) and being in the third trimester (AOR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.12-2.64) were significant factors associated with the anemia status of the pregnant women in Ethiopia. Conclusion According to our findings, the application of either kerosene or charcoal was associated with the anemia status during pregnancy in Ethiopia. An urgent intervention is needed to reduce the indoor air pollution that is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as anemia.

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Thao, Le Thi y Phan Vinh Tuan Anh. "Control Air Pollution to The Sustainable Development Goals Vietnam Perspective". Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4, n.º 1 (27 de marzo de 2023): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/aelr.v4i1.2860.

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The trend of globalization has brought great opportunities, creating favorable conditions for all countries in the world to promote and successfully implement the socio-economic growth goals set out. However, it also poses many challenges in protecting and preserving the natural living environment, which naturally plays the role of external conditions to create and maintain the life and development of humans and creatures. The process of industrialization and modernization has been strongly promoted, leading to a severe decline in the function and usefulness of environmental components in cities around the world and Vietnam. Many countries have taken systematic regulatory actions against air pollution. The method used in this research is the normative juridical method. The normative juridical method is a method using secondary data such as the law and regulations in force in Vietnam, especially those related to air pollution and suitable developments. The authors clarify the point of view on the current state of Vietnamese legislation on air pollution control. Existing issues in the polluted-air controlling policy are clarified. The study's results so that improving the law on control, management, technical regulations on air pollution control, responsibilities of relevant agencies and sanctions for polluting acts proposed air pollution in order to prevent and limit “barriers” towards the goal of sustainable development.

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Ioshchenko, Yuliya, Viktor Kablov y Gennady Zaikov. "Biodegradation of oil products in polluted soil by using the mixture of the polymer complex [chotisan–lactoserum protein]–active silt". Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2008): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.02.123.

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Biodegradation processes of oil products in the polluted soil were studied by using the mixture of the polymer complex [chitosan – lactoserum protein]–active silt. It is shown that all these processes take place due to the synergism of the components which form part of the mixture; the use of the developed biomixture ensures the effective biodegradation of compound oil hydrocarbons, a high degree of cleaning soil from pollutions, except the possible secondary pollution of environment. As a result of biocomposting the cleaned ground containing biogenic substances fits in natural cycle and can be used for realization agricultural work.

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Debol'skii, V. K. "Problem of preventing secondary pollution of reservoirs". Hydrotechnical Construction 30, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1996): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02447449.

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Guo, Chao y Xie Xiao. "Influence of Infiltration Facilities on Groundwater and Research Status of Groundwater Visualization". Frontiers in Science and Engineering 3, n.º 6 (20 de junio de 2023): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fse.v3i6.5120.

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The rise of "sponge city" construction in China has promoted the development of recharge facilities such as rainwater gardens and rainwater seepage wells, but there is a lack of research on the impact of practical projects on groundwater. Rainwater infiltration has the risk of polluting groundwater, so recharging groundwater in these ways may increase the risk of secondary pollution of groundwater. Visualization technology can reveal the occurrence conditions, dynamic characteristics and movement changes of groundwater, and reveal the hydrogeological conditions in the study area.

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Mariussen, Espen, Tonje Skuland, Hans Jørgen Dahlman, Marit Låg y Johan Øvrevik. "85 An Approach to Test Effects on Secondary Organs via Lung Cells Exposed at the Air Liquid Interphase". Annals of Work Exposures and Health 67, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2023): i58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxac087.141.

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Abstract Air pollutions are shown to increase the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke. These effects imply an indirect exposure of secondary organs downstream of the respiratory system as the primary target of exposure. Mechanistic studies of air pollution on secondary organs have traditionally been performed on organ specific monocultures at submerged conditions. Direct exposure to organ specific cells secondary exposed to air pollution have the drawback that it does not imply realistic exposure conditions. In this study we have indirectly exposed organ specific cells to particulate matter via exposure of a bronchial lung model at the air liquid interphase (ALI). The lung model was exposed to a model diesel particle (DEP) and an equivalent dose of an acetone extract of the DEP. The DEP induced induction of IL-6 formation of which the DEP was more potent than the DEP extract. The DEP extract inhibited CXCL8 formation, which appeared contradictory since both the DEP and DEP-extract increased expression of CXCL8 mRNA. Our results showed a substantial increased expression of CyP1A1 and CyP1B1 in both epithelial and endothelial cells in the lung model of which no differences were observed between the DEP and DEP-extract. However, the solvent extract induced the CYPs with a higher potency in the secondary exposed HepG2 liver cells, probably due to faster permeation of dissolved substances in the DEP extract through the lung barrier. Thus, organ specific cell models can be combined to achieve a more realistic so-called body-specific model to study secondary effects.

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Lv, Li Hua, Yu Ping Zhao, Zhen Jiang y Yong Xin Wu. "Methods to Separate Polyester/Wool Blended Fabric". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (mayo de 2012): 3408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3408.

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Polyester/wool blended fabrics were studied in this paper, and two methods were developed to separate polyester and wool fiber from physical and chemical respectively according to the characteristic differences between them. The characteristics and the ranges each method can be applied to were pointed out after analyzing factors like cost and conditions of production, complexity of the equipments, the length and continuity of the process and also the recovery of the product and pollutions. The study of this work not only decreased the waste of polyester/wool blended fabrics but also made full use of the two fibers. Also, the secondary pollution of polyester fiber was reduced and the value of wool can be reflected.

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Kong, Lan, Tianzhi Luo, Xia Jiang, Shuhua Zhou, Gang Huang, Dongyang Chen, Yuting Lan y Fumo Yang. "Seasonal Variation Characteristics of VOCs and Their Influences on Secondary Pollutants in Yibin, Southwest China". Atmosphere 13, n.º 9 (30 de agosto de 2022): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091389.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have a crucial impact on the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols in the near-surface atmosphere. Understanding the composition characteristics and sources of VOCs is necessary for determining effective control policies to mitigate VOCs and related secondary pollutions. We performed on-line measurements of VOC species in typical months of each season in Yibin, a fast-growing city in Sichuan Basin in China, to identify VOC seasonal characteristics, sources, and the potential for secondary pollution formation. The average mixing ratio of VOCs in Yibin was 22.3 ppbv. Five major emission sources were identified through the positive matrix factorization model, namely, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, industrial manufacturing, solvent utilization, regional background, and secondary formation. Aromatics and alkenes played leading roles in the secondary formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Furthermore, m/p-xylene, ethylene, and toluene were identified to be the major reactive species. Future management should consider targeting these compounds when evaluating ozone and aerosol reduction strategies. Vehicle and solvent utilization emission mitigation would be the primary and effective ways to improve air quality in the fast-developing city in this region.

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22

Balanzino, A., E. Ferrero, G. Pirovano, C. Pertot, M. Causa, S. Alessandrini y M. P. Costa. "Annual simulation of secondary pollution over northern Italy". International Journal of Environment and Pollution 45, n.º 4 (2011): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2011.040280.

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23

Dohmen, G. P. "Secondary effects of air pollution: Enhanced aphid growth". Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 39, n.º 3 (enero de 1985): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90099-6.

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24

Bagchi, Prantik y Santosh Kumar Sahu. "Energy Intensity, Productivity and Pollution Loads: Empirical Evidence from Manufacturing Sector of India". Studies in Microeconomics 8, n.º 2 (16 de julio de 2020): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321022220930968.

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We explain the relationship between energy intensity and productivity for the organized manufacturing sector of India. Using data from the secondary sources, we explain the relationships at aggregate, state and industry levels. The novelty of this paper lies in bringing in pollution loads in explaining inter-industry variations in energy intensity. Results of this study indicate that the organized manufacturing sector of India has gained energy efficiency and productivity. We found heterogeneity among Indian states in productivity growth and energy intensity. The results indicate that small states performed well whereas large states fall in the productivity paradox. The productivity dilemma hypothesis is validated at industry level analysis however, results are inconsistent to validate the decoupling growth hypothesis. Pollution loads as classified by Government of India, plays a vital role in explaining energy intensity variations across industries, which calls for better policies aiming at pollutive industries specifically to achieve sustainable growth for the manufacturing sector of the Indian economy.

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25

Musayeva, Zh K., E. K. Musayev, S. E. Koibakova y S. Syrlybekkyzy. "USE OF MODERN METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROCARBON CONTAINING MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CASPIAN SEA". REPORTS 6, n.º 334 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.141.

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Currently, the problem of the negative impact of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Caspian Sea has become catastrophic. Intensive pollution of marine waters by oil and oil products, from production, transportation and storage of hydrocarbons leads to the oppression of the sea ecosystem. Mechanical and physico-chemical methods for cleaning the marine environment are characterized by low efficiency, secondary pollution and high cost. The most promising is the use of microbiological methods for cleaning waters from oil pollution. In the article presents the results of the identification of reactive oxidizing bacteria isolated from the marine environment of the Caspian Sea, for further use in new biopreparation from oil pollutions. From the sea water in bulk berths Aktau sea port and the port of Bautino (North Caspian) allocated 27 hydrocarbon isolates of microorganisms having the ability to oil degradation of these strains selected the 4 most active cultures, which were identified as Bacillus cereus (2 strains), strain Bacillus sr.13 and Acinetobacter sr.10. Article is written by results of the scientific project of grant financing of Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Activization of the self-clearing ability of sea water of the Caspian Sea from oil products". Article is issued thanks to the international project Tempus of IV IEMAST of "Establishing Modern Master-level Studies in Industrial Ecology".

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26

Gu, Haolei y Yan Chen. "Using the Grey Model to Analyze the Impact of the Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Industries on the Public’s Attention to Air Pollution in Three Cities". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (18 de diciembre de 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6614570.

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To analyze the impact of the added value of primary, secondary, and tertiary industry on public attention to air pollution in Handan, Xingtai, and Shijiazhuang, Baidu index is used to build the air pollution attention index. Taking the added value of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industry as the influencing factors, fractional grey multivariable convolution model is used to predict and analyze the public attention to air pollution in these three cities from 2020 to 2024. The results show that the secondary industry has the greatest impact on the public’s attention to air pollution compared with the primary industry and the tertiary industry. And the added value of the secondary industry with faster increase will cause a faster increase in the public’s air pollution attention from 2020 to 2024, especially in Handan. It is not only helpful to air pollution control, but also helpful in solving the public psychological problems caused by air pollution.

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27

Schlesinger, Richard B. "Atmospheric Pollution". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 106, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989210600605.

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Air pollution has been directly responsible for increases in mortality and morbidity in the general population during periods known as episodes, when pollutant levels were elevated well above those that occur on a regular basis. The major concern today regarding pollution and health is, however, more subtle—namely, whether the lower levels of pollution to which we are exposed dally are harmful to health. It is extremely difficult to relate specific health problems to specific pollutants, because other environmental and lifestyle factors may contribute to decrements in health, Furthermore people are generally exposed to mixtures of pollutants, making It difficult to extract the effects caused by Individual components, or to determine which combinations are the most hazardous. Community air pollution results from various sources: mobile sources, such as vehicles; stationary sources, such as power plants and factories; and Indoor sources, such as building material. Complicating the picture is the fact that many chemicals released Into the air may react, producing additional secondary pollutants. This article provides an overview of the major air pollutants that may be of concern in terms of public health.

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28

Zabalaga, J., G. Amy y E. von Münch. "Evaluation of agricultural reuse practices and relevant guidelines for the Alba Rancho WWTP (primary and secondary facultative ponds) in Cochabamba, Bolivia". Water Science and Technology 55, n.º 1-2 (1 de enero de 2007): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.045.

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Many cities in developing countries are experiencing high population growth, which is generating chaotic and unplanned development, reducing land areas available for agriculture, and polluting surface and groundwater. Consequently, the reuse of untreated or partially treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is increasing in arid and semi-arid regions in developing countries. Cochabamba city in Bolivia also has a high population growth. The climatic characteristics and the lack of clean water sources in this city are forcing the agriculture sector to use treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation. We investigated the effluent quality of the Alba Rancho Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, and the existing effluent reuse practices for irrigation of fodder crops in the surrounding agricultural land (La Mayca area). The plant uses primary and secondary facultative ponds, and does not achieve the required effluent quality (according to Bolivian environmental law) for effluent BOD, COD, TDS and faecal coliforms. This paper also includes a brief comparison of guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture from several developing and developed countries, comparing the parameters measured as pollution indicators. It appears that for developed countries, the main concern is the health risk that reuse can cause to the farmers and consumers. For developing countries on the other hand, pollution reduction is currently the major aim in their guidelines and standards.

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29

Liu, Jianmin, Xia Chen y Runchu Wei. "Socioeconomic Drivers of Environmental Pollution in China: A Spatial Econometric Analysis". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4673262.

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This paper studies the environmental pollution and its impacts in China using prefecture-level cities and municipalities data. Moran’sI, the widely used spatial autocorrelation index, provides a fairly strong pattern of spatial clustering of environmental pollution and suggests a fairly high stability of the positive spatial correlation. To investigate the driving forces of environmental pollution and explore the relationship between fiscal decentralization, economic growth, and environmental pollution, spatial Durbin model is used for this analysis. The result shows that fiscal decentralization of local unit plays a significant role in promoting the environmental pollution and the feedback effect of fiscal decentralization on environmental pollution is also positive, though it is not significant. The relationship of GDP per capita and environmental pollution shows inverted U-shaped curve. Due to the scale effect of secondary industry, the higher the level of secondary industry development in a unit is, the easier it is to attract the secondary industry in adjacent units, which mitigates the environmental pollution in adjacent units. Densely populated areas tend to deteriorate local environment, but environmental regulation in densely populated areas is often tighter than other areas, which reduces environmental pollution to a certain extent.

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30

Cape, J. Neil. "Secondary Air Pollutants and Forests — New Perspectives". Scientific World JOURNAL 7 (2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2007.18.

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Air pollution has been known to affect forests for over a century, and many of the mechanisms of pollutant deposition and effects have been established, at least for forest trees. Changes in air quality as a result of emission controls in Europe and North America, or as a result of rapid industrialisation in southern and eastern Asia, have highlighted new pollution problems. This paper, by reference to recent publications, highlights two areas where more research is required: the interactions of photochemical oxidants with biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds, and their impact on ecological signalling; and the role of atmospheric particles in changing the leaf surface environments in forests.

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31

Pye, Havala O. T., K. Wyat Appel, Karl M. Seltzer, Cavin K. Ward-Caviness y Benjamin N. Murphy. "Human-Health Impacts of Controlling Secondary Air Pollution Precursors". Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9, n.º 2 (10 de enero de 2022): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00798.

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32

Liu, Hong Yuan y Zhan Feng Fan. "Analysis of Secondary Pollution in Drinking Water Ultrafiltration System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (mayo de 2012): 2335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2335.

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Ultrafiltration processes are increasingly popular in drinking water treatment, as it can provide better quality water by removing microorganism and turbidity with lower filtration pore size, even without disinfection. Nonetheless, in our experiment the bacteria was occasionally detected in ultrafiltration effluent, and the related literature once had also been reported. This study was focused on the cause of secondary pollution in the drinking water ultrafiltration system, mainly from the production tank, biological stability, bacteria in air, as well as the membrane structure. And some solutions, including production water tank chlorination periodically, changing the operating mode of the ultrafiltration system, improving the design of the production tank, were studied to control secondary pollution in the treatment system.

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33

Assad, Nour, John Balmes, Sumi Mehta, Umar Cheema y Akshay Sood. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Secondary to Household Air Pollution". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 36, n.º 03 (29 de mayo de 2015): 408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1554846.

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34

Chen, Jibo, Keyao Chen, Guizhi Wang, Lingyan Wu, Xiaodong Liu y Guo Wei. "PM2.5 Pollution and Inhibitory Effects on Industry Development: A Bidirectional Correlation Effect Mechanism". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 7 (31 de marzo de 2019): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071159.

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In this paper, a vector autoregression (VAR) model has been constructed in order to analyze a two-way mechanism between PM2.5 pollution and industry development in Beijing via the combination of an impulse response function and variance decomposition. According to the results, long-term equilibrium interconnection was found between PM2.5 pollution and the development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries. One-way Granger causalities were found in the three types of industries shown to contribute to PM2.5 pollution, though the three industries showed different scales of influences on the PM2.5 pollution that varied for about 1–2 years. The development of the primary and secondary industries increased the emission of PM2.5, but the tertiary industry had an inhibitory effect. In addition, PM2.5 pollution had a certain inhibitory effect on the development of the primary and secondary industries, but the inhibition of the tertiary industry was not significant. Therefore, the development of the tertiary industry can contribute the most to the reduction of PM2.5 pollution. Based on these findings, policy-making recommendations can be proposed regarding upcoming pollution prevention strategies.

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35

Qiu, Wanyi, Shule Li, Yuhan Liu y Keding Lu. "Petrochemical and Industrial Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds Analyzed via Regional Wind-Driven Network in Shanghai". Atmosphere 10, n.º 12 (29 de noviembre de 2019): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120760.

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Due to the development of industrialization and urbanization, secondary pollution is becoming increasingly serious in the Yangtze River Delta. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of the near-surface ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), and other secondary pollutants. In this study, we chose a serious ozone pollution period (01 May–31 July 2017) in Jinshan, which is a petrochemical and industrial area in Shanghai. We explored the VOCs distribution characteristics and contribution to secondary pollutants via constructing a regional network based on wind patterns. We determined that dense pollutants were accumulated at adjacent sites under local circulation (LC), and pollution from petrochemical discharge was more serious than industry for all sites under southeast (SE) wind. We also found that cyclopentane, o-xylene, m/p-xylene, 1-3-butadiene, and 1-hexene were priority-controlled species as they were most vital to form secondary pollutants. This study proves that regional network analysis can be successfully applied to explore pollution characteristics and regional secondary pollutants formation.

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36

Wang, Hai Ying, Yong Jing Liu y Di Hua Tang. "Association Study on Air Pollution and Cardiopulmonary Function of Primary and Secondary School Students". Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (diciembre de 2014): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.437.

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Impact of air pollution on health has become an important social issue. Air pollution is closely related to the morbidity and death rate of cardiopulmonary disease, produces short-term acute and chronic hazards on health, and especially has long-term and profound impact on primary and secondary school students’ constitution. Long-term effects of air pollution on cardiopulmonary function of primary and secondary school students are represented as incidence increase of asthma, decrease of FEV1, MMEF, VO2max, MVV and other indicators and relation to NO, PM2.5 and CO. Students taking exercise in air pollution environment can cause acute cardiopulmonary reactions, such as abnormal changes of MVV, VC, FEV1, FVC and other indicators after exercise, which may relate to O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2and NO2. Therefore, schools should strengthen the awareness of air pollution in implementing sports, and conduct development of control measures, to ensure the effect of physical exercise.

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37

Liu, Yingying, Jing Wang, Xueyan Zhao, Jian Wang, Xinhua Wang, Lujian Hou, Wen Yang, Bin Han y Zhipeng Bai. "Characteristics, Secondary Formation and Regional Contributions of PM2.5 Pollution in Jinan during Winter". Atmosphere 11, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030273.

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Air pollution is an increasing threat to human health in China. In this study, daily PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Station (EMS)in Jinan, China from 15 November 2016 to 15 March 2017. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the characteristics and sources of air particles and determine different levels of PM2.5 pollution and its constituent elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous species. Nitrate (NO3−), organic materials (OM) and sulfate (SO42−) were identified as the three main components of PM2.5 pollution. With increasing pollution level, the contributions of SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ increased at greater rates, unlike that of OM. The proportion of SO42− exceeded that of NO3− and became predominant in severe PM2.5 pollution (SP; 250 μg m−3 ≤ PM2.5 ≤ 500 μg m−3). This work demonstrates that SO42− has a dominant role in SP level and, consequently, requires greater research attention. It is demonstrated that relative humidity (RH) enhances the rate of sulfate formation more than that of nitrate. Therefore, under the current Chinese emergency response measures, it is necessary to further reduce emissions of SO2 and NO2. Four clusters of backward trajectories identified dominant pollution vectors originating from highly industrialized areas that exacerbate the poor air quality in Jinan. It is, therefore, necessary to undertake regional control measures to reduce pollutant emissions.

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38

Ling, GAO y JIANG Wenting. "The Linkage relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution: a case in Fujian". E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804035.

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Fujian is very wealthy in natural resources, which provides a good environment for social development and people’s life. However, with the development of economy, environmental pollution has become an importation problem in Fujian. In order to discuss the linkage relationship between economic development and environmental pollution, this paper selects the data of the secondary industry, industrial waste gas emissions, industrial waste water emissions and industrial solid waste production from 1995 to 2017 in Fujian, establishes the VAR model, explore the relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution. The results show that the association between the development of the secondary industry and environmental pollution is monotonously increasing. The industrial waste gas has become the main pollutant restricting the development of the secondary industry. Industrial solid waste has made the largest contribution to the development of the secondary industry, indicating a positive dynamic correlation.

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39

Dalu, Mwazvita T. B., Ross N. Cuthbert, Hulisani Muhali, Lenin D. Chari, Amanda Manyani, Current Masunungure y Tatenda Dalu. "Is Awareness on Plastic Pollution Being Raised in Schools? Understanding Perceptions of Primary and Secondary School Educators". Sustainability 12, n.º 17 (21 de agosto de 2020): 6775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176775.

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Plastic pollution is a major global issue and its impacts on ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors lack comprehensive understanding. The integration of plastics issues into the educational system of both primary and secondary schools has often been overlooked, especially in Africa, presenting a major challenge to environmental awareness. Owing to the importance of early age awareness, this study aims to investigate whether plastic pollution issues are being integrated into South African primary and secondary education school curriculums. Using face-to-face interviews with senior educators, we address this research problem by investigating (i) the extent to which teachers cover components of plastic pollution, and (ii) educator understandings of plastic pollution within terrestrial and aquatic environments. The results indicate that plastic pollution has been integrated into the school curriculum in technology, natural science, geography, life science, life skills and life orientation subjects. However, there was a lack of integration of management practices for plastics littering, especially in secondary schools, and understanding of dangers among different habitat types. This highlights the need for better educational awareness on the plastic pollution problem at both primary and secondary school level, with increased environmental programs needed to educate schools on management practices and impacts.

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40

Uttamang, Pornpan, Parkpoom Choomanee, Jitlada Phupijit, Surat Bualert y Thunyapat Thongyen. "Investigation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation during O3 and PM2.5 Episodes in Bangkok, Thailand". Atmosphere 14, n.º 6 (7 de junio de 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14060994.

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In Bangkok, the megacity of Thailand, concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have often exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality standards. During severe smog events over Bangkok, the air quality has exhibited moderate to unhealthy atmospheric conditions, according to the air quality index of the United States. To investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a field campaign to estimate secondary organic carbon (SOC) in Bangkok using the EC tracer method was conducted in January 2021, when the concentrations of PM2.5 were high. The monthly period was classified into three pollution groups, including high pollution, high PM, and low pollution events. The study showed that the correlations between PM2.5 and O3 were negative during both the daytime and night-time. The OC/EC ratios varied from 4.32 to 5.43, while the moderate OC/EC values implied that fossil fuel combustion was the major carbonaceous aerosol in Bangkok. The EC tracer-estimated SOC and POC showed that SOC contributed between 32.5 and 46.4% to OC, while the highest SOC contribution occurred during the low pollution event. The heightened formation of SOA during the low pollution event was perhaps owing to the levels of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Since Bangkok is more likely to have a NOx-rich photochemical reaction regime, an increase in the NOx level tended to decrease the SOA yield ([NOx] was 21.6 ppb, 20.8 ppb, and 17.1 ppb during the high pollution, high PM, and low pollution events, respectively). Together with the high humidity and high light intensity during the low pollution event, the SOA formation was enhanced. Even though the driving factors of SOA formation over Bangkok remain unclear, the results of this study reveal the significance and urgency of local actions to reduce NOx and O3 towards more habitable and sustainable urban environments.

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41

Dhara, Ranajit y Amarnath Das. "Awareness towards Environmental Pollution and Academic Achievement among Secondary Level Students in Purba Bardhaman District of West Bengal, India". International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research 2, n.º 3 (30 de marzo de 2024): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijasr.v2i3.1513.

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The main purposes of the study were to elucidate the levels of awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement and to investigate the relationship between awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement, the factors that affect awareness towards environmental pollution was determined. Awareness towards environmental pollution measuring questionnaires were done with 188 secondary levels students of Bardhaman district. For the analysis of data, Mean, S.D., ‘t’ test, ANOVA, and graph have been applied in itself. The moderate level of awareness towards environmental pollution and academic achievement both have been observed in present study. It is revealed that the Girls and Urban students were comparatively more aware towards environmental pollution than Boys and Rural. Non-minority students were comparatively more aware towards environmental pollution than Minority. Through the present study, it was also found that there is no significantly difference among various part of Parent’s Occupation, Family’s Economical Status and Categories. But on the basis of mean scores, Sons of Serviceman, Rich Family and Unreserved category are more aware towards Environmental Pollution than others.

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42

Česonienė, Laima, Edita Mažuolytė-Miškinė, Daiva Šileikienė, Kristina Lingytė y Edmundas Bartkevičius. "Analysis of Biogenic Secondary Pollution Materials from Sludge in Surface Waters". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 23 (25 de noviembre de 2019): 4691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234691.

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Many countries of the world, including Lithuania, are making an effort to reduce surface water pollution. State monitoring data show that almost 80% of the lakes in Lithuania have an increased amount of sludge. One of the reasons for this increase in sludge is an excessive amount of biogenic material in the water. It is known that even after the source of pollution is removed, the condition of the lake water does not improve; rather, the condition of the lake water worsens due to the secondary pollution of sludge in the water. A study was conducted to determine the impact of secondary sludge pollution on water. For this study, 5 sludge samples were taken from different lakes in Lithuania. Fresh water was poured on the sludge samples, the concentrations of Nt, NO2-N, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Pt, the pH and the changes in the electric conductivity (C) were measured in the water within 28 h. Research has shown that the thickness of the sludge layer influences the total amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter present in the sludge. As the thickness of the sludge layer increases in a lake, the total concentrations of nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic matter increase. Studies have also shown that the concentrations of all biogenic substances in water increase, with the exception of total phosphorus. This finding shows that organic phosphorus is "locked" in sludge, and no secondary pollution occurs from this source. Moreover, the electrical conductivity values of the water influence the release of biogenic substances from sludge in the water.

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43

Liu, Xu, Hui-Lai Liu, Kang-Ping Cui, Zheng-Liang Dai, Bei Wang y Xing Chen. "Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Removal of Methyl Orange Using the Sludge Generated in Dyeing Wastewater as Catalysts". Water 14, n.º 4 (18 de febrero de 2022): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040629.

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The disposal process of iron-containing sludge often leads to secondary pollution. Pyrolysis of sludge appears to be less polluting than conventional methods. Herein, the heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalysts were prepared using sludge generated in the dyeing wastewater through a simple one-step pyrolysis route. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, EDS, BET, and SEM. The batch experiments for methyl orange (MO) degradation were performed to evaluate the efficiency and stability of the catalysts. Among the catalysts prepared, FeCN-300 exhibited the best degradation efficiency with 92% removal of the pollutant and good stability, with approximately 90% removal of the pollutant after five cycles. The •OH was identified as the dominant reactive species. This work provides a reasonable resource utilization of iron-containing sludge.

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44

Yani, Ahmad. "The Impact of Ecological Checks on Urban Areas Towards Crime Rates in Indonesia". International Journal of Business, Economics, and Social Development 3, n.º 3 (7 de agosto de 2022): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v3i3.309.

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This study was conducted to analyze the impact of ecological checks on urban areas towards crime rates. The research was run at the Laboratory of Earth Information at University of Lampung, while the data acquisition was carried out at Subdit IV Tipidter Ditreskrimsus POLDA Lampung on October 2014 - December 2014. This study applied a modeling approach using secondary data from 36 districts/ cities in Indonesia. The model used in this study was multiple linear regression using multiple dummy variables. The response variables used were the level of criminality such as murder, rape, persecution, kidnapping, destruction, theft, fraud, narcotics, and victims of demonstration anarchism. The explanatory variables include the level of regional urbanism and air pollution (air pollution including CO, HC, and CO2) as the main variables which were equipped with accompaniment variables (recreation areas, places of worship and religious leaders). Based on the results of linear regression using Minitab V.16 software at a confidence interval of 5% and 10%, it is showed that the degree of regional urbanism is one of the variables that can cause an increase in criminal rates. Meanwhile, environmental polluting variables (CO, HC, and CO2) have no real effect.

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45

Zhang, Jingqiao, Han Wang, Li Yan, Wenwen Ding, Ruize Liu, Hongliang Wang y Shulan Wang. "Analysis of Chemical Composition Characteristics and Source of PM2.5 under Different Pollution Degrees in Autumn and Winter of Liaocheng, China". Atmosphere 12, n.º 9 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091180.

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Analysis of chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5 under different pollution degrees can reveal the changes of pollution sources. In order to make clear the evolution process of PM2.5 compositions in autumn and winter, PM2.5 samples were continuously collected and analyzed at Liaocheng city, China. The collected samples were classified as clean days (CLD), mild-moderate pollution days (MMD) and severe-serious pollution days (SSD). It was concluded that with the increase of pollution degrees, the concentrations of water-soluble ions and carbon components increased significantly, while elements only increased slightly. In addition, as the pollution degrees increased, the percentage of NO3−, SO42− and NH4+ increased significantly, from 23.0% in CLD to 49.0% in SSD, while the percentage of other components decreased, especially crust material. The PMF analyzed results showed that secondary transformation (36.7%), combustion sources (20.4%), secondary organic aerosols (SOA) (11.7%), vehicle sources (11%), dust (10.5%) and industrial processes (9.7%) were the main sources of PM2.5 during autumn and winter in Liaocheng. The contribution of secondary transformation reached 57% at the SSD level, which indicated that it was the main reason for the increase of PM2.5 concentrations. The air mass mainly came from five paths to Liaocheng. The secondary transformation contribution of the air mass with short transmission distance was higher, while the contribution of the dust was higher from the long distance.

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46

Xing, Yan Ying. "Approach on Pollution Gases Diffusion Path of Small Spacing Tunnel Entrance Based on CFD". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (julio de 2014): 1254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1254.

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Small spacing tunnel due to the special structure form and two tubes are only separated by a thin wall. This structure form is likely to cause secondary pollution, pollution gas discharged into the adjacent tunnel. This phenomenon will lead to increased ventilation system energy consumption. This paper analysis gas diffusion path between two adjacent tunnels, using CFD (Ansys Fluent). To relieve the pollution gases secondary pollution of tunnel portal area, using CFD analyzed gas diffusion path under different circumstances, for opening hole on the top of sunshades, extended of the wall between two adjacent tunnels and other programs, and identify more comprehensive disposal program.

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47

Grundey, J. K. "Avoiding pollution from cattle units". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzo de 1986): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015555.

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Increasing public interest and more anti-pollution legislation sharpen the need to avoid pollution. Soil, water and air are at risk.Apart from plant nutrient considerations, secondary effects of water-logging and oxygen depletion of the soil can occur. Slurry tankers can cause damage to the field surface by rutting. Some tankers exert pressures of 70 psi on the soil and then are often used on wet soils. Such malpractices create extra costs to rectify extra problems created.

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48

Ferrandis, Ignacio García, Teresa Muñoz Contel y Xavier García Ferrandis. "Light pollution in natural science textbooks in Spanish secondary education". European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 4, n.º 2 (15 de abril de 2016): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9459.

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Ni, Yuan Min y Lei Li. "Garbage Incineration and Intelligent Fusion Strategy of Secondary Pollution Control". Advanced Materials Research 853 (diciembre de 2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.323.

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To control the secondary atmosphere pollution produced by exhaust gas in process of garbage incineration, the paper presented a sort of intelligence fusion control strategy in city garbage incineration. In the paper, aimed at the running properties of garbage incinerator and combined the mechanism of garbage combustion and contamination generation, it studied the characteristic of controlled combustion process, proposed a sort of fusion control strategy based on human simulated intelligence for controlled process, constructed the corresponding control algorithm. Finally it took a two order model of combustion process with large lag as an example that is very nearly similar to controlled process characteristic of garbage incineration, and made the contrast experiment of digital simulation respectively by the Smith optimal controller and the presented fusion control algorithm by means of the platform of MATLAB. The response curve of simulation shows that the fusion control algorithm is better than by Smith optimal controller in control effect of anti-jamming performance and control index obviously. The experiment results show that the proposed fusion control strategy is reasonable, feasible and effective for secondary pollution control, and it is high in control precision, better in dynamical and steady quality, and very strong in robustness.

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Zaytsev, V. A., A. P. Volkova, V. D. Demchenkova, A. V. Morozova, D. K. Sviridova y V. V. Shamarova. "SECONDARY AIR POLLUTION NEAR HIGHWAY SECTIONS WITH DIFFERENT TRAFFIC CHARACTER". Mathematical Methods in Technologies and Technics, n.º 6 (2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52348/2712-8873_mmtt_2022_6_87.

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