Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Political changeover.
Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Political changeover"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 35 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Political changeover".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Petukhov, I. A. "The evolution of the assessment of smenovekhovtsevs in domestic scientific literature and publicism". Vestnik of Minin University 8, n.º 4 (7 de noviembre de 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2020-8-4-11.
Texto completoResumen
Introduction. In this article issues, are considered, that are connected with the change of smenovekhovtsy in scientific and political publications of Russian authors in the historical retrospective. The article snows that the initial assessments were greatly defendant on the political environment at the beginning of the XX century when of the articles criticism the entire intellectual class but this tendency gradually evolved in to a more detailed and conscious analysis of the smenovekhovtsy ideas through the lens of the Russian post-revolutionary thought.Materials and Methods. The material of the research is the publications of various authors devoted to the problems of changeover as a philosophical and political trend. To solve the set tasks, the methods of philosophical analysis, interpretation, comparison, generalization are used.Results. The result of the conducted research is the systematization of the history of consideration of the phenomenon of changeover from political criticism to understanding the originality of the originality of the thought of the creators of this movement, including the personality characteristics of N.V. Ustryalov, a description and assessment of his political, scientific, managerial and other activities directly related to the process of the origin and development of the project of change. In general, it can be stated that the philosophical studies of the works and biography of N.V. Ustryalova are devoted to a limited range of topics: an assessment of his activities as a political figure of the white movement, an analysis of his ties with the Bolsheviks, a study of the reasons that served as the basis for the formation of the idea of national bolshevism and a conceptual comparison of this trend with Smenovekhovtsy. Currently, this thematic circle has expanded due to the study of the philosophical and political views of N.V. Ustryalov from the point of view of the influence of Smenovekhovtsy on other trends of Russian social thought in emigration, the originality and patriotism of his works.Discussion and Conclusion. Within the framework of this article, a scientific discussion of well-known experts on the history of changeover is presented and makes it possible to characterize the main ideas of the representatives of this trend. One of the most important issues discussed in the works devoted to the changeover and directly by N.V. Ustryalov, is the question of the originality of smenovekhovtsy as a political and philosophical direction of Russian thought. An important role in the study of N.V. Ustryalov plays the fact of the influence of his ideas on other currents of emigration, Soviet and philosophical thought, understanding of the origins and foundations that served to create smenovekhovtsy and National Bolshevism. Therefore, it can be argued that a deep meaningful analysis of domestic ideas is needed, a study of the history of interpenetration and the influence of the teachings of the smenovekhovtsy on post-revolutionary socio-political and philosophical thought, both inRussia and abroad.Thus, the author was able to form a full-fledged political and philosophical analysis of journalism devoted to the changeover and demonstrate the importance of the ideas of its creators in the history of Russian philosophy.
2
Schindeler, Emily. "Family Law Court orders for supervised contact in custodial disputes – unanswered questions". Children Australia 44, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2019): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2019.42.
Texto completoResumen
AbstractThe focus of this study was on the application of orders for supervised access made by the Australian Family Law Court in cases that involved conflicting claims by custodial and noncustodial parents. Based on accessible Court transcripts for the 28-month period ending in early 2019, 103 cases involving 172 children were identified in which orders required supervision for visitation and/or changeovers. The patterns found through thematic analysis suggest that there is a shift to increasing use of final orders involving supervision through child contact centers as either an indeterminate or permanent arrangement. This shift has significant implications for current models of supervised access/changeover, and a greater understanding in terms of the outcomes being achieved is required.
3
Wunder, Christoph, Johannes Schwarze, Gerhard Krug y Bodo Herzog. "Welfare effects of the euro cash changeover". European Journal of Political Economy 24, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.04.002.
Texto completo
4
Qazi, Muhammad Saleem y Javed Akhtar. "Political Parties’ Contribution to the Changing Political Climate in Pakistan". Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 13, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2024): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/01.00333.
Texto completoResumen
In any defined political system with sustained democracy, the political parties act as basic solid pillars that contribute in the right direction, exact nature, and level of political development. The history of political development is so deeply stained by military interference but the major political parties such as PMLN, and PPP played a significant role in maintaining a stable democracy though they were lacking in their commitments at many points in economic and social levels. In the constantly changing and unpredictable political climate of Pakistan, the smooth changeover of power is so rare and the history of Pakistani politics is compromised by political parties' rivalries that affect the democratic development and its sustenance on larger bases. The following survey was conducted to evaluate the contribution of political parties to the development of the democracy in changing political climate. Data was collected by using a simple convenient sampling technique through different secondary sources and then analyzed by using content analysis. The survey concluded that political intolerance among different political parties at different stages affects the political climate so drastically and also is a major factor for poorly sustained democracy along with unnecessary military interference.
5
Kissane, Bill. "Democratic Consolidation and Government Changeover in the Irish Free State". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 39, n.º 1 (marzo de 2001): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713999536.
Texto completo
6
Raubo, Jacek. "Neokonserwatyzm na tle systemu partyjnego w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki". Przegląd Politologiczny, n.º 2 (2 de noviembre de 2018): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2012.17.2.11.
Texto completoResumen
The indisputable uniqueness of the US’s political system is also reflected in its party system. The exceptional nature of some elements that characterize the most important US political par- ties can be illustrated by presenting the evolution of what is called neoconservative thought. Neoconservative roots reach back to the Democratic Party, yet the implementation of their most important assumptions, in particular in the field of international policy, is strictly related to their changeover to the Republican side. The objective of this paper is therefore to indicate the transi- tion that took place in the US political stage, mainly in the period of the Ronald Reagan adminis- tration, and to determine the modern position of neoconservatism, in particular in the context of the weakened Republican position following the election success of Barack Obama.
7
Korbonski, Andrzej. "East Central Europe on the eve of the changeover: the case of Poland". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 1999): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(99)00005-7.
Texto completoResumen
In contrast to the voluminous literature dealing with the post-communist transformation, much less attention has been paid to the circumstances that led to the communist collapse. The purpose of this paper is to redress the imbalance by trying to examine the socio-political and economic situation on the eve of the changeover and to determine which factors, taken collectively, produced a trigger which ignited the implosion of 1989. The focus will be on Poland, the country which—it is generally agreed—was the first one to launch the process of change and to initiate the “domino effect” which ultimately affected the entire region.
8
Manduchi, Patrizia. "Islamic Radical Political Thought and the Struggle for a Righteous Society: Sayyid Quṭb’s Al-ʿadāla al-iǧtimāʿiyya fīʾl-Islām (Social Justice in Islam)". Studi Magrebini 21, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 188–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2590034x-20230089.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract This article aims to investigate if and how Sayyid Quṭb’s social insights can be considered an example of radical political thought – not in an Islamic sense, but as one of the “counter-hegemonic articulations” within the Egyptian political debate in the 1940s and 1950s. The essay also wants to re-discuss the widespread belief that Qutb’s intellectual production underwent a clear transition in two distinct periods of his life. In fact, Quṭb’s political thought is generally described (especially by those who only consider him as the mentor of international jihadism) as initially characterized by a phase of nationalistic commitment and later by his “changeover” to extremist, fanatical and violent Islamism. To underline how this transition was in fact far more nuanced and gradual, I will focus on Quṭb’s essay Al-ʿadāla al-iǧtimāʿiyya fīʾl-Islām (1949), its particular editorial history and its enormous resonance among Egyptian intellectuals.
9
Meriküll, Jaanika y Tairi Rõõm. "One Currency, One Price? Euro Changeover-Related Inflation in Estonia". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 53, n.º 4 (8 de diciembre de 2014): 822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12228.
Texto completo
10
Belhadj, Souhaïl. "De la centralisation autoritaire à la naissance du « pouvoir local » : transition politique et recompositions institutionnelles en Tunisie (2011–2014)". Social Science Information 55, n.º 4 (6 de agosto de 2016): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018416658154.
Texto completoResumen
The weakening of local power structures in Tunisia, whether linked to the authoritarian centralization of the country or to the erosion of the mechanisms for coopting local elites, strongly contributed to upset the political equilibrium of fallen President Ben Ali’s regime. The weakened position created conditions favorable to an ongoing negotiation over power-sharing among social groups and their access to resources. The adoption of a new Constitution in 2014 attests to this redefinition of power relations between local elites and the central State inasmuch as it established, for the first time in modern Tunisian history, the principle of an elected, decentralized ‘local power’ with financial and administrative autonomy. The aim of this article is to answer the question of whether the adoption of a new Constitution, brought in on the basis of a historical compromise between the representatives of the country’s different political tendencies, would enable an orderly changeover from authoritarian government to long-term power-sharing arrangements.
11
Zahra, Bernard. "La Commission européenne et la coopération administrative". Revue française d'administration publique 100, n.º 1 (2001): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.2001.3642.
Texto completoResumen
The European Commission and Administrative Cooperation Although the European Community was initially created without the support of administrative cooperation, the European Commission soon realized the importance of setting up such frameworks. Different forms of cooperation thus emerged, enabling the Commission not only to exercise its own authority but also, as in the changeover to the euro, to include national policy-making within the construction process of the European Union. More recently, still other forms of cooperation have been set up by the Commission in numerous areas extending beyond the scope of European competence, and a number of these projects involve countries outside the European Union.
12
Horák, Slavomir. "Leadership Succession in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan: Between Stability and Instability". Central Asian Affairs 5, n.º 1 (14 de marzo de 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00501001.
Texto completoResumen
In some countries, the death of an authoritarian leader raises concerns among political scientists, analysts and political decision-makers about subsequent instability. Informal mechanisms for regime change are seldom in place. Two recent transitions in Central Asia—Turkmenistan in 2006 and Uzbekistan in 2016—have shown that authority can be transferred calmly and peacefully. This paper examines the reasons for the stable transition process—and the factors governing it—in the two territories. It is my contention that three principal conditions have to be met in order to make the changeover relatively smooth: a lack of viable opponents, a narrow circle of people with real power and a common interest in maintaining stability, and a clearly designated new leader at the moment when the death of the incumbent is officially announced. At the same time, despite some similarities between the Turkmen and Uzbek cases, substantial differences also existed, making these two experiences—like other instances—case-specific and not necessarily applicable to other states in the region and beyond.
13
Apanel, Danuta. "Changes in the Protective and Educational Environment of Families with Disabled Children – the Past and the Present". Family Upbringing 4, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2011): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.61905/wwr/171197.
Texto completoResumen
This study outlines changes in an environment of a family upbringing a disabled child in various historical ages, including sources of those changes. The source of mentioned changes were mostly: the level of a social development, the level of its culture, religious beliefs, norms and customs, political and economical situation, as well as the level of scientific and technical development. The study includes also the most representative examples depicting a social situation of such families, starting from ancient Greece and Rome, through middle ages, renaissance until the time of the French Revolution. Next comes difficult times of the 19 century, which worsened the situation of those families. On the other hand, however it brought significant progress to the science, especially to biology, psychology, medicine and pedagogic. It has a big impact on changes in disabled people situation. The 20 introduced various and major changes. From the one side it brought hope for alleviating the situation of the family with disabled child, from the other tragic times of the Second World War and rapid development of segregation forms in education and care for disabled people in PRL. After political changeover, however one can observe positive tendencies. But there are still significant requirements for social education in order to normalize their life in terms of the disabled and their families' needs.
14
James, Scott. "The Rise and Fall of Euro Preparations: Strategic Networking and the Depoliticisation of Labour's National Changeover Plan". British Journal of Politics and International Relations 12, n.º 3 (5 de julio de 2010): 368–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2010.00420.x.
Texto completo
15
Wong, Alfred. "Social Upheaval, Poverty and the Latvian Demographic Crisis". Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 50 (14 de marzo de 2016): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.23979/fypr.49516.
Texto completoResumen
Latvia has been suffering a substantial decrease in population since the early 1990s. There appears to have been little or no detailed analysis of the genesis of this decline in population. The major political event occurring at the beginning of the population decline was the rapid transitioning from socialism to capitalism. This study has revealed the causes of severe population decline to be a combination of steadily-declining birth rate, sharply rising high death rate, and mass emigration of people to wealthier European states. The cross-over of birth rate and death rate could be attributed to the tumultuous societal upheavals in the changeover from the socialistic protective-welfare system to a free-market capitalistic economic system. In particular, this traumatic event had probably affected the physical and mental health of many people to result in premature deaths from, among other things, consequential morbidity, accidents, homicides and suicides. Practicable remedies to arrest the continuing trend of precipitous decline in the population might include a) repairing the failures of the current modality of national health care, b) creating higher paying jobs in Latvia to entice prospective young emigrants to stay in Latvia, and c) repatriating of recent Latvian émigrés.
16
Sobia Hanif and Muhammad Khan. "US Security Strategy for Asia Pacific and India’s Role". Strategic Studies 38, n.º 1 (27 de abril de 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.038.01.00158.
Texto completoResumen
Following a changeover in the US corridors of power after the election of Donald Trump as President of the US, America’s allies and partners are concerned about the US’s willingness to sustain its leadership role and security commitments in the Asia Pacific region. China’s rising military power and the Trump administration’s decision to withdraw from the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP); considering the economic leg of the ‘rebalancing strategy.’ This development has further contributed in increasing regional anxieties. Viewed through the lens of Neoclassical realism, the paper argues that the US emphasis on India’s role within Asia Pacific is a consequence of consistencies in the US strategic priorities that value India as a regional counterweight to China’s growing influence while also preserving the US dominance within the region. The paper analyses how the Indo-US relations have progressed from President Obama to President Trump despite the vastly different styles of leadership and asserts that the overarching pattern of the Indo-US strategic relations has not changed in any significant way. India will continue to play a central role in the US security strategy for Asia Pacific and the benefits accrued will in turn contribute towards the expansion of its own geo-political influence within the region.
17
Bennett, Fran. "Parliamentary Questions". Benefits: A Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 11, n.º 2 (junio de 2003): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51952/zeob5109.
Texto completoResumen
Parliamentary Questions is a selection of recent written questions from MPs to government ministers in the House of Commons. The answers from ministers highlighted in this section focus on social security matters which may be of general interest to readers. Published in daily and weekly editions of Hansard, questions and answers across a range of issues can also now be found online at www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmhansrd.htm. In addition to written parliamentary questions, Hansard also covers Oral Answers from the ministers in the Department for Work and Pensions on a regular basis. In recent months, ministers have also started making written ministerial statements on occasions. These are printed just before the written answers in Hansard, and often cover announcements of substantive policy changes or the publication of reports etc. Because of the availability of parliamentary answers on the website, only a few significant answers will be reproduced in full in Benefits from now on. Other important answers will be listed, in chronological date order within each topic. (Please note that this will not be a complete list of parliamentary answers on social security benefits, but only those which the contributor thinks fairly important.) The answers below start from January 2003, and cover January and most of February. There are unfortunately none from November or December 2002, due to the changeover of contributor for Parliamentary Questions from Marilyn Howard to Fran Bennett.
18
Gribunov, Oleg, Anna Tumurova y Elena Stepanova. "Features of organization and activity of courts and bar in Irkutsk province in the 20s of the XX century". Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2024, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2024-2-33-42.
Texto completoResumen
Introduction. Five years after the October Revolution of 1917, the need to eliminate the revolutionary courts and to create a new judicial system was formed. At the same time, the problem of financing the judicial system and selecting professional personnel for working in courts of various levels remained. In 1922, the advocacy started to take shape, but was still under the close supervision of the authorities. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the work is the dialectical method of cognition, which made it possible to trace the interrelationships between various facts and events. The analysis of statistical information in conjunction with the historical method of research revealed a clear vision of the functioning of the judicial system in Irkutsk province in 1921-1926. The results of the study outlined the problems of judicial reform in the 1920s of the XXth century. By the example of the courts of Irkutsk province the problem of dependence of the courts’ activity on the Party and political situation in the country is demonstrated. The problem of low qualification of court employees in combination with heavy workload of criminal and especially civil cases is also reflected. The issue of formation of state arbitration in Irkutsk is touched upon. The formation of a new judicial system was a logical and necessary step after the stabilisation of the political situation in the country and in connection with the changeover to the New Economic Policy. Simultaneously with the formation of the court system, the legal profession developed in the form of collegiums of defence counsel at the courts, but both the court and the collegiums were still under the influence of the Party and Soviet power.
19
Toure, Ibrahima. "African youth movements put to the test of citizenship, democracy and development". E3S Web of Conferences 418 (2023): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341804003.
Texto completoResumen
Y’en a marre (Senegal), Filimbi and Lucha (Democratic Republic of Congo), Balai citoyen (Burkina Faso), Tournons la page (Burundi), SOFAS (Mali), Stop à la mauvaise gouvernance (Guinea) and Ça suffit comme ça (Gabon) are Africa’s new dissident and citizenship movements. Led by young people from diverse social backgrounds, these movements have become major political and social players in public life in Africa, breaking away from traditional ideologies and the classical political class. They are at the heart of the social and historical dynamics running through the continent’s countries. For a long time socially excluded, then confronted with the exhaustion of the post-colonial state model and the extreme precariousness of their living conditions, young people are today increasingly multiplying the forms of civic engagement, dialogue and reconciliation in the political arena and in the development processes of their respective countries. The importance of this increased role for youth movements can be illustrated by the numerous mobilizations around the issues of democratic changeover, climate change, the high cost of living, improved purchasing power, the plundering of national resources, the contestation of the European presence on the continent and the denunciation of its negative effects through the CFA franc currency and extroverted development. Young people no longer hesitate to act retroactively to deconstruct their culture and identity, using linguistic figures close to the cultures of their respective working-class backgrounds and based on values centered on pan-Africanism, the African renaissance, the continent’s growing independence and references to historical leaders such as Thomas Sankara, Kwame Nkrumah, AmilcarCabral, Nelson Mandela, Patrice Lumumba and Cheikh Anta Diop. They take advantage of the opportunities offered by the new information and communication technologies (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube), not only to interact with each other, but also to make themselves known to the outside world, bypassing the various obstacles placed in their path by those in power. The data analysed here come from a literature review and a qualitative survey of youth citizen movements.
20
Hill, Jane H. "EDITOR'S NOTE". Language in Society 30, n.º 3 (julio de 2001): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404501003074.
Texto completoResumen
As this is my first note to the readers of Language in Society, I begin by expressing my gratitude to the former Editor-in-chief, William Bright, for his many years of splendid stewardship of the journal and for his kind help and patience in the changeover. I also want to thank the distinguished members of the Editorial Board, some of whom have seen unexpected extra years added to their terms while I have been getting organized. But mainly I write to explain the format of the present issue, with its four quite long articles and only six book reviews. This does not represent a change in editorial policy in the direction of a de-emphasis of book reviews or in favor of long papers. It does, however, represent a response to two problems. The first is that, while the time from submission to an editorial decision now averages about 4 months (a reasonable interval, considering that it can sometimes take weeks to find referees for an article), the time from acceptance of an article to publication in Language in Society is now at least a year, and often 18 months. I want to try to decrease that interval. The second is that I recently spent six months in Australia. It was impractical to forward books submitted for review from Tucson to Melbourne, so I commissioned only one or two book reviews between June and December 2000. The shift in balance of the present issue permits me to stretch out the book reviews
21
Tsichla, Markella-Elpida. "Institutions and Culture in Thessaloniki and the Role of Local Government: From Dimitria to Labattoir". American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 7, n.º 1 (28 de enero de 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21694/2378-7031.21002.
Texto completoResumen
The cultural activity of the Municipality of Thessaloniki begins in the first post-war years and especially in the 50’s and later, in order to cover the inability of the Greek state to finance cultural activities outside the capital. This weakness is based on the fact that Greece came out devastated by the German occupation, but also by the civil war, which was the painful result of national division. On the other hand, it was considered a symptom of the Cold War. Consequently, the Municipality of Thessaloniki with its meager forces undertook the task of promoting and familiarizing its citizens with forms of contemporary culture and modern art, as the cultural heritage of the ancient Greek world was in the hands of of the central administration. Along the way, the Municipality of Thessaloniki and its departments take up the organization of art exhibitions, mainly of artists who came both from the city and from the Macedonian hinterland. The first concern of the Municipality was the creation of a gallery with works by contemporary artists and then it implemented a cultural activity, which was to become one of the most important cultural institutions in the country: Dimitria Festival, in the honor of the patron saint of Agios Dimitrios. During the Political Changeover, the Municipality of Thessaloniki increased its activities in the field of Culture as the economic situation of Greece significantly improved being a permanent member of the European Union since 1981. Thus, sponsorships were made by its citizens for the creation of new cultural infrastructure (Vafopouleio Cultural Center, History Center); the architectural wealth of the once prosperous Jewish community was used for cultural purposes, and also the Ottoman buildings, which are scattered throughout the city, were preserved.
22
Oquendo, Ángel R. "Delegitimizing, corruptive crises". Revista Direito GV 12, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2016): 892–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6172201636.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Without doubt, pervasive corruption may undermine a government's legitimacy. Citizens may lose faith in political and legal institutions and become cynical or rebel. Ultimately, the very survival of the polity may be at stake. This paper deals with these issues, but at a rather specific conceptual level. In particular, it explores the notion of a legitimation crisis and its implications for the issue of corruption in Latin America. This exercise will make it possible to appreciate how corrupt practices debilitate the state's claim to justification. Indeed, the notion of a legitimation crisis helps to illuminate the problem of governmental dishonesty in Latin America. If properly reinterpreted, it enables one to grasp corruption as an endemic threat to the normative identity of the national communities. The concept may describe a situation in which these collectivities must, at the outset, transition from an instrumental to a reflexive construction of legitimacy norms, such as autonomy, legality, and equality, in order effectively to regenerate a corrupt bureaucracy and, thereafter, struggle to recognize themselves after the changeover. Accordingly, one should not respond to the challenge exclusively in a technical manner, such as with the enactment of tougher laws or with the implementation of more drastic enforcement mechanisms. Nor should one take a merely motivational approach, in the sense of U.S. psychologist David McClelland, rather than that of Habermas. In other words, one should not solely seek to change the attitude or the prevailing professional culture in civil service. Instead, Latin American societies must embark upon an unlikely radical crusade to transform the way in which they understand themselves, particularly the premises of their social integration. Against all odds, they must genuinely commit to and identify with democracy, the rule of law, and solidarity.
23
Zhiltsov, S. S. "History of the Ukrainian State Formation (Prior to the USSR Breakup)". Post-Soviet Issues 5, n.º 3 (24 de agosto de 2018): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2018-5-3-309-328.
Texto completoResumen
The changeover of the ruling of the modern Ukrainian territory between East and West had lasted for around 800 years beginning from the Mongol-Tatar invasion. It was that time when Batu Khan defeated Ancient Rus that the present territory of Ukraine came under complete and absolute ruling of the Tatar East. In the 16th century as a part of Lithuania Ukraine was included into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and then passed under the rule of the Polish magnates, under the yoke of the Western Polish civilization. In 1569 the Union of Lublin was signed that formalized the accession of the Ukrainian territory to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the period from the 10th to the 19th centuries there was no such state as Ukraine on the world political map. In the 10th century some part of the territory of present Ukraine was taken by Kievan Rus, in the 13th century — by Golden Horde, in the 14th-15th centuries — by Lithuania, Golden Horde and Russia. In the next centuries the territory of Ukraine was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, Poland and Russia. And only in 1918 the state of Ukraine appeared on the political map.Single Soviet Ukraine created by Bolsheviks did not present any internal cultural and language unity as it was always shared by different empires being the hostile and irreconcilable centers of force in Europe — the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russian Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire.In 1917-1920 about dozens of different republics were established in the territory of Ukraine. They were isolated within the borders of their formations. Accordingly, it may be said that in 1917-1920 Ukraine presented a mosaic of different formations which were often formed due to ambitions of some scoundrels and political adventurers striving to get to power and to become the leader of a state. But only the tough policy of Bolsheviks aimed to prevent the disintegration process permitted Ukraine to preserve its territory. After its election the Supreme Council started preparation of the Draft Declaration of Ukraine State Sovereignty simultaneously with the Draft Law on Ukraine State Sovereignty. Both drafts were considered in May 1990. After their discussion it was decided to develop the Draft Declaration of State Sovereignty.On July 16, 1990 the Ukrainian Parliament after long discussions adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine by majority voting. This declaration which did not change and substitute the Constitution of Ukrainian SSR became a very important document for establishment of the Ukrainian statehood having laid the basis for the future Constitution of Ukraine.The concept of the new Constitution of Ukraine envisaged the establishment of the presidential republic. As a result, in June 1991 the laws «On Establishment of the Office of President of Ukrainian SSR with Making Alterations and Additions in the Constitution», «On President of Ukrainian SSR” and “On Election of President of Ukrainian SSR». The office of president was established to strengthen the vertical of executive power and to make it in the future independent of executive power of union bodies. The law assigned broad authorities to the president. Thus, the president acquired the right to cancel the decisions of the USSR bodies of executive power in the territory of Ukrainian SSR if they contradicted its constitution.By mid-1991 the legislative base was created in Ukraine which, in fact, made it an independent state as the laws adopted in 1990 and in the first half of 1991 brought out Ukraine from subordination to the USSR powers. The single economic, political and military space of the USSR practically ceased to exist. By this time Ukraine subordinated only nominally to union authorities. On August 24 the Extraordinary Meeting of Supreme Rada passed the Act on Declaration of Independence of Ukraine. That time it was also decided to conduct on December 01 the republican referendum to confirm the Act of Independence. This was done with a view to demonstrate to the union authorities that the Ukrainian people were endeavoring to become independent, thus, making legitimate the Act of Independence. After becoming independent in 1991 Ukraine entered the new stage of its development. The regional system of Ukraine revealed two clear poles — Donbass and Galichina which determined the country’s development for decades ahead.
24
Kelman, Vitalii, Attila Ponevac y Oksana Korolovych. "Rationalization of network retail management with a shift trading function based on the mathematical description of processes in the mass service area". Economic Annals-ХХI 190, n.º 5-6(2) (10 de julio de 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v190-13.
Texto completoResumen
The authors highlight the high priority of rationalization in the management of the totality of transactions carried out in the sphere of network retail, in close contact with the service consumer. For network retail objects with a shift trading function, it is important to implement a direct and permanent impact, both on the system structure and on the basic processes in the area of mass trade services. This impact focuses on studying the flow of requests, service inputs and outputs of the system, as well as the length of waiting times, and the length of queues. The success of development in such retail networks depends on the flexibility of the operations performed by the contractor in close contact with the service consumer. It is envisaged to consider peculiarities in the rationalization of network retail management with trade turnover (flexibility) functions. The latter define the structure of the service delivery system for service consumers with processes running, in which client demands for services, as defined in the income chain, even though the intensity of the customer service flow is not constant. The purpose of the research is to present the informative field for rationalization in network retail management with the function of shifting trade, based on the mathematical description and repeated «playing» of all processes within the area of mass service. To represent the informative area for rationalization in network retail management with a shift trading function based on a mathematical description and repeated play of all processes within the public service area, Methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics have been used, as well as cloud computing in AnyLogic Claud environment, AnyLogic service. The results of the study was the presentation of new possibilities for rationalizing network retail management by groups of network objects based on the concept of a mass service area, and in view of the fact that there is an n-channel system of mass service with an unlimited queue, where the request flow has the intensity λ, and the service flow is the intensity μ. The study was implemented with the example of one of the hubs Walmart-Salvador, uniting 90 supermarkets of the company. All Walmart hubs combine only the same supermarket type, supporting the trade changeover function within a single graph (half-yearly). Similar Walmart hubs are developed in Mexico, Great Britain, Brazil, China, Canada, South Africa, Chile, Japan, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Argentina, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Ukraine. At the same time, all network nodes contain objects that apply multi-channel service systems, most common in the network retail with an unlimited queue and an option to add a new service node. It is the Walmart-Salvador hub that has a fairly high percentage of customers’ refusals due to the busy service devices (this estimate ranging from 19% to 25%). As a result, Walmart’s lost annual profit reaches up to USD 25.5 million approximately. The rationalization in the management of the network retail for the Walmart-Salvador hub objects is implemented with a breakdown into 8 groups, united according to common input parameters, the latter providing a solution for the optimal number of service devices, and their required reserve and runoff are calculated, as well as efficient productivity resulting from the consistency of the input and output flows in the service channel and the stability in the mass service system. At the same time, programming for solving the problem of the management rationalization is realized using rate fixing for the basic processes in the area of mass service. In this way, mass service system sustainability is ensured, with the average timing for the application staying in the mass service system being crucial. In particular, implementing such a standard could allow avoiding losses caused by waiting for servicing and unproductive ones. Among other relevant factors are: associated timing, probability or other values (necessary for transformation operations in the characteristics of the mass service area, performed for generating target values of this indicator). Perspectives of implementing the mathematical description of the processes in a mass-service area are in the fact that it will provide for significantly simplification in the processes of rationalizing the retail management in shift-trading facilities, regardless of the frequency of quantity and quality product range changes.
25
Papkova, Irina. "Russian Orthodox concordat? Church and state under Medvedev". Nationalities Papers 39, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2011): 667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.602394.
Texto completoResumen
The literature on church-state relations in post-Soviet Russia has been slowly but steadily expanding over the past two decades. The period since 2008, however, remains underdeveloped, as existing analysis has focused on specific issues rather than attempting an overview of the larger trends since the above-mentioned changes in the leadership of both institutions. Seeking to address this gap, this article explores the implications of the nearly coincidental changeovers in leadership in the Moscow Patriarchate and the secular state for church-state relations in Russia, both near and long-term. The first part of the article sets up the context for understanding the new church-state dynamic, by discussing in some detail the state of the relationship under Patriarch Aleksii II. The conclusions are that, under Aleksii tenure, the church could be considered a relatively weak institution, as it was unable for the most part to strengthen its position in Russia through legislative means. The second part focuses on the process whereby the new patriarch came to be elected in 2009, intending thereby to shed some light on Kirill I's leadership style and political agenda. The third part discusses concrete changes in the church-state relationship that have occurred on the federal level since 2008. The final section proposes some conclusions regarding the importance of the Russian Orthodox Church as a political actor in the contemporary Russian Federation, suggesting that despite the recent gains in the church's political fortunes, the ROC's position in society and particularly vis-à-vis the government remains vulnerable in key respects.
26
Λαμπρόπουλος, Κωνσταντίνος. "Political changeover: «Greek» culture and education". Επιθεώρηση Κοινωνικών Ερευνών 139, n.º 139 (1 de enero de 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/grsr.77.
Texto completoResumen
<p>Ιστορικά η νεοελληνική συλλογικότητα εκφράστηκε πολωτικά: υπηρετώντας συναισθηματικά φορτισμένες ιδέες. Η Μεταπολίτευση ακολούθησε τον ίδιο ιστορικό δρόμο. Μεταθέτοντας την πόλωση στο πεδίο της προάσπισης των λαϊκών συμφερόντων οδηγήθηκε στην επανάληψη της πλημ-<br />μελούς και αντιφατικής σύστασης ενός συλλογικού ιδεώδους. Αλλά η επανάληψη της ίδιας συλλογικής στάσης προδίδει βαθύτερα πολιτισμικά αίτια και εμμονές. Ειδικότερα αυτή η στάση αντικατοπτρίστηκε στην εκπαίδευση των νέων. Το ελληνικό σχολείο παρέμεινε διχασμένο ανάμεσα σε μια<br />αυτοαναφορική και δογματική διδασκαλία του νεοελληνικού συνειδότος και, σε επίπεδο τεχνολογικής-οικονομικής ζωής, στη διδασκαλία ενός θύραθεν νεωτερικού πνεύματος.</p>
27
"Editorial Changeover". Scandinavian Political Studies 22, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1999): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00018.
Texto completo
28
Chang, Hsiao-Ming,, De-Ming Lin y Min-Ying Lu. "Evolution of Tourism Policies Due to Change of Ruling Parties in Taiwan". Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 18 de mayo de 2019, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v23i630149.
Texto completoResumen
Tourism policy is the blueprint and roadmap for the development of tourism in a country or a region. As policymaking for the tourism industry is set in the context of wider government policies, it is highly relevant to the majority ruling party. In 2000, the long-standing ruling party in Taiwan lost its seats for the first time, which had sweeping impact on the economic, social, and political landscape on the island. This paper examines the tourism policy in Taiwan and analyzes the influence of administration changeover on the development of tourism. It is hoped that the research insight serves as reference to other countries in the formation of tourism policies going forward. This study adopts qualitative research methods, including: historical research, document analysis, field observation and interviews. The results show that although the evolution of Taiwan's tourism policy has gone through the ruling of different political parties, they regard the development of tourism as one of the important economic policies, and strengthen the construction of scenic spots, the formulation of laws and regulations, as well as the innovation of tourism products, so that the tourism industry can be successfully developed. However, it will be influenced by the political ideas of the political parties, and the selected international tourism target markets are also different.
29
Bodnar, Eva. "“I Have Often Walked Down This Street Before…But What Was it Called?”: Changes to Street Names in Budapest from the End of Turkish Rule to the Present". Past Imperfect 15 (4 de septiembre de 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.21971/p7459p.
Texto completoResumen
My essay examines patterns of meaning in the nomenclature chosen to designate street names of Budapest, Hungary’s present-day capital city, over a period of about three hundred years. I attend to the magyarization of Budapest and how street signage reflected the change of Budapest from a German to a Hungarian city. After the changeover to Magyar I continue to address how Budapest street toponymy was consistently utilized to express national identity. As consensus over national identity changed over time, so did its metaphorical expression in Budapest street nomenclature. Examples of these changes include the creation of cults of collective remembrance and personality in the nineteenth century and irredentism in the twentieth century. I also argue that Budapest street naming during the socialist period served the purpose of legitimizing the purported domestic origin of the ruling political philosophy. Currently, the erasure and retention of street names from previous regimes is a deliberate policy of symbolic reconciliation of Hungary’s past with its present.
30
-, Usha Rani. "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Economic Philosophy: A Special Focus on the Indian Economy". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, n.º 2 (18 de marzo de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.15077.
Texto completoResumen
Bharat Ratna Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a significant figure in Indian history. He made contributions in the domains of economics, sociology, law, education, journalism, editing, social revolution, and human rights, among other things. India's mixed economy reflects the effects of social, political, and economic shifts that occurred both before and after independence. He used his movements to highlight the problem of the rural poor being exploited both physically and financially. Indian economics now have a new sociopolitical viewpoint thanks to Dr. Ambedkar. "Changeover from economics to law and politics" was the decision made by Dr. Ambedkar. He was in favour of keeping the currency's gold standard steady. He claims that a depreciating currency boosts exports and drives up local prices. Furthermore, he promoted "Industrialization" as a useful and workable solution for the Indian economy and agriculture. The goal of the current study is to clarify Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's economic views in light of the Indian economy.
31
Agbo, Seth A., Natalya Pak, Azamat Akbarov, Gulmira Madiyeva y Yerbolat Saurykov. "Global Competitiveness Myths and Ideals: English Language Policy in Universities in Kazakhstan". International Journal of Educational Reform, 16 de noviembre de 2022, 105678792211375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10567879221137572.
Texto completoResumen
It seems Kazakhstan couches superior knowledge in one particular language. The government policy for educational change focuses on reaching some aspects of equivalence or parity with developed and advanced nations to the extent that they approximate the attributes of prestigious national societies such as the rich European and North American countries. Current government policy in Kazakhstan calls for a policy dubbed “trilingualism” which means proficiency in Kazakh, Russian, and English. This study utilized various qualitative methods such as interviews, participant and non-participant observation, and document analysis to investigate faculty, students, and administrators’ experiences of the change from teaching and learning in Russian and Kazakh to English. The findings indicated that for Kazakhstan's universities to become globally competitive, they must have clear-cut goals that directly manifest how language conveys society's essential values. The unpreparedness of students, faculty, and administrators delimits the changeover from Kazakh and Russian to English. Accordingly, among the essential criteria to foster the foundation of development are national identity, harmony between the educational system, and, most generally, the extent of political decision-making to meet the national society's educational needs.
32
Santoso, M. Agus. "PERKEMBANGAN KONSTITUSI DI INDONESIA". Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 2, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v2i3.10168.
Texto completoResumen
<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Thi</em><em>s research discussed about the development of the constitution in Indonesia which has been determined since August 18 1945. The approach used in this research is yuridis normative, while the source of data is secondary data. The result of this research indicates that the constitution in Indonesia has ever been changed several times. It can be seen from UUD 1945, UUD rIS, UUDS 1950 and them turned back again to the UUD 1945, which has been approved for from times and it is valid until now on. The changeover of the constitution in Indonesia is caused by internal and external factors. It is also influenced by the real condition of law political which brings the impact to the change of the constitutional system in Indonesia.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words : </em></strong><em>The development, constitution, Indonesia</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penelitian ini membahas tentang perkembangan konstitusi di Indonesia yang telah ditetapkan sejak tanggal 18 Agustus 1945. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, sedangkan sumber datanya berupa data sekunder, analisisnya menggunakan diskriptif kualitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa konstitusi di Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan beberapa kali, diantaranya adalah UUD 1945, UUD RIS, UUDS 1950 dan kembali lagi ke UUD 1945 hingga mengalami perubahan sampai ke 4 (empat) kalinya dan berlaku hingga saat ini. Perubahan konstitusi di Indonesia disebabkan oleh faktor eksternal dan faktor internal serta dipengaruhi oleh kondisi politik hukum yang ada kemudian berdampak pula pada berubahnya sistem ketatanegaraan di Indoensia.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci : </strong>Perkembangan, Konstitusi, Indonesia.</p>
33
Brown, David. "Capacity Market Design: Motivation and Challenges in Alberta’s Electricity Market". School of Public Policy Publications 11, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/sppp.v11i1.43169.
Texto completoResumen
Alberta’s electricity market is currently undergoing a period of substantial transition. The province should proceed with caution as it switches from an energy-only electricity market to a capacity market by 2021. Many other jurisdictions have already made the changeover and Alberta can learn from their experiences in order to avoid common mistakes and pitfalls that can arise with the deployment of a capacity market.There were growing concerns that the existing electricity market structure would not attract sufficient investment from conventional generation (e.g., natural gas) due to the increased penetration of zero marginal cost renewable generation. As a result, the Alberta government has chosen to transition to a capacity market. For consumers, a capacity market aims to ensure there is sufficient investment in new generation capacity to “keep the lights on” and reduce price swings in the wholesale market. The capacity market will also help the province meet its goals for attracting investors and transitioning away from its dependence on coal-fired electricity generation.However, a switchover is not as simple as it sounds. In an energy-only market, firms are paid solely based on the provision of electricity in hourly wholesale markets. In capacity markets, electricity-generating firms are also paid for providing generation capacity, reflecting the potential to provide electricity at some point in the future. While capacity markets can help ensure there is a reliable supply of electricity, there are several challenges in the implementation of capacity markets. This paper discusses the motivation for the adoption of capacity markets, highlights challenges regulators face when implementing this market design in the context of Alberta, and summarizes the key trade-offs associated with energy-only versus capacity market designs.Relative to an energy-only market, a capacity market is more complex and requires that regulators specify numerous parameters that are essential to the functioning of the market. An essential, but often controversial component is the formulation of the capacity demand curve. A capacity demand curve for Alberta has to be carefully designed to deal with uncertainties in demand growth, given that Alberta’s electricity demand is closely interconnected with the ups and downs of global crude oil prices.Consideration must be given to the perspective of outside investors who – as in any area of economic interest – are wary about uncertainty. Political and regulatory uncertainty can undermine the success of a capacity market. This potential for investor hesitancy could result in incumbent firms, familiar with investing in Alberta, seizing a larger share of the market in an already historically concentrated environment. It is critical that policymakers establish a clear and well-defined trajectory for the future of Alberta’s electricity market design as a whole, not just its capacity market. The capacity market is not a panacea for the potential downfalls of an energy-only market. There are trade-offs associated with both energy-only and capacity market designs. Energy-only markets are arguably more economically efficient with cleaner price signals. However, with political constraints on electricity price-spikes and the expansion of renewables, there is more uncertainty in an energy-only market’s ability to promote investment. A capacity market provides more certainty in terms of generation resource adequacy, but at a potentially higher cost. Despite these tradeoffs, capacity markets are unambiguously more complex. This places a heavy burden on regulators to carefully and correctly set critical capacity market parameters that can have substantive impacts on prices and the associated economic signals.
34
Sajadi, Haniye Sadat, Hamidreza Safikhani, Alireza Olyaeemanesh y Reza Majdzadeh. "Challenges in institutionalizing evidence-informed priority setting for health service packages: a qualitative document and interview analysis from Iran". Health Research Policy and Systems 22, n.º 1 (19 de agosto de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12961-024-01207-6.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract Background Setting and implementing evidence-informed health service packages (HSPs) is crucial for improving health and demonstrating the effective use of evidence in real-world settings. Despite extensive training for large groups on evidence generation and utilization and establishing structures such as evidence-generation entities in many countries, the institutionalization of setting and implementing evidence-informed HSPs remains unachieved. This study aims to review the actions taken to set the HSP in Iran and to identify the challenges of institutionalizing the evidence-informed priority-setting process. Methods Relevant documents were obtained through website search, Google queries, expert consultations and library manual search. Subsequently, we conducted nine qualitative semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. The participants were purposively sampled to represent diverse backgrounds relevant to health policymaking and financing. These interviews were meticulously audio-recorded, transcribed and reviewed. We employed the framework analysis approach, guided by the Kuchenmüller et al. framework, to interpret data. Results Efforts to incorporate evidence-informed process in setting HSP in Iran began in the 1970s in the pilot project of primary health care. These initiatives continued through the Health Transformation Plan in 2015 and targeted disease-specific efforts in 2019 in recent years. However, full institutionalization remains a challenge. The principal challenges encompass legal gaps, methodological diversity, fragile partnerships, leadership changeovers, inadequate financial backing of HSP and the dearth of an accountability culture. These factors impede the seamless integration and enduring sustainability of evidence-informed practices, hindering collaborative decision-making and optimal resource allocation. Conclusions Technical aspects of using evidence for policymaking alone will not ensure sustainability unless it achieves the necessary requirements for institutionalization. While addressing all challenges is crucial, the primary focus should be on required transparency and accountability, public participation with an intersectionality lens and making this process resilience to shocks. It is imperative to establish a robust legal framework and a strong and sustainable political commitment to embrace and drive change, ensuring sustainable progress.
35
Apak, Sudi, Mikail Erol, Masum Türker y M. Hanifi Ayboğa. "A Chronological Study of the Evolution of the Turkish Accounting Profession from the Ottoman Period to the Present". International Journal of Accounting, 6 de septiembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1094406023500129.
Texto completoResumen
Synopsis The research problem This paper aims to reveal the transformations that the Turkish accounting profession has gone through since 1839 when the modernization efforts of the Ottoman Empire started. At this point, the transformation covers the final period of the Ottoman Empire governed by the sultanate (1299–1923), and the Turkish Republic that adopts a democratic governance style (1923–present). Having a static economic structure, the Ottomans tried to gradually adapt to western style governance and practices, and they decided to quit the Stairs method that used to be a state accounting method in the accounting system (750–1879) and transit to the double-entry bookkeeping method (1879). Within the framework of westernization efforts in the republic period, the accounting systems were based on the double-entry bookkeeping method, and they adopted tax-based accounting approaches previously. They moved toward development, professional organization, and international system integration in the process. Motivation The study aims to present the changes in the Turkish accounting profession in the last 200 years. The Ottomans had governmental and economic changeovers with the Tanzimat Reform. We deemed it to be a basic need to reveal the influences of demolishing a feudal state and founding a new state on the accounting profession and practices, and the developments of the accounting profession in the republic period. This study examines the period between 1879 and 2022 by dividing it into terms on the basis of significant changes in accountancy and the accounting profession. Target Population Accountant historians, finance analysts, shareholders of companies engaging in stock exchange deals, finance managers of companies, independent auditors and shareholders. Adopted Methodology Accounting historians’ documents, score matching analyses for robustness. Analyses All documentary analyses are composed to the results in different periods. The development of the accounting profession has been evaluated within economic and political processes. The effect of wars in Turkey and in the world on the accounting profession has been analyzed. The standards required for the merger of the accounting profession with the international practices in Turkish republic period were mentioned. They were analyzed by comparing the international and domestic companies. The international standards are required to evaluate the stock exchange movements of the public companies. Findings The trials for Fabrika-i Hümayun factory at the Ottomans in the 1840s showed that the economic structure and the accounting systems must be consistent; otherwise, the accounting, which is the decision support system, would not be utilized well enough. At this point, the need to transit to the double-entry bookkeeping and reporting systems compatible with the capital and profit motivated commercial and industrial operations arose, and the Ottomans quit the accounting method (Stairs) that had been used until that time in 1879, and they transited to the double-entry bookkeeping method. In order to overcome the issues that occurred within this transition process, several different organizations and bodies needed to be established, and a new republic devolved from a demolished state was founded. In the republic period, the changes were embraced by the professional stakeholders, and improved significantly in terms of institutionalization by attaining its legal organization (TÜRMOB). The profession has come a long way in terms of what had been a profession focused on bookkeeping only, having added reporting, professional organization, international cooperation and integration, adaptation to independent audit issues, and global system. In Memory of M. Hanifi Ayboga