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Tesis sobre el tema "Pollution environmentale"

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Publicado: 8 de marzo de 2025

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1

Chalaux, Thomas. "Impact of decontamination and recultivation of agricultural soils on sediment and radiocaesium transfers in Fukushima rivers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ037.

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D'importantes quantités de radionucléides (principalement du radiocésium) se sont déposées sur les sols du nord-est du Japon après l'accident de la centrale nucléaire de Fukushima Daiichi en mars 2011. Dès fin 2013, les autorités japonaises ont entrepris un programme sans précédent de décontamination à grande échelle dans les zones cultivées et résidentielles touchées par le panache radioactif (8953 km2). L'objectif principal était de ne pas exposer les habitants à des doses radioactives supérieures à 1 mSv an-1 en plus du niveau naturel, afin de permettre un retour rapide des habitants et la reprise des activités agricoles. Dans ces zones, la décontamination a consisté à décaper sur 5 cm la couche supérieure de sol concentrant le radiocésium (90-99%) et à la remplacer par du sable saprolitique extrait de carrières locales ouvertes à cet effet. Cependant, la décontamination n'a concerné qu'une petite partie du paysage, puisque les terres agricoles couvrent moins de 10 % de cette région. En outre, comme les terres agricoles ont commencé à être remises en culture, de nombreuses questions ont été soulevées quant à l'impact de ces travaux de décontamination sur le transfert du radiocésium dans les rivières et à travers les paysages. Une approche de traçage sédimentaire multi-proxy a été mis en place pour quantifier l'évolution des sources de sédiments et de radiocésium associé aux particules transitant par le système hydrographique drainant le panache radioactif depuis l'accident. Ce grâce à l'analyse combinée de carottes de sédiments et de dépôts de crues fluviales prélevés dans toute la région. En 2021, les autorités japonaises ont annoncé la réouverture potentielle de certaines parties de la zone de retour difficile (Difficult-to-Return zone) à partir du printemps 2023 sans décontamination obligatoire. Les recherches actuelles ont permis de reconstituer et de comparer les sources et les transferts de sédiments et de radiocésium dans trois bassins versants contrastés (barrage de Mano, barrage de Yokokama et barrage de Ogaki) où différents modes de gestion (et calendriers) ont été mis en œuvre. Cela permettra de mieux comprendre l'impact des différentes décisions de gestion et de leur calendrier (décontamination précoce ou tardive) sur les transferts de sédiments et de radiocésium dans ces conditions post-accidentelles uniques
Significant quantities of radionuclides (mainly radiocesium) were deposited on the soils of Northeastern Japan after the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant in March 2011. Starting from late 2013, the Japanese authorities initiated an unprecedented large-scale decontamination programme in cultivated and residential areas affected by the main radioactive plume (8953 km2). The main objective was not to expose local inhabitants to radioactive doses exceeding 1 mSv yr−1 in addition to the natural levels, in order to allow a rapid return of the local inhabitants and the resumption of agricultural activities. In these areas, decontamination consisted of removing the uppermost 5-cm layer of soil that concentrated radiocesium (90-99%) and then replacing it with saprolite sand extracted from local quarries opened for this purpose. Decontamination targeted a minor proportion of the landscape, as farmland covers less than 10% of this region. Furthermore, as agricultural land started to be re-cultivated, many questions were raised regarding the impact of this decontamination work on the transfer of radiocesium into rivers and across landscapes. A multi-proxy sediment tracing approach was designed to quantify the evolution of sources of sediment and particle-bound radiocesium transiting river systems draining the main contamination plume since the accident, through the combined analysis of sediment cores and river flood deposits collected across the region. In 2021, Japanese authorities announced the potential reopening of parts of the Difficult-to-Return zone without obligatory decontamination from Spring 2023 onwards. The current research reconstructed and compared the sources and transfers of sediment and radiocesium in three contrasted catchments (i.e., Mano Dam, Yokokama Dam and Ogaki Dam) where different management modes (and schedules) were implemented. This will shed light into the impact of different management decisions and their timing (early-decontamination or late-decontamination) on sediment and radiocesium transfers in these unique post-accidental conditions
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2

Beaumais, Olivier. "Une réinterprétation des politiques de l'environnement par les modèles". Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010010.

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La contribution de cette thèse s'inscrit en droite ligne dans l'effort actuel de réévaluation du rôle des instruments économiques dans la conduite des politiques de l'environnement. Après un premier chapitre consacre à l'analyse de l'apport des modelés néo-keynésiens à l'évaluation des politiques de l'environnement, et un deuxième chapitre décrivant les caractéristiques techniques des modèles d'équilibre appliqués à l'environnement, les chapitres trois et quatre explicitent la spécification et la construction d'un modèle d'équilibre général appliqué aux politiques de l'environnement soutenable (megapestes) qui comporte des relations originales, destinées à élargir le spectre des politiques susceptibles d'être examinées. Il s'agit d'un modèle sectoriel, dynamique, à anticipations parfaites. Le chapitre 5 présente un jeu de variantes fiscales qui visent à éclairer le comportement de negapestes et à évaluer, dans les termes proches de ceux du chapitre 1, les conséquences sur le bien-être et l'activité économique de plusieurs options de modifications de la fiscalité incorporant des taxes à finalité environnementale. Apres un retour, dans le chapitre 6, sur les propriétés théoriques et l'expérience des marchés de droits à polluer, le chapitre 7 s'appuie sur la définition d'un protocole de simulation des effets macro-économiques de la création d'un marché de droits à polluer pour quantifier l'impact sectoriel de diverses modalités d'attribution initiales des droits
In this thesis we analyse the impact of carious environmental policies using macroeconometric and general equilibrium models. First we use a system of neo-keynesian models to assess the economic and environmental effects of the european project of carbon and energy tax. Then we construct an applied general equilibrium model, calibrated on french data, in which households and firm behaviours are directly influenced by the evolution of pollution. This model is simulated to evaluate the effects of fiscal scenarios, which are based on a principle of revenue neutrality. In the last chapters, systems of tradable emissions permits are examined both at theoritical and empirical points of view. Simulation provide us information about welfare variations that could be induced by the implementation of such an instrument in France
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3

Thatcher, Cindy. "Novel environmental pollution control catalysts". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844282/.

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This thesis comprises of the analysis of a commercial three way catalyst (TWC), as well as the discovery, development and analysis of a novel environmental pollution control catalyst for the abatement of automobile exhaust gases (namely CO by oxidation, HC (propane) by oxidation and NOX by reduction. All work was undertaken in collaboration with Blackthorn Autocatalysts, Chichester, West Sussex. The commercial TWC work comprised of two parts: (i) catalytic poisoning effects on the commercial TWC by metal compounds used in lead replacement petrol on activity of CO oxidation and HC oxidation. (ii) platinum group metal losses from the commercial TWC during laboratory simulation of an automobile exhaust gas during normal driving conditions. Here the author finds that (i) is more significant than (ii). The work on the novel catalyst also comprises of two parts: (i) The activity of a Keggin-type catalyst of the form [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ was compared to that of the TWC with respect to CO oxidation, HC oxidation and NOX reduction with varying Fe3+/Al3+ and Au3+/Fe3+/Al3+ substitutions. Comparisons of various preparative methods are made. Selected catalysts are characterised and probed in depth. (ii) A spinel-type catalyst of the form %Au/CoXFe3-XO4 was selected and activity with respect to CO oxidation, HC oxidation and NOX reduction with varying values of x and Au3+ loadings were compared to the TWC. It was characterised in full. Fe substituted Keggins-type catalysts proved to compare favourably with a commercial TWC in HC oxidation, but no CO oxidation and proved to be thermally unstable at the high temperatures experienced by TWCs. 1% Au containing cobalt-ferrite spinel-type catalysts of the form COXFe3-XO4 were x = 1.5 proved to compare very favourable when compared to the commercial TWC. Achieving lower LOTs for CO and HC oxidation under stoichiometric conditions. It was also found to be very active in NOX reduction under net reducing conditions. These Au/CoXFe3-XO4 catalysts were readily supported on pre-calcined Fecralloy at a level of 0.2 wt%, but more work is required to achieve higher loadings and higher activities. The application of such materials to the catalysis of environmental pollution control could be significant.
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4

Shears, John Richard. "The environmental assessment of oil pollution". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294005.

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5

Rogerson, Vicky F. "Multielement chromatographic profiling of environmental pollution". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1999. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20293/.

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This thesis describes the evaluation of the first commercially available Hewlett Packard gas chromatograph - microwave induced plasma - atomic emission detector (GC-MIP-AED) for application to qualitative and quantitative analysis. The technique was applied to a range of environmentally significant samples. A general introduction to the development of the technique and its suitability for environmental applications is discussed and a number of typical applications are reviewed. A fundamental study of the capabilities of the GC-MIP-AED was undertaken. It became apparent that the manufacturers pre-programmed recipes for the different elemental channels required optimising to eliminate ghost emission signals from other sources such as carbon molecular emission. After the optimisation of these elemental recipes for C, S, N, O, Pb and Cl had been achieved the ability of the instrument to perform multielement heteroatom profiling of a range of pollutants with a high degree of selectivity was established. Samples included oils, leaded and unleaded petrols, and coal pyrolyzates. A critical assessment of the instruments capabilities with respect to these applications and other operational issues is also described. The instruments ability to perform quantitative analysis was then studied highlighting a number of problem areas, such as, variable repeatability and limits of detection, relating to the automatic injection facilities. When the appropriate injection liner and injection technique were used, the limit of detection on all the elemental channels monitored was greatly improved. The study was then extended to utilise the GC-MIP-AED for the multielemental analysis of organomercury, organolead and organotin compounds. The instrumental conditions were optimised for each element individually with respect to instrumental operating parameters, repeatability, limit of detection, linearity of response, and also the chosen extraction and derivatisation technique. All parameters were then optimised for the analysis of organomercury, organolead and organotin compounds within a single chromatographic injection for environmental applications including sediment, fish tissue and water samples. The overall objective of this thesis was to identify and evaluate the multielement capabilities of the analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative application to samples of environmental relevance, in particular simultaneous multielement organometallic speciation.
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6

Dickerson, David Stanley. "Particulate monitoring in environmental pollution assessment". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/a66c8b21-c61f-4da7-bca8-5bd7547198b3.

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7

Kanduru, Hussein Ali. "Poverty, population, technology and environmental pollution". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8139.

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8

Ben, Kheder Sonia. "Environmental regulation, foreign direct investment and pollution". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608641.

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À partir des années quatre-vingt-dix, une relation étroite est établie entre les politiques nationales environnementales et les politiques commerciales, et débouche rapidement sur un débat international portant sur le commerce et l'environnement. Un des aspects fondamentaux de ce débat est lié à l'impact des différences de rigueur environnementale entre les pays sur la compétitivité et la localisation des firmes. Cet aspect a déjà été amplement étudié et porte le nom d'Hypothèse de Pollution Haven, mais n'a pas encore été explicitement démontré. Un second aspect, moins examiné dans la littérature, est celui de l'effet de ces différences réglementaires sur les niveaux de pollution. Dans cette thèse, qui s'articule autour de quatre chapitres, ces deux aspects sont étudiés. Le premier chapitre dresse une image précise des politiques environnementales à travers le monde, leur hétérogénéité constituant le fondement de l'hypothèse de pollution haven. Le deuxième chapitre propose une modélisation théorique mettant en évidence l'impact de la régulation environnementale sur le choix de localisation des firmes. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur l'estimation empirique du modèle théorique développé, et fait ressortir un effet significatif des politiques environnementales sur les décisions de localisation des firmes françaises. Le dernier chapitre présente une évaluation empirique de l'impact des différents mécanismes en jeu sur les émissions de pollution. Il apparaît alors qu'une augmentation des investissements directs à l'étranger s'accompagne dans les pays hôtes d'une augmentation des émissions polluantes et d'une diminution de l'intensité polluante.
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9

Rowland-Jones, Rhys. "Beyond environmental management to quantifiable pollution management". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2003. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/beyond-environmental-management-to-quantifiable-pollution-management(30e70785-ae73-4b3a-8b1c-22105607e61a).html.

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Stakeholders increasingly have a heightened expectation of organisational commitment to good environmental and societal practice. Proponents of the link between environmental and financial performance have argued that pollution reduction provides future cost savings by increasing efficiency, reducing compliance costs, and minimising future liabilities. Environmental management systems such as BS EN ISO 14001:1996 or the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) do not require organisations to comment on overall environmental performance. BS EN ISO 14001: 1996 simply advocates that the organisation should have viewed each particular function of the business process and applied a self- formulated quantitative/qualitative analysis to the function in question, providing no incentive to add a level of independently verifiable transparency to the analysis process. This thesis investigates whether it is possible to develop an environmental management system that is capable of delivering a quantitative social/economic statement based on the pollutant aspects/effects of the organisation. A model for quantitative pollution management (QPM) is developed, and a scoring mechanism is defined which enables an indicator of pollution performance to be derived. This indicator reviews the organisation as a whole system, as well as commenting on its constituent parts. The indicator is based upon evaluation of five areas, those of management /leadership, inputs, controls, activities, and outputs. The model is tested in industry by an audit of a manufacturing organisation in South Wales, and a numeric QPM indicator is derived. The numeric QPM indicator is subsequently considered by means of a qualitative interpretation of the quantitative indicator score. The qualitative interpretation is then considered against the impression of the organisation gained by the author during the conduct of the audit. Potential future work in relation to QPM is considered, and the possible application of the concepts of fuzzy logic to QPM is given.
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10

Baverstock, Suzie Jane. "A national method for predicting environmental pollution". Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57036/.

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11

Smith, Adrian Paul. "Change and continuity in UK industrial pollution regulation : integrated pollution control". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318496.

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This dissertation studies the policy process which produced and implemented the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) system in 1990, administered by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP). It assesses how IPC was implemented in terms of setting pollution control standards, hQWIPC compares with the air pollution regime it replaced, and in terms of IPC's policy output. Policy network concepts are used to analyse the networks of interaction between policy actors as they seek to influence the policy process. The research involved interviews with these policy actors, plus analysis of relevant documentation - including a content analysis of the new IPC public register. The analysis is presented historically, beginning with the policy network of regulator and industry which negotiated air pollution controls. Public interest groups criticised this regime in the early 1970s for the informal, consensual, and confidential way it set and enforced air pollution standards. During the 1980s, European legislation put pressure upon domestic pollution control practice. Industry began lobbying for improvements to the flexible British regime as a bulwark against European formalism. Several factors led to HMJP's creation and IPC introduction, including European and industrial pressures, but also a belief by government that change had deregulatory potential. Regulatory procedures under IPC are more transparent and formal. However, standard setting was at HMIP's discretion, to be exercised during IPC implementation. HMIP initially intended to break from the past and do this at arms'length from industry. Analysis of this implementation stage uses the organic chemicals sector for case study. It explains why IPC has suffered an 'implementation deficit' compared to HMIP's initial intentions. Moreover, improvements to industrial pollution control are negotiated in a policy network similar to its air pollution predecessor. It is argued that within the formal legal framework, persists an infonnal, consensual, and somewhat opaque pollution regime.
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12

Cox, Paula R. "Environmental effects of rodenticide use". Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316195.

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13

Saady, M. Abaas, J. Mohammed Althabhawi Thareef y A. V. Makarov. "Actual economic problems of the environmental air pollution". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/9919.

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14

Лямцев, Олександр Вікторович, Александр Викторович Лямцев, Oleksandr Viktorovych Liamtsev, Микола Костянтинович Шапочка, Николай Константинович Шапочка y Mykola Kostiantynovych Shapochka. "Some aspects of motor transport environmental pollution reducing". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7991.

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15

Andreini, Rebecca <1985&gt. "Non conventional species as monitor of environmental pollution". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10468/3/Andreini_Rebecca_tesi.pdf.

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This thesis collects several ecotoxicological studies focused on the quali- quantitative analysis of several classes of chemical compounds. Our studies have been conducted on different aquatic species occupying different food chain trophic levels and characterized by differences in biology, ethology, and nutrition, but all considered excellent bioindicators. This choice allowed us to have a broad overview of the contamination of aquatic environments. Detrimental effects of several chemical compounds on the species investigated have been discussed, considering the economic and public health implications linked to the pollution of the environment and the exposure to old and emerging xenobiotics. Our studies underline the importance of a multidisciplinary and integrated approach that includes the application of the one health concept to ensure the protection of public health and respect for natural environments. Studies collected in this thesis also aim to overcome some critical limitations of the branch of ecotoxicology, such as the lack of standardization in laboratory methods. Our data also underline the importance of expanding research to a greater number of various biological matrices than those indicated by the literature as target tissues for specific pollutants. This condition enables more detailed information on the kinetics of xenobiotics in animal organisms. Our studies also allow us to expand the knowledge related to the mechanisms of synergy and antagonism of mixtures of pollutants that can simultaneously accumulate in wildlife.
Questa tesi raccoglie diversi studi ecotossicologici, che implicano una analisi quali-quantitativa relativa alla detezione di diverse classi di inquinanti su diverse specie acquatiche, che occupano differenti livelli trofici della catena alimentare, e che sono caratterizzati da differenze biologiche, etologiche e dietetiche, ma tutti considerati eccellenti bioindicatori. Questa scelta ci ha permesso di avere un'ampia panoramica della contaminazione degli ambienti acquatici. Sono stati discussi gli effetti dannosi di diversi composti chimici sulle singole specie in esame, considerando anche le implicazioni economiche e relative alla tutela della salute pubblica legate all'inquinamento dell'ambiente e all'esposizione a xenobiotici conosciuti ed emergenti. I nostri studi sottolineano l'importanza di un approccio multidisciplinare e integrato che includa l'applicazione del concetto di One Health per garantire la protezione della salute pubblica e il rispetto degli ambienti naturali. Gli studi raccolti in questa tesi mirano anche a superare alcuni importanti limiti della branca dell'ecotossicologia, come la mancanza di standardizzazione nelle metodiche laboratoristiche. I nostri dati sottolineano anche l'importanza di espandere la ricerca a un numero maggiore di matrici biologiche diverse rispetto a quelle indicate dalla letteratura come tessuti bersaglio per specifici inquinanti. Questa condizione consente di ottenere informazioni più dettagliate sulla cinetica degli xenobiotici negli organismi animali. I nostri studi permettono anche di ampliare le conoscenze relative ai meccanismi di sinergia e antagonismo delle miscele di inquinanti che possono accumularsi contemporaneamente nella fauna selvatica.
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16

Hamilton, K. y Phillip R. Scheuerman. "Coliphages as Indicators of Fecal Pollution". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1996. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2909.

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17

Molnár, Peter. "Elemental composition of fine particles : exposure in the general population and influence from different sources /". Göteborg : Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Institute of Medicine, Dept. of Public Health and Community Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/3124.

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18

Richards, Jonathan Peter. "Implementing marine pollution policy : proposals for change". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/389.

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This study aims to determine the factors that affect the implementation of marine pollution policy, especially with regard to regulation of the hazardous substances which contaminate the marine environment- The purpose is to identify weaknesses in the current regulatory regime and to propose improvements. The study also aims to develop a new strategic framework for the implementation of the recent international policy commitments, which call for the complete cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into the marine environment by the year 2020. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide evidence to support or challenge current theories relating to regulation and policy implementation. Examination was made of the attitudes of environmental managers from the UK chemical industry and inspectors from the environmental agencies towards the regulatory system. These are the key personnel who operate at the regulatory interface where the policy outcome is determined. The methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Structured interviews helped define the issues for subsequent investigation using a questionnaire survey which was sent to over 700 key personnel. Focus groups were then used to explain the survey findings and develop solutions to key regulatory problems. Statistical analysis of the survey response data revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current Integrated Pollution Control regime. The strength of the system was perceived as its practical and pragmatic approach, coupled with a convenient and familiar bureaucracy. The weaknesses identified related to the derivation and enforcement of standards. The Environmental Quality Standards system, which underpins the regime, was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion in the number of priority listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment Environmental Quality Standards and Direct Toxicity Assessment of effluents. Focus groups supported the expansion of the system, but recognised that it would create a regime that was both complex and impractical. The findings were used to construct a revised model of the existing regime. Multivariate analysis of the industry response data identified 3 cluster types and significant differences were revealed between their knowledge of policy developments, their implications and the need for changes to the current system of hazardous chemical control. Operators and regulators acknowledged the existence of the mutual interdependency which has created and maintained a tight policy network (community) at the regulatory interface. Further evidence to support the existence of this community and of regulatory capture, was provided by the study data. Focus group discussions also identified the requirement for a more fundamental reappraisal of the regulatory system in order to deliver the OSPAR strategy. A new regulatory model, which incorporates process and product substitution, is proposed as a strategic framework to ensure that future policy commitments are implemented. This approach may lead to the opening up of the current tight policy network with resultant benefits for policy implementation and reduced regulatory capture. The new model could be applied by other countries within the OSPAR region and in other regions of the world, in order to improve environmental protection.
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19

Saberian, Soodeh. "Essays on Environmental Economics". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37575.

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Chapter 1.This chapter investigates the direct behavioral impact of information-based regulations by examining the effect of ozone alerts on cycling trips in Sydney. Moreover, the dynamics of individuals' response is studied by examining the behavioral impact of two successive day ozone alerts on cycling demand. A common problem in estimating direct avoidance behavior is that an increase in the pollution level could be an endogenous response to alerts. While controlling for the endogenous effect of alerts and air quality, results show that cycling trips decrease by 35 percent in response to a smog alert. When alerts are issued for two successive days, however, individuals appear to neglect the second day alerts. Our findings also indicate that ozone alerts induce one and half times larger impacts on weekends compared to weekdays. These patterns suggest that the cost of cycling substitution for commuter goals is higher than leisure goals. Furthermore, the cost of intertemporally avoiding cycling is increasing over time. Chapter 2. If decisions with lasting consequences are influenced by extraneous or transient factors then welfare can be damaged. This chapter investigates the impact of outdoor temperature on high-stakes decisions (immigration adjudications) made by professional decision-makers (US immigration judges). In our preferred specification, which includes spatial, temporal and judge fixed effects, and controls for various potential confounders, a 10 F degree increase in case-day temperature reduces positive decisions by 6.55%. This is despite judgements being made indoors, `protected' by climate-control. Results are consistent with established links from temperature to mood and risk appetite and have important implications for evaluating the welfare-burden of climate change. Chapter 3. The carbon tax in the Canadian province of British Columbia is widely-regarded as a `poster child' application of market-based methods to address greenhouse gas emissions. However the implications for local air quality have been ignored. Using synthetic control and difference-in-difference methods, in this chapter we evidence a causal link from carbon tax implementation and level to increased nitrogen oxides NOx and ultra-fine particulates PM_2.5 pollution problems in Vancouver, the province's largest city. We provide evidence consistent with the mechanism working through induced switching from gasoline to diesel vehicles. The results prove highly robust to inclusion of a wide set of controls in various combinations, alternative specifications, and satisfy a set of falsification checks. The analysis points to the possibility of negative secondary effects of climate policies, contrary to the usual presumption that secondary benefits are inevitably positive.
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20

Durgin, Timothy George. "Pollution Prevention in Lake Tai". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275507366.

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21

Leake, Christopher R. "The environmental fate of fungicide SN 539865". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278444.

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22

Álvarez, Simón Daniel. "Effect of environmental pollution on asthma due to soybean". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457984.

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La soja es uno de los cultivos más valiosos del mundo y una importante fuente tanto de proteína vegetal como de aceite, pero también, es una causa de asma. En ciudades con puertos donde se carga o descarga soja, se han descrito brotes epidémicos de asma por soja. La medición de los niveles de aeroalérgenos de soja con métodos altamente sensibles es esencial en la evaluación de los riesgos para la salud que estos implican. En la actualidad, los aeroalérgenos de soja se cuantifican mediante ensayos ELISA que deben ser realizados en un laboratorio por personal especializado. Metodologías menos laboriosas, baratas y sencillas para medir los niveles de alérgenos de soja podrían ser una herramienta extremadamente útil. Por lo tanto, se ha investigado el desarrollo y rendimiento de un test rápido para la detección de aeroalérgenos de soja en muestras ambientales. El test rápido desarrollado detectó un amplio rango de concentraciones de aeroalérgenos de soja cuya interpretación visual tenía un grado de acuerdo substancial entre evaluadores independientes, una buena concordancia con los resultados obtenidos mediante ELISA, una buena correlación con los resultados de densitometría y una sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas. El test desarrollado es rápido, sencillo y tiene un potencial considerable en el campo de la monitorización ambiental de los niveles de aeroalérgenos de soja. Debido a su simplicidad, este test rápido puede ayudar a mejorar el manejo de pacientes alérgicos a la soja, permitiendo controlar la exposición a los alérgenos ambientales sin la necesidad de tecnología o personal especializado. Aunque la comprensión de la patogénesis del asma alérgico ha aumentado sustancialmente, y la monitorización de los niveles de aeroalérgenos ha demostrado ser una medida eficaz, todavía existen pequeñas lagunas en nuestra comprensión del asma por soja. Todavía no se conoce cómo la contaminación puede interactuar, o modificar el efecto, de los alérgenos de soja. Las partículas diésel (DEP) son la fracción sólida de la mezcla compleja que genera un motor diésel y uno de los contaminantes antropogénicos más prevalentes en todo el mundo. La investigación en las últimas décadas ha proporcionado resultados que sugieren que las DEP puede incrementar la respuesta asmática producida por alérgenos, pero la capacidad de las DEP para hacerlo parece depender de una amplia gama de variables y el mecanismo subyacente todavía no se conoce en profundidad. El desarrollo de un modelo murino de exposición combinada a soja y DEP puede aumentar nuestra comprensión de la contribución de las DEP al desarrollo y exacerbación del asma, así como, de los mecanismos subyacentes a estos procesos. Este estudio con la estandarización de un nuevo modelo murino de asma y la evaluación del efecto combinado de los aeroalérgenos de soja y las DEP, muestra que la administración continua de alérgenos de soja a una cierta concentración es capaz de desencadenar una respuesta asmática. Además, también demuestra que la coexposición a los alérgenos de soja y las DEP puede producir una mayor respuesta asmática, aumentando la hiperreactividad de las vías respiratorias y la inflamación pulmonar incluso cuando la concentración de alérgeno de soja es incapaz por si sola de provocar una respuesta inflamatoria. Este modelo proporciona nuevas evidencias que apoyan que el mecanismo subyacente en el asma por soja es una respuesta mixta Th2/Th17, y también que las DEP son capaces de potenciar el efecto alergénico de la soja a través de un mecanismo mediado por Th17. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la monitorización de partículas como alternativa a la valoración de la exposición a las DEP puede ser una adición útil a la monitorización de alérgenos dentro de las estrategias de prevención de nuevos brotes de asma.
Soybean is one of the most valuable crops in the world, a major source of vegetable protein and oil, but also, a cause of asthma. In cities with ports where soybean is loaded or unloaded, community outbreaks of asthma have been described and attributed to inhalation of soybean dust. Measuring soybean aeroallergens levels with highly sensitive methods is essential in the assessment of health risks due to these airborne substances. Currently, soybean aeroallergens exposure in the environment is monitored using ELISA assays which must be evaluated in a specialized laboratory by skilled personnel. Cost-efficient, less labor-intensive technological procedures for monitoring soy allergens levels can be a very useful tool. Consequently, the development, performance and suitability of a rapid test for the detection of soybean aeroallergens in environmental samples was investigated. The rapid test developed detected a wide range of soybean aeroallergen concentrations with a substantial agreement in visual assay interpretations between independent evaluators, a good concordance with ELISA results, a strong correlation with densitometry results, and adequate sensitivity and specificity. The strip assay developed is rapid, simple, and has considerable potential in the environmental monitoring field for screening soy aeroallergens levels in port cities where allergen measurements are not currently performed. Due to its simplicity, the test will improve the management of soy allergic patients by controlling environmental allergen exposure without the need for apparatus or skilled personnel. Although the understanding of allergic asthma pathogenesis has increased substantially, and the effect of aeroallergen assessment shows to be effective, our current understanding about soybean asthma has some knowledge gaps, as is to know how pollution can interact or modify the effect of soybean allergens. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are the solid fraction of the complex mixture of diesel exhaust, and one of the most prevalent anthropogenic pollutants worldwide. Research over recent decades has provided very informative results, and has suggested that DEP can enhance allergen-driven asthmatic immunopathology, but the ability of DEP to do so appears highly dependent on a wide range of variables, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The experimental modelling of asthma, particularly the development of murine models, besides being very useful to further investigate the pathogenesis of the disease, can contribute to a deeper understanding of the effects of DEP over asthma. The development of a murine model of combined exposure to soybean and DEP can provide new insights to increase our understanding of the contribution of DEP to asthma development, exacerbation and the mechanisms underlying these processes. This study with the standardization of a novel murine model of asthma and the assessing of the combined effect of soybean aeroallergens and DEP, shows that the continuous administration of soybean allergens at a certain concentration is capable of triggering an asthmatic response. In addition, it also demonstrates that the coexposure to soybean allergens and DEP results in a stronger asthmatic response, increasing airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation even when the concentration of soybean allergen is incapable of promoting an inflammatory response by itself. This mouse model provides evidence that the mechanism underlying soybean asthma is a mixed Th2/Th17 response, and also that DEP is capable of enhancing the allergenic effect of soybean through a Th17-mediated mechanism. These findings suggest that particulate matter monitoring as a surrogate of DEP exposure may be a useful addition to the allergen monitoring in the attempt to prevent new asthma outbreaks.
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23

Cloy, Joanna Marie. "Chemical records of environmental pollution in ombrotrophic peat bogs". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9427.

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Human activity has affected metal emissions to the atmosphere on a global scale for several thousand years, resulting in widespread contamination of the environment with toxic heavy metals such as Pb and Hg, thereby threatening both human and environmental health. In recent years ombrotrophic peat bogs have been used to study the changing rates and sources of atmospheric metal deposition, as they receive all their water and nutrients from the atmosphere by dry and wet deposition alone. Cores from such bogs have proved especially useful as archives of atmospheric Pb deposition as Pb is essentially immobile in ombrotrophic peat. The work described in this thesis is primarily concerned with the use of ombrotrophic peat bogs to investigate environmental contamination in Scotland during pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial (i.e. ca. post-1970 A.D.) times. Cores were collected from ombrotrophic peat bogs at four different geographical locations (Carsegowan Moss, SW; Flanders Moss, W Central; The Red Moss of Balerno, E Central; Turclossie Moss, NE) in Scotland. Air-dried peat samples were dry-ashed and dissolved using microwave-assisted HF IHN03 digestion. Elemental concentrations (e.g. AI, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zr) and Pb isotope ratios (e.g. 206PbP07Pb) were determined using ICP-OES and ICP-MS as appropriate. For Hg determination, samples were digested with HN03/H2S04 and then analysed by CV AAS. Certified reference materials (e.g. Ombrotrophic Peat (NIMT/UOE/FM001), Canadian Peat (1878 P), Bush Branches and Leaves (DC73349), Peach Leaves (GBW 08501) and Coal (BCR CRM No. 40 and NBS SRM 1635) were used for quality control purposes. The distribution and behaviour of the potentially toxic trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, V and Zn) and of major elements (Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and S) within the four ombrotrophic peat bogs was investigated and there was strong evidence that Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S, Se and Zn were mobile in ombrotrophic peat, while As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg (at least during industrial and post-industrial periods), Ni, Sb and V, like Pb, were essentially immobile in ombrotrophic peat. Deposition records of conservative lithogenic elements (e.g. concentrations of AI, Sc, Ti, Y and Zr) that occur predominantly in soil dust were also investigated and the chosen conservative elements Sc, Ti and Zr were used in calculations to estimate anthropogenic enrichments of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and V in peat bog profiles. 210Pb- and 14C- dated peat cores were used to reconstruct historical records of atmospheric anthropogenic As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and V deposition (since the pre-Roman (i.e. to ca. 380 B.C.)/Roman period) and atmospheric Hg deposition (since the onset of the industrial period) across Scotland. For Pb, on the basis of Pb isotopic composition (e.g. 206PbP Pb), clear indications of contamination during the preRoman/Roman and Mediaeval periods were attributed to the mining and smelting of Pb ores (from Britain and elsewhere in Europe). During the industrial and post-industrial periods, variations in the relative importance of contributions of anthropogenic Pb from different sources were apparent. From ca. the early 17th century A.D. at three of the peat bog sites, the mining and smelting of indigenous Scottish Pb ores, until the early 20th century A.D., were found to be the most important sources of anthropogenic Pb deposition. In contrast, at the most southerly site (Carsegowan Moss), influences from the use of both British Ph ores and imported Australian Ph ores (in more southern parts of Britain) since the late 19th century A.D. were evident. At each of the sites, the increasing importance of Australian-Ph-influenced car-exhaust emissions from the 1930s to late 1990s A.D., along with significant contributions from coal combustion (until the late 1960s A.D.) was evident. For Sb, in general, similarities between the major trends in the concentration profiles of anthropogenic Sb and Ph suggested common sources of these two elements. Perturbations in the anthropogenic Sb/Pb ratios since ca. 1800 A.D., however, were attributed to temporal variations in the relative importance of atmospheric emissions from different sources such as Ph ore mining/smelting, coal combustion and, in recent decades, automobile-related use of compounds of Ph (in leaded petrol) and of Sb (in brake linings). For Hg, in general, during the industrial and post-industrial periods, coal combustion and waste incineration, respectively, were likely to be the most important sources of Hg. For As, clear indications of contamination during the Mediaeval period were probably attributable to the mining and smelting of Ph and Cu ores, and for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and V, during the industrial and post-industrial periods, a variety of sources (e.g. metallurgical activities, coal and oil combustion, use of phosphate fertilisers and waste incineration) were important to varying extents. Also, in recent years, atmospheric Cu emissions from automobile-related use of compounds of Cu (in motor oil, brake linings and tyres) may have been important. Inter-site and inter-elemental comparison of records of atmospheric metal deposition across Scotland indicated that, in general, atmospheric As, Cr, Hg, Ph and Sb deposition was greatest during the industrial period (between the late 1880s and late 1960s A.D.) and atmospheric Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and V deposition was greatest during the industrial and post-industrial periods (between ca. 1900 and the early 2000s A.D.), although increases in As, Co, Cr, Hg, Ph and Sb deposition were earliest (during the late 19th and early 20th century A.D.) at the most southerly site (Carsegowan Moss). During the industrial and post-industrial periods, levels of As, Ph and Cd contamination were generally highest in the south of Scotland, Cu, Co and Sb in south and central Scotland, and Cr, Ni and V in central Scotland. Overall, the existence of a south to north As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Ph, Sb and V pollution gradient in Scotland was evident.
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24

Mosler, Gioia. "Micro-environmental models of human exposure to air pollution". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25087.

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Particulate air pollution (PM) has been shown by many studies to cause adverse health effects. Traditionally PM exposure was estimated using ambient concentrations. Lately, studies have revealed that this approach poorly reflects differences between individual's exposures and as such results in exposure misclassification. This thesis aims to improve personal exposure predictions by building a model (MEPEX model), which takes into account the temporal and spatial variability of ambient PM, as well as visited microenvironments. For the composition of this model, existing approaches for model components were evaluated, compared and developed. A temporally adjusted land-use regression (LUR-adj) model for predictions of ambient PM2.5 and PM10 was built, validated, and compared to estimates from a dispersion model. Ratios were developed to adjust ambient concentrations for cycling and in-bus transport microenvironments. Additionally, modelling approaches for the home indoor microenvironment were compared, using monitoring data. A secondary aim was to evaluate the performance of different approaches for personal exposure assessment by comparing varying levels of model sophistication. Validation of the LUR-adj model showed good model fit (IA > 0.5) and low error (NMSE < 1) for short-term predictions of PM2.5 and PM10 at locations in London. In comparison to predictions of a dispersion model (ADMS-urban), LUR-adj estimates of PM10 produced better results for model performance parameters at the majority of 26 predicted locations. MEPEX model predictions of monitored daily personal exposure for an individual in London resulted in an R2 of 0.439 for PM2.5 and 0.403 for PM10. Predictions using modelled home outdoor concentrations in comparison were lower with R2 of 0.173 for PM2.5 and 0.086 for PM10. These results provide the first quantifiable evidence that personal exposure models of PM2.5 and PM10 can reduce exposure misclassification compared to estimates based only on ambient PM.
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25

Chu, Thi Thu Ha. "Environmental pollution in Vietnam: Challenges in management and protection". Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32573.

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Vietnam is facing big challenges in terms of environmental pollution caused by natural agents and anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollution in Vietnam is present in air, water and soil environments in many areas with contaminants including total suspended particles (TSP), organic substances, heavy metals, nutrients including ammonium, phosphate exceeding the allowable valuesof national standard. One of the most important causes of environmental pollution is the legal powers of environmental protection organizations, especially the environmental police force, not strong enough. In addition, the awareness of the people about environmental protection is very weak. Improving the system of laws on environmental protection, including sanctions that are strong enough to prevent violations, is of the most importance to enhance the effectiveness of environmental management and protection in Vietnam. On the other hand, educating people and even school children about environmental protection is a very meaningful activity to reduce the pressures and challenges of environmental management and protection in Vietnam.
Việt Nam đang phải đối mặt với những thách lớn về ô nhiễm môi trường gây ra bởi các tác nhân tự nhiên và các hoạt động của con người. Ô nhiễm môi trường ở Việt Nam biểu hiện ở cả môi trường không khí, nước và đất tại nhiều khu vực với hàm lượng các chất ô nhiễm gồm bui thô TSP. các chất hữu cơ, kim loại nặng, các chất dinh dưỡng gồm amoni, phosphat vượt quá tiêu chuẩn cho phép. Một trong những nguyên nhân quan trọng gây ô nhiễm môi trường là sức mạnh pháp lý của các cơ quan tổ chức hoạt động trong lĩnh vực môi trường, đặc biệt là lực lượng cảnh sát môi trường, chưa đủ mạnh. Bên cạnh đó, ý thức của người dân về giữ gìn bảo vệ môi trường còn rất yếu. Việc hoàn thiện hệ thống luật pháp về bảo vệ môi trường bao gồm các chế tài đủ mạnh để ngăn chặn các vi phạm là quan trọng hàng đầu nhằm tăng cường hiệu quả quản lý và bảo vệ môi trường ở Việt Nam. Mặt khác, giáo dục tuyên truyền ý thức cho người dân và thậm chí các học sinh trong trường học về giữ gìn bảo vệ môi trường là hoạt động rất ý nghĩa nhằm giảm bớt các áp lực và thách thức trong quản lý và bảo vệ môi trường ở Việt Nam.
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26

Брюханов, Максим Віталійович, Максим Витальевич Брюханов, Maksym Vitaliiovych Briukhanov y Ganna Tkachenko. "Does economic freedom influence environmental pollution: theory and evidence". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8220.

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Economic freedom is considered as a factor of economic growth. From the other side atmospheric pollution is a kind of market failures. We assume negative relation between pollution and economic freedom. However economic freedom itself can not be considered as an explanatory variable for pollution trend. A set of macroeconomic determinants should be considered also. Moreover we should be aware of country specific effects (transition or developed economies, structure of energy resources) and time effects (for ex. scientific progress, economic slowdowns, crises ). When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8220
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27

Kim, Sang-Hoon. "Health effects of environmental pollution caused by electricity generation". Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136088.

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28

Downey, Liam Christopher Francis. "Environmental inequality: Race, income, and industrial pollution in Detroit". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284144.

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Over the last ten to fifteen years, an expanding body of research has sought to ascertain whether environmental hazards are distributed equitably according to race and income. While much attention has been paid to the relative ability of each of these variables to predict increased hazard levels, little attention has been paid to the forces giving rise to environmental inequality. This dissertation fills this gap by examining the forces giving rise to the current distribution of industrial pollution in the Detroit metropolitan area. The dissertation addresses three basic questions. First, is there a positive association between manufacturing facility presence and race in the Detroit area? In other words, are blacks more likely than whites to live near potentially hazardous manufacturing facilities? Second, has the distribution of whites and blacks around regional manufacturing facilities changed over time? Third, since it turns out that there is a positive association between facility presence and race in Detroit, why is this the case? Is the racially inequitable distribution of manufacturing facilities in Detroit due to (a) differences in black/white income levels, (b) racist siting practices, or (c) the biased operation of institutional arenas such as the housing market? It turns out that the racially inequitable distribution of manufacturing facilities in the Detroit metropolitan area is not the result of black/white income inequality or racist siting practices. Instead, the distribution of blacks and whites around the region's manufacturing facilities is shaped by residential segregation. Thus, racial status and racism are important determinants of environmental stratification in the Detroit metropolitan area.
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29

Li, Ying. "Improving Public Health through Reducing Fine Particulate Matter Pollution". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/19.

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30

Grover, David. "Knowledge in pollution-saving technological change". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/517/.

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This thesis looks at the role that technical knowledge plays in the transition in industry away from pollution-intensive production methods. It uses econometric techniques and qualitative analysis to test three aspects of the relationship between knowledge and pollution-saving technological change-related outcomes, all in the context of US industry, and all with respect to conventional pollutants. The first paper observes that the level of industrial environmental R&D spending steadily declined from the late 1970s onward. Employing an estimation model with industry fixed effects, the hypothesis is tested that this decline was the result of the conditioning effect of greater flexibility in the design of the environmental policy on the environmental regulatory burden born by industry. The second paper investigates the sources of the change in SO2 intensity of electricity production undergone by electric power plants under the SO2 cap and trade program. Mixed methods including quantile regression are used to compare the effect of frontier technical knowledge on the extent of change undergone, relative to the effect of knowledge un-intensive techniques. The third paper investigates why a small number of inventions aimed at controlling pollution from automobiles turned out to be so much more technologically influential than the great majority of comparable inventions, which exerted very little technological influence at all. Negative binomial regression is used to test the effect of the composition of the stock of knowledge that the automobile companies brought to bear on the inventive process. These studies find that pollution-saving technological change is characterised more by the repurposing and adaptation of existing knowledge and by the churn among existing technologies, than by universal technological advance in dedicated environmental technologies. The implications for climate mitigation policy are discussed in the conclusions.
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31

Wilson, Martin Robert. "Pulmonary inflammatory effects of environmental and surrogate environmental particulates and their components". Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270524.

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32

Manley, Catherine Jane. "Environmental variables, including pollutants, affecting living benthonic Foraminiferida". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1706.

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Studies of living benthonic foraminiferal assemblages carried out by marine biologists are comparatively rare. This study of the changes in foraminiferal assemblages from three subtidal sites near Plymouth, U.K., has been carried out with the intention of determining the importance of various abiotic and biotic variables to the foraminiferal communities studied using statistical correlation. Temperature and salinity at depth and particle size characteristics together with organic content, bacterial abundance and type, and other meiofauna present were assessed monthly with samples taken for foraminiferal content, and for seasonal diatom analysis. Deformed specimens were very rare in the examined samples of natural assemblages. Three different systems were used in an attempt to culture Elphidium crispiim (Linne) for ecotoxicological studies, which failed. Ecotoxicological studies were carried out upon Roialieila elaticam Pawlowski & Lee and adult Ammonia batavits (Hofker). The types of deformation produced by laboratory-maintained Foraminiferida were found not to be specific to the stressor used and, therefore, the use of this group of Protozoa as indicators of specific pollution is not possible. The methods which Elphidium crispiim utilises to remain epifaunal were investigated and found to be primarily controlled by phototaxis, together with geotaxis.
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33

Falconer, Katherine. "Environmental policy and the use of agricultural pesticides". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271974.

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34

Miksis-Olds, Jennifer L. "Manatee response to environmental noise /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3225323.

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35

Glenn, Heather. "The distribution of air pollution in Canada: exploring injustices /". Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2006. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2641.

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36

Hadfield, Linda. "Emergent techno-environmental phenomena". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/847.

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Environmental problems, and human attempts to manage them, can be conceptualised as evolutionary complex systems, involving interlinked processes of physical, knowledge, technological, institutional, perceptual and behavioural change. Issues such as traffic pollution and asthma may be viewed as emergent systems, embedded within overlapping hierarchical systems. A distinction may be made beween changes in physical systems (“physical emergence”), changes in human knowledge about those systems (“knowledge emergence”) and changes in human perceptions (“perceptual emergence”). While processes of physical and knowledge emergence are important, it is through perceptual emergence that a phenomenon comes to be regarded as a “problem” or “issue”, potentially leading to changes in policy, institutional arrangements or behaviour. Physical changes may have impacts on human beings, which may be measurable and predictable in the mass. However, the outcome of such an impact, from the point of view of a particular individual, is mediated by that individual’s perception, which is dictated by his or her personal experience, understanding and interests (“appreciative system”). These perceptions in turn will determine the individual’s behaviour, which may feed back into the collective appreciative system, policy system, and the base physical system. The distinction between policy based on measurement and control of impacts and individual perceptions and behaviour dependent on outcomes leads to incongruity between the “institutional” and “individual” views of an issue. The thesis investigates this incongruity in the case of the “traffic pollution and asthma” emergent system. The perceptions of “institutional” and “individual” actors involved in the system were elicited by means of unstructured and semi-structured interviews, and analysed in terms of a number of key concepts (perceptions of measurement, risk and spatiality) across a number of dimensions (different actors in the same location, the same hierarchical position in different locations, and between a specific institution and individuals). The empirical investigation demonstrates differences between multiple institutions managing different aspects of the problem and a lack of understanding and communication between institutions and individuals, despite the fact that an expressed aim of policy in this area is directed at communicating with individuals with the intention of changing individual behaviour.
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37

Whitrow, Melissa Jayne. "The association between air pollution and lung cancer in the North West of Adelaide: a case control study and air quality monitoring /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37750.

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Some suburbs within North West (NW) metropolitan Adelaide have lung cancer mortality up to twice that expected from state averages. Previous international research investigating high lung cancer rates in similar shared industrial and residential areas have had inconsistent results. This case control study was conducted to determine whether residential exposure to industry is a risk factor for lung cancer in NW Adelaide. Contemporary ambient air monitoring was undertaken as an indicator of future respiratory health risk. 142 lung cancer patients and 415 age, gender matched population controls were interviewed utilising an event history calendar. Lifetime exposure indices were calculated for cigarette smoking, passive smoking, occupation, air pollution (residential proximity to industry) and hobbies. Data was analysed utilising chi- quared and conditional logistic regression. Ambient carcinogens and fine particulates with potential industrial sources in the region were monitored in five locations. In the final multivariate model leaving school early, pack- years of cigarettes and not living in close proximity to the power station or light industrial area were statistically significant risk factors for lung cancer. A composite score of residential exposure to all industries was not significant. However cautious interpretation is required as it was noted participating controls resided significantly closer to industry than non-participants. Average concentrations of ambient carcinogens were within guidelines; however diesel exhaust particulate and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons were elevated at sites in proximity to heavy vehicle traffic. Diurnal variations in PM[subscript 2.5] included weather and traffic-related short term peaks, and other peaks potentially related to industrial activity. Cigarette smoking is likely to be the primary cause of elevated lung cancer mortality in suburbs of NW Adelaide. The negative effect of residential exposure to two industries may be due to participation bias. Whilst having more thorough exposure assessment than previous research, this study may have been limited by low participation rates in cases and controls. Air monitoring data suggests there is not a significant public health risk at present; however these results are unlikely to be indicative of historical exposures. Future public health initiatives to curb high lung cancer mortality in the NW should focus on smoking prevention and reduction strategies.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Medicine and Department of Public Health, 2004.
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38

Spann, Nicole. "Freshwater bivalves as biomonitors of metal pollution". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610276.

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39

Gavouneli, Maria. "Pollution from offshore installations : a case-study of marine pollution in the context of general environmental law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319429.

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40

Kwok, Sheung-yam y 郭尚鑫. "Air pollution and environmental injustice in Hong Kong : are socially deprived groups exposed to more air pollution?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194553.

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Environmental injustice has received high attention in the field of environmental studies. The concept of environmental justice is well defined within different academic disciplines. It refers to the rightness, fairness, and equity that a person in his own living environment is entitled to. In contrast, environmental injustice refers to the failure for one to receive the environmental justice that he is entitled to. Environmental injustice has been well substantiated by numerous international studies and evidenced in many countries overseas. A key question thus emerges: Is environmental injustice well evidenced in Hong Kong? Air pollution presents a major environmental challenge to the socially deprived communities both internationally and locally. Whilst the relationship between air pollution and social deprivation is well established internationally, given the strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that the socially deprived are exposed to more air pollution, the validity of such claim in the local context is not as obvious. Existing local studies investigating the relationship between air pollution and social deprivation are limited by, first, the lack of fine-grained air pollution data at a smaller geographical scale, which constrains the observation and conclusion of such hypothesis at a more refined geographical scale (Stern, 2003) and second, a stronger tendency to focus on the vulnerability of air pollution on different socio-economic spectrums (C. M. Wong et al., 2008). The current study aims to close the research gap by (a) developing a sophisticated methodology to enhance the collection and analysis of air pollution data at the Territorial Planning Unit, (b) examining the relationship between air pollution exposure and social deprivation at the TPU level, and (c) examining whether environmental injustice in relation to air pollution exists in Hong Kong. Our key research questions thus include the following: (1) Are the socially deprived in Hong Kong exposed to more air pollution? (2) Can we break through the existing methodological constraint and develop a brand new sophisticated air pollution data estimation methodology to interpolate air pollution at a smaller geographical scale? (3) If (1) is positive, would the exposure to more air pollution by the socially deprived in Hong Kong constitute the case of environmental injustice? A more sophisticated and accurate air pollution estimation methodology to estimate air pollution at a smaller geographical scale with the least root mean square error (RMSE) as compared to other key traditional models is introduced. The model identifies key spatial factors that affect the dispersion of air pollution in Hong Kong. By regression analysis, it is shown that the relationship between exposure to air pollution and social deprivation is positive and statistically significant. Both NO2 and PM10, the two major road-based pollutants, are positively correlated with the social deprivation index (for NO2: coefficient=0.4404 R= 0.6937, p<0.01; for PM10: coefficient = 0.4185, R = 0.6430, p<0.01). This leads to the conclusion that the socially deprived in Hong Kong are exposed to more air pollution, thus establishing the case of environmental injustice. This study has generated a key methodological breakthrough by developing a sophisticated air pollution estimation model that generates more accurate and fine-grained air pollution data at the TPU level – which was not previously available due to the limited number of air pollution monitoring stations in Hong Kong. This methodology allows the pursuit of social-economic air pollution study at a more refined geographical scale. The study strongly points to the existence of air-pollution related environmental injustice in Hong Kong. It calls for the Hong Kong Government to immediately address this under-researched and long neglected social-environmental problem, by formulating and implementing effective policies based on the fine-grained air pollution and socio-economic data, and the evidence generated from this study.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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41

Katmeh, Mohamad Fawaz. "The development of immunotechniques for environmental monitoring of pesticides". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259543.

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42

Tayab, Muhammad Rehan. "Environmental impact of heavy metal pollution in natural aquatic systems". Thesis, Brunel University, 1991. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5503.

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The distribution of heavy metals between soil and soil solutions is a key issue in evaluating the environmental impact of long term applications of heavy metals to land. Contamination of soils by heavy metals has been reported by many workers. Metal adsorption is affected by many factors, including soil pH, clay mineralogy, abundance of oxides and organic matter, soil composition and solution ionic strength. The pH is one of the many factors affecting mobility of heavy metals in soils and it is likely to be the most easily managed and the most significant. To provide the appropriate level of protection for aquatic life and other uses of the resource, it is important to be able to predict the environmental distribution of important metals on spatial and temporal scales and to do so with particular emphasis on the water column concentrations. Regulatory levels reflected in water quality criteria or standards are based on water column concentrations. Predicting water column concentrations requires a consideration of the interactions of water column contaminants with both bed sediments and suspended particulates as critical components in the assessment. The adsorption behaviour of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc onto soils is studied under the various geo-environmental conditions of pH, concentration of adsorbate and adsorbent, and solution compositions. Experiments were conducted to determine the equilibrium contact time of various adsorbates for adsorbent in different systems. Experiments were also conducted to check the efficiency of various acid-mixtures to extract heavy metal from soils into the aqueous phase. The adsorption behaviour of heavy metals onto soils was also studied from sea-water system. Soils are characterized in terms of the role of clay minerals to remove the metals from the solution phase, back-ground levels of metals, maximum adsorption capacity to adsorb various heavy metals from different adsorption systems, and type of surface sites present. The experimental data of metal adsorption is described by Langmuir adsorption model. The adsorption data are also expressed in terms of surface loading, surface acidity, adsorption density, and affinity of soils for heavy metals in different adsorption systems. Ecological implications of changes in physical and chemical conditions in aquatic systems on heavy metals uptake by soils are also discussed. This research covers the following areas: the environmental impact of heavy metal discharge into the aquatic systems, the study of the mobility patterns of different heavy metals as function of geo-environmental conditions, and determination of the pathways and the ultimate fate of heavy metals in the environment.
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43

Schuwerack, Petra-Manuela. "Environmental pollution and disease : multiple stress responses in freshwater hosts". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272253.

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44

Bienemann, Christian. "Civil liability for environmental pollution : different regimes and different perspectives". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=114459.

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The environment is at risk not only from disastrous accidents, but also from the insidious contamination by lesser incidents and from events whose significance is unacknowledged or even unrecognised at the time. Major incidents attract instant public concern and demands for clean up and prevention. Historical and gradual contamination do not often make headlines but may have effects which equally require curative and preventive action. The costs of curative and preventive actions may reach considerable dimensions. These costs have to be provided by parties responsible for or related to the damage. Predominantly it is the role of the civil law to give redress to those who may have suffered as a result of environmental damage. The development of civil liability for environmental pollution has been traditionally marked by the recognition of different liability regimes. However, none of these approaches is in itself sufficient to address the problems of environmental protection; nor do they yet amount into toto to a composite system. Therefore, efforts have been made to increase the effectiveness of each approach. The regulatory system is in the process of reform both in the European Union and in the Member states, through tightening of the standards backed by criminal and civil laws and by improving and monitoring and enforcement of these standards. However, even the establishment of a no-fault regime cannot guarantee the accurate attribution of environmental responsibility, the exhaustive remediation of environmental damage and the compensation of every loss caused by environmental pollution. This thesis will reveal that civil liability is not effective in securing restoration of the damaged environment and compensation of the injured persons. Furthermore, it will give consideration to other conceptions (compensation schemes and compulsory insurance), which try to ensure that environmental restoration and compensation take place.
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45

Javaid, Saboor. "Development and optimisation of treatment technologies for environmental pollution control". Thesis, Brunel University, 2006. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5403.

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A number of sustainable and economically viable treatment methodologies have been developed and optimised to combat environmental pollution problems associated with the diversity and scattered nature of industries in Pakistan. The use of both electro-precipitation and electro-oxidation processes are shown to lead to the removal of dyes from textile effluent streams originating from various operations. The use of the electro-precipitation process, however, leads to a secondary disposal problem because sludge produced has to be disposed of safely. The use of an electrooxidation process does not produce sludge but is unable to remove some of the organic impurities from industrial textile effluent. Both processes do, however, result in colour removal from dye effluents with the degradation of dyes during electro-oxidation proceeding through the formation of different intermediate species before mineralization leading to complete mineralization in 30-40 minutes. Ames tests confirm that the treated effluent streams from both electro-precipitation and electro-oxidation processes are non-mutagenic. The electro-Precipitation process with mild steel anodes is also be used for the treatment of leather effluent streams to remove chromium by producing a mixed Cr(III) / Fe(III) hydroxide sludge. The same treatment process was successfully used for the simultaneous removal of dyes and chromium from mixed textile/leather effluent streams. The electro-precipitation process developed has been successfully tested on pilot scale at a textile mill in Faisalabad, Pakistan. A number of transition metal supported catalysts were shown to be ineffective in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds. For this reason a method of preparing platinum group metal catalysts on inert supports at low temperatures was developed and used to oxidise toluene, as an indicator of volatile organic compounds. The preferred catalyst support is y-A1203 which can be in the form of spheres or washcoated monoliths. In the case of y-A1203 spheres and the y-A1203 washcoated monolith complete oxidation of toluene was achieved at the relatively low temperatures of 236 and 2680C. A number of novel room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were synthesised, characterised and their potential application for selective extraction of copper from industrial wastes is also reported. The solubility studies of different metal oxides in the RTIL, 1-(2-cyanoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide, show that it can be used for the selective extraction of copper from industrial waste samples containing other metal oxides. This RTIL has the ability to selectively dissolve, copper, copper oxide and copper sulfide when the reaction is carried out in the presence of water.
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46

Zubair, Arif. "Groundwater pollution and its environmental impact in Karachi region (Pakistan)". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284838.

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47

O'Shea, Lucy. "Essays in environmental policy, biotechnology and non-point source pollution". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403815.

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48

FERREIRA, MARIA EULALIA DO CARMO. "INTERNACIONAL COOPERATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS: CONTROLLING SEA POLLUTION-1973/1979". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1998. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2663@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
A segunda metade do século XX vem sendo marcada pela interdependência entre Estados, em função do entrelaçamento de econo.mias e políticas. Face a isso, a agenda de política vem se tornando cada vez mais variada e complexa. Não é mais possível analisar as relações internacionais apenas a partir da ótica de uma política de poder baseada na idéia de segurança, como o preconizam realistas e neorealistas.Institucionalistas neoliberais defendem que a interdependência projeta interesses e valores comuns, que podem gerar a cooperação entre os atores que, por sua vez, não são apenas Estados. Em um sistema internacional marcado pela anarquia, mesmo o cálculo racional de custo/benefício poderá levar atores estatais e não-estatais à promoção do custoso processo de barganha política, que leva à coordenação de políticas, ou seja , à cooperação. A superação do dilema de ação coletiva poderia ser alcançada com a construção de regimes que normatizem a cooperação. A barganha política que permite a construção, nos anos 70, de uma política internacional ambiental, de regimes que busquem a normatização de uma política internacional para a prevenção e controle da poluição do mar por derrames operacionais e acidentais de petróleo, pode ser analisada através da lógica da cooperação, e não do conflito. O destaque dado aos anos 70 advém do fato de que é o momento do nascimento da chamada era ecológica, e segundo lugar, é um período marcado pela tentativa de construção da détente entre EUA e URSS. Uma política cooperativa para o meio ambiente configura-se, então, como parte intrínseca da construção do momento histórico de distensão da guerra fria.
The second half of the twentieth century has been determined by the interdependence among the States, due to the interlacement of economics and politics.On account of that the agenda of politics has become more varied and complex. It is not possible anymore to analyse the International Relations only from power politics approach based on the idea of Security, as realistic and neo-realist theoriticians proclaim. Neoliberal Institutionalists defend that the interdependence develops cmmon interests and values which can produce the cooperation among the actors, that are not States only. In an international system determined by anarchy, even the cost/ benefit calculation can lead actors to the promotion of the costly process of politics bargain which leads to the co-ordination of politics, in other words, to cooperation. The control of the collective action dilemma would be reasonably reached by constructing regimes. The politics bargain that permits the construction, in the 70s, of an international environmental politics or the cosntruction of regimes that search for norms of an international politics to prevent and control the pollution of the sea by accidental and operational spillage of oil can be analysed by the logic of cooperation instead of conflict. The distinction given to the 70s comes from the fact that it is the moment of the birth of the ecological era. It is also a period determined by the effort of building the détente among USA and URSS. A cooperative politics for the environment can be seen as an essential part of the construction of the historical moment of distension of the Cold War.
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49

Thompson, Alexi. "Three essays on the environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution". Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15073.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Agricultural Economics
Jeff Peterson
This dissertation is composed of three chapters each investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for water pollution. The first chapter looks at downstream dependence, the second chapter looks at the effect water abundance has on an EKC for water pollution, and the third chapter looks at different ways to control for population across countries in an EKC empirical model. Of particular note a theoretical model is developed in the first chapter that links directly with the empirical EKC model and marginal effects of consumption and effort on pollution are derived. This model specification may be particularly useful in future EKC studies. In general, there is some evidence of an EKC although it appears to depend on the country.
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50

Breedlove, Joseph Toth. "Environmental Protection Agency enforcement and facility pollution control device selection /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008288.

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